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]El cáncer de pulmón es una de las principales causas de muerte por neoplasias. La mortalidad del cáncer de pulmón ha disminuido en la última década, lo que se atribuye en parte a la mejoría de los tratamientos. La cirugía curativa es el tratamiento habitual para pacientes con cáncer pulmonar en estadio inicial, pero no todas las intervenciones quirúrgicas tienen buen pronóstico. La quimioterapia adyuvante y neoadyuvante se utiliza para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón resecable. La inmunoterapia, tratamiento que marcó una época, ha mejorado los efectos curativos, el pronóstico y la tolerabilidad en comparación con la quimioterapia citotóxica tradicional, ofreciendo nuevas esperanzas a pacientes con cáncer de pulmón no-microcítico (CPNM). Ensayos clínicos relacionados con la inmunoterapia han registrado resul­tados clínicos alentadores en la exploración de los distintos tipos de inmunoterapia perioperatoria, incluida la monoterapia neoadyu­vante con inhibidores de puntos de control inmunitarios (ICI), la inmunoterapia combinada neoadyuvante (quimioinmunoterapia, inmunoterapia más terapia antiangiogénica, inmunoterapia más radioterapia o quimiorradioterapia concurrente), la inmunoterapia adyuvante y la inmunoterapia combinada adyuvante y neoadyuvante. Estudios de fase III como IMpower 010 y CheckMate 816 reportaron beneficios en la supervivencia de la inmunoterapia perioperatoria para pacientes operables. Esta revisión resume varios estudios clínicos actualizados y analiza la eficacia y viabilidad de diferentes terapias neoadyuvantes, así como biomarcadores para identificar los tipos óptimos de inmunoterapia perioperatoria para el CPNM.

Background Ongoing symptoms or the development of new symptoms following a SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis has caused a complex clinical problem known as “long COVID” (LC). This has introduced further pressure on global healthcare systems as there appears to be a need for ongoing clinical management of these patients. LC personifies heterogeneous symptoms at varying frequencies. The most complex symptoms appear to be driven by the neurology and neuropsychiatry spheres. Methods A systematic protocol was developed, peer reviewed, and published in PROSPERO. The systematic review included publications from the 1st of December 2019–30th June 2021 published in English. Multiple electronic databases were used. The dataset has been analyzed using a random-effects model and a subgroup analysis based on geographical location. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were established based on the data identified. Results Of the 302 studies, 49 met the inclusion criteria, although 36 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The 36 studies had a collective sample size of 11,598 LC patients. 18 of the 36 studies were designed as cohorts and the remainder were cross-sectional. Symptoms of mental health, gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary, neurological, and pain were reported. Conclusions The quality that differentiates this meta-analysis is that they are cohort and cross-sectional studies with follow-up. It is evident that there is limited knowledge available of LC and current clinical management strategies may be suboptimal as a result. Clinical practice improvements will require more comprehensive clinical research, enabling effective evidence-based approaches to better support patients.

ImportanceChildren’s exposure to screen time has been associated with poor mental health outcomes, yet the role of genetic factors in this association remains largely unknown.ObjectiveWe examined (1) the longitudinal phenotypic association between child screen time and mental health outcomes and (2) the potential genetic confounding of this association. We hypothesized that genetics partially account for observed phenotypic associations.DesignLongitudinal (baseline and one-year follow-up) population-based cohort.SettingAdolescent Brain Cognitive Development, 21 sites in the United States.ParticipantsThis study included 4,262 children of genetically assigned European ancestry with mean age 9.9 years [SD = 0.6 years], 46.8% female.ExposureChildren’s daily screen time (in hours) was assessed both by child-report and parent-report questionnaires at baseline.Main Outcomes and MeasuresChild psychiatric problems, specifically attention and internalizing problems, were measured with the parent-rated Child Behavior Checklist at the one-year follow-up. We used Genetic sensitivity analyses (Gsens), based on structural equation models using polygenic risk scores (PRS) of both exposure and outcomes, and either single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability or twin-based heritability to estimate genetic confounding of associations between child screen time and attention or internalizing problems, separately.ResultsWe found that child screen time was positively associated with the different psychiatric problems. Further, the television time PRS was associated with child screen time (β=0.18 SD, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.23); the ADHD PRS was associated with attention problems (β=0.13 SD, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.16); and the depression PRS was associated with internalizing problems (β=0.10 SD, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.13). These PRSs were associated with cross-traits, suggesting genetic confounding. Using PRSs and SNP-based heritability, we estimated that genetic confounding entirely accounts for the association between child screen time and attention problems, and moderately (42.7%) accounts for the association between child screen time and internalizing problems. When PRSs and twin-based heritability estimates were used, genetic confounding fully explained both associations.Conclusions and RelevanceGenetic confounding may explain a substantial part of the associations between child screen time and psychiatric problems. Potential interventions to reduce screen time could be less effective in reducing psychiatric problems than previously hypothesized.

