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Although coal mining has played a substantial role in world’s development as a critical fuel source for at least 25 years, its value is partly offset by the massive environmental issues it presents during combustion. The shift to a net-zero CO2 emission will open unique possibilities for new coal technological models in which progressive studies and policies, development, and modernization will play a significant role. Therefore, a collection of technologies has been proposed, one of which is cost-effective is the Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) coupled with carbon capture storage (CCS) and utilization technology (CCU) UCG-CCS/CCU. This paper reviews the current status and technology development in implementing low carbon emission energy on underground coal gasification. The study, therefore, leads to discussing the modern stage of underground coal gasification and carbon capture storage development, recent pilot operations, and current developments of the growing market. At the same time, it provides a reference for underground coal gasification combined with CCUS technology.

Background Curcumin (Cur) is a bioactive dietary polyphenol of turmeric with various biological activities against several cancers. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Intestinal cholesterol homeostasis is associated with CRC. Chemotherapy for CRC is related to varied adverse effects. Therefore, natural products with anti-cancer properties represent a potential strategy for primary prevention of CRC. Methods The present study used Cur as a therapeutic approach against CRC using the Caco-2 cell line. The cells were treated with different concentrations of Cur for different duration of time and then the proliferation ability of cells was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine assays. Oil red O staining and cholesterol assay kit were used to evaluate cellular lipid content and cholesterol outward transportation. Finally, the protein expressions of cholesterol transport-related protein and signal transduction molecules were assessed using Western blot assay. Results Cur inhibited cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by activating the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) channel. Activation of the TRPA1 channel led to increased intracellular calcium, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) upregulation, and the subsequent downregulation of the specificity protein-1 (SP-1)/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2)/Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) signaling pathway-related proteins, and finally reduced cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells. Conclusions Cur inhibits cell proliferation and reduces cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells through the Ca2+/PPARγ/SP-1/SREBP-2/NPC1L1 signaling by activating the TRPA1 channel, suggesting that Cur can be used as a dietary supplement for the primary prevention of CRC. Graphical Abstract In Caco-2 cells, Cur first stimulates calcium influx by activating the TRPA1 channel, further upregulates PPARγ and downregulates SP-1/SREBP-2/NPC1L1 signaling pathway, and finally inhibits the absorption of cholesterol. TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; NPC1L1, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SP-1, specificity protein-1; SREBP-2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2; Cur, curcumin.

In this study, a non-stirred Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) testing device is developed to measure the flow field in a solid–liquid two-phase centrifugal pump. The pump casing and impeller are made of an organic glass material. Two types of impellers are designed considering different structure parameters. The performance curves of the pump are obtained for the different impellers at a rotating speed of 900 rpm with particle concentrations of 0%, 3%, 5%, and 10%. The flow fields for water and a solid–liquid two-phase mixture for the two impellers are measured utilizing the PIV system in a centrifugal rotating frame at the designed condition. The distribution of the particles, together with its influence on the performance of the different impellers, is analyzed. From a comparison of the relative velocity vector fields, the following can be concluded. First, the pump with a double arc-shaped profile demonstrated a more uniform and stable flow field distribution and higher performance than that with a single arc profile. Secondly, the solid particles were distributed mainly at the outlet of the impeller and volute wall, whereas the concentration distribution of the larger particles tended to match the pressure surface. This research can provide theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of two-phase flow centrifugal pumps.

Oxy-combustion is an effective carbon capture technology. Many oxy-combustion technologies utilize recycled flue gas (RFG) for dilution to control temperature and heat flux. As the concentration of dilution gas on the fuel and oxidant side changes, stoichiometric mixture fraction (Zst) and flame temperature will change and significantly impact the flame structure and soot formation characteristics. In this work, the effects of stoichiometric mixture fraction and flame temperature on soot formation characteristics in laminar diffusion flames are studied by diluting the fuel and changing the oxygen concentration. CO2 is used as a dilution gas to simulate the RFG in oxy-combustion. The numerical calculation combines gas reaction kinetics with a soot formation model. Soot nucleation, surface growth, oxidation processes are considered, as well as the distributions of temperature, soot concentration, and key substances. The experimental flame appearances and spectral radiation data are imaged by a hyperspectral imager, and the temperature and soot concentration are reconstructed. The results of experimental measurement and numerical calculation are compared to evaluate the applicability of the soot formation mechanism to oxy-combustion with elevated Zst and using CO2 as diluent. As the Zst increases, the flame changes into a blue flame, soot concentration and temperature in flames decrease, because nucleation and surface growth are both inhibited and oxidation is enhanced. As the flame temperature increases, the flame becomes brighter, numerical results indicate that soot formation and oxidation are both enhanced, while the promoting effect of temperature increase on surface growth is stronger than that of oxidation, resulting in an increase in soot concentration. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the effects of RFG utilization (fuel dilution and oxygen enhancement) on flame structure, temperature distribution, soot concentration and formation characteristics in non-premixed oxy-combustion systems.

