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Yang Qiao Mai, one of the eight channels known as extraordinary meridians, is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to relieve tension in the lateral muscles of the legs. According to TCM, each extraordinary vessel has main points, coalescent points, and one single master point (BL62 Shenmai for Yang Qiao Mai), which can influence the entire path of the meridian. We performed a test which involved measuring the changes in abduction strength of the gluteus medius following stimulation with a new type of photobiomodulation device, which delivers a very low level of modulated light on the BL62 Shenmai acupuncture point. Twenty-two healthy volunteers were measured, stimulated, and the measurement repeated 30 minutes after the first measurement. In addition to showing a regulatory effect of the stimulation, the test confirmed that a modulated red-light emission with a stimulus duration of 20 s for a total delivered energy of 0.35 mJ can induce an acupuncture-like response, even in the short term. The difference between the two body sides generally results as being around 6 Kg: this figure appears to be a physiological limit, probably due to an anatomical compensation of the body asymmetries. These results offer a new insight into the interpretation of the signaling process along the meridians, and appears to involve the return to homeostasis of the extracellular soft tissue matrix promoted by the photon flow.

To explore the mechanism of insomnia caused by "stomach disorder could lead to excess of yang-qiao meridian" and clinical application of treating insomnia with acupoints in qiao meridian as the main points. From meridian theory, intersection between stomach meridian of Foot-Yangming and yang-qiao meridian is through Chengqi (ST 1). Qiao meridian for sleep is mainly because it is connected with eyes through the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang. For Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming is intersected with the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang in Jingming (BL 1), and intersected with yin and yang qiao meridian beside the mouth and under the eye, once functional disorder of the stomach, it can affect qi movements of the whole body and give rise to various pathological changes that cause insomnia. Meanwhile examples are given to explain the clinical application of treating subborn insomnia with corresponding acupoint of stomach and yang-qiao meridian.

The relation between ischemia and heart failure is well demonstrated, and several studies suggested that realizing the physiological role of autophagy will be of great importance. Luteoloside (Lut) is one of the main components of Lonicera japonica flos and exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. To determine if Lut pretreatment enhanced autophagy by 14-3-3η expression and the AMPKα-mTOR/ULK1 pathway and protected the neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) against anoxia damage, NRCMs were treated using 20 μM Lut for 36 h, and the anoxia damage model was established using NRCMs. The indexes reflecting the condition of NRCMs, oxidative stress level, and mitochondrial function were evaluated. In addition, the expression and phosphorylation of 14-3-3η and AMPKα/mTOR/ULK1, and autophagy markers (LC3II, P62) and the abundance of autophagy lysosomes were detected. Results revealed that Lut pretreatment alleviated anoxia- induced damage in NRCMs, that is, Lut pretreatment could increase cell viability, decrease LDH activity and apoptosis, suppressed ROS generation and oxidative stress, restored intracellular ATP levels, stabilized MMP levels, and inhibited mPTP opening. Furthermore, Lut pretreatment could enhance autophagy via upregulating 14-3-3η, LC3II expression and increasing p-AMPKα/AMPKα and p-ULK1/ULK1 level, whereas P62 expression and p-mTOR/mTOR level decreased; the fluorescence intensity of autolysosomes also increased. However, in the NRCMs treated with pAD/14-3-3η RNAi or incubated with 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor), the abovementioned effects of Lut pretreatment were reduced. Taken together, Lut pretreatment could enhance autophagy by upregulating 14-3-3η expression to influence the AMPKα-mTOR/ ULK1 pathway against anoxia-induced damage in NRCMs.