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Lung cancer mortality has decreased over the past decade, which is partly attributed to improved treatments. Curative surgery for patients with early-stage lung cancer is the standard of care, but not all surgical treatments have a good prognosis. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy are used to improve the prognosis of patients with resectable lung cancer. Immunotherapy, an epoch-defining treatment, has improved curative effects, prognosis, and tolerability compared with traditional and ordinary cytotoxic chemotherapy, providing new hope for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immunotherapy-related clinical trials have reported encouraging clinical outcomes in their exploration of different types of perioperative immunotherapy, from neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy, neoadjuvant immune-combination therapy (chemoimmunotherapy, immunotherapy plus antiangiogenic therapy, immunotherapy plus radiotherapy, or concurrent chemoradiotherapy), adjuvant immunotherapy, and neoadjuvant combined adjuvant immunotherapy. Phase 3 studies such as IMpower 010 and CheckMate 816 reported survival benefits of perioperative immunotherapy for operable patients. This review summarizes up-to-date clinical studies and analyzes the efficiency and feasibility of different neoadjuvant therapies and biomarkers to identify optimal types of perioperative immunotherapy for NSCLC.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of posterior scleral application (a modified technique) of antimetabolite mitomycin C (MMC)-soaked sponge in trabeculectomy for patients with glaucoma. Subjects/Methods: A total of 101 patients (115 eyes) with glaucoma, aged 12–83 years who underwent trabeculectomy using a modified MMC-soaked sponge placement method were enrolled in this observational study. The sponge was placed vertically and posteriorly with the long side perpendicular to the limbus. The MMC concentration was 0.2–0.5 mg/ml and the exposure time was 1–5 min. The intraocular pressure (IOP), best-corrected visual acuity, and the number of hypotensive medications taken at baseline and at the final visit were recorded. Complications, interventions required, and bleb morphology were recorded postoperatively. Bleb morphology, including height, extent, vascularity, Seidel test, and width, was graded using the Indiana Bleb Appearance Grading Scale. The primary outcome was the safety of trabeculectomy including complications and bleb morphology. The secondary outcome was the success rate of trabeculectomy. Results: The median follow-up period was 28 months. At the final follow-up, the qualified (cumulative) success rate was 93.0% and the complete success rate was 60.0%. No bleb-related complication was observed. The mean height was 0.6 ± 0.9. The mean extent was 1.2 ± 0.4. The mean vascularity was 2.4 ± 0.9. All Seidel tests were negative. The mean width was 0.8 ± 0.4. Conclusions: Trabeculectomy with the long side of the MMC-soaked sponge placed perpendicular to the corneal limbus to maximise the exposure area is safe and effective.

To investigate the impact of installation on jet noise from modern high-bypass-ratio turbofan engines, a model-scale noise experiment with a jet propulsion system and a fuselage model in scale was conducted in the anechoic wind tunnel of ONERA, CEPRA 19. Two area ratios (an area of the secondary nozzle over an area of the primary nozzle), 5 and 7, and various airframe configurations such as wing positions relative to the tip of the engine nacelle and flap angles, were considered. Based on the analysis of experimental data, an empirical model for the prediction of engine installation noise was proposed. The model comprises two components: one is the interaction be-tween the jet and the pressure side of the wing, and the other is the interaction between the jet and the flap tip. The interaction between the jet and the pressure side of the wing contributes to the noise at the low frequencies (≤ 1.5 kHz), and the interaction between the jet and the flap tip con-tributes to the noise at the high frequencies. The proposed model showed a good agreement with the experimental data.

A tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is a special component in the immune microenvironment that is mainly composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including T cells, B cells, DC cells, and high endothelial venules (HEVs). For cancer patients, evaluation of the immune microenvironment has a predictive effect on tumor biological behavior, treatment methods, and prognosis. As a result, TLSs have begun to attract the attention of researchers as a new potential biomarker. However, the composition and mechanisms of TLSs are still unclear, and clinical detection methods are still being explored. Although some meaningful results have been obtained in clinical trials, there is still a long way to go before such methods can be applied in clinical practice. However, we believe that with the continuous progress of basic research and clinical trials, TLS detection and related treatment can benefit more and more patients. In this review, we generalize the definition and composition of TLSs, summarize clinical trials involving TLSs according to treatment methods, and describe possible methods of inducing TLS formation.

In this study, soft magnetic FeCoNiCrAl high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were synthesised by high-energy ball milling using Fe, Co, Ni, Cr and Al powders as raw materials. The phase evolution was detecte...

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, is usually treated with medications such as calcium channel blockers or beta-blockers and invasive treatments such as transcatheter alcohol septal ablation, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, or heart transplantation. However, non-invasive methods have not been employed for the management of patients with HCM. A 71-year-old male who presented with occasional chest pain for approximately 2 months and had been diagnosed with HCM since he was 39 years old due to occasional fainting was treated with a novel method for HCM using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). The administration of 25 Gy of radiation as one fraction led to an improvement in his quality of life. No toxicity occurred during or immediately after the treatment. Our observations suggest that SBRT may be a reasonable treatment approach for patients with HCM who are not suitable for surgery.

To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect of the combination of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation (PEI), goniosynechialysis (GSL), and goniotomy (GT) in eyes of advanced primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) with cataract.Multicenter observational study.We enrolled 83 eyes of 83 patients with advanced PACG who received combined PEI+GSL+GT at 8 ophthalmic institutes. Each patient was assessed before treatment and at 1, 7 days, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postsurgery. The criteria for complete success were IOP within 6 to 18 mm Hg and at least 20% of reduction in IOP from baseline without ocular hypotensive medications or reoperation. The definition of qualified success was similar to that of complete success, except for the need for ocular hypotensive medications. The potential prognostic factors for surgical success were investigated using a multivariate logistic model.All participants completed 1 year of follow-up. Complete and qualified success were achieved in 74 (89.1%) and 79 (95.2%) of 83 eyes, respectively. The mean preoperative and postsurgical IOPs were 27.4±7.3 and 14.2±2.6 mm Hg, respectively. Participants used an average of 2.0 and 0.3 types of ocular hypotensive medications before and after surgery, respectively. The chief complications included hyphema (n=9), IOP spike (n=9), and corneal edema (n=8). None of the eyes required reoperation or developed vision-threatening complications. Multivariate analysis showed that older age was associated with a higher probability of complete success (odds ratio=1.13; 95% CI: 1.02-1.25; P=0.020).The 1-year results of combination of PEI+GSL+GT in treating advanced PACG cases with cataract appear to be safe and effective. Further large-scale multination and multicenter studies are warranted.