Flow fields for various impellers were measured using water and a two-phase liquid–solid mixture with a particle image velocimetry system in a centrifugal rotating frame in controlled conditions. After measuring absolute velocity vectors in impeller passages, the vectors were decomposed based on the triangle speed principle and the distribution of relative velocity vectors within the impeller was obtained. Then, the distribution of particles and their influence on the performance of different impellers were analyzed. The following conclusions were made from the comparison of relative velocity vector field: first, the wear on the outlet of blades can be mitigated effectively by reducing the outlet angle of impeller blades; second, the pump with a double-arc-shaped profile had a more uniform and stable flow field distribution and higher performance than that with a single-arc profile; and finally, the “jet–wake” structure can be improved significantly by using impellers with long and short blades, resulting in a remarkable reduction in energy loss and improvement in pump efficiency. We also found that solid particles were mainly distributed at the outlet of the impeller and volute wall, while the concentration distribution of large particles tended to match the pressure surface. This research can provide some theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of two-phase flow centrifugal pumps.

Volute wall wear situations directly affect a long time safe operation for the centrifugal slurry pump unit and the whole system. In the present study, internal flow field is numerically investigated in a solid-liquid centrifugal pump, and the volute wall wear caused by the solid-liquid two-phase flow is predicted with wear equation. A systematic analysis on the wear mechanism of the centrifugal pump volute wall is carried out deeply, including the volute wall wear region, wear rate, and the relationship among inlet flow rate, particle concentration, and particle size. The predicted high erosion intensity area shows good agreement with the experimental erosion area, and the predicted and experimental areas are both located at the volute angle of 180° and near tongue. Therefore, the wear equation put forward in the present study is effective for estimating the erosion intensity and predicting the erosion area around the volute casing of a centrifugal pump.

Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome (NFNS), a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disease, shows the manifestations of both neurofibromatosis type 1 (

This study is aimed at carrying out investigations on a domestic gas field, located in Yanchang, China, with a view to optimize the natural gas purification process. The main objectives of this work are (i) to reduce the natural gas purification system’s energy consumption and (ii) improve the existing purification levels. Process simulations were carried out using Aspen Plus™ software, and a comprehensive technical and economic analysis was carried out. The single-factor sensitivity analysis method was used to determine the parameters of absorption, such as the reflux ratio and number of stages. The heat transfer process was analyzed using the energy-saving method of the energy system, and a modified process was recommended. The optimization results show that the recommended system has better purification performance, the comprehensive energy consumption is effectively reduced, and the energy efficiency is improved by 9%.

Impregnating CuCl2 on AC (activated coke) support to synthesize xCuCl2/AC showed superior activity with higher 90% Hg0 removal efficiency at 80–140 °C, as well as a lower oxygen demand of 2% O2 for Hg0 removal. The acceleration on Hg0 removal was observed for NO and SO2. The BET, SEM, XRD, XPS, TPD, and FT-IR characterizations revealed that the larger surface area, sufficient active oxygen species and co-existence of Cu+ and Cu2+ may account for the efficient Hg0 removal. In addition, the low demand of gaseous O2 was contributed to higher content of active oxygen and formed active Cl. After adsorbing on Cu sites, Cl sites, and surface functional groups, the Hg0(ads) removal on xCuCl2/AC was proceeded through two ways. Part of Hg0(ads) was oxidized by active O and formed Hg0, and the other part of Hg0 combined with the active Cl, which was formed by the activation of lattice Cl with the aid of active O, and formed HgCl2. Besides, the Hg2+ detected in outlet gas through mercury speciation conversion and desorption peak of HgCl2 and Hg0 further proved it. As displayed in stability test and simulated industrial application test, CuCl2/AC has a promising industrial application prospect.

A series of 2-phenylpyridine (ppy)-type cyclometalating ligands containing rigid 5,9-dioxa-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de]anthracene (OBA) units have been developed. Together with different ppy-type cyclometalating ligands with a phenylsulfonyl group (–SO2Ph) substituted at different positions, new unsymmetric heteroleptic cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes have been successfully synthesized. Their photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescence (EL) behaviors have been fully characterized. In addition, both time-dependent functional theory (TD-DFT) and natural transition orbital (NTO) theoretical results have been obtained to gain insight into the optoelectronic behaviors of these unsymmetric Ir(III) complexes with OBA units. The NTO results indicate that the features of the lowest triplet excited states (T1) can be delicately tuned by combination between the OBA-based cyclometalating ligand and another ppy-type ligand with the –SO2Ph group. Importantly, these unsymmetric Ir(III) complexes can exhibit very high phosphorescence quantum yield (Φp) higher than 0.90 due to the highly rigid OBA unit which can effectively restrain non-radiative processes. In addition, an electron injection/transporting (EI/ET) ability can be conferred to these unsymmetric heteroleptic cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes by both OBA and –SO2Ph moieties. Taking advantage of these merits, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on these unsymmetric heteroleptic cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes can show a high maximum external quantum efficiency (ηext) of 12.8%, a current efficiency (ηL) of 51.1 cd A−1, and a power efficiency (ηP) of 40.5 lm W−1 for a yellowish-green device, while EL efficiencies for red devices are 6.8%, 13.9 cd A−1, and 12.8 lm W−1, respectively. All these results indicate the good potential of the rigid OBA unit in developing functional phosphorescent emitters.

