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The surface crack on track slab is the main cause of the service reliability deterioration of the high-speed rail (HSR) slab track. To realize the rapid and accurate detection of these cracks, infrared thermography (IRT) can be regarded as an effective way in HSR application. However, the performance of IRT can be significantly affected by the testing environment. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of IRT in crack detection for HSR slab track by investigating the key factors affecting the detection accuracy. Firstly, the principle of IRT in detecting surface crack of track slab is given, and the key factors influencing the detection performance are discussed. Considering the difficulty in conducting field tests for slab tracks, this study establishes a finite element (FE) model to simulate the temperature field of track slab with surface cracks. This model is verified by using the field measurement results of track slab temperature. With the FE model, the effects of detection time, ambient temperature, and sensitivity of the thermal imager on the detection accuracy are revealed. The results show that, during the window time for track maintenance (0:00 am–3:00 am), the difference of temperature between crack areas and noncrack areas gradually increases with time, so it is recommended to conduct detection during 2:00–3:00 am; under the condition of no auxiliary heat source, the crack detection is suggested to be arranged in summer with a high incidence of crack; the minimum limit of thermal sensitivity of thermal imager is below 108mk@25°C. The findings in this research can offer guidance for the implementation of IRT-based crack detection for HSR slab crack.

Aims of this study are to examine (a) whether consumer knowledge about their health insurance coverage for alcohol-related services has changed over time and (b) whether racial, ethnic, and income disparities in known coverage have changed over time.This was a general population study comparing the 2015 and 2020 National Alcohol Surveys (Between 2015 and 2020, the prevalence of those reporting being insured without alcohol treatment coverage decreased (-2.8%,Results suggest some persistent disparities in known alcohol treatment coverage. They also suggest a need for both greater insurance coverage of alcohol-related services and greater efforts by employers, insurers, and practitioners to inform their constituents and increase knowledge about what alcohol-related services are available to them.

In this work, nylon 6 (PA6) and cationic dyeable polyester (CDP) modified with benzenesulfonate groups were reactively blended in a twin-screw extruder. The well-mixed CDP/PA6 blends were re-molten and statically kept for various amounts of time. The morphology evolution caused by phase separation was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) technique. In the absence of shear force, the homogeneously mixed blends were found to separate rapidly into two phases because of the poor miscibility between polyester and polyamide. In the early stage, the dispersed phase was small in size and irregular in shape. With prolongation of the phase separation time, the dispersed phase turned into larger and spherical particles to minimize the interface between phases. The phase separation process typically lasted 2 to 7 min. This means that the effects of phase separation on the morphology of the blends cannot be ignored in injection molding, compression molding, or other processing processes short of shear force. The effects of the ratio between polyester and polyamide, the benzenesulfonate content, and the molecular weight of polymers on phase separation behavior were investigated.

Since about 2010, life expectancy at birth in the United States has stagnated and begun to decline, with concurrent increases in the socioeconomic divide in life expectancy. The Simulation of Alcohol Control Policies for Health Equity (SIMAH) Project uses a novel microsimulation approach to investigate the extent to which alcohol use, socioeconomic status (SES), and race/ethnicity contribute to unequal developments in US life expectancy and how alcohol control interventions could reduce such inequalities. Representative, secondary data from several sources will be integrated into one coherent, dynamic microsimulation to model life-course changes in SES and alcohol use and cause-specific mortality attributable to alcohol use by SES, race/ethnicity, age, and sex. Markov models will be used to inform transition intensities between levels of SES and drinking patterns. The model will be used to compare a baseline scenario with multiple counterfactual intervention scenarios. The preliminary results indicate that the crucial microsimulation component provides a good fit to observed demographic changes in the population, providing a robust baseline model for further simulation work. By demonstrating the feasibility of this novel approach, the SIMAH Project promises to offer superior integration of relevant empirical evidence to inform public health policy for a more equitable future.

