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Analysis of spatiotemporal partitioning is pivotal to shed light on interspecific coexistence. Most research efforts have involved large-sized carnivores and their prey species, whereas little attention has been given to ungulate in the predator-free ecosystems. We assessed seasonal activity patterns and spatiotemporal overlap among the Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus) and its sympatric species through camera-trapping from October 2017 and September 2020 in Jeju Island, South Korea. Trap events when compared seasonally, roe deer show higher activity in summer (34.9%), a pronounced low in winter (14.1%), and a moderate in autumn (23.8%) and in spring (26.9%). Roe deer exhibited bimodal activity patterns and had the highest spatiotemporal overlap and composite score with sika deer (Cervus nippon). Our results are among the few available data on the interaction of sympatric species and suggest strong overlapping with sika deer. This study provides important insight into species coexistence in predator-free habitats, which would be important for management initiatives.

Sound and vibration analysis are prominent tools for machine health diagnosis. Especially, neural network (NN) strategies have focused on finding complex and nonlinear relationships between the sensor signal and the machine status to detect machine faults. However, it is difficult to collect enough amount of fault data as much as normal status data for training general NN models. To resolve the issue, this paper proposes the autoencoder-based anomaly detection framework for industrial robot arms using an internal sound sensor. The autoencoder uses signals in the normal state of the robots for training the model. It reconstructs the input signals as output, and anomalous states are found from high reconstruction error. Two stethoscopes were attached to the surface of the robot joint as sensors, and the sounds were recorded by USB microphone attached to the outlet of the stethoscopes. Features were extracted from STFT spectrogram images of the gathered sound, then used to train and test an autoencoder model. The reconstruction errors of the autoencoder were compared to distinguish the abnormal status from normal one. The experimental results suggest that the stethoscopes prevent the interference of noise, and the collected sound signals can be utilized for detecting machine anomalies.

The sintering behavior of 0.36BiScO3-0.64PbTiO3 (0.36BS-0.64 PT) ceramics was studied to investigate the effect of grain growth by the sillenite Bi12PbO19 (BP) phase on their piezoelectric properties for application in high-temperature piezoelectric devices. The BP phase formed during calcination at temperatures

In this study, sustained and pH-responsive delivery of drugs were conducted using sealed microcontainers (MCs). The MCs were fabricated using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stencil. The polymer solution was filled into holes of the stencil space; then, the organic solvent was evaporated to obtain MCs. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was used as the material for the MCs. The MCs were sealed by covering them with a lid layer after filling the model drug—metronidazole—into the MCs. The diameter and height of the fabricated MCs were 500 and 350 µm, respectively. The drug delivery of sealed MCs was analyzed using the absorbance of the released drug while varying the pH and observing the FE-SEM image, before and after drug release. MCs are expected to be useful in various biomedical applications of drug delivery and microfluidic systems by supporting various functional materials in pH-responsive MCs.

Bi4Ti3O12 (BiT) platelet incorporated 0.36BiScO3-0.64PbTiO3 (BS-PT) thick films were successfully developed for high temperature piezoelectric device applications. Their microstructure and ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were systematically investigated to demonstrate the effect of the BiT template. It was found that the incorporation of BiT template was not responsible for textured grain growth of the BS-PT thick films; however, it could result in grain growth and densification of the BS-PT thick films by optimizing the sintering temperature and amount of BiT template. In particular, a 4 wt% BiT-incorporated BS-PT thick film sintered at 1000°C exhibited a pure perovskite structure and excellent piezoelectric properties of d33 (440 pC/N) and kp (53%), despite the presence of micro-pores caused by molten BiT. The BS-PT thick film, exhibiting good ferroelectric characteristics of Pr of 39.4 μC/cm2 and Ec of 3.0 kV/mm at 1 kHz, also had an extremely high Tc of approximately 402°C. This implies that the BiT platelet incorporated BS-PT thick film is applicable for high temperature piezoelectric devices.

