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Global warming increases global average precipitation and evaporation, causing extreme climate and hydrological events to occur frequently. Future changes in temperature, precipitation, and runoff from 2021 to 2050 in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River were analyzed using a distributed hydrological model, the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), under a future climate scenario. Simultaneously, future variation characteristics of extreme climate hydrological elements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River were analyzed using extreme climate and runoff indicators. The research shows that the frequency and intensity of the extreme temperature warming index will increase, while those of the extreme temperature cooling index will increase and then weaken in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River under a future climate scenario. The duration of precipitation, the intensity of continuous heavy precipitation, and the frequency of heavy precipitation will increase, whereas the intensity of short-term heavy precipitation and the frequency of heavy precipitation will decrease. However, spatial distribution of flood in the upper reaches is different, and thus flood risk in the upstream source area will still tend to increase. Particular attention should be given to the increase in autumn flood risk in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.

This study was implemented to address the role of Roflumilast in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as well as to discuss its reaction mechanism in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, mice were administrated with 6 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) per 100 g body weight and fed with 60% high fat diet to induce PCOS. The expression of phosphodiesterases 4 (PDE4) was assessed with RT-qPCR. The ovary pathology was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and follicles were counted. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was adopted for the estimation of progesterone, testosterone and inflammatory factors and lipid accumulation was observed by Oil Red O staining. With the application of reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot, the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was resolved. In vitro, Cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry analysis were applied for the assessment of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The proliferation- and apoptosis-related proteins were appraised with western blot. Additionally, the expressions of PDE-4 at both mRNA and protein levels were tested with RT-qPCR and western blot. Here, it was discovered that PDE4 was greatly elevated in PCOS mice and DHEA-induced ovarian granulosa cells (KGN). In PCOS mice, PDE4 was negative correlated with progesterone and had positive correlation with testosterone. Roflumilast could enhanced progesterone expression, increased the number of primary follicles, preantral follicles and antral follicles but reduced testosterone and decreased the number of cystic follicles in PCOS mice. It was also testified that Roflumilast could inhibit the release of inflammatory factors and lipid accumulation in PCOS mice. Besides, the proliferation of DHEA-induced KGN cells was enhanced while the apoptosis was declined by Roflumilast, accompanied by elevated contents of PCNA, Ki67 and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Collectively, Roflumilast inhibited inflammation and lipid accumulation in PCOS mice to improve ovarian function and reduce DHEA-induced granulosa cell apoptosis.

By modifying the bridge group type and the anchor group configuration, conductance was considerably altered as a consequence of the addition of an efficient spatial transport channel.

TiO2 semiconductor photocatalysis is an effective technology for the treatment of wastewater containing organic dye pollutants, which has been received extensive focus. However, the problems in the recovery and reutilization process impede the large-scale applications of particulate photocatalytic materials. Herein, a macro sized hydrogel bead loaded with nano TiO2 powder was successfully prepared by taking advantage of the cross-linking and gel property of alginate salt, which could form egg-box structure naturally when Na+ ions in sodium alginate (SA) were replaced by divalent ions such as Cu2+, Co2+, and Sr2+ ions. The photocatalytic degradation rate of methyl orange (MO) solution in the presence of the hydrogel beads reaches 99% within 60 min under the ultraviolet light irradiation, which is competitive with that of TiO2 nano powder. Furthermore, the hydrogel beads prepared by this strategy maintain over 95% photocatalytic degradation rate after 10 cycles of degradation process. The results indicate that the network structure of alginate could immobilize and disperse TiO2 particle effectively, and it is readily for the spherical beads to contact and harvest the light, making the alginate beads have excellent photocatalytic functions. Also, the alginate based beads integrate good performance with high stability and excellent recyclability perfectly.