The temperature distribution in the wellbore under different conditions was studied by using a designed horizontal well simulation experimental device. The experimental results showed that the Joule-Thomson effect was significant in perforated wellbore. When the opening mode was the same, the larger the gas flow rate, the lower the temperature in the wellbore. Furthermore, with the increase of liquid volume, the temperature drop effect decreased gradually. The more uniform the perforation distribution, the smaller the temperature change in the wellbore. With the increase of liquid volume, the influence of gas flow rate on temperature distribution decreased. The temperature gradient caused by Joule-Thomson effect decreased with the increase of wellbore holdup. At the same time, the experimental results were compared with the theoretical values. It was found that the error of the model was within 4%, which showed the reliability of predictions of the model.

Background: Although increasing data suggest that hyperthyroidism is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, there are only a few reports with different conclusions on whether the mild...

The paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of oxygen concentration in the oxidizer (O2+N2) on distributions of soot volume fraction (SVF) and flame centerline primary particle size in laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flames. The base flame has an oxygen index (OI, oxygen mole fraction in the oxidizer stream) of 21%. Three additional flames, with OI of 30%, 40% and 50%, are also examined. The fuel flow rate was maintained constant in all the experiments. The two-dimensional laser-induced incandescence (2D-LII) and two-color spectral band measurement based on the response spectrum of R, and G bands of a color 3-CCD camera are applied to measure distributions of SVF. The time resolved laser-induced incandescence (TIRE-LII) is used to measure SVF and primary particle size along the flame centerline at different heights above burner (HAB). The results of SVF are compared among the two-color method, 2D-LII, and light-of-sight attenuation (LOSA) from the literature in the base flame and compared between TIRE-LII and two-color spectral band method in oxygen enriched flames. Good agreements are observed in the measured SVF from different methods. Soot primary particle sizes, measured by TIRE-LII, are compared with those based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis from the literature and a fairly good agreement is observed. The results indicate that soot yields increase and the flame becomes shorter and brighter with increasing OI. The primary particle diameter increases firstly and then decreases with the normalized HAB by the visible flame height (hf). At the same HAB/hf, the primary particle diameter generally increases with increasing OI from 21% up to 50%.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important low‐carbon management technology used to reduce CO2 emissions with the captured anthropogenic CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This paper provides an overview and analysis of current issues related to CCS projects and CCS technologies. The paper also assesses risks and costs as well as policy, legal, and regulatory frameworks relevant for CCS and the major countries with CCS deployment. Currently, the few CCS projects in operation are mostly for EOR purposes. However, miscible CO2‐EOR in depleted oil and gas reservoirs appears to be the industry's first choice for CO2 sequestration and increasing oil production. Potential CO2 leakage is a major risk for pipelines and geological storage and a comprehensive monitoring program needs to be developed to ascertain its impact on pipeline material integrity, humans, and the environment. The cost of the CCS chain largely depends on the compression solvent for the synthesis gas or flue gas treatment for separation, heat rate, energy required for capture, capital costs of capture equipment, pipeline diameter, and flow capacity, and the homogeneity and permeability of the geological formations. An effective carbon pricing and cap‐and‐trade system as a part of national carbon policy is needed to achieve the goal of CCS. This paper finally discusses China's carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) systems and proposes a new CCUS‐LNG transportation process system for the coastal areas of China. Special attention was focused on CO2 transportation, CCUS‐EOR, and a new CCUS‐LNG process system for China.

A series of new organic emitters was prepared by introducing various donors (Ds) to the meta-position of the boron atom in the central phenyl ring in the acceptor (A) of 5,9-dioxa-13b-boranaphtho[3,2,1-de]anthracene (OBA). Moreover, their thermal, photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescent (EL) properties were characterized in detail. The photophysical results revealed that these OBA-based molecules adopted a D–A configuration and exhibited efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties with a reverse inter-system crossing constant (kRISC) in the order of 105 s−1. It has been shown that introducing the –Br group to the OBA acceptor could increase kRISC by 2 to 3 times. Importantly, the deep-blue TADF emitter OBA-O showed a high photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) of 0.84, while its blue analog OBA-BrO with the –Br group exhibited an even higher PLQY of 0.92 in the doped film state. Benefitting from their high PLQYs as blue-emitting TADF emitters, the doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on these OBA-based TADF emitters exhibited attractive electroluminescent (EL) performances. The blue-emitting OLEDs with CIE (0.17, 0.17) showed the maximum external quantum efficiency (ηext) of 17.8%, current efficiency (ηL) of 33.2 cd A−1 and power efficiency (ηP) of 34.2 lm W−1, while that for the bluish-green device were 22.5%, 49.2 cd A−1 and 56.9 lm W−1, respectively. Thus, the great potential of these TADF emitter-based OBA acceptors was clearly demonstrated by their EL data. In addition, these asymmetric OBA-based molecules will enrich the structural diversity of this type of TADF emitter.