Currently, carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) is a material with potential uses for various industries due to its excellent properties. However, the severe tool wear in its machining is an evitable problem because it deteriorates product quality and productivity at the same time. Timely replacement of the tool should be taken in advance to reduce the influences of this drawback. In sum, the accurate estimation of the tool wear plays a crucial role in CFRP machining. Therefore, in this study, a tool wear estimation in CFRP drilling is presented. The method used is based on discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) of the thrust force signal and an artificial neural network (ANN). Two valuable features related to tool wear are identified and then extracted using DWT. The tool wear is estimated by using an ANN with two features adapted from DWT. Consequently, the tool wear, especially flank wear, in CFRP drilling can be accurately estimated using the proposed method.

Abnormal productions of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque and chronic neuroinflammation are commonly observed in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and both of which induce neuronal cell death, loss of memory, and cognitive dysfunction. However, many of the drugs targeting the production of Aβ peptides have been unsuccessful in treating Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we identified synthetic novel peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor (PPAR) agonist, DTMB, which can ameliorate the chronic inflammation and Aβ pathological progression of Alzheimer’s disease. We discovered that DTMB attenuated the proinflammatory cytokine production of microglia by reducing the protein level of NF-κB. DTMB also improved the learning and memory defects and reduced the amount of Aβ plaque in the brain of 5xFAD mice. This reduction in Aβ pathology was attributed to the changes in gliosis and chronic inflammation level. Additionally, bulk RNA-sequencing showed that genes related to inflammation and cognitive function were changed in the hippocampus and cortex of DTMB-treated mice. Our findings demonstrate that DTMB has the potential to be a novel therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease. Graphical abstract

Non-native species threaten native ecosystems and species, particularly on islands where rates of endemism and vulnerability to threats are high. Understanding species invasion will aid in providing insights into ecological and evolutionary processes. To identify the non-native sika deer (

The chip-on-glass bonding process is one of the most effective packaging methods that can satisfy the need for thin, large, low-cost and light display panels in the liquid crystal display (LCD) industry. This process uses an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) as the adhesion layer between the driver chip and the LCD panel and is based on thermocompressing bonding. Thus, the proper temperature conditions, such as temperature level and even distribution over the film, can play the vital role in the improvement of bonding performance, quality, and reliability. A finite element analysis model for predicting temperature distributions in all the components of the process equipment as well as the driver chip, the LCD panel and the ACF is presented. The accuracy of the developed model is verified by comparing the simulated temperature distribution with the actual one. Consequently, the model is used in determining the tooltip dimension to introduce proper temperature distribution to the driver chip and the film.

An unimorph piezoelectric cantilever generator with an interdigitated electrode (IDE) was developed for application to vibration energy harvesters driven in longitudinal mode. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick film was fabricated by lamination of 10 sheets printed with Ag IDE; the laminated film was subsequently cofired at 850 °C for 2 h. Compared with a conventional IDE PZT thick film, the approximately 270 ㎛-thick cofired IDE PZT laminate revealed a significantly increased capacitance due to reduction of transition area. The use of multilayered IDE could result in the enhancement of energy harvesting performance for unimorph piezoelectric cantilever generator using PZT laminate. Optimized bending resonance frequency was obtained at 78 Hz for the unimorph piezoelectric cantilever generator with tip mass of 2.3 g driven in longitudinal vibration mode. Its energy harvesting performance was characterized as having a high power density of 26.7 mW/cm3 across the resistive load of 80 kΩ, corresponding to a normalized power factor of 6.7 mW/G2·cm3.

