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In this study, we deal with the problem of judging the credibility of movie reviews. The problem is challenging because even experts cannot clearly and efficiently judge the credibility of a movie review and the number of movie reviews is very large. To tackle this problem, we propose historical credibility that judges the credibility of reviews based on the historical ratings and textual reviews written by each reviewer. For this, we present three kinds of criteria that can clearly classify the reviews into trusted or distrusted ones. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed historical credibility through extensive analysis. Specifically, we show that characteristics between the trusted or distrusted reviews are quite distinguishable in terms of three viewpoints: 1) distribution, 2) statistics, and 3) correlation. Then, we apply historical credibility to a weakly supervised model to classify a given review as a trusted or distrusted one. First, we show that it is significantly efficient because the entire data set is annotated according to the predefined criteria. Indeed, it can annotate 6,400 movie reviews only in 0.093 seconds, which occupy only 0.55%~1.88% of the total learning time when we use LSTM and SVM as the learning model. Second, we show that the historical credibility-based classification model clearly outperforms the textual review-based classification model. Specifically, the classification accuracy of the former outperforms that of the latter by up to 11.7%~13.4%. In addition, we clearly confirm that our classification model shows higher accuracy as the data size increases.

Background: This study investigated the trends of insulin use among Korean patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Changes in prescription of antidiabetic medications in T2DM patients taking insulin therapy were evaluated.Methods: We analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea to evaluate the prevalence of insulin users and trends of insulin use in T1DM and T2DM patients from January 2002 to December 2019. We also investigated numbers and types of antidiabetic medications in insulin users with T2DM.Results: The overall total number of insulin users increased from 2002 to 2019, reaching 348,254 for T2DM and 20,287 for T1DM in 2019 compared with 109,974 for T2DM and 34,972 for T1DM in 2002. The proportion of patients using basal analogs and short acting analogs have increased and those using human insulin, premixed insulin, or biphasic human insulin have decreased (rapid acting analogs: 71.85% and 24.12% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019; basal analogs: 76.75% and 75.09% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019). The use of other antidiabetic medication in addition to insulin increased for T2DM, especially in dual therapy, reaching up to 52.35% in 2019 compared with 16.72% in 2002.Conclusion: The proportion of the patients using basal or rapid acting analogs increased among all insulin users in both T1DM and T2DM patients. Among patients with T2DM, the proportion of patients using antidiabetic medications in addition to insulin was significantly increased compared to those who used insulin alone.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most prevalent cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME). While several physicochemical cues from the TME, including growth factors, cytokines, and ECM specificity, have been identified as essential factors for CAF activation, the precise mechanism of how the ECM architecture regulates CAF initiation remains elusive. Using a gelatin-based electrospun fiber mesh, we examined the effect of matrix fiber density on CAF activation induced by MCF-7 conditioned media (CM). A less dense (3D) gelatin mesh matrix facilitated better activation of dermal fibroblasts into a CAF-like phenotype in the CM than a highly dense (3D) gelatin mesh matrix. In addition, it was discovered that CAF activation on the less dense (LD) matrix is dependent on the cell size-related AKT/mTOR signaling cascade, accompanied by an increase in intracellular tension within the well-spread fibroblasts.

Recent advances in artificial intelligence technology have significantly improved facial image manipulation, which is known as Deepfake. Facial image manipulation synthesizes or replaces a region of the face in an image with that of another face. The techniques for facial image manipulation are classified into four categories: (1) entire face synthesis, (2) identity swap, (3) attribute manipulation, and (4) expression swap. Out of them, we focus on expression swap because it effectively manipulates only the expression of the face in the images or videos without creating or replacing the entire face, having advantages for the real-time application. In this study, we propose an evaluation framework of the expression swap models targeting the real-time online class environments. For this, we define three kinds of scenarios according to the portion of the face in the entire image considering actual online class situations: (1) attendance check (Scenario 1), (2) presentation (Scenario 2), and (3) examination (Scenario 3). Considering the manipulation on the online class environments, the framework receives a single source image and a target video and generates the video that manipulates a face of the target video to that in the source image. To this end, we select two models that satisfy the conditions required by the framework: (1) first order model and (2) GANimation. We implement these models in the framework and evaluate their performance for the defined scenarios. Through the quantitative and qualitative evaluation, we observe distinguishing properties of the used two models. Specifically, both models show acceptable results in Scenario 1, where the face occupies a large portion of the image. However, their performances are significantly degraded in Scenarios 2 and 3, where the face occupies less portion of the image; the first order model causes relatively less loss of image quality than GANimation in the result of the quantitative evaluation. In contrast, GANimation has the advantages of representing facial expression changes compared to the first order model. Finally, we devise an architecture for applying the expression swap model to the online video conferencing application in real-time. In particular, by applying the expression swap model to widely used online meeting platforms such as Zoom, Google Meet, and Microsoft Teams, we demonstrate its feasibility for real-time online classes.