Background The contribution of the subchondral bone in the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) has long been recognized, but its role in cartilage repair procedures has only recently attracted more attention. Purpose To explore the correlation between the cartilage repair tissue (RT) and the subchondral bone marrow lesions (BMLs) after matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) in the knee joint. Material and Methods A total of 30 patients who underwent MACI in the knee from January 2015 to June 2018 and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan were recruited in this study. The MRI results of cartilage RT were evaluated using T2* relaxation time. Subchondral BMLs were also qualitatively evaluated by use of the two-dimensional proton density-weighted fat-suppressed (2D-PD-FS) and three-dimensional dual-echo steady-state (3D-DESS) sequences. Results The univariate analysis displayed a significant negative correlation between subchondral BMLs and cartilage RT ( P Conclusion After MACI, the subchondral BMLs are significantly correlated with cartilage RT-T2* relaxation time. The role of subchondral bone in cartilage repair procedures should not be underestimated.

MnxCoy/Zrz-AC prepared by impregnation method was investigated on the simultaneous removal of HCHO and Hg0. The samples were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD, H2 pulse chemisorption, H2-TPR, XPS, Hg-TPD and in-situ DRIFTS. Thereinto, the optimal Mn2/3Co8/Zr10-AC achieved 99.87% HCHO removal efficiency and 82.41% Hg0 removal efficiency at 240 °C, respectively. With increased surface area and pore volume, Zr-AC support facilitated higher dispersion of MnOx-CoOx. Moreover, the co-doping of MnOx-CoOx endowed the sample with more active oxygen species and higher reducibility, which further facilitated the removal of HCHO and Hg0. Chemisorption was proved to predominate in Hg0 removal, and oxidation also worked as Hg2+ was detected in outlet gas. Besides, HCHO predominated in the competition of active oxygen species, especially for lattice oxygen, thus suppressed the Hg0 removal. According to in-situ DRIFTS, HCHO removal proceeded as HCHOads → DOM → formate species → CO2 + H2O, and was boosted by active oxygen species. Furthermore, Mn2/3Co8/Zr10-AC was proved with excellent regeneration performance, indicating its potential in practical application.

The influences of SO

Heterogeneous catalytic conversion of biomass-derived methyl levulinate (ML) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) is highly attractive as a sustainable route to mitigating the dependence on nonrenewable fossil resources. However, this route is limited by its low selectivity toward GVL and severe reaction conditions. Here, we present a synergistic catalytic process that offers exclusive GVL selectivity with complete ML conversion under mild conditions (80 °C, 0.5 MPa of H2 pressure). This is achieved over a dual-functionalized catalyst of Ru nanoparticles (Ru-NPs) and Bronsted acid SO3H groups in a Cr-based metal-organic framework (MIL-101). The Ru-NPs served as metal sites for the hydrogenation of ML to methyl-3-hydroxyvalerate (MHV) and the acidic SO3H moieties promoted the cyclization of MHV to generate GVL via lactonization. In contrast, GVL production was significantly suppressed over the physically mixed congener (2.0 wt% Ru/MIL-101 + MIL-101-SO3H). This result demonstrates an unrivalled advantage of the dual integration of metal/acid sites in a single MOF crystal, and the relative amount of sulfonic acid groups in the catalyst can exert significant influence on the overall catalytic performances. The activation energies for the hydrogenation and lactonization steps with the developed catalyst were 29.5 and 42.1 kJ/mol, respectively, which are much lower than those observed with the traditional 5.0 wt% Ru/AC catalyst.

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study of the distributions of the temperature and soot volume fraction in laminar coflow ethylene diffusion flames burning in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres with the O2 mole fraction varying from 21 to 50% in both atmospheres. The fuel flow rate was maintained constant in all of the experiments and simulations. The two-color flame emission method based on the response spectrum of R and G bands of a three-color charge-coupled device camera was applied to measure the temperature and soot volume fraction. Numerical calculations were conducted using the C2 chemistry model [Appel–Bockhorn–Frenklach (ABF), Appel, J.; Bockhorn, H.; Frenklach, M. Kinetic modeling of soot formation with detailed chemistry and physics: Laminar premixed flames of C2 hydrocarbons. Combust. Flame 2000, 121 (1–2), 122–136, DOI: 10.1016/S0010-2180(99)00135-2] with formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) up to pyrene and a soot model incorporating the dimerization of two pyrene molecules as the soot inception step and hydrogen-abstraction acetylene addition mechanism and PAH condensation as the surface growth processes. Numerical results are in qualitative agreement with the experimental measurements when the oxidizer stream is air. The numerical model predicts the temperature well but overpredicts the soot volume fraction in oxygen-enriched flames in both O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres. With the increase of the oxygen mole fraction in the oxidizer stream, the flame becomes brighter and shorter, the peak temperature zone shifts from the flame wing to the upper part, and the peak soot volume fraction moves from the flame wing to the flame center. The soot loading grows rapidly with increasing the oxygen mole fraction in the oxidizer stream. Under the same oxygen mole fraction, the temperature and soot volume fraction in the O2/N2 atmosphere are always higher than those in the O2/CO2 atmosphere as a result of the higher heat capacity of CO2 and soot formation suppression by CO2. The chemical effect of CO2 may promote O and OH, which enhance the oxidation of the critical soot formation species, including H, C2H2, C6H6, and C16H10. The primary pathway for the chemical effect of CO2 is its competition for the H radical to form CO and OH, i.e., CO2 + H ⇄ CO + OH. Soot formation in these flames is affected by two primary reactions: CO2 + H ⇄ CO + OH and H + O2 ⇄ O + OH.

