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Most of the reported P-type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins play roles in organelle RNA stabilization and splicing. However, P-type PPRs involved in both RNA splicing and editing have rarely been reported, and their underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we report a rice floury endosperm22 (flo22) mutant with delayed amyloplast development in endosperm cells. Map-based cloning and complementation tests demonstrated that FLO22 encodes a mitochondrion-localized P-type PPR protein. Mutation of FLO22 resulting in defective trans-splicing of mitochondrial nad1 intron 1 and perhaps causing instability of mature transcripts affected assembly and activity of complex Ⅰ, and mitochondrial morphology and function. RNA-seq analysis showed that expression levels of many genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly down-regulated in the flo22 mutant compared with the wild type, whereas genes related to oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly up-regulated. In addition to involvement in splicing as a P-type PPR protein, we found that FLO22 interacted with DYW3, a DYW-type PPR protein, and they may function synergistically in mitochondrial RNA editing. The present work indicated that FLO22 plays an important role in endosperm development and plant growth by participating in nad1 maturation and multi-site editing of mitochondrial messager RNA.

Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., taxonomically belongs to the Cucurbitaceae and Trichosanthes genus, and whose whole fruit, fruit peel, seed and root are widely used in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM). A ribosome-inactivating protein with RNA N-glycosidase activity called Trichosanthrip was isolated and purified from the seeds of T. kirilowii in the previous research. To further explore the biological functions of Trichosanthrip, the cDNA of T. kirilowii AAI (TkAAI) was cloned through rapid-amplification of cDNA ends and its sequence was analyzed, as well as the heterologous protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and its alpha-amylase activity was further measured under optimized conditions. The full-length cDNA of TkAAI was 613 bp, the speculated open reading frame sequence encodes 141 amino acids with a molecular weight of 16.14 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the AAI_SS domain sequence of TkAAI revealed significant evolutionary homology with the of 2S albumin derived from the other plants in Cucurbitaceae. In addition, TkAAI was assembled into pET28a with eGFP to generate a prokaryotic expression vector and induced to express in E. coli. The TkAAI-eGFP infusion protein was proven to exhibit alpha-amylase inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic amylase (PPA) in a suitable reaction system. Analysis of gene expression patterns proved that the relative expression level of TkAAI in seeds is highest. Above results forecast that the TkAAI might play a crucial role during the development of T. kirilowii seeds and provide insights into the possibility of T.kirilowii-derived medicine to treat diabetes related diseases.

Electronic or nuclear spins such as inorganic ‘nitrogen-vacancy’ centers in diamond and other defects in silicon represent a promising type of quantum bits (qubits) for applications in quantum information processing, data storage as well as quantum sensing. However, it remains challenging to achieve scalable and spatially defined organization of a large number of spins as qubits. Therefore, development of new materials and technologies to regulate spin-spin distance and interaction plays an important role in preservation of quantum coherence and realization of coherent exchange of information between spin qubits. Herein, we report that spatially defined organization of organic radicals as electronic spins can be realized via a strategy of block copolymer self-assembly. We demonstrate quantum coherence and spin-lattice relaxation of organic luminescent radical spins can be facilely tuned using a library of well-defined star-like block copolymers containing a common core of tris[4-(p-benzyl)-2,6-dichlorophenyl]methyl radical in the center, from which diblock polyesters are grafted via controllable ring-opening polymerization. The fine tuning of the incompatibility and the volume ratio of the two blocks of polyesters leads to not only a series of self-assembling patterns (i.e., spheres, cylinders, lamellae, and gyroids) with phase-separation of the spins in the nanometer scale, but also tunable spin-lattice relaxation dynamics and spin coherence lifetimes that strongly depend on the lengths and rigidities of the polymeric matrices surrounding the organic radicals as molecular spins. Such strategy of block copolymer self-assembly may offer a generally applicable approach to integrating and organizing molecular spins as promising qubits into scalable architectures and functional devices towards cutting-edge applications in quantum information processing, quantum computation and spintronics.