Although empirical evidence has confirmed the causal relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression, findings are inconsistent on the magnitude of the effect of age of exposure to childhood maltreatment on psychological development. This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to comprehensively synthesize the literature on the relationship between exposure age of maltreatment and depression and to quantitatively compare the magnitude of effect sizes across exposure age groups. Electronic databases and grey literature up to April 6th, 2022, were searched for English-language studies. Studies were included if they: 1) provided the information on exposure age; and 2) provided statistical indicators to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression. Fifty-eight articles met eligibility criteria and were included in meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on subtypes of maltreatment and measurements of depression. Any kind of maltreatment (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.15–0.18), physical abuse (r =0.13, 95% CI = 0.10–0.15), sexual abuse (r = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.15–0.21), emotional abuse (r = 0.17, 95% CI=0.11–0.23), and neglect (r = 0.08, 95% CI=0.06–0.11) were associated with an increased risk of depression. Significant differential effects of maltreatment in depression were found across age groups of exposure to maltreatment (Q = 34.81, p < 0.001). Age of exposure in middle childhood (6–13 years) had the highest risk of depression, followed by late childhood (12–19 years) and early childhood (0–6 years). Implications of the findings provide robust evidence to support targeting victimized children of all ages and paying closer attention to those in middle childhood to effectively reduce the risk of depression.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed Al−Mg2Si alloys were studied by TEM and EBSD. The results showed that an increase in the tool rotation speed (300−700 r/min) led to a decrease in the defect area (from 10.5 mm2 to zero), whereas the defect area demonstrated the opposite trend (increased to 1.5 mm2 from zero) upon further increasing the rotation speed (700−1200 r/min). The types of defects were transformed from tunnel defects to fusion defects as the rotational speed increased. The coarse Mg2Si dendrites were broken and fine particles (smaller than 10 μm) formed in the weld nugget (WN). The amount of low-angle grain boundaries increased significantly from 57.7% to 83.6%, which was caused by an increase in the content of the deformed structure (from 1.7% to 13.6%). The hardness, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation were all greatly improved for the weld nugget. The hardness values of the WNs had the following order: R300

In this paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joints were studied. Three zones were formed in these joints: a heat-affected zone (HAZ), a partial melting zone (PMZ) and a fusion zone (FZ). In the FZ, the microstructure consisted of only α-Al and eutectic Mg2Si. The α-Al segregation phenomenon occurred when the welding current increased from 125 A to 135 A. The low-angle grain boundaries (LABs) found in the base material (BM) transformed into high-angle grain boundaries (HABs) in the FZ. The texture of the BM was concentrated in three specific preferred orientations, whereas the texture was eliminated in the FZ. The hardness in the FZ was 45 % higher than that in the BM. The eutectic Mg2Si phase in the welded joints became fine and dense, and the needle-like β″ phase in the BM was replaced by a high density of fine precipitates, which led to an increase in hardness. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation of the joints welded at 125 A were lower than those of the BM and the joints welded at 135 A. Furthermore, no cracks were generated in the joints after multiple thermal shocks.

Background and Objectives Identifying potential intervention strategies to reduce cognitive decline, particularly among older African Americans at high risk for Alzheimer’s dementia, is critical. This study aimed to investigate whether depressive symptoms, purpose in life, and their interrelations are associated with cognitive decline in older African Americans. Research Design and Methods We included older African Americans from the Minority Aging Research Study (n = 748) and Rush Memory and Aging Project (n = 109), without dementia at baseline. We assessed associations of depressive symptoms, purpose in life, and their interrelations, with baseline levels and change in global cognition using linear mixed-effects models. Results At baseline, each unit increment in depressive symptoms was related to worse initial global cognition (mean difference = −0.03 standard unit; p = .003), while higher purpose in life was related to better cognition (mean difference = 0.12; p = .002). Further, participants with ≥1 depressive symptom who had a purpose in life score above the median appeared to have better global cognition (mean difference = 0.10; p = .01), compared to those with depressive symptoms but lower levels of purpose in life. However, we did not find relations of depressive symptoms or purpose in life with rates of cognitive decline over time, likely due to the modest follow-up. Discussion and Implications In older African Americans, we found that lower depressive symptoms and greater purpose in life were independently related to higher initial levels of global cognition, but not cognitive decline. Preliminary findings of higher global cognition in individuals with depressive symptoms but greater purpose in life merit further investigation if purpose may eventually be considered as an intervention.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is responsible for half of the glaucoma-related blindness worldwide. Cataract surgery with or without trabeculectomy has been considered to be the first-line treatment in eyes with medically uncontrolled PACG. While minimally invasive glaucoma surgery has become an important surgical approach for primary open-angle glaucoma, its indications and benefits in PACG are less clear. This review summarizes the efficacy and safety profile of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery in PACG to unfold new insights into the surgical management of PACG.