BackgroundThe estimated lifetime risk of stroke was the highest in East Asia worldwide, especially in China. Antihypertensive therapy can significantly reduce stroke mortality. However, blood pressure control is poor. Medication adherence is a barrier as patients’ out-of-pocket costs have risen. We aimed to take advantage of a free hypertension pharmacy intervention and quantified the impact on stroke mortality.MethodsA free pharmaceutical intervention program was implemented in Deqing, Zhejiang province in April 2018. Another non-pharmaceutical intervention, social distancing due to the pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was also key to affecting stroke mortality. We retrospectively collected the routine surveillance data of stroke deaths from Huzhou Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control in 2013–2020 and obtained within-city mobility data from Baidu Migration in 2019–2020, then we quantified the effects of both pharmaceutical intervention and social distancing using Serfling regression model.ResultsCompared to the predicted number, the actual number of stroke deaths was significantly lower by 10% (95% CI, 6–15%; p p p = 0.28) increase in stroke mortality due to the adverse effect of COVID-19 but it wasn’t statistically significant.ConclusionFree hypertension pharmacy program has great potential to prevent considerable stroke deaths. In the future, the free supply of low-cost, essential medications that target patients with hypertension at increased risk of stroke could be taken into account in formulating public health policies and guiding allocations of health care resources.

Background: We aimed to systematically summarize the diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating/tissue miR21 in patients with colorectal cancer.Methods: An original study was conducted to explore the potential value of circulating miR21 in colorectal cancer diagnosis and tissue miR21 in colorectal cancer prognosis. PUBMED and EMBASE were searched (to August, 2013) to identify eligible studies. To explore the diagnostic performance of circulating miR21, meta-analysis methods were used to pool sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic OR and to construct a summary ROC curve. For prognostic meta-analysis, study-specific HRs of tissue miR21 for survival were summarized. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were applied to explore heterogeneity.Results: Finally, 14 studies (including our study) were included in the meta-analyses. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of circulating miR21 were 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59–0.88], 0.81 (95% CI, 0.76–0.85), and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78–0.85) in diagnosing colorectal cancer. Patients with higher expression of tissue miR21 had significant inferior overall survival (OS; pooled HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.16–2.11) and disease-free survival (DFS; pooled HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.08–1.69). The individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis demonstrated that tissue miR21 level was independently associated with worse colorectal cancer OS (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.07–2.67; P = 0.023), whereas this association seems to be confined to males (P = 0.007) but not for females (P = 0.845).Conclusions: Circulating miR21 level has potential value for colorectal cancer early detection, whereas high tissue miR21 level is associated with adverse colorectal cancer prognosis.Impact: miR21 is a promising biomarker for early detection and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2783–92. ©2014 AACR.

Supplementary Table 1 Instrument used for the evaluation of the risk of bias and applicability concerns of the included prognostic studies (adapted from QUADAS-2). Supplementary Table 2 Characteristics of studies included in the diagnostic meta-analysis. Supplementary Table 3 Characteristics of studies included in the prognostic meta-analysis. Supplementary Table 4 Quality assessment of the included diagnostic studies according to QUADAS-2. Supplementary Table 5 Risk of bias and applicability concerns of included prognostic studies. Supplementary Table 6 Methodological quality of included prognostic studies according to STROBE criteria. Supplementary Figure 1 Receiver operating characteristic curves of plasma miR-21 for discrimination CRC patients from controls. Supplementary Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier curve of tissue miR-21 expression in relation to the survival of CRC patients in the original study. Supplementary Figure 3 Funnel plots of the meta-analyses (A) Funnel plot of tissue miR-21 and CRC OS (B) Funnel plot of tissue miR-21 and CRC DFS (3) Funnel plot of circulating miR-21 and CRC diagnosis. PRISMA Checklist.

Background Nearly 15% colorectal cancer (CRC) patients received ileostomy, while surgical site infection (SSI) is a common complication after ileostomy wound closure. Purse-string closure was reported to reduce SSI rate in ileostomy wound closure compared with conventional linear closure, but had never been systematically reported in CRC patients. The present study aimed to compare the short-term outcomes between purse-string and conventional closure in Chinese CRC patients. Patients and methods A total of 57 CRC patients underwent ileostomy wounds closure in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University during November, 2015 and October, 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-nine received purse-string closure while the others received conventional closure. The short-term outcomes including SSI rate, scar length, pain score and hospital stay were reviewed and analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in the characteristics of the patients between two groups. The SSI rate was similar within two groups (10.3% vs 10.7%, p = 1.000). The purse-string closure group had a significantly short scar length (1.66 cm vs 5.30 cm, p Conclusion The present study did not find superiority of Purse-string closure in SSI rate control. It seemed only had a cosmetic effect according to its shorter scar length.