Whether metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) can replace nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is under debate. This study evaluated which definition better predicted incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). This was a 5.3-year (range, 2.8–8.3) retrospective cohort study of 21,713 adults who underwent at least two serial health examinations. Cox analyses were used to compare the risk of incident CKD among non-fatty liver disease (FLD) without metabolic dysregulation (MD; reference), non-FLD with MD, MAFLD-only, NAFLD-only, or both-FLD groups. Non-FLD with MD group (hazard ratio [HR] 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.53), both-FLD group (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.19–1.89), and MAFLD-only group (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.49–2.60), but not NAFLD-only group (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.63–1.79) demonstrated an increased risk of CKD. The increased risk of CKD was significant in MAFLD subgroups with overweight/obesity (HR 2.94, 95% CI 1.91–4.55), diabetes (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.67–2.90), MD only (HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.19–1.89), excessive alcohol consumption (HR 2.71, 95% CI 2.11–3.47), and viral hepatitis (HR 2.38, 95% CI 1.48–3.84). The switch from NAFLD to MAFLD criteria may identify a greater number of individuals at CKD risk. The association was also significant in MAFLD patients with excessive alcohol consumption or viral hepatitis.

In plants, heat stress induces changes in alternative splicing, including intron retention; these events can rapidly alter proteins or downregulate protein activity, producing nonfunctional isoforms or inducing nonsense-mediated decay of messenger RNA (mRNA). Nuclear cyclophilins (CYPs) are accessory proteins in the spliceosome complexes of multicellular eukaryotes. However, whether plant CYPs are involved in pre-mRNA splicing remain unknown. Here, we found that Arabidopsis thaliana CYP18-1 is necessary for the efficient removal of introns that are retained in response to heat stress during germination. CYP18-1 interacts with Step II splicing factors (PRP18a, PRP22, and SWELLMAP1) and associates with the U2 and U5 small nuclear RNAs in response to heat stress. CYP18-1 binds to phospho-PRP18a, and increasing concentrations of CYP18-1 are associated with increasing dephosphorylation of PRP18a. Furthermore, interaction and protoplast transfection assays revealed that CYP18-1 and the PP2A-type phosphatase PP2A B′η co-regulate PRP18a dephosphorylation. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that CYP18-1 is essential for splicing introns that are retained under heat stress. Overall, we reveal the mechanism of action by which CYP18-1 activates the dephosphorylation of PRP18 and show that CYP18-1 is crucial for the efficient splicing of retained introns and rapid responses to heat stress in plants.

Purpose To determine the differences in the scar tissue formation during the healing of the repaired retracted cuff tear from that of the nonretracted tear. Methods Eighteen right rabbit shoulders received a 1-cm transverse cuff incision over the footprint to simulate “nonretracted cuff tears” before the transosseous repairs (group A). A 1-cm tendinous portion was excised from 18 left shoulders to create defects to simulate “retracted cuff tears” before repairing the defects (group B). At week 12 postrepair, 20 and 16 shoulders underwent histologic and biomechanical analyses, respectively. Eight shoulders were used as a control group for biomechanical analyses. Results All specimens showed good healing and continuity of the repaired tendons. At low magnification, fibrous tissue firmly held the tendon-to-bone junctions in group A; however, all specimens in group B showed medially retracted tendons with fibrous tissue continuity between the tendon stumps and footprints. At medium magnification, more irregular collagen fiber orientation was observed in group B. Polarized light microscopy showed fibrous tissue continuity with medially retracted tendons in group B. When we quantified collagen fiber orientation using ImageJ software, group B had inferior grayscale measurements when compared with group A (P = .001). At week 12, no statistical differences existed in mean loads-to-failure at the repair sites between the groups (P = .783). Conclusions In the nonretracted cuff tears, fibrous tissue bound the tendon-to-bone junction with healing. After the healing of the retracted cuff tears, continuity of nontendinous tissue was observed adjacent to the medially retracted tendon, which comprised more disorganized immature fibrous tissue than that in the nonretracted cuff tears. Clinical Relevance Unlike the healing of nonretracted rotator cuff tear, repairing of the “retracted” tendon end of cuff tear still resulted in retraction of the tendon back to its original position but being held down with fibrous tissue to the footprint.