Eophileurus vietnamensis Yang, Pathomwattananurak & Zhao, new species (Figs. 4A–4H, 6A–6B) Type material. (4♁♁, 5♀♀). Holotype: ♁ (CAU), “ Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Ba Thuoc Dist., Thanh Hoa Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1200–1750 m, III.2022, local collector leg.” Paratypes: 1♀ (CAU) “ Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Ba Thuoc Dist., Thanh Hoa Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1200–1750 m, VI.2022, local collector leg.”; 1♁ (CQZY), same label as the holotype; 2♁♁, 3♀♀ (CQZY) “ Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Ba Thuoc Dist., Thanh Hoa Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1200–1750 m, VI.2022, local collector leg.”; 1♀ (CQZY), “ Nghe An Prov., Vietnam, IV.2022, Van Dang leg.” Holotype (male). General (Figs. 4A–4C): Body black, metasternum with slight reddish color, body shape oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface with sparse, short, reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus sparsely punctate, with micropunctures on anterior region and larger punctures near sides; center with a long, slightly backward horn and a weak ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex acute. Frons moderately depressed, disk with sparse micropunctures. Mandible sinuate on outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense punctures, punctures becoming denser and larger near all margins. Disc with a large, deep, round fovea; punctures in fovea dense and large, round or almost U-shaped; with 2 weak protuberances on each side. All margins beaded except before fovea, more strongly beaded at sides.Anterior angle protruding, apex rounded, posterior angle rounded. Scutellum: Surface with dense punctures on disc and sparse micropunctures near base. Elytra: Surface with sparse micropunctures, and dense and large, round punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in 3 irregular rows combined to 2 irregular rows at middle then to 1 irregular row near posterior one-fourth, interstice 2 with punctures in 1 irregular row. Primary costa A distinct, primary costa B indistinct. Subapical umbone prominent. Lateral margin of elytron slightly curved outward, weakly and horizontally dilated from base to about posterior one-third. Pygidium: Surface convex, almost impunctate on disc, strongly rugopunctate near base and densely punctate on remaining area. Metasternum: Region near sides with dense and large punctures; median portion with sparse and small punctures; setae reddish-yellow, short, on anterior region excluding the middle, setae longer near base. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with sparse micropunctures throughout and larger punctures on each side; ventrite 5 and 6 each with a long, shallow horizontal depression at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi moderately thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged and moderately elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, slightly curved outward at middle; outer metatibial spur shorter, slightly curved outwards more strongly so than inner metatibial spur. Parameres (Figs. 6A–6B): Slender and symmetric; in frontal view (Fig. 6A), outer side prominent on basal one-third and at middle, then parallel at sides; inner margins parallel, with a small, acute and frontward process, then curved backward and outward, and then inward near apex; apex rounded, pointed inward; in lateral view (Fig. 6B), upper margin slightly depressed near base; inner processes invisible, outer prominent part downward, almost at right angle at its base; apex slightly bent backward. Paratypes (male). Similarly or slightly less developed than the holotype; characters stable, the most underdeveloped male with differences as follow: clypeal horn shorter, clypeus more densely punctate, frons with rugopunctures near base; fovea smaller, almost longitudinally oval in shape, distinctly wider anteriorly, widest on anterior one-third; anterior margin of pronotum almost entirely beaded, with a small gap at middle; scutellum more sparsely punctate, with only a few punctures near base (Fig. 4D–4E). Paratypes (female). Similar to male, but clypeus and frons densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn shorter; fovea absent, with a shallow and densely punctate furrow on anterior region of pronotum, punctures in furrow distinctly larger and deeper than the others, round or nearly U-shape; anterior margin of pronotum entirely beaded; scutellum sparsely punctate near base; pygidium flattened from middle to base, with a clear protuberance between flattened area and apex, apex with a weak, flat and wide protuberance, punctures on pygidium denser on disc; ventrite 5 and 6 without depression, ventrite 6 with sparser punctures, rugopunctate near base; protarsi not thickened, inner claw not enlarged and elongated (Fig. 4F–4H). Measurements. Length: male 22.0– 24.1 mm (holotype 24.1 mm), female 22.6–24.6 mm; width: male 10.3– 11.9 mm (holotype 11.9 mm), female 11.2–12.1 mm. Diagnosis. The new species is closely allied to Eophileurus chinensis (Faldermann, 1835) (Figs. 5A–5F) but can be distinguished by the following features: clypeus of similarly developed male usually slightly more densely punctate with slightly larger punctures; clypeus and frons of female usually with larger but shallower rugopunctures; fovea of well-developed males usually larger, more rounded; interstices 1 and 2 with denser punctures, row in interstice 2 irregular (usually regular in E. chinensis, rarely slightly irregular); elytral margin more weakly dilated; protuberance at apex of female pygidium indistinct, much smaller and wider (rather distinct and strong in E. chinensis ); outer margin of parameres parallel in apical half (diverging apicad toward the subapical curvature in E. chinensis ) with much wider gap between the inner process and the apex of paramere, inner process much smaller and sharper, not visible in lateral view (inner process large and somewhat rounded at apex, clearly visible in lateral view in E. chinensis, Figs. 6C–6D). Etymology. This species is named after its country of origin. Distribution. Vietnam., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Geshev, Georgi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon & Zhao, Ming-Zhi, 2023, Two new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from the Philippines and Vietnam, with first description of E quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 female, pp. 290-300 in Zootaxa 5249 (2) on pages 295-298, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7687382, {"references":["Faldermann, F. (1835) Coleopterorum ab illustrissimo Bungio in China boreali, Mongolia et montibus altaicis collectorum nec non ab ill. Turchaninoffio et Stschukinoe e provincia Irkutsk missorum illustrations. Memoires de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg, 6 (2), 337 - 464."]}

Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 (Figs. 7A–7C) Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022: 472 (type locality: “Pluang Subdist., Chanthaburi Prov., Thailand ”), fig. 1b (elytral punctures), figs. 99–102, 113–114 (habitus), figs. 175–180 (parameres). Type material examined. As in Yang & Pathomwattananurak (2022). Additional material examined (1♀). Thailand: 1♀ (CQZY), pupa collected at 15.VII.2022, Mu Si Subdist., Pak Chong Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Qiao-Zhi Yang & W. Pathomwattananurak leg., adult emerged 16.VII.2022. Description of female. General (Figs. 7A–7C): Body black with slight reddish color, oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface with dense, short, reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus strongly and densely rugopunctate throughout, with a short, sharp tubercle at center; clypeal apex acute. Frons strongly and densely rugopunctate throughout. Mandible sinuate on outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense and large punctures, punctures becoming denser and larger near margins, more so near anterior margin. Anterior region with an indistinct, small, flattened area. Sides subparallel at middle; all margins beaded, more strongly on sides. Anterior angle acute, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface with sparse punctures mainly near base. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, and dense, U-shaped, large punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in 3 irregular rows combined at middle to 2 irregular rows then to 1 irregular row on posterior one-third, interstice 2 with irregularly distributed punctures, rows unrecognizable. Primary costa A distinct, primary costa B less distinct. Subapical umbone moderately prominent. Margins of elytra strongly and horizontally dilated from base to posterior two-fifth. Pygidium: Surface convex but flattened on disc, with dense and small punctures throughout. Metasternum: Surface mainly dark reddish, with lighter color on central region; punctures dense and large near sides; central portion with sparse and small punctures only; setae yellow, dense and short on posterior region excluding the center. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with micropunctures throughout and larger punctures on each side; last ventrite with dense, large punctures throughout and rugopunctures at anterior region, punctures denser and larger than on other ventrites. Legs: Protibia tridentate. Inner metatibial spur long, slightly curved outward, outer metatibial spur shorter, more strongly curved outward. Measurements. Length: 24.5 mm; width: 13.0 mm. Natural history. A single pupa was collected from the rotten part (with gray, dirt-like rotten wood material) approximately 1.5 meter tall on a standing rotten tree trunk (40 to 50 centimeters in diameter), without trace of any other larva, pupa or adult or any adult body remains. The adult emerged on the second day after its collection. Remarks. The description of the female of Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 is based on a specimen collected from the same area (same forest) as one of the male paratypes. Distribution of this species seems to be limited to eastern Thailand based on only a few specimens; the more common and better known E. confinis Prell, 1913 however, distributes surrounding the aforementioned region, and does not have record within it (see Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022). The female is therefore assigned to this species due to its collecting locality and the highly similar external characters to the male. Due to the close relation between E, quadratifovealis and E. confinis, the female resembles each other greatly. There seems not to be any stable character distinguishing the two except the former has generally denser punctures and micropunctures on the elytra than the latter, and the pronotum margin more distinctly parallel at the middle than in E. confinis. It would be more reliable to distinguish them via with the accompany of male specimens or the distribution., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Geshev, Georgi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon & Zhao, Ming-Zhi, 2023, Two new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from the Philippines and Vietnam, with first description of E quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 female, pp. 290-300 in Zootaxa 5249 (2) on pages 298-299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7687382, {"references":["Yang, Q. - Z. & Pathomwattananurak, W. (2022) Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa, 5165 (4), 451 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5165.4.1","Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. VII. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124."]}

Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Geshev, Georgi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, Zhao, Ming-Zhi (2023): Two new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from the Philippines and Vietnam, with first description of E quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 female. Zootaxa 5249 (2): 290-300, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.2.6

Dangerous Paracoccus marginatus papaya mealybugs cause considerable threats and challenges to cassava production and processing. The deployment of resistant cultivars offers effective, economical and eco-friendly management strategies for pest management. We utilized P. marginatus mortality, development and reproduction to evaluate the resistance of fifteen cassava cultivars and conducted physiological and biochemical analyses when P. marginatus was fed on two resistant cultivars (Myanmar, C1115) and three susceptible cultivars (BRA900, Bread, SC205). Significantly lower digestive (amylase, sucrase, lipase), detoxification (glutathione-S-transferase and carboxylesterase) and antioxidant, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), enzyme activities were observed in P. marginatus feeding on resistant cultivars compared to susceptible cultivars. For resistant cultivars, a significant reduction was found in nutritional components containing free amino acids, nitrogen, soluble sugars and the secondary metabolite malondialdehyde. Additionally, significantly higher enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, POD and PPO) levels and secondary metabolite quantities (total phenol and tannins) were found in resistant cultivars induced by P. marginatus compared with susceptible ones. Additionally, RT-qPCR tests showed that the transcripts of ten genes involved in nutrition, secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities were consistent with their physiology and biochemistry changes. Thus, resistant cultivars prevented P. marginatus populations from suffering lower P. marginatus damage by elevating secondary metabolite contents and antioxidant activities, reducing nutrition levels and decreasing enzymatic activities. This study will be beneficial in determining the important indexes for developing standard regulations to evaluate P. marginatus-resistant cassavas, helping the development of effective strategies for pest management.