Background and purpose Ki-67 labeling index (LI) is an important indicator of tumor cell proliferation in glioma, which can only be obtained by postoperative biopsy at present. This study aimed to explore the correlation between Ki-67 LI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) parameters and to predict the level of Ki-67 LI noninvasively before surgery by multiple MRI characteristics. Methods Preoperative MRI data of 166 patients with pathologically confirmed glioma in our hospital from 2016 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The cut-off point of Ki-67 LI for glioma grading was defined. The differences in MRI characteristics were compared between the low and high Ki-67 LI groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate the accuracy of each ADC parameter in predicting the Ki-67 level, and finally a multivariate logistic regression model was constructed based on the results of ROC analysis. Results ADCmin, ADCmean, rADCmin, rADCmean and Ki-67 LI showed a negative correlation (r = − 0.478, r = − 0.369, r = − 0.488, r = − 0.388, all P P P Conclusions There was a negative correlation between ADC parameters and Ki-67 LI, and the multivariate logistic regression model combined with peritumoral edema and ADC parameters could improve the prediction ability of Ki-67 LI.

The identification of high recurrence risk stage II colon cancer patients was critical to adjuvant chemotherapy decision. However, current definition of high-risk features remains inadequate. This study aimed to construct a model for predicting recurrence risk based on tumor enhancement ratio (TER) on abdominal contrast-enhanced CT scan.282 stage II colon cancer patients were included and randomly divided into training and validation sets in the ratio of 7:3. TER was calculated using maximum tumor attenuation value in contrast-enhanced CT scan divided by the minimum. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were adopted to evaluate the prognostic value of variables. A model based on TER was built to predict recurrence risk through the LASSO Cox model. The recurrence risk score of patients was calculated based on this model.The optimal cut-off value of TER was 1.83 derived from the time-dependent ROC (tdROC) curve. Patients with high-TER showed increasingly poorer disease-free survival (DFS) in both training (p 0.001) and validation (p 0.001) sets. A model was built based on TER demonstrated satisfactory performance to recurrence risk prediction (C-index: 0.784 in the training set and 0.725 in the validation set). Patients were regrouped into modified high-risk and non-high risk according to recurrence risk score (cut-off value: 1.75) and a significant DFS difference was observed (training set: p 0.001; validation set: p 0.001).TER can serve as a high-risk feature of stage II colon cancer. And a model based on TER provided a new approach to assess recurrence risk of stage II disease.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Meanings and initial values of parameters in the age-structured SEIR model. Table S2. Outcomes, parameters and their values used in sensitivity analysis. Figure S1. Patterns of parameters (p_E, p_NAAT, and p_t) variation with date. A: Proportion of untraced exposed persons (p_E). B: Proportion of cases found by NAAT/RAT (p_NAAT). C: Proportion of concentrated isolation among positive NAAT cases (p_t). Figure S2. Values and regularity of p_E (A) and p_NAAT (B) used in sensitivity analysis. Figure S3. Cumulative number of cases in different districts of Shanghai. Figure S4. The potential areas of virus had been spread on different date of the epidemics in Shanghai (A) and Wuhan (B) with different mean transmission distance (namely the radius of each circle: 13.4 km in Shanghai and 4.4 km in Wuhan). The cumulative number of cases was same for each column. Figure S5. Estimated contract matrices at different settings over seven periods in Shanghai. Figure S6. Demographic comparison of population (A), cases (B) and standard incidence (C) for Shanghai and Wuhan. Figure S7. Effective reproductive number (Rt) in the epidemic of Shanghai. Rt was estimated from4-day and 7-day moving average respectively. Figure S8. Epidemic curve of cumulative predicted cases and reported cases estimate by the model with different values of parameters. Figure S9. The proportion of unascertained cases under different proportion of asymptomatic cases (A), proportion of untraced cases (B) and proportion of cases detected by NAAT/RAT (C). Figure S10. Comparation of estimated secondary attack rates (SAR) and estimated reported SAR (SARobs). Blue and red dashed line is overall SAR (24.1%) and overall SARobs (17.4%).