Use of balanced cross-section methods, which assume length and area conservation in two dimensions, to quantitatively analyze fold-and-thrust belts is vital in structural analyses. However, layer-parallel shortening is beyond this assumption and thus indescribable by balanced cross-section methods. The contribution of layer-parallel shortening in accommodating shortening has rarely been quantitatively determined, especially in sections hundreds of kilometers in scale. In this study, we conducted structural analyses on the ∼230-km-long Hotan-Mazatagh transect along the West Kunlun foreland of the NW Tibetan Plateau, based on interpretations of seismic reflection profiles. The results reveal that the transect forms a long thrust sheet detaching along the basal Cenozoic detachment, with deformation localized in the Hotan, Manan, and Mazatagh belts. Out of the ∼23.82 km of cutoff displacement translating into the thrust sheet, only ∼1.4 km and ∼4.94 km are absorbed by the Hotan anticline and the Mazatagh detachment thrust, respectively. The remaining ∼17.48 km extent of shortening is absorbed by layer-parallel shortening in the ∼180-km-long section between the Hotan and Mazatagh belts. The layer-parallel shortening produces a strain rate of ∼2.43 × 10−8 yr−1 and absorbs ∼77.97% of the shortening of the segment. Our results argue for caution when using balanced cross-section methods to determine deformation magnitudes. We suggest that localized deformation and layer-parallel shortening function together to shape the ∼230-km-long Hotan-Mazatagh transect into a combined discrete-and-distributed deformation style.

Colon-targeted oral drug delivery systems (CDDSs) are desirable for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), which is a disease with high relapse and remission rates associated with immune system inflammation and dysregulation localized within the lining of the large bowel. However, the success of current available approaches used for colon-targeted therapy is limited. Budesonide (BUD) is a corticosteroid drug, and its rectal and oral formulations are used to treat UC, but the inconvenience of rectal administration and the systemic toxicity of oral administration restrict its long-term use. In this study, we designed and prepared colon-targeted solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) encapsulating BUD to treat UC by oral administration. A negatively charged surfactant (NaCS-C12) was synthesized to anchor cellulase-responsive layers consisting of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed by negatively charged NaCS and cationic chitosan onto the SLNs. The release rate and colon-specific release behavior of BUD could be easily modified by regulating the number of coated layers. We found that the two-layer BUD-loaded SLNs (SLN-BUD-2L) with a nanoscale particle size and negative zeta potential showed the designed colon-specific drug release profile in response to localized high cellulase activity. In addition, SLN-BUD-2L exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory activity in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, suggesting its potential anti-UC applications.

Supplementary Data from DKK1 Promotes Tumor Immune Evasion and Impedes Anti–PD-1 Treatment by Inducing Immunosuppressive Macrophages in Gastric Cancer

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) have key functions in promoting a suppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and immune evasion, which largely limit treatment effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in different cancers, including gastric cancer. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is associated with tumor progression and has been shown to negatively regulate antitumor immunity, but the impact of DKK1 on the TIME remains incompletely understood. Here, we found that tumoral DKK1 expression is closely associated with worse survival and a suppressive TIME in gastric cancer patients. Results from in vitro coculture assays suggested that DKK1 induces macrophages to become immunosuppressive, thereby inhibiting antitumor responses of CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. In vivo DKK1 blockade in syngeneic gastric cancer mouse models reprogramed TAMs to restore the immune activity in the TIME and triggered significant tumor regression. DKK1 blockade also directly reduced the growth of human gastric cancer tumors with high DKK1 expression in a xenograft model. Mechanistically, DKK1 interacted with cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) on the macrophage surface and activated downstream PI3K–AKT signaling, which contributed to immune suppression. TAM reprogramming by DKK1 blockade also augmented the efficacy of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade in gastric cancer models. Therefore, our study provides novel insights into the role of DKK1 on tumor-intrinsic, innate, and adaptive antitumor immunity modulation and suggests that DKK1 is a promising immunotherapeutic target for enhanced PD-1 blockade therapy in gastric cancer.