In this study, the application of characteristic impedance in estimating specific energy and average fragment size of rocks was investigated during rock breakage at high strain rates. To achieve this, rock specimen was prepared in accordance with recommendations of the International Society for Rock Mechanics and broken at high strain rates using the split Hopkinson’s pressure bar system. Results reveal that although strain rate is well related to specific energy and average fragment size of broken rocks, the product of characteristic impedance and strain rate is more reliable for estimating the forementioned parameters. In addition, strain rate and dissipated energy generally increase at higher incident energies while the average fragment size of broken rocks reduces at higher strain rates. Based on these findings, more studies on indirect estimation of energy requirement for rock breakage to desired average fragment sizes is recommended from the product of characteristic impedance and strain rate.

The low-frequency (0.1 Hz) fluctuation in sustained attention attracts enormous interest in cognitive neuroscience and clinical research since it always leads to cognitive and behavioral lapses. What is the source of the spontaneous fluctuation in sustained attention in neural activity, and how does the neural fluctuation relate to behavioral fluctuation? Here, we address these questions by collecting and analyzing two independent fMRI and behavior datasets. We show that the neural (fMRI) fluctuation in a key brain network, the default-mode network (DMN), mediate behavioral (reaction time) fluctuation during sustained attention. DMN shows the increased amplitude of fluctuation, which correlates with the behavioral fluctuation in a similar frequency range (0.01-0.1 Hz) but not in the lower (0.01 Hz) or higher (0.1 Hz) frequency range. This was observed during both auditory and visual sustained attention and was replicable across independent datasets. These results provide a novel insight into the neural source of attention-fluctuation and extend the former concept that DMN was deactivated in cognitive tasks. More generally, our findings highlight the temporal dynamic of the brain-behavior relationship.

Resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) studies indicated that the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) exerts antidepression effect through the functional connectivity (FC) of the DLPFC with the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), pregneual ACC (pgACC), or nucleus accumbens (NAc). It is proposed that the FC-guided individualized precise stimulation on the DLPFC would be more effective. The current study systematically investigated the reliability of the RS-fMRI FC location as well as the FC strength with multiple potential factors. We aimed to provide a stable stimulation target for future FC-guided TMS therapy for affective related disorders. Twenty-one subjects under RS-fMRI conditions with the first two times (V1, V2) scanned on a GE 3 T scanner and the third visit (V3) on a Siemens 3 T scanner. Then the FC strength and location reliability were assessed by using intra-class correlation (ICC) and intra-individual distance, respectively. The factors included deep seed ROIs (midline (mid-) sgACC, left pgACC, mid-pgACC, and left NAc), eyes closed (EC) vs eyes open (EO), frequency bands, FC algorithm (Pearson vs Spearman), scanning length (half a session vs whole session), and location method (FC peak vs center of gravity (COG)). The reliability of the voxel-wise FC strength was low to moderate. The intra-individual distances of the COG were 3.8-7.3 mm across all factors, much smaller than that of FC peak (approximately 30 mm). The COG of seed-based FC might be a potential rTMS stimulation target. Anyway, all potential stimulation targets should be tested in future rTMS treatment studies.

Lycium ruthenicum is an important ecoeconomic thorny shrub. In this study, the L. ruthenicum plants of a clone showed two types of ‘fewer leaves without thorn’ and ‘more leaves with thorns’ under the same condition after transplanting. Microscopic observation revealed that the apical buds of the thornless (Thless) and thorny (Thorny) branches should be selected as materials for further study. RNA-Seq analysis showed that the KEGG pathway of starch and sucrose metabolism and differentially expressed genes of sugar transport protein 13 (SUT13), sucrose synthase (SUS), trehalose-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) and trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) were significantly up-regulated in Thorny. The results of qRT-PCR confirmed the accuracy and credibility of the RNA-Seq. The content of sucrose in Thorny was significantly higher than that in Thless, but the content of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) was opposite. Leaf-clipping treatments reduced sucrose content and inhibited the occurrence/development of branch-thorns; exogenous sucrose of 16 g l−1 significantly promoted the occurrence and growth of branch-thorns, and the promotion effects were significantly higher than those treated with non-metabolizable sucrose analogs (isomaltolose and melitose). These findings suggested that sucrose might play a dual role of energy and signal in the occurrence of branch-thorns. Higher sucrose supply in apical buds from more leaves promoted the occurrence of branch-thorns via a lower content of T6P and higher expression levels of SUS, TPP and TPS, whereas fewer leaves inhibited the occurrence. The molecular hypothesis model of the leaf number/sucrose supply regulating the occurrence of branch-thorns in L. ruthenicum was established in the study, which provides foundation for breeding both Thless L. ruthenicum and Thless types of other species.