As one of high energy consumption pumps, pump used for solid-liquid two-phase mixture transportation, such as slurry pump and mud pump, is extensively used in the hydraulic transportation of solid-liquid mixture through pipes in various fields. The erosion wear in slurry pumps has been identified as a critical issue during transportation of slurry as it affects the equipment performance and reduces its reliability and operation life, leading to the waste of energy. Many studies indicate that the performance and efficiency of solid-liquid two-phase centrifugal pump is controlled by the two-phase flow pattern inside the pump, so understanding flow characteristics and abrasion mechanism has important significance to improve the hydraulic design of the impeller for decreasing the abrasion and increasing the service life of the pump. In the present study, based on solid-liquid two-phase flow as object, an improved experimental facility without agitation was developed can improve the test precision by eliminating the influence of agitation on flow inside pump and improving particle-liquid two-phase flow circulation way. On the base of experimental studies, POD methods were applied to analysis the liquid turbulence modulation by solid-particles and the behavior of large eddy structures will be clearly understood. Thus, the theoretical system of the solid-liquid two-phase flow will be further improved. And a theoretical principle for the solid-liquid two-phase pump optimal design will be presented. The following conclusions are obtained: (ⅰ) a superior PIV two-phase test platform than that in the previous literature is designed and it can be very good to realize a stable solid-liquid two-phase flow measurement of centrifugal pump. Compared with the traditional platform, the results obtained by the novel solid-liquid two-phase centrifugal pump PIV test platform has a very high accuracy and it has a good reference value to understand flow mechanism of a centrifugal slurry pump. The two particle images with and without agitating are shown in Figure 5. As can be seen that a large number of bubbles are brought into the circulation line (Figure 5(a)), which is caused by a higher stirring speed for suspending solid particles, and thus the actual flow images shows a gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow. However, for the present test facility without stirring, there is no such problem, and the original image is very clear without bubbles. (ⅱ) The POD analyses show that the solid-particles injection has an important influence on the large scale turbulence structures which contain a large amount of energy. The modal energy distribution as a function of the POD mode number is displayed in Figure 10. The energy contribution of these large scale structures to the total energy becomes larger due to the injection of solid-particles, whereas the contribution of the small scale structures, which denotes the energy dissipation, becomes smaller. This is why the low solid-phase volume concentration has higher pump head and efficiency. The addition of solid-particle increases the friction loss, but reduces the flow separation loss and inhibits the development of small scale vortex. However, with the increase of solid-particle concentration, the friction loss increases is greater than the flow separation loss reduction, and thus pump head and efficiency decrease. The above phenomena show fully that the solid-particles addition has an important influence on the large scale energetic eddy structures. This is confirmed by the measurement results as shown in Figure 11.

A series of Cu-Ce binary oxides were synthesized via a facile co-precipitation method for toluene catalytic oxidation. The physicochemical properties of these samples were characterized by BET, XRD, SEM, TEM, H2-TPR, O2-TPD, and XPS. It reveals that Cu1Ce3 catalyst possesses a higher specific surface area, stronger Cu-Ce synergistic effect, and better low-temperature reducibility than other samples. Moreover, Cu1Ce3 catalyst exhibited superior toluene oxidation activity with 99.10% toluene removal efficiency and 97.28% CO2 selectivity at 200 °C, as well as satisfactory stability and moisture resistance. Therefore, Cu1Ce3 catalyst indicates a huge potential for practical applications, such as coal-fired flue gas and spray coating industry. The reaction pathways for toluene catalytic oxidation over the Cu1Ce3 catalyst were further illuminated by in-situ DRIFTs. In the main pathway, toluene molecules were firstly in contact with the interface lattice oxygen, then the abstraction of H atoms occurred on the methyl group, and benzyl alcohol is considered as the primary intermediate, during which the rate-determining step is the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. In the secondary pathway, a little proportion of toluene molecules were directly oxidized into benzoic acid by the chemisorbed oxygen species. In subsequent steps, all the intermediates were converted into CO2 and H2O. At last, it is confirmed that the toluene oxidation over Cu1Ce3 catalyst involves a Mars-van-Krevelen mechanism via this study.

Compression and liquefaction of carbon dioxide are important parts of the carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) process. A CCUS project with an actual workload of 1 million tons/year of China is simulated and analyzed in this paper. A new process scheme of compressed liquefaction of CO2 in the CCUS project by using liquid natural gas (LNG) cold energy through CO2 pipeline transportation is proposed to save energy and reduce consumption. The CO2 hydrate prediction models were compared. Based on the thermodynamic path of the CO2 compression liquefaction process, the energy consumption of four process models is compared. The relevant factors, which affect the economy of the new process are investigated, and the technical and economic model is optimized for the new technology scheme of CO2 pipeline. The total cost of the new process of economic is evaluated and the effective quantitative distances for energy saving are obtained. The results show that when the moisture content of CO2 is below 500ppmMol, the new technology will not cause hydrate blockage. The economic viability of the new process (Three stage compression with compressor + liquefaction by using cold energy + pump) is significantly affected by the distance between the LNG receiving station and thermal power plant, and the total cost will be reduced by 30%, 23% , and 8% at a distance of 25, 50 and 100 km, respectively. The distance between LNG receiving station and gas power plant is 125 km, the application of new technology can bring about energy saving and consumption reduction. Through the sensitivity analysis based on NPV and IRR of the new process, the results are economically feasible, and CO2 profit is the most sensitive factor.