안호상은 이승만정부에서 초대 문교부장관을 역임한 인물이다. 그는 단군민족주의로부터의 큰 영향속에 학문과 실천운동을 전개한 대표적인 인물이라 할 수 있다. 특히 단군민족주의의 종교방면 전개라 할 수 있는 대종교와의 인연이 중요한데, 그는 청년기에 대종교에 입교하였고 노년기에는 교단의 최고 수장 직도 수행했었다. 이 논문에서는 안호상의 활동노선과 학문연구 및 일민주의 정치이론을 단군민족주의와의 관련속에서 분석하였다. 논문에서 다루고 있는 문제는 다음과 같은 3가지이다. 첫째, 안호상의 활동과 사상을 단군민족주의와의 관련 속에 검토하고자 하였다. 그가 단군민족주의자가 된 과정과 단군민족주의의 실천과 활성화를 위해 힘쓴 내역을 살폈다. 둘째, 안호상의 일민주의를 특히 단군민족주의와 연계속에 살피고자 하였다. 단군민족주의가 발굴한 자료들에 기초하였고 단군민족주의적 민족적 공동운명론을 정책적으로 구체화하였음을 밝혔다. 셋째, 안호상의 단군민족주의를 평가해보고자 하였다. 논문에서는 안호상의 사상과 학문을 전체주의･국가주의･파시즘･유사역사학이라고 매도하기만 하는 것은 부적절하다는 점을 지적하였다. 그가 전개하는 민족적 공동운명체론은, 개인자유주의를 넘어서 공동체적 통합과 행복으로 나아가는 사상적 대안으로서 나름의 의미를 갖는다고 보았다. 중독･왜독･양독의 삼독극복론과 연구성과들 역시 우리의 학술연구 자세에 대해 반성하게 하고 역사와 문화에 대한 상상력을 보강해준다. 그러나 반공 노선과 대한민국 국가를 민족･단군･통일 등과 같은 가치･과제보다 우선시한 것이나, 전쟁 및 좌우대결 과정에 빚어진 민족적 희생과 이승만의 독재권력 강화에 대해 침묵한 것은 단군민족주의의 기본지향에서 이탈한 것이라 할 수 있다. 그리고 위대한 민족사에 대해 과도하게 집착하면서 과학적 엄밀성에서 후퇴한 것 역시 신채호가 정립했던 단군민족주의적 국학정신으로부터 크게 퇴보한 것이라 평가하였다.

Previous studies have shown that metallic coatings can be successfully cold sprayed (CS) onto several polymer substrates. However, the electrical performance of the cold-sprayed polymers is not generally enough to utilize them as an electronic device. In this study, an environment-friendly metallization technique has been proposed to achieve highly electrically conductive metal patterns onto polymer substrates using cold spray deposition and subsequent electroless copper plating (ECP). Copper feedstock powder was CS onto the surface of the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) parts. The as-CS powders then served as the activating agent for the selective ECP to modify the surface of the polymers to be electrically conductive. A series of characterizations were conducted to investigate the morphology, analyze the surface chemistry, evaluate the electrical performance, mechanical adhesion, and mechanical strength performance of the fabricated coatings. Moreover, simple electrical circuits were presented for the ABS parts through the described method. Findings demonstrated that low-pressure cold spray copper deposition followed by the ECP processes could be used as an environmental-friendly manufacturing method of electrically conductive patterns on ABS polymer.

Non-native species threaten native ecosystems and species, particularly on islands where rates of endemism and vulnerability to threats are high. Understanding species invasion will aid in providing insights into ecological and evolutionary processes. To identify the non-native sika deer (Cervus nippon) population in Jeju, South Korea, and their phylogenetic affinities, we collected tissue samples from roadkill and the World Natural Heritage Headquarters in Jeju. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome B (CytB) gene sequences were analyzed to determine two distinct CytB haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood tree revealed two haplotypes of CytB clustered into two different groups representing two subspecies: C. n. yakushimae, native to Japan, and C. n. taiouanus, native to Taiwan. The tentative divergence time between the two subspecies was estimated at 1.81 million years. Our study confirmed that the two subspecies of sika deer are sympatric in the natural ecosystem of Jeju Island. This study provides valuable information to help government and conservation agencies understand alien species and determine control policies for conserving native biodiversity in South Korea.

Previous studies have shown that metallic coatings can be successfully cold sprayed onto several polymer substrates. The electrical performance of the cold-sprayed polymers, however, is not generally sufficient enough to utilize them as an electronic device. In this paper, an environment-friendly metallization technique has been proposed to fabricate conductive metal patterns onto polymer substrates combining cold spray deposition and electroless plating to address that challenge. Copper feedstock powder was cold sprayed onto the surface of the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) parts. The as-cold sprayed powders then served as the activating agent for selective electroless copper plating (ECP) to modify the surface of the polymers to be electrically conductive. A series of characterizations are conducted to investigate the morphology, analyze the surface chemistry, and evaluate the electrical performance and adhesion performance of the fabricated coatings. After 6 hours of ECP, the sheet resistance and resistivity of copper patterns on the ABS parts were measured as 2.854 mΩ/sq and 6.699 × 10−7 Ωm respectively. Moreover, simple electrical circuits were demonstrated for the metallized ABS parts through the described method. The results show that low-pressure cold spray (LPCS) and ECP processes could be combined to fabricate electrically conductive patterns on ABS polymer surfaces in an environmental-friendly way.