The near infrared spectrogram of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs was measured with a Fourier near infrared spectrometer. In addition, a qualitative model for the identification of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs with their near infrared spectrogram has been established. The effectiveness of spectral preprocessing with chemometric techniques including standard normal variable, second derivative and Norris smoothing has been analyzed through principal component analysis. The results showed that the accuracy of the discriminant model could reach 100%, indicating that the near infrared spectroscopy method is highly applicable and effective for the identification of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs.

Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrődi, 1977 (Figs. 79–85) Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrődi, 1977: 106 (type locality: “Nicobar Oerne”), fig. 16 (parameres); Endrődi 1985: 667, fig. 2019 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Yamaya & Muramoto 2008: 28; Krajčik 2012: 102; Jákl & Zídek 2015: 19. Type material examined. Holotype (♂, HNHM, Figs. 79–83), labeled: “Nicobar Oerne // Holotypus Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrődi ”, examined through photographs provided by the late Ottó Merkl. Allotype (♀, HNHM, Figs. 84–86), labeled: “Nicobar Oerne // Allotype Eophileurus nicobarensis Endrődi ”, examined through photographs provided by the late Ottó Merkl. Additional material examined. None. Distribution. India: Nicobar Is. Remarks. Hitherto, this species is only known from Nicobar Island. Photographs of the type material are illustrated here for the first time (Figs. 79–85)., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on page 468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Endrodi, S. (1977) Monographie de Dynastinae VIII Tribus Phileurini. Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatlichen Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 41 (4), 93 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112546161","Endrodi, S. (1985) The Dynastinae of the World. W. Junk, Dordrecht, 800 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2005) Dynastinae of the World Checklist (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Animma. x, Supplement 2, 1 - 122.","Yamaya, S. & Muramoto, R. (2008) On the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae), with descriptions of five new species. Kogane, Supplement 2, 1 - 34.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Jakl, S. & Zidek, J. (2015) Contribution to the knowledge of Oriental and Austro-Papuan Eophileurus Arrow, with descriptions of two new species. Folia Heyrovskyana, Series A, 23 (2), 14 - 26."]}

Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, new species (Figs. 1b, 99–102, 113–114, 175–180) Type material. (3♂♂). Holotype: (♂, THNHM), “ Pluang Subdist., Khao Khitchakut Dist., Chanthaburi Prov., Thailand, 31.III.2019, T. Unnahachote & T. Hongsuwong leg.” Paratype: 1♂ (CWT), “Mu Si Subdist., Pak Chong Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 12.VIII.2019, W. Pathomwattananurak leg.”; 1♂ (BMNH), Paralectotype of Eophileurus siamensis Arrow, 1914, labeled: “SYN-TYPE // Chatabon S. S. Flower. 99-243. // NHMUK 014380701”, two additional red labels will be provided labeling: “ Paralectotype Eophileurus siamensis Arrow, 1914 des. Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022” and “ Paratype Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 ”, examined through photographs provided by Keita Matsumoto. Holotype (male). General (Figs. 99–100, 113): Body black with slight reddish color, rather oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface clads with extremely sparse, short reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus sparsely punctate, punctures minute, with a short, backward horn at center and a ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex slightly rounded. Frons depressed, disk almost impunctate, with punctures at each side anteriorly only. Mandible slightly sinuate at outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense and large punctures, becoming denser and larger close to all margins. Anterior region with a large, slightly deep, square-shape fovea; punctures in fovea spare and large, transverse, coalescent at anterior part, slightly denser and smaller at posterior region; sides of fovea almost parallel, with a very weak protuberance at each side at posterior part. Sides parallel at middle; all margins beaded except before fovea, more strongly at sides. Anterior angle acute, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface with dense punctures except region close to apex. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, and dense, U-shape, large punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in four irregular rows combined at middle to two irregular rows, interstice 2 with chaotic punctures, rows unrecognizable. Primary costa A highly distinct, primary costa B not distinct. Subapical umbones moderately prominent. Margins of elytra moderately horizontally dilated from base to middle. Pygidium: convex, with fine punctures throughout, punctures denser and smaller close to all margins, and slightly sparser near apex. Metasternum: Surface mainly black, with reddish color at central region; punctures dense and large near all sides; central portion with sparse and small punctures only; setae yellow, very sparse and short, only at posterior region close to each side. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with micropunctures throughout and larger punctures at each side; last ventrite with rugose, large punctures at anterior region, micropunctures denser and larger than on other ventrites; ventrites 5 and 6 with very shallow, round depressions at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi strongly thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged and elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, slightly curved outward, outer metatibial spur shorter, more strongly curved outward. Parameres (Figs. 175–176): In frontal view (Fig. 175), base overlapped, extending upward; outer sides sinuate, prominent outward at posterior two-fifth, anterior one-seventh and near apex; inner sides also sinuate, prominent inward posterior to opening; in lateral view (Fig. 176), base projected upward and slightly backward; apex bent strongly backward, with a tiny, backward, triangular process near apex of each paramere; in ventral view, ventral base with a pair of short, outward, flat, semicircular processes. Paratypes (male). Underdeveloped, but characters mainly stable, except clypeal horn much shorter, clypeus and frons slightly denser punctate; Fovea much smaller and shallower, rather rounded, with denser punctures; micropunctures on elytra denser (Figs. 101–102, 114); Base of parameres wider and less upwardly extended in front view, region from middle to apex of parameres narrower, ventral basal processes visible in front view (Fig. 177), base of parameres more prominent and processes close to apex almost absent in lateral view (Fig. 178). Female. Unknown. Measurements. Body length: male 21.8–25.0 mm (holotype 25.0 mm), female unknown; body width: male 10.5–12.1 mm (holotype 12.1 mm), female unknown. Diagnosis. This new species is most similar to E. confinis Prell, 1913, but differs by: middle of pronotum parallel (Figs. 99, 101) whereas usually not parallel in E. confinis; fovea square-shape for normally developed individual; interval 1 wider; parameres with different shape, especially without a pair of processes at the middle of the sides (Figs. 175–180). Etymology. This new species is named for the unique square-shaped fovea of the holotype, which is not present in other Indochina Eophileurus. The species epithet is a combination of the Latin adjective “ quadrate ” and noun “ fovea ”, to be used as noun in apposition. Distribution. Thailand. Remarks. This species is most closely related to E. confinis Prell, 1913, whose distribution surrounds its distribution in a large scale. Currently, whether they are sympatric is unknown. With only three specimens examined from adjacent but separated mountain ranges, their parameres show considerable variations. This is likely to be in similar situation as E. confinis where individuals tend to have distinct variation on the parameres both individually and geographically. Since the overall structures of the new species’ parameres can be traced, the three individuals are treated as the same species. Additionally, due to the high similarity between the males of E. quadratifovealis, new species and E. confinis, the author speculate that the females of this species might also be highly similar to each other and have elytral margin more strongly dilated than the males, as commonly seen in females of E. confinis., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on pages 472-474, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Arrow, G. J. (1914) Some further notes on Lamellicorn beetles of the sub-family Dynastinae. The Annals and Magazine of natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 8 (14), 257 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693571","Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. viii. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124."]}

Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913 (Figs. 2–37, 117–166) Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913: 114 (type locality: “ China: Shanghai ”), plates 1–2, fig. 8 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 83; Endrődi 1977: 103 (Annam: Phuc-son; Combodja; Siam); Endrődi 1985: 666, fig. 2009 (parameres); Zhang 1991: 179, fig. 3 (inner claw), figs. 4–5 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 63; Yamaya & Muramoto 2008: 25, figs. 43–44 (male habitus), fig. 45 (male pronotum), fig. 46 (male elytra), figs. 47–48 (parameres); Krajčik 2012: 101; Li et al. 2014: 67; Jákl & Zídek 2015: 19. Eophileurus decipiens Prell, 1913: 115 (type locality: “Casamanca, Franz, Senegal ”), plates 1–2, fig. 13 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi 1977: 95 (synonymized with Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913); Krajčik 2005: 63 (in synonymy). Eophileurus siamensis Arrow, 1914: 261 (type locality: “ Siam: Bangkok, Chantabon”), plate 13, fig. 7 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi, 1977: 95 (synonymized with of Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913); Krajčik 2005: 64 (in synonymy). Eophileurus takakuwai Yamaya & Muramoto, 2008: 10 (type locality: “Dawana, Myanmar ”), figs. 167–168 (male habitus), fig. 169 (male pronotum), 170 (male elytra), figs. 171–172 (parameres); Krajčik 2012: 101; Jákl & Zídek 2015: 19; new synonym. Eophileurus malyi (nec Endrődi): Yamaya & Muramoto 2008: 28 (Thailand, Laos), figs. 105–106 (male habitus), fig. 107 (male pronotum), fig. 108 (male elytra), figs. 109–110 (parameres). Misidentification. Type material examined. Holotype of Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913 (♂, MTD, Figs. 18–24), labeled: “Shangkai // Typus // Coll. C. Felsche Kauf 20, 1918 // Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden”, examined through photographs provided by Olaf Jäger. Holotype of E. decipiens Prell, 1913 (♂, MTD, Figs. 25–31), labeled: “ Senegal // Casamanca // Typus // Coll. C. Felsche Kauf 20, 1918 // Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden”, examined through photographs provided by Olaf Jäger. Lectotype of E. siamensis Arrow, 1914 (hereby designated; ♂, BMNH, Figs. 32–37), labeled: “SYN-TYPE // TYPE-H. T. // Bangkok. S. S. Flower. 