Hymenopteran parasitoids generally show a haplo-diploid sex determination system. Haploid males are produced from unfertilized eggs, whereas diploid females develop from fertilized eggs (arrhenotokous). In some cases, diploid females develop from unfertilized eggs (thelytokous). Diglyphus wani (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a biological control agent for agromyzid leafminers and have arrhenotokous and thelytokous strains. However, the morphological characteristics of two strains of D. wani are so similar that it is difficult to accurately distinguish them based on morphology. Here, a rapid molecular identification method was developed based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and one-step multiplex PCR. Two primer combinations, PC1 (Ar-F1/Th-F1/WR2) and PC2 (Ar-F1/Th-F4/WR2), were designed and repeatedly screened to distinguish two strains simultaneously, of which two special forward primers Th-F1/Th-F4 were used for the thelytokous strain and one special forward primer Ar-F1 was used for the arrhenotokous strain. In addition, a common reverse primer, WR2, was used for both strains. The PC1 and PC2 PCR assays were effective in distinguishing the two strains at different developmental stages and field colonies. This method provides a reliable, highly sensitive, and cost-effective tool for the rapid identification of the two strains of D. wani.

Aim. Hyperuricemia (HUA) has received increased attention in the last few decades due to its global prevalence. Our previous study found that administration of a macroporous resin extract of Dendrobium officinale leaves (DoMRE) to rats with HUA that was induced by exposure to potassium oxazine combined with fructose and a high-purine diet led to a significant reduction in serum uric acid (SUA) levels. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of DoMRE on hyperuricemia induced by anthropomorphic unhealthy lifestyle and to elucidate its possible mechanisms of action. Methods. Dosages (5.0 and 10.0 g/kg/day) of DoMRE were administered to rats daily after induction of HUA by anthropomorphic unhealthy lifestyle for 12 weeks. The levels of UA in the serum, urine, and feces; the levels of creatinine (Cr) in the serum and urine; and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were all measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the serum, liver, and intestine tissue supernatant were measured using appropriate kits for each biological target. The expressions levels of UA transporters (ABCG2 and GLUT9), tight junction (TJ) proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), and inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) in the intestine were assayed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess histological changes in the renal and intestinal tissues. Results. DoMRE treatment significantly reduced SUA levels and concomitantly increased fecal UA (FUA) levels and the fractional excretion of UA (FEUA) in HUA rats. Furthermore, DoMRE significantly reduced both the XOD activity in the serum, liver, and intestine and the ADA activity in the liver and intestine. DoMRE also effectively regulated the expression of GLUT9 and ABCG2 in the intestine, and it significantly upregulated the expression of the intestinal TJ proteins ZO-1 and occludin. Therefore, DoMRE reduced the damage to the intestinal barrier function caused by the increased production of inflammatory factors due to HUA to ensure normal intestinal UA excretion. Conclusion. DoMRE demonstrated anti-HUA effects in the HUA rat model induced by an anthropomorphic unhealthy lifestyle, and the molecular mechanism appeared to involve the regulation of urate transport-related transporters (ABCG2 and GLUT9) in the intestine, protection of the intestinal barrier function to promote UA excretion, and inhibition of XOD and ADA activity in the liver and intestine to inhibit UA production in the HUA-induced rats.

An interfacial water structure in a Au(111)(3 × 5)–2PNBA frame was revealed by combining surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and the as-developed computational method for electrochemical infrared spectroscopy.

Aims/IntroductionDiet therapy is a vital approach to manage type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. However, the comparative efficacy of different eating patterns is not clear enough. We aimed to compare the efficacy of various eating patterns for glycemic control, anthropometrics, and serum lipid profiles in the management of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a network meta-analysis using arm-based Bayesian methods and random effect models, and drew the conclusions using the partially contextualized framework. We searched twelve databases and yielded 9,534 related references, where 107 studies were eligible, comprising 8,909 participants.ResultsEleven diets were evaluated for fourteen outcomes. Caloric restriction was ranked as the best pattern for weight loss (SUCRA 86.8%) and waist circumference (82.2%), low-carbohydrate diets for body mass index (81.6%) and high-density lipoprotein (84.0%), and low-glycemic-index diets for total cholesterol (87.5%) and low-density lipoprotein (86.6%). Other interventions showed some superiorities, but were of imprecision due to insufficient participants and needed further investigation. The attrition rates of interventions were similar. Meta-regression suggested that macronutrients, energy intake, and weight may modify outcomes differently. The evidence was of moderate-to-low quality, and 38.2% of the evidence items met the minimal clinically important differences.ConclusionsThe selection and development of dietary strategies for diabetic/prediabetic patients should depend on their holistic conditions, i.e., serum lipids profiles, glucometabolic patterns, weight and blood pressures. It is recommended to identify the most critical and urgent metabolic indicator to control for one specific patient, and then choose the most appropriate eating pattern accordingly.