Particle brushes are an emerging type of hybrid polymer material at present, among which the polymer brush with silica as the core is a the most common type. Normally, hydrofluoric acid is used to etch these particles prior to chromatographic analysis, but hydrofluoric acid is particularly hazardous to humans and the environment. Herein we reports the use of NH4HF2 instead of hydrofluoric acid for the etching process and is extended to particle brushes with other inorganic cores such as barium titanate.

Although the Qilian–Haiyuan fault is known to be responsible for major earthquakes up to M 8, the potential of damaging earthquakes near its western end is not well understood. Since January 2022, three moderate earthquakes (M 5.8, M 6.0, and M 5.4) occurred around the Halahu region of Delingha, China, near the western end of the Qilian–Haiyuan fault. These earthquakes are unusual M 5+ events in this low-seismicity region, and both the U.S. Geological Survey and Global Centroid Moment Tensor solutions suggest that the focal mechanisms of the three mainshocks are distinct from the activity characteristics of the nearby mapped faults. Thus, determining the precise source parameters and identifying the causative fault of this earthquake sequence are important to analyze its seismogenic settings and seismic hazard in this region. In this article, we determined the point-source parameters of the three moderate events via regional waveform modeling and found that these earthquakes are strike-slip events with the nodal planes striking nearly north–south and east–west directions. We then resolved its seismogenic faults by analyzing the aftershock distribution and the rupture directivity. The results show that both the M 5.8 and M 6.0 events ruptured along the north–south nodal plane and expanded toward the south for ∼4 km and ∼3 km, respectively, and the ruptured fault of the M 5.4 is difficult to distinguish. Furthermore, we constrained the relative location using the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observation, and the result is consistent with that obtained from seismic waveform data. We proposed that this earthquake sequence ruptured along an unmapped dextral fault, which forms a conjugate fault system with the sinistral strike-slip Qilian–Haiyuan fault. Its deformation mechanism may be controlled by long-term, protracted, nearly north–south-trending, right-lateral simple shear in the Qilian Shan fold-thrust belt. The accumulated static Coulomb stress changes resulted in the northwest of this ruptured fault being closer to failure in the future.

While understanding the long-term slip rate of active normal faults is essential for the comprehensive assessment of seismic activity, it is difficult due to the absence of age control in the erosional bedrock region. The preserved sequence of wave-cut platforms in granite allows exploration of the long-term slip rate in the footwall of some normal faults. We investigated wave-cut platforms in the southern Pearl River Delta (PRD), a coastal delta transected by the seismically active Littoral Fault Zone (LFZ) in the northern South China Sea, to derive slip rates and their impacts on the seismic hazard potential. We mapped a flight of four wave-cut platforms (T1–T4), dated the T2 and T4 platforms by 10Be cosmogenic nuclide dating, and used the absolute age to correlate the un-dated platform to global sea-level highstands. Our results allocate the ages of 128 ka, 197 ka, and 239 ka to the upper three wave-cut platforms and yield temporally various uplift rates ranging from 0.30 to 0.38 mm/a during 239–128 ka to 0.09 mm/a since 128 ka. A decrease in the uplift rate, which coincided with a decreased subsidence rate within the PRD in previous work, implied a weakened differential uplift onshore of the LFZ system. Our findings infer that the transgression event occurred as early as marine isotope stage (MIS) 7 in the PRD, consistent with the view that Pleistocene sedimentation began in MIS 5 or earlier in the PRD.