Heavy oil have attracted more and more attention. Experimental results show that the high viscosity gas-liquid two-phase flow behaviors are very different from the low viscosity. In this paper, experiments of oil-gas two-phase flow in vertical pipes with different viscosities (50,150,200 mPa s) were carried out in a diameter of 60 mm. The variation of flow pattern, liquid holdup and pressure drop with viscosity was analyzed, the transition flow (from slug to churn flow) was observed. Two empirical models and three mechanistic models were validated by experimental data, the performance of all five models become worse with the increase of viscosity and the performance of mechanistic models are better than that of empirical models. Future experimental and theoretical studies should focus on improve the accuracy of the closure relationships for high viscosity.

It is necessary to control the emissions of toluene, which is hazardous to both human health and the atmosphere environment and has been classified as a priority pollutant. Manganese oxide-based (Mn-based) catalysts have received increased attention due to their high catalytic performance, good physicochemical characteristic, availability in various crystal structures and morphologies, and being environmentally friendly and low cost. These catalysts can be classified into five categories, namely single manganese oxide, Mn-based composite oxides, Mn-based special oxides, supported Mn-based oxides, and Mn-based monoliths. This review focused on the recent progress on the five types of Mn-based catalysts for catalytic removal of toluene at low temperature and further systematically summarized the strategies improving catalysts, including improving synthetic methods, incorporating MnOx with other metal oxides, depositing Mn-based oxides on proper supports, and tuning the supports. Moreover, the effect of coexisting components, the reaction kinetics, and the oxidation mechanisms toward the removal of toluene were also discussed. Finally, the future research direction of this field was presented.

With the 9-phenyl-9-phosphafluorene oxide (PhFlOP) moiety as the acceptor (A) and various donors (D), a series of new organic emitters have been synthesized with a D-A-D configuration. Their photophysical and electrochemical behaviors and electroluminescent (EL) performances have been characterized in detail. The photophysical results have indicated that the PhFlOP-based emitters with acridyl, phenoxazyl, and phenothiazyl as donors show efficient, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) behavior, especially for the TADF emitter with the phenoxazyl donor possessing an exceptionally high rate constant of reverse intersystem crossing (

Impregnating CuCl

A series of polymeric hosts with cardo-type backbone have been successfully developed with cheap palladium-free catalyst through controlling the special orientation of different monomers. By engineering the configuration of polymer backbones with different number and kind of the functional groups attached to the monomers, the triplet energy-levels (ETs) of these new polymeric hosts can be precisely controlled from 1.92 to 2.83 eV. Importantly, the functional groups on the monomers can afford improved and balanced charge carrier injection/transporting ability to these polymeric hosts. In addition, these polymeric hosts can show good thermal property with decomposition temperatures (Td) higher 410 °C and glass transition temperatures (Tg) higher than 170 °C. Benefitting from all these advanced properties, solution-processed phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (PhOLEDs) based on these polymeric hosts can show impressive electroluminescence (EL) performances. The optimized blue device B2 possesses a maximum luminance efficiency (ηL) of 25.5 cd A−1, corresponding to a power efficiency (ηP) of 19.9 lm W−1 and an external quantum efficiency (ηext) of 11.3%. The maximum ηL, ηP and ηext for the optimized green device G2 are 66.9 cd A−1, 62.8 lm W−1 and 19.5%, respectively, while EL efficiencies of the optimized red device R2 can reach 11.0 cd A−1, 9.4 lm W−1 and 15.5%. All of the promising EL data achieved by these polymeric hosts show their great potential application in developing high performance polymer-based OLEDs.

The influences of SO2 on Hg° removal over the 1V-8Ce/AC sorbent were systematically investigated at low temperatures. The experimental results showed that SO2 has a dual effect on Hg° removal, that is, SO2 has both a promoting effect and an inhibiting effect on Hg° removal. The SO2 transient response experiment indicated that SO2 could not only react with Hg° to promote the removal of Hg° but also react with the active components and poison the sorbent. O2 is indispensable for the removal of Hg°, which can offset the adverse effects caused by SO2 and H2O. HCl exhibited an obvious promoting effect on Hg° removal in the presence of SO2. The 1V-8Ce/AC sorbent exhibited good sulfur resistance and excellent stability (EHg = 90.04 %) after a 24 h reaction performed under the 1000 ppm SO2 condition at 150 °C. In addition, the Hg-TPD and XPS methods were used to assist in studying the effect of SO2 on Hg° removal over the 1V-8Ce/AC sorbent. Finally, the mechanism of Hg° removal in an SO2 atmosphere was also explored, which showed that Hg° was removed by two possible pathways over the 1V-8Ce/AC sorbent.