A two-step strategy to improve the thermoplasticity of bamboo powder (BP) by the combination of hydrothermal pretreatment (BP-LHW) and propargyl modification (BP-PB/BP-LHW-PB) in a heterogeneous system was developed in this research. It was observed that the hydrothermal pretreatment has a positive impact on the alkyne-functionalized BP-LHW, resulting in substantial change including the etherification of BP-LHW with propargyl bromide, breaking of crystalline phase of the cellulose fraction. Besides, the modified sample is significantly changed in the apparent morphology and reduced in the thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg). The Tg is attributed to the increase of free volume due to the increase of propargyl concentration in the modified samples. These results revealed that the combination of propargyl group into pretreated BP is an efficacious way to ameliorate the thermoplasticity. Notably, the thermoplasticity of BP-LHW-PB with high concentration of propargyl is significantly enhanced compared to BP-PB, which is owed to the enhanced molecular mobility resulting from the reduced interaction forces between the cellulose molecular. Herein, the application way that the building a "clickable" alkyne platform in BP to obtain multifunctional materials will be broadened in bamboo-based materials. The bio-based material with improved thermoplasticity was prepared by grafting propargyl bromide onto bamboo powder.

Autophagy has dual roles in cancer, resulting in cellular adaptation to promote either cell survival or cell death. Modulating autophagy can enhance the cytotoxicity of many chemotherapeutic and targeted drugs and is increasingly considered to be a promising cancer treatment approach. Cynaropicrin (CYN) is a natural compound that was isolated from an edible plant (artichoke). Previous studies have shown that CYN exhibits antitumor effects in several cancer cell lines. However, it anticancer effects against neuroblastoma (NB) and the underlying mechanisms have not yet been investigated. More specifically, the regulation of autophagy in NB cells by CYN has never been reported before. In this study, we demonstrated that CYN induced apoptosis and protective autophagy. Further mechanistic studies suggested that ER stress-induced autophagy inhibited apoptosis by activating the p62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathways. Finally, in vivo data showed that CYN inhibited tumour growth in xenografted nude mice. Overall, our findings suggested that CYN may be a promising candidate for the treatment of NB, and the combination of pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy may hold novel therapeutic potential for the treatment of NB. Our paper will contribute to the rational utility and pharmacological studies of CYN in future anticancer research.

Background The prognosis for patients with colorectal-cancer liver metastases (CRLM) after curative surgery remains poor and shows great heterogeneity. Early recurrence, defined as tumor recurrence within 6 months of curative surgery, is associated with poor survival, requiring earlier detection and intervention. This study aimed to develop and validate a bedside model based on clinical parameters to predict early recurrence in CRLM patients and provide insight into post-operative surveillance strategies. Material and methods A total of 202 consecutive CRLM patients undergoing curative surgeries between 2012 and 2019 were retrospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to the training (n = 150) and validation (n = 52) sets. Baseline information and radiological, pathological, and laboratory findings were extracted from medical records. Predictive factors for early recurrence were identified via a multivariate logistic-regression model to develop a predictive nomogram, which was validated for discrimination, calibration, and clinical application. Results Liver-metastases number, lymph-node suspicion, neurovascular invasion, colon/rectum location, albumin and post-operative carcinoembryonic antigen, and carbohydrate antigen 19–9 levels (CA19–9) were independent predictive factors and were used to construct the nomogram for early recurrence after curative surgery. The area under the curve was 0.866 and 0.792 for internal and external validation, respectively. The model significantly outperformed the clinical risk score and Beppu’s model in our data set. In the lift curve, the nomogram boosted the detection rate in post-operative surveillance by two-fold in the top 30% high-risk patients. Conclusion Our model for early recurrence in CRLM patients after curative surgeries showed superior performance and could aid in the decision-making for selective follow-up strategies.

An O2 self-evolving core-shell theranostic nanohybrid was developed by encapsulating a nanoenzyme cerium oxide (CeOx) in a metal-organic framework (MOF). The hybrid reveals a 9-fold higher apoptotic percentage than bare CeOx in a harsh hypoxic microenvironment through tandem homogenous catalysis. Simultaneously, the oxygen-promoted therapeutic efficiency was self-monitored by the hybrid with caspase-3 activation, paving the way for MOF-functionalized nanoenzymes in theranostics.