Extracting meaning from a dynamic and variable flow of incoming information is a major goal of both natural and artificial intelligence. Computer vision (CV) guided by deep learning (DL) has made significant strides in recognizing a specific identity despite highly variable attributes. This is the same challenge faced by the nervous system and partially addressed by the concept cells—neurons exhibiting selective firing in response to specific persons/places, described in the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) ⁠. Yet, access to neurons representing a particular concept is limited due to these neurons’ sparse coding. It is conceivable, however, that the information required for such decoding is present in relatively small neuronal populations. To evaluate how well neuronal populations encode identity information in natural settings, we recorded neuronal activity from multiple brain regions of nine neurosurgical epilepsy patients implanted with depth electrodes, while the subjects watched an episode of the TV series “24”. First, we devised a minimally supervised CV algorithm (with comparable performance against manually-labeled data) to detect the most prevalent characters (above 1% overall appearance) in each frame. Next, we implemented DL models that used the time-varying population neural data as inputs and decoded the visual presence of the four main characters throughout the episode. This methodology allowed us to compare “computer vision” with “neuronal vision”—footprints associated with each character present in the activity of a subset of neurons—and identify the brain regions that contributed to this decoding process. We then tested the DL models during a recognition memory task following movie viewing where subjects were asked to recognize clip segments from the presented episode. DL model activations were not only modulated by the presence of the corresponding characters but also by participants’ subjective memory of whether they had seen the clip segment, and by the associative strengths of the characters in the narrative plot. The described approach can offer novel ways to probe the representation of concepts in time-evolving dynamic behavioral tasks. Further, the results suggest that the information required to robustly decode concepts is present in the population activity of only tens of neurons even in brain regions beyond MTL.

The discharge of livestock wastewater without treatment in depth severely harm to the environment and human health, cultivation microalgae as feedstock for biodiesel and animal feed additive using livestock wastewater coupling of the treatment of wastewater has become a research topic. In this study, the cultivation conditions of Spirulina platensis using piggery wastewater were optimized by response surface method, and the removal of nutrients from the piggery wastewater coupling of Spirulina platensis as the feedstock for animal feed additive was evaluation. The results of single factor experiments confirmed cupric ion seriously inhibited the growth of Spirulina platensis, while nitrogen, phosphorous and zinc all low promotes high inhabitation. Spirulina platensis grew well in the dilution piggery wastewater supplemented with moderate sodium bicarbonate, which indicated it is the limited nutrients. The OD560 of S. platensi reached 1.83 at the optimal conditions proposed by response surface method as follows: piggery wastewater was diluted to 4 times, 7 g/L sodium bicarbonate, pH 10.5, initial OD560 0.63, light intensity 3030 lux, light/dark 16/8 and cultured time 8 days. Spirulina platensis cultured in the diluted piggery wastewater contained 43.75% protein, 9.4% crude lipid, 8.826 mg/g chlorophyll, 4.18% total sugar, 27.7 mg/kg Cu and 246.2 mg/kg Zn. The analysis of the chemical compositions of Spirulina platensis indicated it can as the feedstock for animal feed additive. The removal efficiency of TN, TP, COD, Zn and Cu from the wastewater was 76%, 72%, 93.1%, 93.5% and 82.5%, respectively. These results demonstrated the removal of nutrients from piggery wastewater coupling culturing S. platensi as the feedstock for animal feed additive is feasible.

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a modifiable contributor of in-stent restenosis (ISR), but quantitative analyses using a noninvasive approach are limited. We aimed to investigate the associations between CAC score derived from ECG-gated coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) or non-gated non-contrast chest computed tomography (NCCT) and ISR.We included 368 lesions in 194 patients with coronary drug-eluting stent implantations in final analyses. CAC was quantified using the Agatston score. Primary endpoint was ISR, defined as lumen diameter stenosis over 50% at the stent segment or its proximal or distal edges (5-mm segments adjacent to the stent), at angiographic follow-up.The CAC scores in either CCTA/2.5 mm group (r = 0.7702; P 0.0001) or NCCT/5 mm group (r = 0.7105; P 0.0001) were both correlated with in-stent diameter stenosis. The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis identified a CAC score245 in CCTA/2.5 mm group as the optimal ISR cutoff (sensitivity, 60.0%; specificity, 83.7%; area under the curve, 0.744; P 0.001), and209 in NCCT/5 mm group (sensitivity, 46.7%; specificity, 91.9%; area under the curve, 0.704; P 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression models indicated a CAC score245 in CCTA/2.5 mm group and209 in NCCT/5 mm group independently associated with an 8.46- and 21.89-fold increase in ISR, respectively (all P 0.01).Either a CAC score245 in CCTA/2.5 mm or209 in NCCT/5 mm was significantly associated with increased risk in ISR.