Reconstruction of historical cropland cover is not only essential for studying agricultural development in historical periods, but also provides the basic data for long-term global and climatic change simulations. However, reconstructing the amount and spatial distribution of cropland prior to the past millennium remains challenging because of incomplete data and the suitability of the allocation method. Based on the household census and cropland demand per household data, which was calculated from grain consumption per household and crop yield per unit area, this study estimated the prefecture-level cropland area in northern China in AD 609 during the Sui dynasty. Then, a cropland allocation model based on natural land suitability for cultivation was used to reconstruct the spatial distribution of cropland in 5′ × 5′ grid cells. The results were as follows: (1) the cropland area in northern China in AD 609 was 1.77 × 105 km2, with an average cropland area fraction of 10.04%. (2) The cropland was continuously distributed in the North China Plain, Guanzhong Plain, Fenhe Valley and central Shangdang and Changping on the Loess Plateau, resulting in a high cropland agglomeration area appearing in those regions. While it is scattered in the northern Loess Plateau and the Hexi Corridor. (3) Compared with our reconstruction, the HYDE dataset underestimated the cropland area in plains except for riverine areas and overestimated the cropland area in the hills and mountainous areas along the border. (4) This discrepancy was primarily derived from population differences and the divergent cropland allocation methods between the two datasets.

To examine the association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and nevirapine (NVP)- and efavirenz (EFV)-induced cutaneous adverse reactions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, we conducted a case-control study at our center consisting of 96 patients. Patients were further assigned based on the occurrence of cutaneous adverse events and the drugs involved. All patients were subjected to next generation sequencing (NGS)-based screening with focus on HLA phenotype, including the presence of HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-DRB1. Our data indicated that the HLA-C*01:02:01 allele presence was observed in 47.4% (18/38) of patients in the EFV-hypersensitivity group compared with 18.9% (7/30) in the control group [odds ratio (OR) = 5.837; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.727-19.722

Brucite [Mg(OH)2] has been extensively studied as a simple yet important analog for studying physical and chemical properties of hydrous minerals, and fluorine substitution (OH– = F–) is common in hydrous minerals since the radius of F– is similar to that of O2−. We synthesized two F-bearing brucite samples, Mg(OH)1.78F0.22 and Mg(OH)1.16F0.84, at 9.5 GPa and 1373 K. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that both phases still crystallize in the space group of P3m1, and fluorine substitution significantly reduces the unit-cell volume, axial lengths, and averaged Mg-O(F) bond lengths. The averaged O···H distances get slightly shortened, and the H-O-H angles become smaller due to the fluorine effect. Additional IR-active OH-stretching bands are observed at 3660, 3644, and 3513 cm−1 for the F-bearing samples, besides the original one at 3695 cm−1. In situ high-temperature and high-pressure Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were collected on the F-bearing brucite samples, and comparisons were made with the natural one with 0.7 mol% F–. The temperature dependence [(∂vi/∂T)P] of the OH-stretching modes is inversely correlated to the vibrational frequencies from 3500 to 3700 cm−1, whereas (∂vi/∂P)T is in positive correlation with vi. In addition, the dehydration temperatures of the F-bearing brucites are 100–150 K higher than that for the F-free sample at ambient pressure. By creating new proton positions in lower energies, fluorine substitution stabilizes hydrous minerals (like brucite) to higher temperatures and significantly affects their thermodynamic properties, which has significant implications in mineral physical and geochemical studies.

Purpose. Given densification of buildings and changes in the urban planning environment, the need arises for more balanced regulation of issues related to the regulation of the impact of mode-forming objects on the surrounding natural environment. In order to comprehensively take into account the spatial component of the localization of pollution sources and the objects that surround them, it is important to conduct modeling and systematization of possible options for the spatial placement of sanitary protection zones around mode-forming objects. This will make it possible to provide well-founded planning decisions and legal support for establishing their boundaries in the area and further legalization. Methodology. Using the method of system analysis, there was established existence of two fundamentally different groups of planning models of sanitary and protective zones with and without an overlap. The most frequent cases of localization of sanitary and protective zones in both groups were simulated by the modeling method, based on the nature of the model itself. The use of these methods in general made it possible to classify planning models of sanitary protection zones with further substantiation of their features. Findings. The obtained results provide a basis for specialists in urban planning, land management and geodesy to use a comprehensive approach in determining the size and configuration of sanitary protection zones around mode-forming objects. It is important that the results can also be used by environmental experts when justifying the sizes of sanitary protection zones. Originality. For the first time, for sanitary protection zones, grouped planning models have been grouped on which the size and configuration of sanitary protection zones depend that will be established in the area. The models, obtained as a result of the research, were tested for the establishment of sanitary protection zones around the enterprise in Dnipro. Practical value. The systematized planning models can be used to accurately determine the size of the aggregated sanitary protection zone and its configuration to further establish its boundaries on the ground.