High-efficiency sunlight energy usage and low carrier recombination have attracted significant attention for the exploration of novel photocatalyst candidates. In this work, BiOCl nanosheets showing various (001)/(102) facet ratios were synthesized by a simple hydrolysis method under different pH conditions by using BiCl3 as a precursor. The inherent relationship among the morphology, exposure facets and photocatalytic performance of BiOCl was visualized via adjusting the synthesis parameters during the hydrolysis process. The results indicate that the suitable (001)/(102) facet ratio, abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface, and the negative potential surface of BiOCl are important factors for the enhancement of its photocatalytic degradation rate of organic pollutants. Besides, the negative potential surface of BiOCl helps in the adsorption of Rhodamine B (RhB) molecules readily, which act as a sensitizer to widen the response range of BiOCl from ultraviolet light to visible light. The sensitized BiOCl photocatalyst with good matching (001)/(102) crystal planes indicates an excellent photocatalytic behavior, and it can decolorize a RhB solution completely under visible light within 40 min, which is even higher than that of commercial TiO2 under UV light irradiation. This work provides a facile route and good idea for the application of photocatalysis for the removal of cationic pollutants in the wastewater purification field.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the value of serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels in the diagnosis of abscess and sepsis following transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) therapy among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and Methods In this study, a retrospective review of patient charts was performed in 2221 patients who suffered from hepatocellular carcinoma and had undergone 8656 TACE procedures from January 2012 to January 2018. According to the diagnosis of infection and abscess after TACE, these participants were divided into infection group (group A, n=48) and abscess group (group B, n=35). Group B included subgroup B1 (suffered from liver abscess but no sepsis, n=16) and subgroup B2 (suffered from liver abscess and sepsis, n=19). The main observational indexes included sociodemographic characteristics and laboratory and clinical parameters. Results The results showed that the mean PCT and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were higher in group B, but receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed low sensitivity and specificity. Only the mean PCT level was higher in subgroup B2 than in subgroup B1 (P

Intensive applications of toxic malathion pesticides bring a vital threat to the environment and health. Hence, a credible and sensitive strategy is urgently needed for the respective detection of malathion. In this work, an aptamer-based nonenzymatic autonomous DNA walking machine was fabricated for monitoring trace malathion contamination in cells and foods. Along with the machine walking driven by malathion-triggered reaction entropy, multiple fluorescent signal outputs were thermodynamically generated for signal amplification. The proposed stable DNA nanomachine achieved satisfactory results with a detection limit of 81.9 pg L

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest neurodegenerative disease and, in recent years, studies have increasingly shown that vascular lesions are involved in the pathology of AD onset and progression. Many vascular changes precede the pathological changes and clinical symptoms of AD, and vascular lesions and AD have many common risk factors. Understanding the relationship between vascular factors and the pathological process of AD may help us to identify novel prevention and treatment strategies as well as delay disease progress. Previous studies have shown that lycopene has neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer effects; however, the specific molecular mechanism mediating these effects remains unknown. In the present study, we found: 1) lycopene improved learning and memory in an AD mouse model; 2) lycopene inhibited amyloid plaque aggregation and neuroinflammation; and 3) lycopene induced LXR expression and activated the LXR-PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that promotion of neurogenesis and improvement of the functions of the neurovascular unit could be a novel direction for the development of AD therapies.

Among prostaglandins, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (PGE2) is considered especially important for decidualization, ovulation, implantation and pregnancy. Four major PGE2 receptor subtypes, EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), mediate various PGE2 effects via their coupling to distinct signaling pathways. This review summarizes up-to-date literatures on the role of prostaglandin E2 receptors in female reproduction, which could provide a broad perspective to guide further research in this field. PGE2 plays an indispensable role in decidualization, ovulation, implantation and pregnancy. However, the precise mechanism of Prostaglandin E2 (EP) receptors in the female reproductive system is still limited. More investigations should be performed on the mechanism of EP receptors in the pathological states, and the possibility of EP agonists or antagonists clinically used in improving reproductive disorders.

Purpose Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXibs) inhibit the progression of endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer. However, concerning the adverse effects of NSAIDs and COXibs, it is still urgent and necessary to explore novel and specific anti-inflammation targets for potential chemoprevention. The signaling of cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin E2-prostaglandin E2 receptors (COX-2-PGE2-EPs) is the central inflammatory pathway involved in the gynecological carcinogenesis. Methods Literature searches were performed to the function of COX-2-PGE2-EPs in gynecological malignancies. Results This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of COX-2-PGE2-EPs signaling in endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer. Many studies demonstrated the upregulated expression of the whole signaling pathway in gynecological malignancies and some focused on the function of COX-2 and cAMP-linked EP2/EP4 and EP3 signaling pathway in gynecological cancer. By contrast, roles of EP1 and the exact pathological mechanisms have not been completely clarified. The studies concerning EP receptors in gynecological cancers highlight the potential advantage of combining COX enzyme inhibitors with EP receptor antagonists as therapeutic agents in gynecological cancers. Conclusion EPs represent promising anti-inflammation biomarkers for gynecological cancer and may be novel treatment targets in the near future.