Plant fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases terminate the process of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids by hydrolyzing the acyl-ACP intermediates, and determine the chain length and levels of free fatty acids. They are of interest due to their roles in fatty acid synthesis and their potential to modify plant seed oils through biotechnology. Fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases (FAT) are divided into two families, i.e., FATA and FATB, according to their amino acid sequence and substrate specificity. The high oil content in

A CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy was successfully welded in this study using fiber laser welding. The effects of the welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Three zones were formed: the fusion zone, partial melting zone, and base metal. The base metal exhibited a typical dendrite structure, and the Cu element segregated in the interdendrite. The fusion zone consisted of fine equiaxed crystals and columnar crystals with the same crystalline structure as the base metal. The fusion zone exhibited minimal compositional microsegregation after laser welding. Electron backscatter diffraction results showed that the low-angle grain boundary fraction in the fusion zone increased. Furthermore, some dislocations and dislocation pile-ups were present in the fusion zone, and the densities of the dislocations and dislocation pile-ups were higher than those of the base metal. The hardness of the fusion zone was considerably higher than that of the base metal, while the ultimate tensile strength and elongation values were lower than those of the base metal for all conditions. The ultimate tensile strength and the elongation increased gradually and then decreased with increasing laser power. The maximum ultimate tensile strength exceeded that of the base metal by 90%.

The noise characteristics of a dual-stream jet of bypass ratios greater than 10 were investigated in response to area ratio, nozzle-operating conditions, installation effect, and chevron effect. The key conclusions were as follows. (1) The area ratio impacted the noise by up to 3 dB at aft angles and at mid-frequency for heated conditions. (2) The spectral variation due to the change of primary stream parameters was constant at low Strouhal numbers and diminished at high Strouhal numbers. (3) The impact of the secondary stream pressure was described by the scaling law of single-stream jets for unheated conditions. The flow parameters of other jets were required to describe the spectra of Strouhal numbers between 0.2 and 2.0, based on the secondary jet for heated conditions. (4) The installed jet noise was quantified for various wing configurations and was more pronounced at forward angles. (5) The chevron nozzle reduced overall noise by up to 4 dB, though it became less attractive when installed. The quantified information is expected to improve the estimation of noise from a dual-stream jet of high bypass ratios.

Deep penetration laser welding is an efficient and effective way to produce the heavy section structure. Deep penetration can be achieved by high-power autogenous laser welding; however, it poses a significant challenge in obtaining good quality of welds, which are free of imperfects such as root hump, under-fill, and collapse. It is partially attributed to a lacking of understanding on the formation of imperfects. In this paper, we looked into the formation mechanism of root humping experimentally. The laser autogenous welding were implemented using a 10 kW fiber laser on thick stainless steel plates. A high-speed imaging system was applied to observe the metallic vapor and molten pool flow during the welding process. The formation mechanism of root humping with different focal positions were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the most important welding parameter was the focal position; it had a strong effect on the formation of root hump; it affected the penetration mode of laser keyhole welding. The root hump had a large volume and were generated periodically when a positive defocus was applied. When a negative defocus was applied, the root hump had a small volume and with no obvious periodicity. On the other hand, the welding speed could be optimized to suppress root hump only when a negative defocus was applied. Finally, applying a bottom shielding gases played a positive role in reducing root hump. The results from our study provides the evidences to develop the strategies to suppress root hump during high-power laser autogenous welding on thick metal plates.

Background Glasgow, Scotland, has previously shown exceptional levels of violence among young men, shows aggregations of health conditions, with shortened life expectancy. Health conditions can be both causes and consequences of violence, of shared community-level socio-economic risk factors, and can result from large-scale social forces beyond the control of populations with high levels of violence. The aim of the study was to provide an in depth understanding of the Public Health problem of violence among young adult men in Glasgow East. Method Ecological investigation of violence and its associations with health conditions in areas of contrasting socioeconomic deprivation. National survey of 1916 British men aged 18–34 years, augmented by a sub-sample of 765 men in Glasgow East (GE). Participants completed questionnaires covering current physical and sexual health, psychiatric symptoms, substance misuse, lifestyle, and crime and violence. Results The 5-year prevalence of violence was similar in both surveys but fights involving weapons (AOR 3.32, 95% CI 2.29–4.79), gang fights (AOR 2.30, 95% CI 1.77–2.98), and instrumental violence supporting criminal lifestyles were more common in GE, where 1 in 9 men had been in prison. Violent men in both samples reported poorer physical and sexual health and all types of psychiatric morbidity except depression, with multiple high-risk behaviours for both future poor health and violence. Associations between drug and alcohol dependence and violence in GE could not be entirely explained by deprivation. Conclusion Violence in deprived urban areas is one among many high-risk behaviours and lifestyle factors leading to, as well as resulting from, aggregations of both psychiatric and physical health conditions. Poverty partly explained raised levels of violence in GE. Other factors such as drug and alcohol misuse and macho attitudes to violence, highly prevalent among men in this socially excluded community, also contributed. Multi-component preventive interventions may be needed in deprived areas and require future investigations into how multiple co-existing risk factors produce multimorbidity, including psychiatric disorders, substance misuse, poor physical health and violence.