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a novel polerovirus, "Plantago asiatica virus A" (PlaVA), detected in Plantago asiatica using high-throughput RNA sequencing and validated by Sanger sequencing. The complete PlaVA genome contains 5,881 nucleotides and has seven open reading frames (ORF0-5 and ORF3a) encoding putative proteins (P0-5 and P3a, respectively) in an arrangement that is similar to that of typical Polerovirus members. Pairwise sequence comparisons revealed that P0 to P5 encoded by PlaVA had the highest sequence identity (25.48%-79.21%) to the corresponding proteins of previously reported poleroviruses. A phylogenetic analysis using the PlaVA P1-2 and P3 amino acid sequences and those of members of the family Solemoviridae (formerly Luteoviridae) indicated that although PlaVA belongs to the genus Polerovirus, it does not represent a known species. Consequently, PlaVA should be considered a member of a new species within the genus Polerovirus.

Changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) influence stem cell fate. When hESCs were differentiated on a thin layer of Matrigel coated onto PDMS (Matrigel_

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a synergistic effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD). We investigated the association of changes in hepatic steatosis and advanced hepatic fibrosis with risk of CVD and mortality in new-onset T2DM.Using the Korean National Health Insurance dataset, we included 120,256 patients with new-onset T2DM. Hepatic steatosis and advanced hepatic fibrosis were determined using the fatty liver index (FLI) and BARD score. According to the changes of the two scores over two years, patients were divided into four groups and analyzed for development of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF), and mortality.Incident hepatic steatosis was associated with increased development of stroke, HF, and mortality compared with non-NAFLD (all p 0.05). Regression and persistent hepatic steatosis were associated with increased risk of MI, stroke, HF, and mortality compared with non-NAFLD (all p 0.05). Persistent advanced hepatic fibrosis was associated with increased risk of stroke, HF, and mortality (all p 0.05).) Compared with persistent hepatic fibrosis, regression of hepatic fibrosis was associated with decreased risk of stroke, HF, and mortality (all p 0.05).Changes in FLI or BARD score were associated with CVD and mortality in new-onset T2DM.

In this paper, we present a parallel algorithm for SLIC on Apache Spark, which we call PSLIC-on-Spark. To this purpose, we have extended the original SLIC algorithm to use the operations in Apache Spark, supporting its parallel processing on multiple executors in the Apache Spark cluster. Then, we analyze the trade-off relationship of PSLIC-on-Spark between its processing speed and accuracy due to partitioning of the original image datasets. Through experiments, we verify the trade-off relationship. Specifically, we show that PSLIC-on-Spark using 8 CPU cores reduces the processing time of SLIC by 2.24–2.93 times while it reduces the boundary recall (BR) of SLIC by 1.54–6.32% and increases under-segmentation error (UE) by 1.79–6.2%. Then, we propose an improved algorithm of PSLIC-on-Spark that improves the accuracy of PSLIC-on-Spark, which we call PASLIC-on-Spark. We employ two important features for PASLIC-on-Spark. It contains two main features: (1) image partitioning considering the shape and position of the clusters rather than a evenly partitioning method and (2) controllable duplication for the boundary between image partitions. Through experiments, we show the accuracy and efficiency of PASLIC-on-Spark on an actual cloud environment configured with 8 worker nodes using Amazon AWS. The experimental results indicate that PASLIC-on-Spark improves the accuracy of PSLIC-on-Spark by 3.66–3.77% of BR and 1.39–1.96% of UE. PASLIC-on-Spark still decreases that of processing time SLIC significantly 1.5–1.67 times on a single-node configuring using 8 CPU cores and 1.18–1.26 times on a cloud environment using 8 computing nodes.

