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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a primary metabolic sensor, and is expressed in different immune cells, such as macrophage, dendritic cell, neutrophil, T cell, and non-immune cells, for instance, synovial fibroblast, and islet β cell. HIF-1α signaling regulates cellular metabolism, triggering the release of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cells proliferation. It is known that microenvironment hypoxia, vascular proliferation, and impaired immunological balance are present in autoimmune diseases. To date, HIF-1α is recognized to be overexpressed in several inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and function of HIF-1α is dysregulated in these diseases. In this review, we narrate the signaling pathway of HIF-1α and the possible immunopathological roles of HIF-1α in autoimmune diseases. The collected information will provide a theoretical basis for the familiarization and development of new clinical trials and treatment based on HIF-1α and inflammatory autoimmune disorders in the future.

Objective: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic rheumatic disorder. Endothelin-1, a vasoconstrictor, belongs to the endothelin family. To date, association between ET-1 and pathogenesis of SLE remains unclear. Method: This case-control study was carried out by 314 SLE, 252 other inflammatory autoimmune diseases patients and 500 healthy controls. Serum ET-1, CCN3, IL-28B levels were detected by ELISA, and ET-1 gene polymorphisms (rs5369, rs5370, rs1476046, rs2070699, rs2071942, rs2071943, rs3087459, rs4145451, rs6458155, rs9369217) were genotyped with KASP. Results: Raised ET-1 concentrations in SLE patients correlated with clinical characteristics. Serum CCN3, IL-28B expressions were higher in SLE patients, and ET-1 levels were positively correlated with the two cytokines. Rs5370, rs1476046, rs2070699, rs2071942, rs2071943, rs3087459, rs6458155 and rs2070699 were associated with SLE risk. Rs2070699 (T, TT) was related to alopecia. Rs5370 (T, TT, TG), rs1476046 (G,GA), rs2071942 (G,GA) and rs2071943 (G,GA) were associated with pericarditis, pyuria and fever manifestations. Rs3087459 (CC) and rs9369217 (TC) were relevant to anti-SSB indicator. Rs5369 (AA) was associated with IgG and CRP levels. Conclusion: elevated serum ET-1 in SLE patients may be a potential disease marker, and its gene polymorphisms were relevant to SLE susceptibility.

The extended GAO-YONG turbulence model is used to simulate the flow and heat transfer of flat-plate turbulent boundary layer, and the results indicate that GAO-YONG turbulence model may well describe boundary layer flow and heat transfer from near-wall region to far outer area, without using any empirical coefficients and near-wall treatments, such as wall-function or modified low Reynolds number model, which are used widely in all RANS turbulence models.

Using a multiscale model based on the variable interval time average method and a set of averaged equations for incompressible turbulent flows, we simulate the three-dimensional separated and reattaching flow over a swept backward-facing step. The results show that the reattachment length and vortex structure vary with the swept angles from 15° to 60° through a detailed study about velocity profile and pressure distribution. Generally the reattachment length and span wise vorticity decrease dramatically after =30°. The result fully accord with experimental data. Results show that this model is suitable for separated flows, and accurately predict the flow field, so this model should be useful in engineering application.

The upward gas-liquid cross flow around a square cylinder was simulated using two fluid model with the multi-scale turbulent model based on the variable interval time average method. The computational results show that the multi-scale turbulent model can successfully simulate lift coefficient, drag coefficient and vortex shedding characteristics of flow around a body, and can also accurately predict the void fraction distribution and flow structure. Compared with the experimental data, the results of the multi-scale model are better than that of Standard k-ε model and RNG k-ε model. Hence, the study of this paper certificates further that this model can be used in the simulation of the gas-liquid flow around bluff bodies and outher engineering application.

The unsteady flow around a triangle cylinder was simulated using the multiscale turbulence model based on the variable interval time average method. The numerical method used in this simulation is an unstructured staggered mesh scheme. The computational results show that the multiscale turbulence model can successfully simulate vortex shedding characteristics. The Strouhal number and time-averaged velocity profiles also agree better with experiments than that of the standard k-ε model.

There are some defects in constructed wetland, including the uneven distribution of flow, easily blocked, lack of oxygen supply systems and the unsatisfactory phosphorus adsorption capacity of the substrates, etc. The research mainly studied the function and contribution of the pool of hydrolysis acidification, the natural reoxygenation/sinking device and strengthen slot for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed the removal efficiency of COD and SS in hydrolysis-acidification pool accounted for 38.05% and 34.82% of the total removal efficiency of system. The SS removal efficiency of the natural reoxygenation/sinking device accounted for 22.01% of the total removal efficiency of system, and the concentration of DO kept above 2.5 mg.L-1. The two strengthen slots can ensure the TP, TN, COD up to the standard of the level 1 of GB 18918-2002.