With the electricity market opening gradually in China, end-users transit to prosumers and the complementarity of multiple energy increases continuously, thus cloud energy storage business model may become a new form of user-side energy storage in the future. In this paper, the business model of load aggregator (LA) is applied to the comprehensive optimal configuration of multiple energy storage in the integrated energy system (IES), and the energy storage behavior of users is considered. Firstly, the LA model is summarized, the energy hub (EH) structure is established, and the transformation relationship between input and output is analyzed. Then, a two-stage multi energy storage optimization model is proposed. In the first stage, the electric and thermal energy storage requirements of all users are optimized from the perspective of users. In the second stage, all users’ energy storage requirements from the previous stage are integrated, and the configuration of electric and thermal energy storage are comprehensively optimized from the perspective of LA. Finally, this model is applied to three different scenarios and solved by CPLEX. The results of case studies verify that the comprehensive optimal configuration of electric and thermal energy storage in LA mode can utilize energy resources more efficiently and reduce costs. Also, user, LA and power grid can achieve mutual benefit and win-win situation.

Plant fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases terminate the process of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids by hydrolyzing the acyl-ACP intermediates, and determine the chain length and levels of free fatty acids. They are of interest due to their roles in fatty acid synthesis and their potential to modify plant seed oils through biotechnology. Fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases (FAT) are divided into two families, i.e., FATA and FATB, according to their amino acid sequence and substrate specificity. The high oil content in Jatropha curcas L. seed has attracted global attention due to its potential for the production of biodiesel. However, the detailed effects of JcFATA and JcFATB on fatty acid biosynthesis and plant growth and development are still unclear. In this study, we found that JcFATB transcripts were detected in all tissues and organs examined, with especially high accumulation in the roots, leaves, flowers, and some stages of developing seeds, and JcFATA showed a very similar expression pattern. Subcellular localization of the JcFATA-GFP and JcFATB-GFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts showed that both JcFATA and JcFATB localized in chloroplasts. Heterologous expression of JcFATA and JcFATB in Arabidopsis thaliana individually generated transgenic plants with longer roots, stems and siliques, larger rosette leaves, and bigger seeds compared with those of the wild type, indicating the overall promotion effects of JcFATA and JcFATB on plant growth and development while JcFATB had a larger impact. Compositional analysis of seed oil revealed that all fatty acids except 22:0 were significantly increased in the mature seeds of JcFATA-transgenic Arabidopsis lines, especially unsaturated fatty acids, such as the predominant fatty acids of seed oil, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3. In the mature seeds of the JcFATB-transgenic Arabidopsis lines, most fatty acids were increased compared with those in wild type too, especially saturated fatty acids, such as 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, and 22:0. Our results demonstrated the promotion effect of JcFATA and JcFATB on plant growth and development, and their possible utilization to modify the seed oil composition and content in higher plants.

A model-scale test with single-stream nozzle exhaust geometries was carried out at the anechoic chamber of Beihang University in Beijing, China. The spectral characteristics are investigated, and the effects of the following parametric variations are reported in this paper: impact of nozzle operating conditions on spectra; impact of the presence of a plug; and effectiveness of chevron configurations for noise mitigation. The measurement shows that the change of pressure values has more impact on spectra than the change of temperature values. The spectral change due to pressure is shown at all band numbers for unheated conditions whereas it is more pronounced at high-frequency ranges for heated conditions. An impact of the presence of a plug is also clearly observed. The reduction of noise is moderate up to band number of 35, and becomes more significant at higher band numbers. It is observed that chevron nozzles are more efficient at high pressure and temperature values. It is expected that the quantified analysis will be used to develop an empirical model of single jet noise, which will be the baseline for the development of prediction of noise from turbofan engines of high bypass ratios. Keywords: Chevron, Engine noise, Engine plug, Jet noise, Single-stream jet

Novel DOPO/silicon/CNT nanohybrid flame retardants (FR-CNTs) were synthesized and FR-CNTs were introduced into epoxy resins through thermal curing process. The SEM and TEM results indicate that CNTs distribute uniformly in epoxy resins due to the good dispersion of CNTs in DOPO/silicon/CNT nanohybrid flame retardants. The thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of EP/FR-CNTs composites are improved, which is attributed to the good dispersion of DOPO/silicon/CNT nanohybrid. The cone calorimeter results demonstrate that FR-CNTs can reduce peak heat release and the release of toxic gas effectively compared with EP/CNTs and EP/CNT/FR composites. The char-residue analysis indicates that the improved flame-retardant properties are due to the char-reinforcing effects and the catalyzing charring effect of FR-CNTs, which provides enough time for flame retardants to trap radicals. Generally, the char layers, which act as insulating barrier, can reduce the releasing of flammable gases and protect the underlying epoxy resins from the heat source.

Background Scotland has the shortest life expectancy in Western Europe, driven by high rates of cancer, suicides, alcohol-related causes and drug-related poisonings. These disparities cannot be explained solely by socioeconomic deprivation. Our aim was to investigate whether a syndemic in a socioeconomically deprived area of Glasgow might account for premature mortality among men. Methods We analysed data from two cross-sectional population surveys: a national sample of 1916 British men and another of 765 men in Glasgow East. The survey included men aged 18–34, and was undertaken in 2011 to study correlates of violence. Questionnaires covered current physical health, psychiatric symptoms, substance misuse, and crime and violence. Syndemic components were identified using confirmatory factor analysis. Associations and synergistic interactions between these variables and health status were estimated using logistic regression. Results An aggregation of multiple health conditions and health-related behaviours was found in Glasgow East. A syndemic model of joint effects, adducing a four-component latent variable (violence, substance dependence, psychiatric morbidity and a diathesis of biological/behavioural risk) showed synergy between components and explained persistent disparities in poor physical health/chronic health conditions. Effect modification was found between the general syndemic factor and contextual variables at individual and social environmental level according to location. Conclusions Syndemic effects from synergistic interactions were confirmed between psychiatric morbidity, substance misuse, violence, and biological/behavioural risk for physical health. A hypothetical model was developed to explain how the syndemic leads to potentially life-threatening risks to young men, both currently and as precursors of physical health conditions which may shorten their lives in the future., Highlights • Scotland has the shortest life expectancy in Western Europe, especially among men in areas of Glasgow. This has not responded to Public Health interventions. • A syndemic was identified among young men with synergism between violence, substance misuse, biological/behavioural physical health risks, and psychiatric morbidity. • Synergistic interactions between components of the syndemic may result in precursors of multiple physical health conditions which will shorten men's lives in the future.