The complete genomic sequence of scorzonera virus A (SCoVA) from a Scorzonera austriaca Willd. plant in South Korea was determined by high-throughput sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The SCoVA genome contains 9867 nucleotides, excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail. The SCoVA genome structure is typical of potyviruses and contains a single open reading frame encoding a large putative polyprotein of 3168 amino acids. Pairwise comparison analysis of the complete genome and polyprotein sequences of SCoVA with those of other potyviruses showed that they shared the highest nucleotide and amino acid sequences identity (54.47% and 49.57%, respectively) with those of lettuce mosaic virus (GenBank accession number KJ161185). Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence of the polyprotein confirmed that SCoVA belongs to the genus Potyvirus. These findings suggest that SCoVA should be considered a novel member of the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae.

Background and Hypothesis The sexual and reproductive health (SRH) of young people with psychosis has been largely overlooked. We hypothesised that there are key deficiencies in the existing literature on the SRH of adolescents and young adults with psychotic disorders. Study Design We conducted a systematic scoping review using Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. We included empirical studies and case reports focused on SRH issues in young people (aged 14–24 years) with psychotic disorders. A qualitative synthesis was completed. Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools were utilized to assess study quality. Study Results Seventeen empirical studies and 52 case reports met inclusion criteria. Most focused on sexual dysfunction which was identified as common among this cohort and associated with both psychotic disorders and antipsychotics. The study population was more likely to engage in sexual risk-taking behavior and was at higher risk of sexually transmissible infections than those without psychosis. SRH topics of clinical relevance in older patients with psychosis such as pregnancy, abortion, sexual violence, coercion, sexual identity, and gender were poorly addressed in this younger group. We found empirical studies generally lacked identification and controlling of confounders whilst case reports provided limited description of mental health and SRH outcomes following clinical intervention. Conclusion Research and clinical practice addressing sexual and reproductive health is needed for young people living with psychosis. To address research gaps future studies should focus on women’s health, sexual violence, gender, and sexuality in young people with psychosis.

The importance of E3 ubiquitin ligases from different families for plant immune signaling has been confirmed. Plant RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases are members of the E3 ligase superfamily and have been shown to play positive or negative roles during the regulation of various steps of plant immunity. Here, we present Arabidopsis RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases AtRDUF1 and AtRDUF2 which act as positive regulators of flg22- and SA-mediated defense signaling. Expression of

Accurately detecting disease occurrences of crops in early stage is essential for quality and yield of crops through the decision of an appropriate treatments. However, detection of disease needs specialized knowledge and long-term experiences in plant pathology. Thus, an automated system for disease detecting in crops will play an important role in agriculture by constructing early detection system of disease. To develop this system, construction of a stepwise disease detection model using images of diseased-healthy plant pairs and a CNN algorithm consisting of five pre-trained models. The disease detection model consists of three step classification models, crop classification, disease detection, and disease classification. The ‘unknown’ is added into categories to generalize the model for wide application. In the validation test, the disease detection model classified crops and disease types with high accuracy (97.09%). The low accuracy of non-model crops was improved by adding these crops to the training dataset implicating expendability of the model. Our model has the potential to apply to smart farming of Solanaceae crops and will be widely used by adding more various crops as training dataset.

The genome of a new potyvirus from a Lamprocapnos spectabilis plant in South Korea was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The new potyvirus was tentatively named "lamprocapnos virus A" (LaVA); its complete genome contains 9,745 nucleotides, excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail. The LaVA genome structure is similar to that of members of the genus Potyvirus and contains an open reading frame encoding a large putative polyprotein of 3,120 amino acids (aa) with conserved motifs. The complete genome shared 48%-56% nucleotide sequence identity and the polyprotein shared 41%-52% aa sequence identity with those of other potyviruses. These values are below the standard thresholds for potyvirus species demarcation. Phylogenetic analysis based on polyprotein sequences showed that LaVA belongs to the genus Potyvirus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete genome sequence and genome characterization of a potyvirus infecting Lamprocapnos spectabilis.

In this study, a dual-band band-pass filter (BPF) is designed to separate the dual-wavelength emissions of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and fluorescence sodium (yellow dye). The dual-band BPF was investigated experimentally to improve its accuracy, speed, and energy efficiency in clinical settings. The possibility of dual fluorescence emissions with a single irradiation is proposed, which saves energy by producing 2 fluorescence diagnostic effects using a single piece of equipment.