In situ catalytic conversion of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors was carried out on HZSM-5 with varying Si/Al ratios (ranging from 20 to 300) at 450 °C. The effects of Si/Al ratios of HZSM-5 zeolites on the distribution of biomass fast pyrolysis products and carbon deposits on catalysts were investigated. It was quite remarkable that after in situ catalytic conversion the amount of light phenols and hydrocarbons increased significantly while that of heavy phenols decreased a lot. Besides, the yield of cyclopentenones with relatively low oxygen content generally increased. It also indicated that as the Si/Al ratios of HZSM-5 increased, the amount of hydrocarbons and light phenols was found to drop greatly. The amount of carbon deposits was found to be around 8.5% with the exception of HZSM-5 with the Si/Al ratio of 300, which is much lower. Moreover, the carbon deposits yield dropped gradually with increasing Si/Al ratios of HZSM-5.Calcination of spent catalysts at 600 °C helped to restore the catalytic activity to a large extent despite a relatively lower efficiency of deoxygenation. Results indicated that HZSM-5 with relatively high acidity displayed great catalytic performance.

A series of bimetallic oxides of manganese and copper with different loading of copper loaded on activated coke (MnxCuy/AC) were synthesized by ultrasound-assisted equivalent volume impregnation method for toluene oxidation in simulated flue gas at 150–300 °C. The physicochemical properties of samples have been investigated by means of XRD, SEM, BET, XPS, H2-TPR and DRIFT. Mn6Cu5/AC exhibited the enhanced toluene removal efficiency (99.38%) at 270 °C, as well as satisfactory reusability and durability. The excellent activity of Mn6Cu5/AC was connected with the highly uniform distribution of active components and the larger specific surface area, which confirmed the synergistic interaction between MnOx and CuOx, thus leading to the stronger reducibility and the good oxygen mobility. In addition, SO2 and NO played a hindering role due to the competitive adsorption of active sites in pure N2, whereas the negative effect would be reduced by the introduction of O2. Besides, the influence of H2O on toluene removal was complex. Moreover, the reaction process obtained from DRIFT indicated that toluene can be rapidly adsorbed and activated to form the benzaldehyde and maleic anhydride species on Mn6Cu5/AC, and finally be further oxidized into CO2 and H2O. Finally, the mechanism of toluene oxidation over Mn6Cu5/AC was proposed.

For the envisaged large number of commercial-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects that are to be implemented in the near future, a number of issues still need to be resolved, the most prominent being the large capital and operational costs incurred for the CO2 capture and compression process. An economic assessment of the capture and compression system based on optimal design data is important for CCS deployment. In this paper, the parametric process design approach is used to optimally design coal and natural gas monoethanolamine (MEA)-based post-combustion CO2 absorption&ndash, desorption capture (PCC) and compression plants that can be integrated into large-scale 550 MW coal-fired and 555 MW natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants, respectively, for capturing CO2 from their flue gases. The study then comparatively assesses the energy performance and economic viabilities of both plants to ascertain their operational feasibilities and relative costs. The parametric processes are presented and discussed. The results indicate that, at 90% CO2 capture efficiency, for the coal PCC plant, with 13.5 mol.% CO2 in the inlet flue gas, at an optimum liquid/gas ratio of 2.87 kg/kg and CO2 lean loading of 0.2082 mol CO2/mol MEA, the CO2 avoidance cost is about $72/tCO2, and, for the NGCC PCC plant, with 4.04 mol.% CO2 in the inlet flue gas, at an optimum liquid/gas ratio of 0.98 kg/kg and CO2 lean loading of 0.2307 mol CO2/mol MEA, the CO2 avoidance cost is about $94/tCO2.

MnO2-Ac, MnO2-N, MnO2-Cl and MnO2-S samples were prepared by the redox reaction between potassium permanganate and manganese acetate, manganese nitrate, manganese chloride and manganese sulfate and the effect of Mn (II) precursor on the toluene oxidation was studied. The physicochemical properties of these samples were characterized by XRD, TEM, N2 asdorption-desorption isotherms, H2-TPR and XPS. Results showed that the catalytic activity of the four samples decreased in the order of MnO2-Ac > MnO2-N > MnO2-Cl > MnO2-S, which was highly related to the specific surface areas, oxygen vacancy concentration and the content of adsorbed oxygen. MnO2-Ac owned potential for practical applications. It showed superior toluene oxidation activity with T90 of 200 °C, as well as excellent water-resistance and stability during 50 h at 300 °C. The good catalytic activities under high WHSV and high toluene concentration were also observed over MnO2-Ac. Moreover, the reaction pathway of toluene oxidation was presented with the aid of In-situ DRIFTS.

Kimura disease (KD) is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammation disease with unknown causes, which is common in young Asian males. Local lymph node drainages are characteristic of the disease, the most common of which occur in the salivary glands. Other reported drainages occur in the axilla, popliteal fossa, groin, and upper extremities. Unfortunately, there not many characteristic manifestations that typically present in patients with KD. Sometimes only increased peripheral blood eosinophils and serum IgE concentration are the only positive presentations. Therefore, it is very difficult for physicians to diagnose KD. We report herein on two cases of KD. Both of them presented in the soft tissues of the upper extremities. Special attention was given to the MRI findings of the two patients with a view to disclosing specific characteristics that should help in the realization of clinical diagnosis.