Circadian gene expression is defined by the gene-specific phase and amplitude of daily oscillations in mRNA and protein levels. D site-binding protein mRNA (Dbp mRNA) shows high-amplitude oscillation; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is a key regulator that activates Dbp transcription via the poly(C) motif within its proximal promoter. Biochemical analyses identified hnRNP K as a specific protein that directly associates with the poly(C) motif in vitro Interestingly, we further confirmed the rhythmic binding of endogenous hnRNP K within the Dbp promoter through chromatin immunoprecipitation as well as the cycling expression of hnRNP K. Finally, knockdown of hnRNP K decreased mRNA oscillation in both Dbp and Dbp-dependent clock genes. Taken together, our results show rhythmic protein expression of hnRNP K and provide new insights into its function as a transcriptional amplifier of Dbp.

The Chinese many-toothed snake (Sibynophis chinensis) is an endangered species in South Korea. To determine its reproductive activity, here we captured a gravid S. chinensis from Mulyeongari Oreum Wetland Conservation Area, Jeju Island, on May 27, 2018, and reared it at Animal Taxonomy and Morphology Laboratory, Jeju National University, South Korea. The snake oviposited a clutch of six eggs between June 12 and 20, 2018, with an average size of 24.86 ± 1.36 mm in length and 9.86 ± 0.49 mm in width, which were artificially incubated at a constant temperature of 27 °C. After incubating for 34–41 days, five of these six eggs successfully hatched. Average snout-vent length (SVL), tail length (TL), and body weight (BW) of hatchlings were 136.5 ± 5.17 mm, 47.76 ± 2.80 mm, and 1.66 ± 0.12 g, respectively. This study observed the reproductive activity of S. chinensis and characterized its eggs and hatchlings for the first time, providing valuable information for the long-term conservation plan of S. chinensis in South Korea.

Vaccinia-related kinase 2 (VRK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the casein kinase 1 family. VRK2 has long been known for its relationship with neurodegenerative disorders such as schizophrenia. However, the role of VRK2 and the substrates associated with it are unknown. Dysbindin is known as one of the strong risk factors for schizophrenia. The expression of dysbindin is indeed significantly reduced in schizophrenia patients. Moreover, dysbindin is involved in neurite outgrowth and regulation of NMDA receptor signaling. Here, we first identified dysbindin as a novel interacting protein of VRK2 through immunoprecipitation. We hypothesized that dysbindin is phosphorylated by VRK2 and further that this phosphorylation plays an important role in the function of dysbindin. We show that VRK2 phosphorylates Ser 297 and Ser 299 of dysbindin using in vitro kinase assay. In addition, we found that VRK2-mediated phosphorylation of dysbindin enhanced ubiquitination of dysbindin and consequently resulted in the decrease in its protein stability through western blotting. Over-expression of VRK2 in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells reduced neurite outgrowth induced by retinoic acid. Furthermore, a phosphomimetic mutant of dysbindin alleviated neurite outgrowth and affected surface expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate 2A, a subunit of NMDA receptor in mouse hippocampal neurons. Together, our work reveals the regulation of dysbindin by VRK2, providing the association of these two proteins, which are commonly implicated in schizophrenia. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.

Circadian gene expression is defined by the gene-specific phase and amplitude of daily oscillations in mRNA and protein levels. D site-binding protein mRNA (Dbp mRNA) shows high-amplitude oscillation; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is a key regulator that activates Dbp transcription via the poly(C) motif within its proximal promoter. Biochemical analyses identified hnRNP K as a specific protein that directly associates with the poly(C) motif in vitro. Interestingly, we further confirmed the rhythmic binding of endogenous hnRNP K within the Dbp promoter through chromatin immunoprecipitation as well as the cycling expression of hnRNP K. Finally, knockdown of hnRNP K decreased mRNA oscillation in both Dbp and Dbp-dependent clock genes. Taken together, our results show rhythmic protein expression of hnRNP K and provide new insights into its function as a transcriptional amplifier of Dbp.