A new member of the genus Closterovirus was detected in Platycodon grandiflorus using high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis. The complete genome sequence of this new virus isolate, tentatively named “platycodon closterovirus 1” (PlaCV1), comprises 16,771 nucleotides with nine predicted open reading frames (ORFs) having the typical closterovirus genome organization. PlaCV1 shares 37%–50% nucleotide sequence identity with other known closterovirus genome sequences. The putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), heat shock protein 70-like protein (HSP70h), viral heat shock protein 90-like protein (HSP90h), minor coat protein (CPm), and coat protein (CP) show 47–68%, 39–66%, 24–52%, 21–57%, and 16–35% amino acid sequence identity, respectively, to homologous proteins in previously identified closteroviruses, suggesting that it represents a distinct, new species in the genus. Phylogenetic analysis of HSP70h sequences places PlaCV1 alongside other members of the genus Closterovirus in the family Closteroviridae. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of the complete genome sequence of PlaCV1 infecting P. grandiflorus in the Republic of Korea.

The complete genomic nucleotide sequence of hemisteptia virus A (HemVA) from a Hemisteptia lyrata Bunge plant in South Korea was identified by high-throughput sequencing. The HemVA genome consists of 6,122 nucleotides and contains seven putative open reading frames, ORF0-5 and ORF3a, encoding the putative proteins P0-P5 and P3a, respectively. Pairwise amino acid sequence analysis shows that the HemVA P1-P5 proteins have the highest sequence identity (23.68%-54.15%) to the corresponding proteins of members of the families Solemoviridae and Tombusviridae. Phylogenetic analysis of the P1-P2 and P3 amino acid sequences indicated that HemVA should be classified as a member of a distinct species in the genus Polerovirus.

Background Although both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), evidence is lacking as to whether the presence of NAFLD confers an additional risk of CVD in patients with T2DM. We investigated the associations between hepatic steatosis and/or fibrosis and risk of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure (HF), and mortality in patients with new-onset T2DM. Methods Using the Korean National Health Insurance dataset, we included 139,633 patients diagnosed with new-onset T2DM who underwent a national health screening from January 2009 to December 2012. Hepatic steatosis and advanced hepatic fibrosis were determined using cutoff values for fatty liver index (FLI) and BARD score. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results During the median follow-up of 7.7 years, there were 3,079 (2.2%) cases of MI, 4,238 (3.0%) cases of ischemic stroke, 4,303 (3.1%) cases of HF, and 8,465 (6.1%) all-cause deaths. Hepatic steatosis defined as FLI ≥ 60 was associated with increased risk for MI (HR [95% CI], 1.28 [1.14–1.44]), stroke (1.41 [1.25–1.56]), HF (1.17 [1.07–1.26]), and mortality (1.41 [1.32–1.51]) after adjusting for well-known risk factors. Compared to the group without steatosis, the group with steatosis and without fibrosis (BARD p for trends Conclusion Hepatic steatosis and/or advanced fibrosis as assessed by FLI or BARD score were significantly associated with risk of CVD and mortality in new-onset T2DM.

The complete genome sequence of a new polerovirus found naturally infecting Artemisia princeps, artemisia virus B (ArtVB), was determined using high-throughput sequencing. The ArtVB genome comprises 6,141 nucleotides and contains six putative open reading frames (ORF0 to ORF5) with a genome structure typical of poleroviruses. A multiple sequence alignment showed that the complete ArtVB genome shares 50.98% nucleotide sequence identity with ixeridium yellow mottle virus 1 (IxYMaV-1, GenBank accession no. KT868949). ArtVB shares the highest amino acid sequence identity in P0 and P3–P5 (21.54%–51.69%) with other known poleroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that ArtVB should be considered a member of a new species within the genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae.

