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1. Quantum information phases in space-time: measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Author

Jesse Hoke, Matteo Ippoliti, Dmitry Abanin, Rajeev Acharya, Markus Ansmann, Frank Arute, Kunal Arya, Abraham Asfaw, Juan Atalaya, Ryan Babbush, Joseph Bardin, Andreas Bengtsson, Gina Bortoli, Alexandre Bourassa, Jenna Bovaird, Leon Brill, Michael Broughton, Bob Buckley, David Buell, Tim Burger, Brian Burkett, Nicholas Bushnell, Zijun Chen, Ben Chiaro, Desmond Chik, Charina Chou, Josh Cogan, Roberto Collins, Paul Conner, William Courtney, Alexander Crook, Ben Curtin, Alejandro Grajales Dau, Dripto Debroy, Alexander Del Toro Barba, Sean Demura, Augustin Di Paolo, Ilya Drozdov, Andrew Dunsworth, Daniel Eppens, Catherine Erickson, Lara Faoro, Edward Farhi, Reza Fatemi, Vinicius Ferreira, Leslie Flores Burgos, Ebrahim Forati, Austin Fowler, Brooks Foxen, William Giang, Craig Gidney, Dar Gilboa, Marissa Giustina, Raja Gosula, Jonathan Gross, Steve Habegger, Michael Hamilton, Monica Hansen, Matthew Harrigan, Sean Harrington, Paula Heu, Markus Hoffmann, Sabrina Hong, Trent Huang, Ashley Huff, William Huggins, Sergei Isakov, Justin Iveland, E. Jeffrey, Cody Jones, Pavol Juhas, Dvir Kafri, Kostyantyn Kechedzhi, Tanuj Khattar, Mostafa Khezri, Marika Kieferova, Seon Kim, Alexei Kitaev, Paul Klimov, Andrey Klots, Alexander Korotkov, Fedor Kostritsa, John Mark Kreikebaum, David Landhuis, Pavel Laptev, Kim-Ming Lau, Lily Laws, Joonho Lee, Kenny Lee, Yuri Lensky, Brian Lester, Alexander Lill, Wayne Liu, Aditya Locharla, Fionn Malone, Orion Martin, Jarrod McClean, Matt McEwen, Kevin Miao, Amanda Mieszala, Shirin Montazeri, Alexis Morvan, Ramis Movassagh, Wojciech Mruczkiewicz, Matthew Neeley, Charles Neill, Ani Nersisyan, Michael Newman, Jiun How Ng, Anthony Nguyen, Murray Nguyen, Murphy Niu, Thomas O'Brien, Seun Omonije, Alex Opremcak, Andre Petukhov, Rebecca Potter, Leonid Pryadko, Chris Quintana, Charles Rocque, Nicholas Rubin, Negar Saei, Daniel Sank, Kannan Sankaragomathi, Kevin Satzinger, Henry Schurkus, Christopher Schuster, Michael Shearn, Aaron Shorter, Noah Shutty, Shvarts Vladimir, Jindra Skruzny, W. Smith, Rolando Somma, George Sterling, Doug Strain, Marco Szalay, Alfredo Torres, Guifre Vidal, Benjamin Villalonga, Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller, Theodore White, Bryan Woo, Cheng Xing, Z. Jamie Yao, Ping Yeh, Juhwan Yoo, Grayson Young, Adam Zalcman, Yaxing Zhang, Ningfeng Zhu, Nicholas Zobrist, Hartmut Neven, Dave Bacon, Sergio Boixo, Jeremy Hilton, Erik Lucero, Anthony Megrant, Julian Kelly, Yu Chen, Vadim Smelyanskiy, Xiao Mi, Vedika Khemani, and Pedram Roushan

Abstract

Measurement has a special role in quantum theory1: by collapsing the wavefunction it can enable phenomena such as teleportation2 and thereby alter the "arrow of time" that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space-time3-10 that go beyond established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium11-13. On present-day NISQ processors14, the experimental realization of this physics is challenging due to noise, hardware limitations, and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address each of these experimental challenges and investigate measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping9,15-17 to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases—from entanglement scaling3,4 to measurement-induced teleportation18—in a unified way. We obtain finite-size signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement record with classical simulation data. The phases display sharply different sensitivity to noise, which we exploit to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realize measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.