The purpose of the study was to introduce percutaneous reduction and fixation of paediatric talar neck fractures. The study also included a comparison between the technique and the conventional open surgery. From October 2003 to May 2013, 23 children (group A) with closed two-part talar neck fractures were treated with percutaneous reduction. For comparison, another group of 26 children (group B) were treated with the conventional open surgery. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In group A, bone healing was achieved in all cases at a mean of eight weeks. At the mean follow-up of 27 months, mean plantar flexion and dorsiflexion reached 96% of the opposite, normal, side. There were 20 excellent and three good results. In group B, bone healing occurred in 21 of 26 cases at a mean of 11 weeks. Nonunion was noted in five patients, among whom three were combined with avascular necrosis of the talar body. Mean follow-up was 29 months; mean plantar flexion and dorsiflexion reached 94% of the opposite normal side. There were 13 excellent, six good, two fair and five unsatisfactorily results. There were significant differences in the time to bone healing and in ankle-joint motion and function (p

The contamination of environmental water with organic pollutants poses significant challenges for society, and much effort has been directed toward the development of catalysts and methods that can decompose these pollutants. While effort has been directed toward the fabrication of Cu2O catalysts by ball milling, this technique can involve long preparation times and provide low yields. In this study, we synthesized a solid solution of Cu2O in 22 h by high-frequency electric-field-assisted ball milling below 40 °C in only one step under aqueous conditions. We investigated the catalytic activities of the produced Cu2O solid solution in the microwave-assisted degradation of dyes, namely rhodamine B, phenol red and methyl orange. The prepared Cu2O solid solution was very catalytically active and completely degraded the above-mentioned dyes within 2 min. The one-dimensional diffusion model and the phase boundary (planar) model were found to describe the kinetics well. Synergism between ball milling and the high-frequency electromagnetic field plays a key role in the preparation of Cu2O solid solution nanoparticles. Ball milling facilitates the relaxation of the Cu2O lattice and high-frequency electromagnetic radiation accelerates the diffusion of Fe atoms into the Cu2O crystal along the (111) crystal plane, quickly leading to the formation of a Cu2O solid solution.

OBJECTIVE To compare the stability of 3 fixation strategies for a transverse acetabular fracture: a reconstruction plate with anterior and posterior column screws (group A); an infrapectineal precontoured quadrilateral surface buttress (iPQSB) plate alone (group B); and an anterior column lag-screw and iPQSB plate (group C). METHODS A transverse acetabular fracture was created in 18 synthetic hemipelvises. Six were fixed by each of the 3 methods described. Specimens underwent cyclic axial compressive loading to 1700N for 42,000 cycles while anterior and posterior column displacements were measured, followed 4800N for 50 cycles. Displacement and stiffness data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Tukey HSD. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine survival rate. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Group C had significantly less posterior column displacement (0.16 ± 0.06 mm) compared with group B (0.38 ± 0.37 mm, P < 0.0001) and group A (0.38 ± 0.37 mm, P < 0.0001). In addition, group A had significantly more anterior column displacement (0.28 ± 0.11 mm) than group B (0.22 ± 0.14 mm, P = 0.0310) and group C (0.18 ± 0.09 mm, P = 0.0001). Group C was 10.5% stiffer than group A (P = 0.0037). Group B had a 7.27x greater rate of failure than group C (95% confidence interval, 1.6-33.2). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Under anatomical loading, iPQSB plates with anterior column lag-screw fixation demonstrate increased stability in a synthetic bone transverse acetabular fracture model. Based on our data, we support additional evaluation of early weight-bearing after transverse acetabular fracture fixation in patients with healthy bone when an anterior column screw-iPQSB plate construct is used.

In this paper, well dispersed ZnFe2O4 nano-particles with high magnetization saturation of 82.23 emu/g were first synthesized by microwave assisted ball milling and then the influences of pre-treatments and microwave powers to the progress were studied. It was found that under the both function of crack effect induced by ball milling and rotary motion induced by microwave the synthesized ferrtie nano-particles were well dispersed that is much different from the powders synthesized by normal high energy ball milling. The pre-treatment of ball milling can only enhance the reaction rate in the first several hours but the pre-irradiation of microwave can enhance the hole reaction rate. Further more, it was also been found that with increasing the microwave power, the more raw materials will converted into zinc ferrite in the first 5 h. 5 h latter the microwave power of 720 W is high enough for the coupling effect of microwave and ball milling with stirrer rotation speed of 256 rpm.

The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Raman spectroscopy (RS) in the identification of nasopharyngeal carcinomas from normal nasopharyngeal tissue. We searched six databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI) up to September 2018 for all published studies that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of RS in the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Non-qualifying studies were screened out in accordance with the specified exclusion criteria and relevant information about the diagnostic performance of RS extracted. A random effects model was adopted to calculate the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR, respectively), diagnostic threshold and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). Additionally, we conducted a summary receiver-operating characteristic (SROC) curve analysis and threshold analysis, reporting area under the curve (AUC) to evaluate the overall performance of RS. Three studies examined RS analysis in vivo, the pooled sensitivity and specificity of RS of which were 0.90 and 0.91, respectively, with an AUC of 0.9617. Eighteen studies assessed ex vivo samples, for which RS exhibited particularly high accuracy for the analysis of blood plasma. RS was demonstrated to be a reliable technique for the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with high accuracy, but additional studies are required to improve its performance and expand its application in ex vivo detection.