이 논문에서는 조소앙의 생애와 활동 및 삼균사상을 단군민족주의와 관련하여 논의하였다. 먼저 소앙이 단군민족주의자들과의 교류 속에 그 사상세계를 발전시켰다는 점과, 대종교의 역사인식을 공유한 점, 스스로 단군민족주의를 보급하고 활성화시키기 위해 노력한 점 등을 들어 소앙을 단군민족주의자로 규정하였다. 소앙이 전개한 삼균주의(삼균제도)에 대해서도 단군민족주의적 정치이론으로 규정하였다. 삼균주의는 단군민족주의운동이 찾아낸 홍익인간이나 균평흥방론 같은 고유의 명제로부터 그 균등사상의 출발점을 삼는다는 점을 지적하였고, 특히 삼균주의의 균권･균부･균지론은 단군민족주의 운동의 주역인 대종교가 제시하는 삼일신사상과 유사한 논리전개를 보인다는 점을 중시하였다. 소앙의 삼균주의는 단군민족주의에 동반된 정치사회적 지향을 이론적･정책적으로 구체화해준 것이라 할 수 있다. 삼균주의가 중시하는 균등-평등은 단군의 자손론이 지향하는 공동운명체론이 전제로 삼고있는 기본원칙이었다. 삼균주의가 추구하는 국가는 ‘韓人의 韓’으로의 한민족의 국가이자 국민주권주의에 기초한 민주공화국인 바, 그것은 단군의 자손으로의 조선민족을 정치의 주체이자 목적으로 간주하는 단군민족주의적 정치관을 구체적으로 표현한 것이었다. 계급을 초월하여 민족적 차원에서 공동운명체로 결속할 수 있다고 간주하고, 자본주의와 공산주의를 넘어 합작하고 통합하는 민족유일당과 통일민족국가를 추구하였던 소앙의 노선은, 민족을 초계급적 공동체로 보는 단군민족주의의 통일공동체관을 구체적으로 천명하고 실천한 것이었다. ‘족여족균등’의 기치하에 민족을 단위로 한 세계일가를 지향한 소앙의 노선 역시, 민족적 자주성과 독자성을 추구하되 홍익인간의 인본주의를 실현하고자 한 단군민족주의의 기본적 지향과 합치되는 것이었다. 소앙의 삼균주의는 좌우를 종합하는 제3의 민족주의 이데올로기이자, 한국에서 출현한 독창적인 사회주의사상으로 평가된다. 이 논문에서는 이같은 기왕의 논의에 한가지 더 중요한 의의를 추가하였다. 소앙의 삼균주의는 단군민족주의의 흐름과 유산속에 생산된 한국사상사상 가장 독창적인 정치이론의 하나였다는 것이다. 소앙의 삼균주의는 안재홍의 신민족주의 및 안호상의 일민주의와 함께 단군민족주의적 정치이론으로 묶어서 논의해줄 수 있을 것이다.

The main objective of our work is to increase transmittance in the mid infrared region by removing impurities through the pre-heating treatment of zinc sulfide (ZnS) produced by hydrothermal synthesis. The pre-heating treatment proceeded at 450 to 600 °C for 2 h under vacuum atmosphere (10−2 Torr). It was confirmed that the particle size increased as the pre-heating temperature increased. Additionally, all ZnS nano powders had a sphalerite (cubic) structure unaffected by pre-heating treatment. The ZnS nano powders were sintered by hot-press sintering method. As the pre-heating temperature increased, transmittance was improved due to the decreasing of porosity, increase of particle size, and the removal of impurities (carbon and sulfate). However, when the pre-heating treatment temperature was 600 °C, the transmittance slightly decreased due to the formation of a hexagonal phase. The ZnS ceramic with pre-heating treatment at 550 °C showed the highest transmittance (71.6%) and density (99.9%).

Lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease with a highly variable clinical course and prognosis. Improving the prognosis for patients with relapsed and treatment-resistant lymphoma remains challenging. Current in vitro drug testing models based on 2D cell culture lack natural tissue-like structural organization and result in disappointing clinical outcomes. The development of efficient drug testing models using 3D cell culture that more accurately reflects in vivo behaviors is vital. Our aim was to establish an in vitro 3D lymphoma model that can imitate the in vivo 3D lymphoma microenvironment. Using this model, we explored strategies to enhance chemosensitivity to doxorubicin, an important chemotherapeutic drug widely used for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Lymphoma cells grown in this model exhibited excellent biomimetic properties compared to conventional 2D culture including (1) enhanced chemotherapy resistance, (2) suppressed rate of apoptosis, (3) upregulated expression of drug resistance genes (MDR1, MRP1, BCRP and HIF-1α), (4) elevated levels of tumor aggressiveness factors including Notch (Notch-1, -2, -3, and -4) and its downstream molecules (Hes-1 and Hey-1), VEGF and MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and (5) enrichment of a lymphoma stem cell population. Tiam1, a potential biomarker of tumor progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance, was activated in our 3D lymphoma model. Remarkably, we identified two synergistic therapeutic oncotargets, Tiam1 and Notch, as a strategy to combat resistance against doxorubicin in EL4 T and A20 B lymphoma. Therefore, our data suggest that our 3D lymphoma model is a promising in vitro research platform for studying lymphoma biology and therapeutic approaches.

Body temperature is an important indicator of the health status of the human body. Thus, numerous studies have been conducted in various fields to measure body temperature. In this study, a biocompatible thermochromic membrane that changes its color when the temperature becomes higher than the transition temperature for thermochromism was fabricated using an extrusion-based three-dimensional printing process. The printing material was prepared by mixing a thermochromic pigment and a thermoplastic polymer in various ratios. The effects of mixing ratio on the various properties of the fabricated membranes were experimentally investigated. It is presented that the fabricated lattice membrane had excellent thermochromic reaction, which was experimentally evaluated using a measurement of color brightness. The pigment content affected the diameter and surface morphology of the printed filament. The elastic modulus decreased, and thermochromic response became faster as the pigment concentration increased. Subsequently, a patch for fever detection was developed and then attached to the skin to demonstrate its color change according to body temperature. Results show that the fabricated thermochromic patch could be successfully applied to fever detection.

Flexible zeolite nanofibers with high surface area were synthesized by an electrospinning method and a thermal surface partial etching process. The thermal surface partial etching temperature range for maintaining flexibility of zeolite nanofibers was investigated based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the as-spun zeolite nanofibers were thermal etched at a temperature range from 250 °C to 450 °C. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) images clearly showed that the polymer surface of the nanofibers was partially etched, and zeolite particles were exposed on the surface of the nanofibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed that a phase change did not occur in the zeolite nanofibers with a thermal etching process. The specific surface area characteristics were analyzed by N 2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, and the thermal surface etched zeolite nanofibers at 400 °C had a specific surface area of 816 m 2 /g similar to the value of zeolite powders.

[(Ni 0.2 Mn 0.8 ) 1− x Cu x ] 3 O 4 (0.25≤ x ≤0.4) thin films were fabricated by metal-organic decomposition to develop new thermal imaging materials applicable to microbolometer. Effect of Cu content on the electrical properties of the annealed films was investigated. The microstructures of the annealed films were improved with an increase of Cu content. A single phase of cubic spinel structure was confirmed for the annealed films. With increasing Cu content, the resistivity ( ρ ) of the annealed films decreased due to the improved microstructures. The negative temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of the annealed films also decreased with an increase of Cu content. Good electrical properties with values of ρ =30.9 Ω cm and TCR =−3.253%/K at room temperature were obtained in x =0.275 films annealed at 450 °C for 15 h.

The crystal structure, domain patterns, and ferroelectric properties of Fe-modified BNT-ST [0.77(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.23Sr(Ti1-xFex)O3] ceramics, fabricated by a conventional solid-state reaction, were investigated. Core-shell structures were observed and the volume fractions of the core-domain and shell (relaxor-matrix) were found to be dependent on Fe-modification content. The crystal structures of the core-domain and the relaxor-matrix were rhombohedral with the space group R3c, and the tetragonal with the space group P4bm, respectively. Compositional inhomogeneity, specifically, the enrichment of Bi3+ and Na+ and the considerable depletion of Sr2+, were observed in the core-domain region, and was reduced by substituting Ti4+ with Fe3+. The Fe-modification of the BNT-23ST ceramics promoted the diffusion of Sr2+ ions into the core region and shifted ferroelectric behaviour towards ergodic-relaxor behaviour. This improved the effective d33* of BNT-23ST ceramics to over 500 pm/V at 2 kV/mm.