Published
2023

2. Resolving catastrophic error bursts from cosmic rays in large arrays of superconducting qubits

Author

Matt McEwen, Lara Faoro, Kunal Arya, Andrew Dunsworth, Trent Huang, Seon Kim, Brian Burkett, Austin Fowler, Frank Arute, Joseph C. Bardin, Andreas Bengtsson, Alexander Bilmes, Bob B. Buckley, Nicholas Bushnell, Zijun Chen, Roberto Collins, Sean Demura, Alan R. Derk, Catherine Erickson, Marissa Giustina, Sean D. Harrington, Sabrina Hong, Evan Jeffrey, Julian Kelly, Paul V. Klimov, Fedor Kostritsa, Pavel Laptev, Aditya Locharla, Xiao Mi, Kevin C. Miao, Shirin Montazeri, Josh Mutus, Ofer Naaman, Matthew Neeley, Charles Neill, Alex Opremcak, Chris Quintana, Nicholas Redd, Pedram Roushan, Daniel Sank, Kevin J. Satzinger, Vladimir Shvarts, Theodore White, Z. Jamie Yao, Ping Yeh, Juhwan Yoo, Yu Chen, Vadim Smelyanskiy, John M. Martinis, Hartmut Neven, Anthony Megrant, Lev Ioffe, Rami Barends, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HEP, INSPIRE, and Faoro, Lara

Subjects
Quantum Physics, [SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEN-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/General Physics [physics.gen-ph], [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

Scalable quantum computing can become a reality with error correction, provided coherent qubits can be constructed in large arrays. The key premise is that physical errors can remain both small and sufficiently uncorrelated as devices scale, so that logical error rates can be exponentially suppressed. However, energetic impacts from cosmic rays and latent radioactivity violate both of these assumptions. An impinging particle ionizes the substrate, radiating high energy phonons that induce a burst of quasiparticles, destroying qubit coherence throughout the device. High-energy radiation has been identified as a source of error in pilot superconducting quantum devices, but lacking a measurement technique able to resolve a single event in detail, the effect on large scale algorithms and error correction in particular remains an open question. Elucidating the physics involved requires operating large numbers of qubits at the same rapid timescales as in error correction, exposing the event's evolution in time and spread in space. Here, we directly observe high-energy rays impacting a large-scale quantum processor. We introduce a rapid space and time-multiplexed measurement method and identify large bursts of quasiparticles that simultaneously and severely limit the energy coherence of all qubits, causing chip-wide failure. We track the events from their initial localised impact to high error rates across the chip. Our results provide direct insights into the scale and dynamics of these damaging error bursts in large-scale devices, and highlight the necessity of mitigation to enable quantum computing to scale.