Background: Plasma cell mastitis (PCM) is one of the most frequently encountered inflammatory diseases of the non-lactating breast. However, its pathogenesis has remained unknown and few efforts have focused on investigating the transcriptional changes during PCM. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the distributions of age and other risk factors about PCM, and we observed the ultrastructure changes of PCM by transmission electron microscope. The transcriptome expression difference of exosomes extracted from normal (N/exo) and PCM tissues (PCM/exo), were detected by RNA-Seq, then we confirmed the key difference genes by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Finally, we established the mouse PCM model by tissue homogenate injection to validate the role of exosomes on the progression of PCM. Findings: In this study we analysised the distributions of age and other risk factors for PCM. The most frequent age of onset in the studied population was 30-39 years (65.0%) and 45% of PCM patients accompanied nipple or breast dysplasia. There were more exosomes were found in the synaptic cleft of PCM by TEM. Analysis of the transcriptome expression difference of PCM/exo and N/exo using RNA Seq showed that Rap1 signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, Calcium signaling pathway, Oxytocin signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were involved in the course of PCM. In addition, other factors were also found to be involved, such as the decreased HSP90AA1and EEF2, excessive production of p-AKT and p-mTOR which were consistent with clinical specimens. We also found that inhibition of exosomes secretion significantly inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and the mammary duct had maintained a better structure in PCM mouse model. Interpretation: Our results revealed the role of exosomes acting as critical signal transduction facilitators in the progression of plasma cell mastitis and identified potential key genes in the regulation of this process. These results will help to dissect the molecular mechanism of PCM and provide therapeutic targets. Funding Statement: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.81173601), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (NO.ZR2017LH072 and NO.ZR2017MH033), Projects of Binzhou technology development program (NO.2015ZC0301), Scientific Research Staring Foundation of Binzhou Medical University (NO.BY2014KYQD36,NO.BY2014KJ36 and NO.BY2017KJ01). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist with regard to this manuscript. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines in the Declaration of Helsinki and it has been approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of Binzhou Medical University Hospital (Approval No. 2018-020-01).

Objective: Glutathione S-transferase π (GST-π) plays a very important role in resisting to tumor chemotherapy. This study investigates the role of Psoralen in reversing GST-π mediated multidrug resistance (MDR), and the possible mechanism in MCF-7/ADR cells.Methods: We measured the cell viability by CCK-8 assay to evaluate the cytotoxicity and multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal activity of Psoralen. To examine the alteration in targeted gene, RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of GST-π. Western blot was used to analyze the protein level of GST-π. Immunofluorescence method was applied to observe the activation of NF-κB.Results: The intracellular adriamycin drug concentration increased significantly after Psoralen treatment. Compared with those of the control group, Psoralen reduced the expression of GST-π at the mRNA and protein level in treatment group. The NF-κB inhibitor (SN50) can significantly inhibit the expression of GST-π in breast cancer MCF-7/ADR cells.Conclusions: Therefore, NF-κB signaling pathway may be one of the mechanisms of GST-π mediated multidrug resistance. Our results showed that Psoralen was involved in reversing GST-π mediated MDR. GST-π mediated drug resisting mechanism may be related to the NF-κB signaling pathways, and it may be the key factor of downstream in the NF-κB signaling pathways.

Ni x Co 1 − x Fe 2 O 4 ( x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8) particles were prepared by a self-designed method, i.e., microwave assisted ball milling. A series of characterizations were carried out on the prepared powders, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and vector network analyzer (VNA). XRD and TEM results indicated that the particles are well-crystallized and the average size is about 15 nm. According to VSM results, the M s values are 76 emu/gm, 61 emu/gm and 46 emu/gm respectively, which obviously presented higher saturation magnetization values compared with other existing methods. Complex permittivity and permeability of Ni–Co ferrites were explored by VNA in the frequency of 2–18 GHz, and the reflection loss (RL) was also calculated. The results illustrated that the minimum reflection loss values of the three ferrites all emerged in the range of 9–12 GHz, and the Ni 0.8 Co 0.2 Fe 2 O 4 with a thickness of 2.5 mm could achieve −36.2 dB at 11.52 GHz, which indicated that the Ni–Co ferrite nanoparticles possessed great potential in microwave absorption applications.

The contamination of environmental water with organic pollutants poses significant challenges for society, and much effort has been directed toward the development of catalysts and methods that can decompose these pollutants. While effort has been directed toward the fabrication of Cu2O catalysts by ball milling, this technique can involve long preparation times and provide low yields. In this study, we synthesized a solid solution of Cu2O in 22 h by high-frequency electric-field-assisted ball milling below 40 &deg, C in only one step under aqueous conditions. We investigated the catalytic activities of the produced Cu2O solid solution in the microwave-assisted degradation of dyes, namely rhodamine B, phenol red and methyl orange. The prepared Cu2O solid solution was very catalytically active and completely degraded the above-mentioned dyes within 2 min. The one-dimensional diffusion model and the phase boundary (planar) model were found to describe the kinetics well. Synergism between ball milling and the high-frequency electromagnetic field plays a key role in the preparation of Cu2O solid solution nanoparticles. Ball milling facilitates the relaxation of the Cu2O lattice and high-frequency electromagnetic radiation accelerates the diffusion of Fe atoms into the Cu2O crystal along the (111) crystal plane, quickly leading to the formation of a Cu2O solid solution.