Developing a rapid sensing platform with effective pesticide degradation capabilities integrated into a single structure and realistic application is an imminent challenge to ensure sustainable agriculture and food safety. Here, we described establishment of a bifunctional nanoscale porphyrinic metal-organic framework (MOF) probe serving as a sensor for detection of trace nitenpyram and as a photocatalyst to facilitate the pesticide degradation. Based on the signal turned "on-off", the strong fluorescence of the probe was quenched by the target, leading to the sensing range from 0.05 to 10.0 μg mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.03 μg mL-1. Given the versatile design by which the porphyrin photosensitizers were isolated subtly in the MOF to avoid self-quenching, the probe was endowed with sustainable and efficient pesticide photodegradation activity with a degradation rate of ∼95% for nitenpyram. Our work represents powerful all-in-one MOF-derived materials jointly for sensing and degrading pesticide residues in agricultural soils and other pesticide-contaminated environments.

Additional file 6.

Additional file 8: Supplementary materials and methods.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Initial baseline values and distributions, and values used in different scenarios of the branching process model. Figure S1. Univariate logistic regression analysis of the association of age groups (A) and sex (B) with clinical severity (mild or moderate) in patients from Nanjing, and OR (95%CI) from the univariate logistic regression (C). Figure S2. Univariate logistic regression analysis of the association of age groups (A) and sex (B) with clinical severity (mild or moderate) in patients from Yangzhou, and OR (95%CI) from the univariate logistic regression (C). Figure S3. Daily transmission distance of the outbreak in Nanjing City, showing the association between daily transmission distance and date (A), daily transmission distance and days after infection (B), and distance used to control the outbreak and days after infection. The horizontal grey dotted lines are mean distances (31.93 km in A and B, 3.79 km in C). Figure S4. Number of cumulative cases (A and B) and percentage of cases found by massive NAAT (C) in Nanjing City for different intervals of NAAT (A1, B1, C1), different number of rounds of NAAT (A2, B2, C2), and different start time of NAAT (A3, B3, C3). The error bars in C, indicate 95% reference intervals. Figure S5. Combined effect of vaccine coverage, close contact tracing, and massive NAAT on limiting the cumulative number of cases in Nanjing City to 235.

Additional file 9.

Additional file 5.

Additional file 9.

Additional file 8.