The density and refractive index were determined for four binary mixtures of 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-tris(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl) cyclotrisiloxane with octamethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane and 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraethenylcyclotetrasiloxane at different temperatures T = (308.15, 313.15, 318.15, 323.15 and 328.15) K and atmospheric pressure using a DMA4500/RXA170 combined system. The excess molar volume, partial excess volume at infinite dilution, isobaric coefficient of thermal expansion, excess refraction indices, Lorentz–Lorenz molar refraction and the deviation in molar refraction have been calculated using this data. The results have been incorporated into the Redlich–Kister equation and used to estimate the binary interaction parameters and standard deviation. The values of partial excess volume at infinite dilution and excess refraction indices for the four binary systems at different temperatures were calculated using the adjustable parameters of the Redlich–Kister smoothing equation. The factors that affect these excess quantities are discussed.

The density and refractive index were determined for binary mixtures of triethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane with ethylbenzene at different temperatures (T = 288.15, 298.15, 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K) and atmospheric pressure using a DMA4500R1 i ), isobaric coefficient of thermal expansion (a), excess squared refraction indices [(n 2 ) E ], Lorentz–Lorenz molar refraction (Rm) and the deviation in molar refraction (DRm) have been calculated using this data. The results have been incorporated into the Redlich–Kister equation and used to estimate the binary interaction parameter and standard deviation. In addition, the excess molar volume (V E m) was calculated and correlated using the Legendre polynomials. The value of partial excess volume at infinite dilution ( V E;1 i ) for these binary systems at different temperatures was calculated from either the adjustable parameters of Redlich–Kister smoothing equation or the Legendre polynomials. The isobaric coefficient of thermal expansion (a) of the binary systems was estimated using the temperature dependence of the densities. The results indicate that the excess molar volumes, excess squared refraction indices and the deviations in molar refractions at each temperature were negative. These phenomena are a result of a number of factors including: the partial interstitial accommodation effect, disruption in the orientational order of the pure components and steric structure.

Density and refractive index were measured for the binary mixtures composed of 1,3-Diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane and aromatic hydrocarbons (methoxybenzene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene and nitrobenzene) at five temperatures (283.15, 288.15, 293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K and atmospheric pressure by a DMA4500&RXA170 combined system. Excess molar volumes were calculated and correlated by the Legendre polynomials. The isobaric coefficients of thermal expansion and excess isobaric coefficients of thermal expansion of five binary solutions were estimated from temperature dependence of densities. Values of partial excess volumes at infinite dilution and excess refraction indices for these five binary systems at different temperature were calculated from the adjustable parameters of the Legendre polynomials. The molar refractions were calculated from the Lorentz–Lorenz equation. Factors affected these excess quantities were discussed.

Low-cost solution-processable inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate great potential toward future photovoltaic market. Unfortunately, general hole transport materials (HTMs) within inverted structure make the performance and stability far uncompetitive compared to the normal structure. Interrogating the fundamentals of these materials, moderate charge carrier mobility and susceptible environmental stability of the undoped molecules are the main causes. Herein, a twisted molecule XY1 is developed as a potential robust dopant-free HTM for inverted PSCs. Compared with traditional poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), XY1 exhibits much higher hole transport ability and peculiar ultraviolet absorption. Hysteresis-free inverted PSCs based on XY1 exhibits the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.78%, which is among the highest values for inverted PSCs based on dopant-free HTMs. After light soaking for 200 h, the original PCE of XY1-based device is still maintained at the 95% level, indicating the substantially improved operational stability. Besides, large-area (1.00 cm2) inverted PSC based on XY1 shows a competitive PCE of 17.82%.

Soot formation was investigated numerically with CO2 addition in a jet-stirred/plug-flow reactor (JSR/PFR) C2H4/O2/N2 reactor (C/O ratio of 2.2) at atmospheric pressure. An updated Kazakov mechanism emphasizes the effect of the O2/CO2 atmosphere instead of an O2/N2 one in the premixed flame. The soot formation was taken into account in the JSR/PFR for C2H4/O2/N2. The effects of CO2 addition on soot formation in different C2H4/O2/CO2/N2 atmospheres were studied, with special emphasis on the chemical effect. The simulation shows that the endothermic reaction CO2 + HCO + OH is responsible of the reduction of hydrocarbon intermediates in the CO2 added combustion through the supplementary formation of hydroxyl radicals. The competition of CO2 for H radical through the above forward reaction with the single most important chain branching reaction H + O2O + OH reduces significantly the fuel burning rate. The chemical effects of CO2 cause a significant increase in residence time and mole fractions of CO and OH, significant decreases in some intermediates (H, C2H2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, C6H6 and C16H10, etc.) and soot volume fraction. The CO2 addition will leads to a decrease by only about 5% to 20% of the maximum mole fractions of some C3 to C10 hydrocarbon intermediates. The sensitivity analysis and reaction-path analysis results show that C2H4 reaction path and products are altered due to the CO2 addition.