In this paper, well dispersed spinel MnxZn1−xFe2O4 (x = 0.3,0.5 and 0.7) were obtained by microwave assisted ball milling at 2.45 GHz through only one step. The synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscope, vibration sample magnetometer, and vector network analysis. Synthesized Mn–Zn nanoferrite showed the saturation magnetization reached 84.91emu/g when the x was 0.7 and the largest magnetic loss tangent at the frequency of 2.45 GHz. Microwave absorbing properties of these composites were studied at the frequency range of 2–18 GHz. Two microwave reflection loss peaks appeared for all the spinel ferrite. When x was 0.5, the minimum reflection loss appeared at the highest frequency. When x was 0.7, these two minimum reflection loss peaks, −17.36 and −48.13 dB, were calculated with the −10 dB bandwidth at the frequency ranges of 2.24–5.04 and 13.28–14.88 GHz, respectively. Resonance reflection loss peaks shifted to lower frequencies when the matching thickness increased.

Magnesium ferrite, MgFe2O4 nanoparticles with high saturation magnetization were successfully synthesized using ultrasonic wave-assisted ball milling. In this study, the raw materials were 4MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·5H2O and Fe2O3 powders and the grinding media was stainless steel ball. The average particle diameter of the product MgFe2O4 powders was 20 nm and the saturation magnetization of them reached 54.8 emu/g. The different results of aqueous solution ball milling with and without ultrasonic wave revealed that it was the coupling effect of ultrasonic wave and mechanical force that played an important role during the synthesis of MgFe2O4. In addition, the effect of the frequency of the ultrasonic wave on the ball milling process was investigated.

A microwave-assisted ball milling process was used for low temperature synthesis of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles with high saturation magnetization. Four comparitive experiments, including boiling water assisted ball milling, microwave irradiation, regular ball milling, and microwave/ball milling alternative treatment, were also conducted to investigate the coupling effect of microwave and mechanical forces in the microwave-assisted ball milling process, which played a key role in the successful synthesis of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles. The concentrations of •OH radicals in the reaction solutions of these experiments were measured and used as an indicator for the solution reactivity. It showed that the concentration of •OH in microwave-assisted ball milling was much higher than that in microwave irradiation and regular stirring ball milling processes, confirming that the coupling of microwave and ball milling significantly enhanced the chemical reaction.

Well-crystallized Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with mean size of 20 nm and high saturation magnetization (82.9 emu/g) were synthesized at a low temperature (≤100°C) by microwave-assisted solid–liquid reaction ball-milling technique without subsequent calcination. CoC2O4·4H2O and Fe powder were used as raw materials and stainless steel or pure iron milling balls with diameter of 1.5 mm were used. As a contrast, solid–liquid reaction ball milling without microwave assistance was also investigated. The results showed that this is a simple, environmentally friendly, and energy-saving technique for ferrite nanocrystal synthesis.

In this paper, well-dispersed MnFe2O4 nanocrystals with high saturation magnetization were successfully prepared at a low temperature (below 100 °C) by a one step process through microwave-assisted ball milling in aqueous solution. The obtained nanocrystals were characterized by XRD, TEM, VSM. A lattice structure transition at a constant-temperature between tetragonal and cubic Mn3O4 intermediate product phases was observed during the reaction process. By the comparison of the as-milled products obtained with and without microwave-assistance, it was found that the coupling effect of ball-milling and microwave played a key role in the lattice transition and synthesis of MnFe2O4 nanocrystals.

Nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 particles with mean size of about 20 nm were directly synthesized by a novel microwave-assisted ball-milling approach, using basic nickel carbonate and iron powders as the raw materials. The results showed that an intermediate product Fe2Ni2(OH)8CO3·2H2O was formed by milling NiCO3·2Ni(OH)2·4H2O and Fe powders with microwave assistance, then this intermediate product further reacted to form NiFe2O4 nanocrystals. On the other hand, by using NiO and Fe2O3 as the raw materials, NiFe2O4 could not be able to form. NiFe2O4 nanocrystals could be directly synthesized without post-sintering by this process. This makes it a new promising approach for ferrite nanoparticle, which is simple and environmentally friendly.

Objective To investigate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality among textile workers. Methods A total of 267 400 Chinese female textile employees were monitored for COPD mortality from 1989 to 2000. Textile factories in the cohort were classified into 10 industrial sectors. Age-adjusted mortality, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% CIs were calculated by sector. In addition, RRs (HRs) adjusted for smoking and age were calculated for exposure to cotton and silk textile work compared with the other sectors in the cohort. Results A majority of textile sectors had lower or similar COPD mortality (age-adjusted SMRs=0.58–1.15) compared with the general female population in the city of Nanjing, China. SMRs for cotton and silk workers were, respectively, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.81 to 1.28) and 2.03 (95% CI: 1.13 to 3.34). Compared with all other textile sectors in the cohort, there was greater COPD mortality among cotton workers (HR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.89) and silk workers (HR=2.54, 95% CI: 1.47 to 4.39). Conclusion Elevated COPD mortality among cotton workers is consistent with previous reports of adverse respiratory effects of cotton dust. The higher rate of COPD deaths among silk workers was unexpected.