This paper deals with a well-known problem in the area of the smudge attacks: when a user draws a pattern to unlock the pattern lock on a smartphone screen, pattern extraction sometimes becomes difficult owing to the existence of the oily residuals around it. This is because the phone screen becomes obscured by these residuals, which significantly lower the guess rate of the pattern lock. To address this, this paper proposes a novel attack method based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). CNNs are known to exhibit high accuracy in image classification. However, using only CNNs for the attack is not sufficient, because there are 389,112 possible patterns, and training the CNN for all the cases is difficult. We therefore propose two ideas to overcome the aforementioned problem. The first one is the application of ’Screen Segmentation,’ where we divide the screen into four segments to reduce the number of possible patterns to 1470 in each segment. The second is the use of pruning rules, which reduces the number of total pattern cases by combining the patterns in each segment. Furthermore, by applying the Android pattern lock constraints, we reduce the number of possible patterns. To validate the proposed idea, we collected 3500 image data by photographing the screen of Android smartphones and generated 367,500 image data based on their possible combinations. Using those data sets, we conducted an experiment whereby we investigated the success rate of our attack in various situations, dealing with different pattern lock lengths and type of prior application usage. The result shows that up to a pattern lock length of seven, the proposed method has on an average, 79% success rate, which is meaningful result in smudge attacks. In addition, in an ideal case where only the actual pattern lock is entered, without oily residuals, the proposed scheme supports an even higher performance, i.e., a 93% successful guess rate on an average.

We explored the effects of assessment gamification on students’ content knowledge and perceptions of satisfaction, course experience, learning, and impact of teaching techniques. The course preparation, attendance, quizzes, classroom activities, and team projects of an undergraduate operations and supply chain management course had game elements that accumulate to team advantages in the collaborative midterm and final exam. Interestingly, we found that gamifying assessment activities resulted in significantly lower content knowledge, satisfaction, and course experience. Difference in perceived learning was not significant. Also, team exam scores were significantly lower in the gamified group, whereas individual exam scores were not significantly different. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence that gamification in classroom may produce unintended consequences and implementing gamification restrictively to assessment is ineffective at best. Directions for further research are discussed.

A shell resonator shaped as a half-toroidal has several vibration modes including wine-glass mode. Coriolis force induces the precession of certain vibrating modes, such as wine-glass vibration under a rotation. Therefore, shell resonators can be used to measure the rotations or rotation rates. The quality factor of the vibrating mode is a key parameter for reducing noise as a rotation sensor or gyroscope. This paper demonstrates how to measure the vibrating mode, resonance frequency, and quality factor of a shell resonator by using dual Michelson interferometers. Interferometers simultaneously measure the x and y motions of the resonator when a vibration mode is excited. A buzzer attached to one of the mounting walls excites vibrations via transferring energy. The n = 2 wine-glass mode is measured when two interferometric phases are in out-of-phase condition. The tilting mode is also measured for the case of in-phase conditions, and one of the interferometers has a smaller amplitude than another. The shell resonator manufactured by the blow-torching method here has 13.4 s (Q = 2.7 × 105) and 2.2 s (Q = 2.2 × 104) in life-time (Quality factor) for n = 2 wine-glass and tilting modes, respectively, at 9.7 mTorr. The resonant frequencies are also measured at 6.53 and 3.12 kHz. We can distinguish the resonator’s vibrating mode with a single detection rather than the whole scanning of the resonator’s deformation by using this method.

Highlights • Nutrients play a vital role in the defense against infectious diseases and the regulation of inflammation; however, little is known with regards to COVID-19. • We measured concentrations of vitamins B1, B6, B12, folate, vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D), selenium, and zinc in 50 patients with COVID-19; vitamin D deficiency was shown in 76% of patients and 42% of selenium. It showed a significant difference with 43.3% vit D deficiency of the control groups (150 people). • Among twelve patients with respiratory distress, eleven (91.7%) had one or more nutrient deficiency., The relationship between immunity and nutrition is well known and its role in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is also being paid greater attention. However, the nutritional status of COVID-19 patients is unknown. Vitamins B1, B6, B12, D (25-hydroxyvitamin D), folate, selenium, and zinc levels were measured in 50 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. A total of 76% of the patients were vitamin D deficient and 42% were selenium deficient. No significant increase in the incidence of deficiency was found for vitamins B1, B6, and B12. folate, and zinc in patients with COVID-19. The COVID-19 group showed significantly lower vitamin D values than the healthy control group (150 people, age/sex matching). Severe vitamin D deficiency (based on 10 ng/dL) was found in 24% of the patients in the COVID-19 group and 7.3% of the control group. Among 12 patients with respiratory distress, 11 (91.7%) were deficient in at least one nutrient. However, patients without respiratory distress showed deficiency in 30/38 people (78.9%, P-value 0.425). These results suggest that a deficiency of vitamin D or selenium may decrease the immune defenses against COVID-19 and cause progression to severe disease; however, more precise and large-scale studies are needed.