Published
2021

3. Time-crystalline eigenstate order on a quantum processor

Author

Julian Kelly, Alexander Bilmes, Vedika Khemani, Seon Kim, Alexei Kitaev, Murphy Yuezhen Niu, J. Hilton, Orion Martin, Craig Gidney, Bob B. Buckley, Thomas E. O'Brien, Jarrod R. McClean, Alexander N. Korotkov, Pavel Laptev, Tanuj Khattar, Sabrina Hong, Daniel Eppens, Alan Ho, Aditya Locharla, Ofer Naaman, Ping Yeh, Juan Atalaya, Sean D. Harrington, Frank Arute, Roberto Collins, Joao Marcos Vensi Basso, Doug Strain, Matthew P. Harrigan, Zhang Jiang, Joonho Lee, Ami Greene, Alan R. Derk, Roderich Moessner, Bálint Pató, William J. Huggins, Trevor McCourt, Ashley Huff, Joseph C. Bardin, Andre Petukhov, Fedor Kostritsa, Michael Newman, Cody Jones, Sean Demura, Shivaji Lal Sondhi, B. Burkett, Sergio Boixo, Jonathan H. Gross, David A. Buell, Kevin J. Satzinger, Michael Broughton, Daniel Sank, Masoud Mohseni, Lev Ioffe, Yuan Su, Shirin Montazeri, Xiao Mi, Eric Ostby, Marissa Giustina, David Landhuis, Z. Jamie Yao, Kenny Lee, Kunal Arya, Pedram Roushan, Hartmut Neven, Sergei V. Isakov, Andrew Dunsworth, Zijun Chen, Matteo Ippoliti, Matthew Neeley, Nicholas C. Rubin, Austin G. Fowler, Anthony Megrant, Marco Szalay, Trent Huang, Evan Jeffrey, Leon Brill, Justin Iveland, Paul V. Klimov, Matthew D. Trevithick, William Courtney, Nicholas Bushnell, Theodore White, Alexandre Bourassa, E. Lucero, Edward Farhi, Vladimir Shvarts, Dripto M. Debroy, Benjamin Villalonga, Wojciech Mruczkiewicz, Chris Quintana, Juhwan Yoo, Benjamin Chiaro, Dvir Kafri, Brooks Foxen, Vadim Smelyanskiy, Ryan Babbush, Kostyantyn Kechedzhi, Charles Neill, Yu Chen, Andreas Bengtsson, Matt McEwen, A. Opremcak, Kevin C. Miao, Adam Zalcman, and Catherine Erickson

Subjects
Thermal equilibrium, Physics, Phase transition, Multidisciplinary, Quantum decoherence, Quantum information, Quantum simulator, Article, Phase Transition, Cold Temperature, Phase transitions and critical phenomena, Qubit, Thermodynamics, Statistical physics, Quantum simulation, Quantum, Quantum computer
Abstract

Quantum many-body systems display rich phase structure in their low-temperature equilibrium states1. However, much of nature is not in thermal equilibrium. Remarkably, it was recently predicted that out-of-equilibrium systems can exhibit novel dynamical phases2–8 that may otherwise be forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics, a paradigmatic example being the discrete time crystal (DTC)7,9–15. Concretely, dynamical phases can be defined in periodically driven many-body-localized (MBL) systems via the concept of eigenstate order7,16,17. In eigenstate-ordered MBL phases, the entire many-body spectrum exhibits quantum correlations and long-range order, with characteristic signatures in late-time dynamics from all initial states. It is, however, challenging to experimentally distinguish such stable phases from transient phenomena, or from regimes in which the dynamics of a few select states can mask typical behaviour. Here we implement tunable controlled-phase (CPHASE) gates on an array of superconducting qubits to experimentally observe an MBL-DTC and demonstrate its characteristic spatiotemporal response for generic initial states7,9,10. Our work employs a time-reversal protocol to quantify the impact of external decoherence, and leverages quantum typicality to circumvent the exponential cost of densely sampling the eigenspectrum. Furthermore, we locate the phase transition out of the DTC with an experimental finite-size analysis. These results establish a scalable approach to studying non-equilibrium phases of matter on quantum processors., A study establishes a scalable approach to engineer and characterize a many-body-localized discrete time crystal phase on a superconducting quantum processor.