As a perceptual quality of life, living convenience is an essential social indicator in contemporary urbanism. A high degree of living convenience in daily life means people can meet most of their needs within a short travel time, bringing a series of bene fits in terms of liveability. However, it was diffi cult to measure this intangible, subjective issue quantitatively. Therefore, analysis of the relationship between various elements of urban form and living convenience is needed. This study explores an analytical approach to measuring living convenience using new urban data and geographic information system techniques. Following a city-scale computation in Shanghai and China, further exploration of urban form and living convenience were conducted. Speci fically, a building-level analysis covering the whole of Shanghai was achieved by computing the level of access and diversity of living services for each building within a 15-minute journey. Diff erent travel pa erns are involved, such as walking, bus, metro, and the distance decay of living service facilities. The largescale spatial distribution of living convenience is mapped to verify the validation of living convenience. Meanwhile, morphological features, block size, intensity of land use, and street pa erns on the street block level were mapped together with their living convenience. Further geospatial statistical analysis helps to bring indepth understanding. In short, this study provides a continuous measurement of an 'unmeasurable' social perception across large-scale areas, which helps to identify neighbourhoods requiring urban planning intervention. The insights into the spatial interaction pa erns between urban morphological features and living convenience can assist in urban design strategy and lead to a more liveable urbanism.

Objective. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of gadoxetic acid disodium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the microvascular invasion (MVI) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods. 87 HCC patients (2019-01–2022-01) admitted to the hospital were selected for retrospective analysis, gadoxetic acid disodium MRI scan was performed before surgery, and the patients were divided into two groups according to whether the MVI occurred, including the invasion group (n = 47) and the non-invasion group (n = 40). The influencing factors of MVI in HCC patients were explored, independent risk factors were determined, and the correlation between independent risk factors and MVI in HCC patients was analyzed. Results. There were significant differences in tumor margin, peritumoral low signal (hepatobiliary phase), peritumoral enhancement (arterial phase), and peritumoral hyperintensity ring (arterial phase) between the two groups ( P < 0.05 ). Logistic regression analysis showed that unsmooth tumor margin, peritumoral low signal (hepatobiliary phase), peritumoral enhancement (arterial phase), and peritumoral hyperintensity ring (arterial phase) were independent risk factors for MVI in HCC patients ( P < 0.05 ). The results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that unsmooth tumor margin was negatively correlated with MVI in HCC patients (r = −0.66, P = 0.037 ). Moreover, peritumoral low signal (hepatobiliary phase), peritumoral enhancement (arterial phase), and peritumoral hyperintensity ring (arterial phase) were positively correlated with MVI in HCC patients (r1 = 0.63, r2 = 0.68, r3 = 0.72, P 1 = 0.030, P 2 = 0.023, P 3 = 0.017). Conclusion. Unsmooth tumor margin, peritumoral low signal (hepatobiliary phase), peritumoral enhancement (arterial phase), and peritumoral hyperintensity ring (arterial phase) are significantly correlated with MVI in patients with HCC, which can provide a reference for the formulation and implementation of clinical interventions.