In the digital era, China is undergoing rapid economic transition and adapting to turbulent changes emanating from new technologies. However, economic growth, technology change, and greater participation in education and the labor force do not guarantee equality for women in comprehensive development outcomes. Thus, implications to female workers of the fallout from such broad transformations is critical to China’s economic future and gender equality in its labor markets. Surprisingly, little is known about the interactive relationship between economic transition with gender employment in China. This is particularly so from a macroeconomic perspective, even by industry and particularly with respect to structural and technology change. In any case, it is important to know the effect of leading technologies in digital era, i.e., computer and the internet, especially if it can play a role in narrowing the gender employment and wage gaps in China.Thus, this dissertation fills the above literature gaps by addressing three major research questions. First, how have economic growth and structural change affected the evolution of the gender employment gap in China? Second, how does internet usage affect women’s labor supply decisions in China? And, third, how does using a computer at work affect the gender wage gap in China? To answer them, I undertake three pieces of empirical research by use a variety of data source. They include both macro-level Chinese input-output (I-O) tables and a series of data on gender employment by industry and educational attainment that I constructed using administrative data as well as a micro-level public dataset of households—China Family Panel Studies (CFPS).In the first study, I take a macro-economic approach, i.e., structural decomposition analysis (SDA). I do so to examine the proximate causes of change in male and female employment in China. Besides using input mix, final demand mix, and final demand structure as factors of employment change by gender, I also examine the apparent effects of educational structure for both male and female Chinese workers. A gender substitution factor denotes the male and female shares of total employment. Finally, I use the change in labor/output coefficients by industry to examine the effects of labor productivity. In this way, I can explore drivers of recent change in employment over time, gender, industries, and education levels. My results confirm that technological change and structural improvements in China have benefited the nation’s female workers more than its male workers from 2007 to 2017. Also, I find that improved labor productivity, which has the expected negative effect on the employment growth for both genders, has had particularly important for closing China’s gender employment gap. Final demand (both its mix and structure) as well as the share of workers with a college education also improve job growth. In summary, this chapter contributes to the literature by revealing relationships between economic development and gender equality in China’s workforce.In a chapter that follows, I apply both binomial and ordinal logistical regression techniques to examine the determinants of individuals’ labor-supply decisions and the different roles that they play for men and women. Using data from 2018 CFPS, I find that internet use appears to positively affect the probability of being employed for both men and women. This positive effect of internet use is mainly from using internet for obtaining information rather than from other activities. But there seems be no measurable difference in that likelihood between the two sexes. Moreover, internet availability somehow seems to encourage employed women to work fewer hours. My results also indicate that family status in China has critically affected women’s engagement in paid employment. More specifically, “other family income,” marital status (married, divorced, and widowed), having pre-school and school-aged children affect women’s labor-market supply decisions in a negative manner. This study contributes to the growing literature on the labor market impacts of digital technologies, in this case as measured by internet use in China.In yet another chapter and employing the same 2018 CFPS dataset, I explore how using computers at work affects China’s gender wage gap. I apply both Heckman correction models and Neumark decomposition analyses. Among other matter pertinent to the gender wage gap in China, I find that using computer at work promotes wage growth for both men and women. Interestingly, computer use at work has the potential to significantly reduce the gender wage gap since it has a greater positive effect on women’s wages. Additionally, my Neumark decomposition results suggest that gender occupation and industry segregation heavily affect China’s gender wage gap. Overall, endowment differentials account for only around 8 percent of the gender wage gap. The unexplained portion, however, appears to most influence the gender wage gap in China. This study contributes to the literature of technology upgrading in the workplace as measured by gendered computer use at work and its influence upon wage differentials in China.Findings within my dissertation render four policy suggestions that could ameliorate China’s gender employment and wage gaps. First, more comprehensive and deeper economic reform should refocus inward toward stimulating the nation’s domestic demand, i.e., consumption and investment, instead of trade expansion. Second, government should further improve the availability and quality of public daycare and after-school care services. Third, schools at different levels should be encouraged to offer relevant basic and advanced training courses for women to improve their ability to use the Internet and computers. Fourth, current employment protection laws need to be updated so that they better protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers in the digital era, perhaps in part by promoting the development of flexible employment.

Additional file 1. Additional information includes raw data for Cur quantification in vivo, SEM image and XRD spectra of MnO2/HA, �� potential of nanoparticles, Cur adsorption mechanism, colloidal stability of nanoparticles, drug release profiles, catalase-mimic activity of the nanoparticles, cytotoxicity assay, and H&E staining of the major organs after treatments.

Additional file 6: The information ofall cell lines used in the study.

Additional file 6.

Additional file 7.

Additional file 1: Fig.S1. INSM2 expression in GN tissue and NB tissue (GSE147635).Fig. S2. SK-N-BE(2) and SK-N-SHcells were infected with sh-NC or sh-INSM2 or sh-INSM2+INSM2. The cells were harvestedfor CCK-8 colorimetric assay. Fig. S3. IHCanalysis for CD31. Fig.S4. Lipid metabolism-related geneFASN affects the growth of NB. Fig.S5. A KEGGpathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes. B-C qPCR and Western blot analysis of the expression for oncogenes of NB (MYCN andANXA2) after knockdown of INSM2. Fig. S6. A-D Kaplan-Meier curvesindicating the survival of NB patients with high or low FASN, ACC, ACSS2 andSCD expression.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Material.

Additional file 5.

Additional file 7.

Additional file 1: Fig S1. Sensitivity analyses on resurgence threshold. Fig. S2. Sensitivity analyses on transmission rate (a), vaccination number per year (b), vaccination effectiveness rate (c), vaccination effectiveness time (d) and imported patients per year (e). For each plot, each row represents the date to lift NPIs (months, from the day of vaccination) and each column represents resurgence probability. Colors represent different scenarios of every parameter. Horizontal dotted line in each plot represents the threshold of resurgence probability (20%). Table S1. Parameter settings for the main analysis.