Purpose. To investigate the aqueous levels of angiogenic factors in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) and to ascertain their association with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) metrics. Methods. This study enrolled 21 NPDR eyes with DME (NPDR/DME+), 17 NPDR eyes without DME (NPDR/DME-), and 16 diabetic eyes without retinopathy (DWR). Luminex bead-based multiplex array was used to measure the levels of 25 cytokines. OCTA system with a scan area of 3 × 3 mm was used to measure retinal thickness (RT), retinal volume (RV), superficial vessel density (SVD), deep vessel density (DVD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, perimeter and acircularity index. Results. The levels of ANGPTL4 were significantly different among the three groups ( P < 0.05 ), in which NPDR/DME+ group had the highest level and NPDR/DME- group had a higher level than the DWR group (all, P < 0.0167 ). OCTA examination showed that, compared with DWR and NPDR/DME- group, RT and RV increased and the whole/parafoveal DVD decreased in NPDR/DME+ group (all, P < 0.05 ). Meanwhile, NPDR/DME- group had lower parafoveal DVD than the DWR group ( P < 0.05 ). Correlation analysis showed that the levels of ANGPTL4 were positively correlated with foveal/parafoveal RT and RV and negatively correlated with whole/parafoveal DVD in NPDR patients (all, P < 0.05 ). As the influencing factor of RT, RV, and DVD, every additional 103 pg/ml of ANGPTL4 was associated with an increase in foveal and parafoveal RT of 4.299 μm and 3.598 μm, respectively. Every additional 106 pg/ml of ANGPTL4 was associated with an increase in foveal and parafoveal RV of 3.371 mm3 and 17.705 mm3, respectively. Every additional 104 pg/ml of ANGPTL4 was associated with a decrease in whole and parafoveal DVD of 1.705% and 1.799%, respectively. Conclusions. The level of ANGPTL4 in aqueous humor of NPDR patients with DME was significantly increased and ANGPTL4 might predict RT, RV, and parafoveal DVD of DME in NPDR patients.

Production of d-3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid by using an NAD+ and ATP free in vitro cascade with four enzymes from d-xylose, the predominant sugar in hemicellulosic biomass.

Activated carbon has been widely used to remove hazardous Cr(VI); however, the impact of Cr2O3 precipitate on gradually declining removal ability as pH increases has received little attention. Herein, to investigate the effect of Cr2O3, SEM-EDX (scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis) coupling elements mapping of chromium-loaded powdered activated carbon (PAC) revealed that a chromium layer was formed on the PAC exterior after being treated with Cr(VI) at pH 7. XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) study confirmed that 69.93% and 39.91% Cr2O3 precipitated on the PAC surface at pH 7 and pH 3, respectively, corresponding to 17.77 mg/g and 20 mg/g removal capacity. Exhausted PAC had a removal efficiency of 92.43% after Cr2O3 being washed by H2SO4 solution, which was much higher than the removal efficiency of 51.27 % after NaOH washing. This further verified that the intrinsically developed Cr2O3 precipitate on PAC under neutral conditions limited the durability of PAC as an adsorbent. Consecutive elution assessments confirmed that adsorption and reduction ability both declined as pH increased. Raman spectroscopy and C 1s spectra of materials demonstrated two distinct Cr(VI) removal mechanisms under pH 3 and pH 7. In conclusion, the exhausted AC after Cr(VI) adsorption can be rejuvenated after the surface coated Cr2O3 is washed by the acid solution, which can expand the longevity of AC and recover Cr(III). HIGHLIGHT In this work, we scrutinized the mechanism of poor removal capacity of commercial activated carbon on toxic heavy metal Cr(VI) under neutral pH conditions. Differing from the most accepted view that electrostatic repulsion is the main consideration, our study suggested that the relatively more Cr2O3 precipitate on the surface of activated carbon under higher pH led to the low Cr(VI) sequestration capability.