Roadside noise barriers (RNBs) are important urban infrastructures to ensure that cities remain liveable. However, the absence of accurate and large-scale geospatial data on RNBs has impeded the increasing progress of rational urban planning, sustainable cities, and healthy environments. To address this problem, this study creates a vectorized RNB dataset in China using street view imagery and a geospatial artificial intelligence framework. First, intensive sampling is performed on the road network of each city based on OpenStreetMap, which is used as the georeference for downloading 6×106 Baidu Street View (BSV) images. Furthermore, considering the prior geographic knowledge contained in street view images, convolutional neural networks incorporating image context information (IC-CNNs) based on an ensemble learning strategy are developed to detect RNBs from the BSV images. The RNB dataset presented by polylines is generated based on the identified RNB locations, with a total length of 2667.02 km in 222 cities. Last, the quality of the RNB dataset is evaluated from two perspectives, i.e., the detection accuracy and the completeness and positional accuracy. Specifically, based on a set of randomly selected samples containing 10 000 BSV images, four quantitative metrics are calculated, with an overall accuracy of 98.61 %, recall of 87.14 %, precision of 76.44 %, and F1 score of 81.44 %. A total length of 254.45 km of roads in different cities are manually surveyed using BSV images to evaluate the mileage deviation and overlap level between the generated and surveyed RNBs. The root mean squared error for the mileage deviation is 0.08 km, and the intersection over union for overlay level is 88.08 % ± 2.95 %. The evaluation results suggest that the generated RNB dataset is of high quality and can be applied as an accurate and reliable dataset for a variety of large-scale urban studies, such as estimating the regional solar photovoltaic potential, developing 3D urban models, and designing rational urban layouts. Besides that, the benchmark dataset of the labeled BSV images can also support more work on RNB detection, such as developing more advanced deep learning algorithms, fine-tuning the existing computer vision models, and analyzing geospatial scenes in BSV. The generated vectorized RNB dataset and the benchmark dataset of labeled BSV imagery are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.11888/Others.tpdc.271914 (Chen, 2021).

Spider angioma refers to a type of telangiectasis that presents slightly beneath the skin surface on the face, neck, arms or upper trunk, often manifesting with a central red spot and reddish extensions that radiate outwards like a spider's web. The cutaneous spider angioma may be benign but it often indicates abnormal liver function, especially in patients with chronic cirrhosis. The spider angioma is irreversible and rarely occurred diffusely over the body or with giant sizes. Here, we report two rare multiple and giant spider angioma cases in patients with HIV/AIDS who developed chronic cirrhosis. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed related literatures and evaluated the existing possible mechanisms of spider angioma.

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, in addition to standard anticancer therapy. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy and safety of celecoxib-combined cancer therapy were systematically searched in PubMed and Embase databases. The endpoints were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), disease-free survival (DFS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), pathological complete response (pCR), and adverse events (AEs). The results of 30 RCTs containing 9655 patients showed limited benefits in celecoxib-combined cancer therapy. However, celecoxib-combined palliative therapy prolonged PFS in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) wild-type patients (HR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.35–0.94). Moreover, despite a slight increase in thrombocytopenia (RR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.08–1.69), there was no increase in other toxicities. Celecoxib combined with adjuvant therapy indicated a better OS (HR = 0.850, 95%CI = 0.725–0.996). Furthermore, celecoxib plus neoadjuvant therapy improved the ORR in standard cancer therapy, especially neoadjuvant therapy (overall: RR = 1.13, 95%CI = 1.03–1.23; neoadjuvant therapy: RR = 1.25, 95%CI = 1.09–1.44), but not pCR. Our study indicated that adding celecoxib to palliative therapy prolongs the PFS of EGFR wild-type patients, with good safety profiles. Celecoxib combined with adjuvant therapy prolongs OS, and celecoxib plus neoadjuvant therapy improves the ORR. Thus, celecoxib-combined cancer therapy may be a promising therapy strategy.