Published
2021

4. Purification-based quantum error mitigation of pair-correlated electron simulations

Author

Thomas O'Brien, Gian-Luca Anselmetti, Fotios Gkritsis, Vincent Elfving, Stefano Polla, William Huggins, Oumarou Oumarou, Kostyantyn Kechedzhi, Dmitry Abanin, Rajeev Acharya, Igor Aleiner, Richard Allen, Trond Andersen, Kyle Anderson, Markus Ansmann, Frank Arute, Kunal Arya, Abraham Asfaw, Juan Atalaya, Dave Bacon, Joseph Bardin, Andreas Bengtsson, Sergio Boixo, Gina Bortoli, Alexandre Bourassa, Jenna Bovaird, Leon Brill, Michael Broughton, Bob Buckley, David Buell, Tim Burger, Brian Burkett, Nicholas Bushnell, Juan Campero, Yu Chen, Zijun Chen, Ben Chiaro, Desmond Chik, Josh Cogan, Roberto Collins, Paul Conner, William Courtney, Alexander Crook, Ben Curtin, Dripto Debroy, Alexander Del Toro Barba, Sean Demura, Ilya Drozdov, Andrew Dunsworth, Daniel Eppens, Catherine Erickson, Lara Faoro, Edward Farhi, Reza Fatemi, Vinicius Ferreira, Leslie Flores Burgos, Ebrahim Forati, Austin Fowler, Brooks Foxen, William Giang, Craig Gidney, Dar Gilboa, Marissa Giustina, Raja Gosula, Alejandro Grajales Dau, Jonathan Gross, Steve Habegger, Michael Hamilton, Monica Hansen, Matthew Harrigan, Sean Harrington, Paula Heu, Jeremy Hilton, Markus Hoffmann, Sabrina Hong, Trent Huang, Ashley Huff, L. B. Ioffe, Sergei Isakov, Justin Iveland, E. Jeffrey, Zhang Jiang, Cody Jones, Pavol Juhas, Dvir Kafri, Julian Kelly, Tanuj Khattar, Mostafa Khezri, Marika Kieferova, Seon Kim, Paul Klimov, Andrey Klots, Alexander Korotkov, Fedor Kostritsa, John Mark Kreikebaum, David Landhuis, Pavel Laptev, Kim-Ming Lau, Lily Laws, Joonho Lee, Kenny Lee, Brian Lester, Alexander Lill, Wayne Liu, William Livingston, Aditya Locharla, Erik Lucero, Fionn Malone, Salvatore Mandra, Orion Martin, Steven Martin, Jarrod McClean, Trevor McCourt, Matthew McEwen, Anthony Megrant, Xiao Mi, Kevin Miao, Amanda Mieszala, Masoud Mohseni, Shirin Montazeri, Alexis Morvan, Ramis Movassagh, Wojciech Mruczkiewicz, Ofer Naaman, Matthew Neeley, Charles Neill, Ani Nersisyan, Hartmut Neven, Michael Newman, Jiun How Ng, Anthony Nguyen, Murray Nguyen, Murphy Niu, Seun Omonije, Alex Opremcak, Andre Petukhov, Rebecca Potter, Leonid Pryadko, Chris Quintana, Charles Rocque, Pedram Roushan, Negar Saei, Daniel Sank, Kannan Sankaragomathi, Kevin Satzinger, Henry Schurkus, Michael Shearn, Aaron Shorter, Noah Shutty, Shvarts Vladimir, Jindra Skruzny, Vadim Smelyanskiy, W. Clarke Smith, Rolando Somma, George Sterling, Doug Strain, Marco Szalay, Douglas Thor, Alfredo Torres, Guifre Vidal, Benjamin Villalonga, Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller, Theodore White, Bryan Woo, Cheng Xing, Z. Jamie Yao, Ping Yeh, Juhwan Yoo, Grayson Young, Adam Zalcman, Yaxing Zhang, Ningfeng Zhu, Nicholas Zobrist, Christian Gogolin, Ryan Babbush, and Nicholas Rubin

Subjects
Quantum Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract

An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Prior to fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error mitigation strategies are necessary to continue this growth. Here, we study physical simulation within the seniority-zero electron pairing subspace, which affords both a computational stepping stone to a fully correlated model, and an opportunity to validate recently introduced ``purification-based'' error-mitigation strategies. We compare the performance of error mitigation based on doubling quantum resources in time (echo verification) or in space (virtual distillation), on up to $20$ qubits of a superconducting qubit quantum processor. We observe a reduction of error by one to two orders of magnitude below less sophisticated techniques (e.g. post-selection); the gain from error mitigation is seen to increase with the system size. Employing these error mitigation strategies enables the implementation of the largest variational algorithm for a correlated chemistry system to-date. Extrapolating performance from these results allows us to estimate minimum requirements for a beyond-classical simulation of electronic structure. We find that, despite the impressive gains from purification-based error mitigation, significant hardware improvements will be required for classically intractable variational chemistry simulations., Comment: 10 pages, 13 page supplementary material, 12 figures. Experimental data available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7225821

Published
2022
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