Background: Numerous studies have revealed that the long non-coding RNA LINC00662 is irregularly expressed in various cancers, as well as is correlated with cancer development and progression. Nevertheless, the clinical value of LINC00662 remains controversial. Hence, we explored the correlation of LINC00662 with cancer prognosis through meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis.Methods: From the beginning through 12 March 2022, we searched for correlational studies on Web of Science, Embase, PubMed and The Cochrane Library. We used pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to determine the significance of studies on survival outcomes and clinicopathological aspects in human cancers. Additionally, the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database was employed to confirm our findings.Results: Our meta-analysis of 14 studies comprising a total of 960 cancer patients revealed that LINC00662 overexpression was correlated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.49–2.45, p < 0.001) in cancer patients and relapse-free survival (HR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.19–3.76, p = 0.010) in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The correlation between LINC00662 and OS was further supported by the results of subgroup analyses according to cancer type, follow-up time, HR availability, and NOS score. In addition, LINC00662 overexpression predicted advanced tumor stage (OR = 4.23, 95% CI 2.50–7.17, p < 0.001), larger tumor size (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.11–1.99, p = 0.008), earlier lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.25–4.59, p = 0.008), and earlier distant metastasis (OR = 4.78, 95% CI 2.57–8.88, p < 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in age (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.90–1.51, p = 0.246), gender (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.79–1.53, p = 0.578), or differentiation grade (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 0.71–3.33, p = 0.280).Conclusion: LINC00662 expression upregulation is associated with poor prognosis and advanced clinicopathological features in patients with multiple tumors. LINC00662 may serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with tumors.

To solve the poor precision and low efficiency of manual grinding de-weight dynamic balance of turbopump rotor, the laser de-weight dynamic balance technology of rotating machines is adopted. Combined with the advantages of laser de-weight, such as, fast processing speed high machining precision and good machined surface quality, the smooth transition of the machined surface was realized by means of hierarchical machining. According to the characteristics of the turbopump rotor structure, the equivalent transformation model for laser de-weight turbopump rotor was built to convert the unbalance into laser processing parameters, which achieve the rapid and accurate de-weight of turbopump rotor. It focuses on solving the repeatedly loading and low accuracy of manual grinding dynamic balance. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique, laser de-weight experiments were carried out on two turbopump rotor test pieces. A dynamic balance test bench was set up to measure the rotor residual unbalance at 1800 r/min test speed, which is low dynamic balance. The results show that the machined surface transition was smooth, the residual unbalance was small and the machining efficiency was high. The effect of laser de-weight dynamic balance reached the expectation. It is an universal technology which is not limited to the dynamic balance of turbopump rotor, but also applicable to other rotating machinery..

Headward erosion breaching a formerly closed paleolake has been interpreted as an integration process between individual drainage networks. However, the rarity of well-documented cases of this process makes it difficult to explore the fluvial response or its mechanism. Fortunately, dated deposits from a former paleolake in the Fenwei Basin, coupled with fluvial terraces along the Sanmen Gorge of the Yellow River, provide ample opportunities to replicate the upstream integration process and associated landform response. Herein, we applied terrace correlation and age constraints to construct dated longitudinal profiles throughout the Fenwei Basin and the downstream Sanmen Gorge. We identified two age models in longitudinal profiles: (1) relatively high diachronous terraces (Terrace series A) aged headward from ca. 621 ka to 336 ka, localized in the Sanmen Gorge; and (2) relatively low isochronous terraces (Terrace series B) capped by S2 paleosol (ca. 245−190 ka) developed throughout the basin and the gorge. This study hypothesized these two terrace series to have emerged as a mid-Pleistocene bottom-up integration event. In this event, headward incision initiated at least at ca. 621 ka, progressed upstream at a rate of 79.8 mm/a, and breached the Fenwei Basin at ca. 245 ka. This event is likely ascribed to tectonic subsidence of the North China Plain, and may be the latest integration process between the middle and lower reach of the Yellow River. We synthesize comprehensive models to describe terrace genesis and responses in tectonic, climatic, and bottom-up integration processes, which could widen our understanding of long-term large river behaviors.

Starch accounts for about 80-85 % of the dry weight of grains and determines yield by impact on grain weight. And, the content and composition of starch also determine appearance, eating, cooking and nutritional quality of rice. By coordinating crucial reactions of the primary carbohydrate metabolism in all eukaryotes, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P