Removable plate prostheses (RPP) belong to the stimuli of combined action and have a direct effect on the oral mucosa, lead to disruption of homeostasis, microbiocenosis of the oral cavity (OC) and various complications; their negative effect is exacerbated by violation of the polymerization regime and increased level of residual monomer (RM). Our experimental researches have shown that the use of ozone therapy with Ozone DTA provides antimicrobial effect at the level of 98.8-100%, it has a pronounced bactericidal effect against aerobic and facultative anaerobic microflora of the OP, which may be potential etiological factors of prosthetic stomatitis. Therefore, the aim of our work was to evaluate the impact of ozone therapy on the dynamics of the microbiocenosis of the oral cavity in the treatment of patients with complete removable plate prostheses in clinical settings. 118 patients were examined and underwent orthopedic treatment with complete RPP. There is a significant positive effect of the use of complete RPPs (made of plastic “Ftorax”) with control of the content of RM in their manufacture on the state of microbiocenosis of the mucous membrane of the prosthetic impression area of patients. Combination of these measures with ozone therapy is even more effective, from the standpoint of normalization of the microbiocenosis of the prosthetic impression area. The proposed therapeutic tactics have a preservative effect on the quantitative characteristics of the main resident participants of oral microbiocenoses – α-hemolytic streptococci, while reducing the proportion of stomatococci, epidermal staphylococci, veilonella and diphtheroids in the microbiocenoses of the prosthetic impression area. On the other hand, the combination of RM content control with ozone therapy provides effective elimination from the mucous membrane of the prosthetic impression area of microorganisms with high pathogenic potential. Observations of the composition of microbiocenoses of the mucous membrane of the prosthetic impression area of patients showed in the dynamics that the maximum changes are observed 1 month after orthopedic treatment, and they were slightly less severe after 6 months. Serious dysbiotic disorders were observed within 1-12 months in patients who used PPPs made of plastic “Ftorax” without control of the content of RM, which is apparently due to the effect of residual monomer on the mucous membrane of the prosthetic impression area. Patients of this group after the treatment with RPP undergo an adaptation period, when on the mucous membrane of the prosthetic impression area the population level of representatives of resident microflora is increased and at the same time the risk of colonization by microflora with high pathogenic potential increases. The use of the procedure of control over the content of RM in the process of making RPP from Ftorax plastic shortens the adaptation period, and 6 months after orthopedic treatment there is a steady trend to normalize the qualitative and quantitative composition of microbiocenoses of the mucous membrane of the prosthetic impression area. Additional application of the course of ozone therapy helps to eliminate the adverse effects of RPP (made of Ftorax plastic) on the microbiocenosis of the mucous membrane of the prosthetic impression area. This contributes to a significant reduction in the mass colonization of the mucous membrane of the prosthetic impression area by resident and transient representatives of the normal microflora, provides effective elimination of pathogens – β-hemolytic streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, enterobacteria, and especially yeasts of the genus Candida.

The natural vegetation has been substantially changed over the last millenium, especially from forest to agricultural areas in Europe. To study the effects of deforestation on carbon and climate system, it is essential to construct spatially precise maps in forest cover. The current representative historical forest data sets are either derivatives of agricultural datasets or are produced based on the deforestation-population relationship. Almost no attempts have been made to use the inherently linked relationship between deforestation and cropland expansion that has run through Europe for millennia. This study created an approach based on the relationship between cultivation intensity and forest fraction to reconstruct forest cover changes in central and southeast Europe from AD 1800 to 2000 by the following steps: (1) To develop the spatial relationship curve (spatial resolution is 1°) between the “cultivation intensity (0–100%)” and the “forest fraction (0–100%)” derived from modern land cover datasets; (2) To generate the national-scale cropland data based on historical records from AD 1800 to 2000, and to allocate them to a 1° pixel; (3) To reconstruct the forest cover using the aforementioned relationship curve and the historical gridded cropland database. The results show that: (1) The forest fraction in central and southeast Europe decreased from 38.4% in AD 1800 to 27.0% in AD 1900, and then increased to 32.5% in AD 2000. (2) In AD 1800, large areas of forests can be primarily found in Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium, the south of France, the south of Germany, the Alps region, Poland, and the majority of the Balkans. (3) Throughout the 19th century, the entire region was generally subjected to deforestation, with large areas of forest coverage only being preserved in the Alps and the western and southern Balkans after 100 years of exploration. (4) The forest coverage in most of the study regions increased again at the end of the 20th century.

Nighttime vitality has garnered attention in recent years as an important indicator reflecting urban economy and quality of life. However, it is difficult to characterize this intangible issue. As a response, this study employed a data-driven approach to measure nighttime vitality and explored its relationships with urban spatial structure. Specifically, the data from Meituan.com—the largest Chinese shopping platform for local consumer products and retail services—were used to measure nighttime vitality based on a hierarchical weighting method. Multidimensional characteristics of the urban spatial structure were evaluated. Spatial regression models were conducted on the effect analysis of urban spatial structure on nighttime vitality. Relationship estimations were statistically significant with indicators, such as block functions, building density, interaction density, enclosure of locals, and the age structure of the main population. Our findings provide a more complete understanding of nighttime vitality, which is often overlooked in urban vitality studies. Insights derived from this study could help formulate spatial strategies to enhance nighttime vitality and quality of life.