단군신화 속의 홍익인간은 인간세상에서 구현되어야 하는 가치이자 지상의 모든 일들을 처리하고 운영함에 있어 입각해야 하는 기본원칙이었다. 홍익인간의 글자 그대로의 뜻은 [인간을 홍익하라], 곧 인간을 행복하게 해주라는 것이다. 신화속의 홍익인간은 우선 국가와 권력의 사명이나 존재목적으로 제기되고 있다. 그리고 더 나아가, 정치 · 경제 · 사회 · 문화 · 교육 · 종교 · 윤리 · 학문 · 과학기술 등 인류사회의 모든 문명장치들이 기여해야 하는 목적이자 운영원칙이기도 하였다. 이 논문에서는 홍익인간은 어떠한 모습의 경제를 지향하는가, 그것이 경제방면에 주는 지혜는 무엇인가 하는 질문에 대해 답을 찾고자 하였다. 연구에서는 홍익인간이 실천되는 구체적 활동으로 적시되어 있는 주곡 · 주명 · 주병 · 주형 · 주선악에 대해 경제적으로 분석하는 일부터 시작하였다. 그리고 홍익인간을 경제의 목적이자 경제활동의 지침이라 이해할 때 그것은 어떻게 해석될 수 있을지에 대해 성찰하였다. 홍익인간이 지향하는 경제모습에 대한 필자의 분석결과는 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있을 것이다. (1) 경제의 존재이유는 홍익인간, 곧 인간을 행복하게 하는 데 두어져야 한다는 것이다. 시장과 돈의 존재이유 역시 그러하고, 공적 국가정책 역시 그에 목적이 두어져야 한다고 본다. (2) 먹고사는 문제와 병 고치는 일은 국가가 담당해야 할 사무로 간주된다. 인간이 살아가는 데 기본적인 민생사안은 국가가 책임져야 하며, 개인에게만 맡겨서는 안된다는 생각이다. (3) 시장의 질서를 잡고 평화를 이룩하는 일도 국가가 수행해야 할 업무로 상정된다. 경제 방면에서 반공동체적 행위들을 제지하고 사회정의와 질서를 확보하며 시장을 도덕적으로 개선해야 한다는 것이다. (4) 경제부문에서 선의지가 적극적으로 발휘되도록 촉진해야 한다고 본다. 홍익인간은 인간 내면에 존재하는 선의지를 발동시키고 촉진시키는 데 관심 둔다. (5) 홍익인간은 고르면서도 큰 행복과 복지를 추구한다. 홍익인간은 가난한 평등을 추구하지 않으며, 성장과 발전, 생산성과 효율성에 대해서도 관심을 가지는 바, 이런 지향은 자본주의 시장경제에 대해서도 긍정적으로 고려하게 된다. 홍익인간이 가지는 이같은 경제적 지향은 신자유주의가 초래한 경제위기와 문제점들을 극복하기 위해 모색되는 자본주의4.0 담론들과 상통하는 바가 많다고 판단된다.

Skin diseases associated with inflammation or oxidative stress represent the most common problem in dermatology. The present study demonstrates that fish scale collagen peptides (FSCP) protect against CoCl2-induced cytotoxicity and TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses in human HaCaT keratinocyte cells. Our study is the first to report that FSCP increase cell viability and ameliorate oxidative injury in HaCaT cells through mechanisms mediated by the downregulation of key proinflammatory cytokines, namely, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and iNOS. FSCP also prevent cell apoptosis by repressing Bax expression, caspase-3 activity, and cytochrome c release and by upregulating Bcl-2 protein levels in CoCl2- or TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells. In addition, the inhibitory effects of FSCP on cytotoxicity and the induction of proinflammatory cytokine expression were found to be associated with suppression of the ROS, MAPK (p38/MAPK, ERK, and JNK), and NF-κB signaling pathways. Taken together, our data suggest that FSCP are useful as immunomodulatory agents in inflammatory or immune-mediated skin diseases. Furthermore, our results provide new insights into the potential therapeutic use of FSCP in the prevention and treatment of various oxidative- or inflammatory stress-related inflammation and injuries.