98-48. // Eophileurus siamensis type arrow // NHMUK 014380700”, an additional red label will be provided labeling: “ Lectotype Eophileurus siamensis Arrow, 1914 des. Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022”, examined through photographs provided by Keita Matsumoto. Additional material examined (41♂♂, 22♀♀). China: Yunnan: 1♂, 2♀♀ (CQZY), Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 555 m, 25. V.2016, Shuo-Cheng Liu leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mohan Town, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1200 m, 23.IX.2017, Xiao-Dong Yang leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Mohan Town, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1200 m, 13. V.2018, Chang-Chin Chen leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Jinoshanzhai, Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1124 m, 19. V.2018, by light trap, Chang-Chin Chen leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Mohan Town, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1214 m, 4. VI.2018, Y.-Q. Lu leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mt. Jinuoshan, Jinuozu Township, Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 1100 m, 13–15. V.2018, by light trap, Jian-Yue Qiu & Hao Xu leg.; 1♂ (CWXB), Xipian, Menglun Town, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 600 m, 1–2. VI.2009, WenXuan Bi leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CQZY), 21.938621°N, 100.661806°E, Near National Highway 214, 5 km east to Manbonanga, Menghai County, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 761 m, 20.IV.2021, Ce Hui leg.; 1♀ (SHNU), Nabanhe Nature Reserve, Manfei, Jinghong City, Xishuangbanna Pref., alt. 700 m, 04. V.2009, by light trap, Jia-Yao Hu & Zi-Wei Yin leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Near Lancangjiang Brigde, Yun county, Lincang City, alt. 1400 m, 1. VI.2017, Zi-Chun Xiong leg.; 3♂♂, 1♀ (CQZY), F1 generation of female from locality close to Lancangjiang Brigde, Yun county, Lincang City, alt. 1400 m, 1. VI.2017, Zi-Chun Xiong leg., adult emerged in VIII.2017; 1♂ (CQZY), Rongshuwang, Nabang Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., 11. V.2017, Yu-Tang Wang leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Nabang Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., 19. V.2009, Hai-Cheng Shan leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Nabang Hydropower Station, Nabang Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., alt. 530 m, 22.IX.2016, collected during the night, Xiao-Dong Yang leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CQZY), 24°21'49.5"N, 98°28'33.6"E, Rescue Centre, Mangshi County, Dehong Pref., alt. 827 m, 26.X.2019, Chen Zhang leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), 24.667592°N, 97.598480°E, Rongshuwang, Nabang Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., alt. 931 m, 5.X.2017, Yi-Zhou Liu leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Nabang Secondary Hydropower Station, Hulukou, Xima Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Pref., alt. 1200 m, VI –VII.2018, Wei-Zong Yang leg.; Thailand: 1♂ (CWT), Huay Pla Kang Village, Chiang Rai Prov., IX.2021, Shasawat Sirita leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CWT), Huay Pla Kang Village, Chiang Rai Prov., 8.X.2021, Shasawat Sirita leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CWT), Huai Chomphu Subdist., Chiang Rai Prov., IX.2014, W. Pathomwattananurak leg.; 2♂♂, 1♀ (CWT), Wiang Papao Dist., Chiang Rai Prov., 2019, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Phrao Dist., Chiang Mai Prov., VIII.2019, Local collector leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Doi Pui, Chiang Mai Prov., 3.XI.2021, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mae Tha Dist., Lamphun Prov., V.2014, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CWT), 19°11'13.35"N, 101°10'5.91"E, Bo Kluea Dist., Nan Prov., 7.VII.2015, L. Khaton leg.; 1♂ (CWT), 19°11'13.35"N, 101°10'5.91"E, Bo Kluea Dist., Nan Prov., 7.IX.2020, L. Khaton leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Khao Kho, Phetchabun Prov., 17.IV.2019, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Umphang Dist., Tak Prov., 17.XI.2020, local collector leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CWT), Bangkok, VIII.2015, W. Pathomwattananurak leg.; 1♂ (CWT), Phra Pradaeng Dist., Samut Prakan Prov., 25.IX.2021, Jaksawat Kowattanachai leg.; 3♂♂, 1♀ (CWT), Cho Po Ro Subdist., Kraburi Dist., Ranong Prov., 26.VII.2019, local collector leg.; 1♀ (CWT), Lang Suan Dist., Chumporn Prov., 15. V.2021, Uraiwan Abpamano leg.; 7♂♂, 3♀♀ (CWT), F1 generation of female from Lang Suan Dist., Chumporn Prov., 15. V.2021, Uraiwan Abpamano leg., adult emerged in IX.2021; Vietnam: 1♂ (CQZY), Bao Loc City, Lam Dong Prov., X.2019, local collector leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Bao Loc City, Lam Dong Prov., VIII.2017, local collector leg.; 1♀ (CQZY), Dambri, Bao Lam Dist., Lam Dong Prov., V.2018, local collector leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, Axan Mt., Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., alt. 1300 m, III.2019, local collector leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (CQZY), 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, Axan Mt., Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., alt. 1300m, VII.2019, local collector leg. Distribution. Cambodia; China; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam. Variations. Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913 is a widely distributed species, currently recorded from China and Indochina (Fig. 197). The external characters (Figs. 2–17) of the specimens are similar regardless of the localities. The shape of the parameres (Figs. 117–166), on the other hand, exhibits significant variations both individually and geographically, while the overall structure of the parameres being the same. Following the definitions of parts of the parameres in the material and method section, the following paragraphs demonstrate the individual and geographical variations of this species, how one geographical form transitions to another one, and why the various morphologies of parameres belong to the same species. Regarding the individual variations: while examining six males which were raised from eggs laid by the same female (the female was collected from the wild, without mating with any male after its collection), it is discovered that their parameres (Figs. 147–152) show rather large variations. The most distinct variations can be seen on BN, LP, apex of LP and apices of the parameres, although other parts, such as the slope of LIM and the overall slimness of the parameres also show slight variations. BN have both the left part overlapping the right part (Figs. 147, 148, 151, 152) and vice versa (Figs. 149, 151); the lower margin of BN can also be seen distinctly extend downward (Figs. 148, 149, 151) or rather horizontal (Figs. 147, 150, 152). LP present larger variations: some with rounded outer-most point (Figs. 147, 149, 152), while one almost forming a small individual process (Figs. 151, similar situation can be seen from parameres of E. confinis from other areas, such as in Fig. 125, 131), and some lies in between (Figs. 148, 150); the apices of LP all point inward, but can be upward (Fig. 148), horizontal (Figs. 149, 151, 152) or downward (Figs. 147, 150). The apices of the parameres are either slightly enlarged (Figs. 147, 148, 152), parallel-sided (Figs. 149, 151) or slightly contracted (Fig. 150). Some LIM have larger slope (Figs. 148, 151) and the remaining are with smaller slope (Figs. 147, 149, 150, 152). Some parameres are overall slenderer than the others (the set of Fig. 147 versus Figs. 151 and 152 being the most distinct). It is therefore demonstrated that the parameres of E. confinis have significant individual variations. This can be seen much extremer while examining males from the same area (same habitat), such as sets in Figs. 117–118 versus 119–120 and Figs. 125–126 versus 127–128. Overall, this led to a conclusion that LP bear the most distinct individual variations, as seen in both the offspring set and the local sets. Viewing in a larger geographical scale, it is seen that males with extremely similar or identical external characters (Figs. 2–17) but with differently shaped parameres (Figs. 117–146) can be found throughout the distribution. The general morphology of the parameres is usually similar when comparing males from the adjacent regions, while those from males of two opposite ends of the distribution are usually highly different from each other. In the next few paragraphs, the authors will demonstrate how the morphology of the parameres of the northern-most recorded individual (excluding the type locality “ Shanghai ” of E. confinis which is doubtful) gradually transitions to that of the southern-most recorded individual by showing parameres of four intermediate individuals linking the two in a geographically continuous line where the localities of the specimens have similarly distant gaps between them. The northern-most three individuals (L1: Lancangjiang Bridge, central Yunnan, China, Figs. 153–154; L 2: Jinghong, southern Yunnan, China, Figs. 155–156; L 3: Wiang Papao, northern Thailand, Figs. 157–158) have similarly shaped parameres. The most distinct difference is on the shape of LP, which is expected due to the large individual variations. Another noticeable difference between them is that BN are vertically long in L1, whereas slightly shorter in L2 and even shorter in L3. The general structure of these parameres can be summarized as: BN rather long and wide, with lower margin slightly upward; ULM almost straight; WP almost at middle; LIM mostly vertical, parallel to each other. The next form can be seen in L4 (Khao Kho, northern-central Thailand, Figs. 159– 160). Its BN is relatively shorter and narrower than the northern ones, the lower margin is parallel, even slightly extended downward; ULM is distinctly more rounded, especially near base; WP is slightly closer to the base; BP is larger and wider than the northern ones and LIM has a gap between the upper most part that is distinctly larger than the gap between the apices (the slope is larger). Going more south, the individual from L5 (Bangkok, central Thailand, Figs. 161–162) has much smaller and narrower BN, with the lower margin extending distinctly downward; ULM distinctly rounded; WP even closer to the base; BP significantly larger and wider; LIM with much larger slope. Finally, the southern-most individual from L6 (Kraburi, southern Thailand, Figs. 163–164) has similarly shaped BN; even more rounded ULM; WP closer to base; much larger BP and LIM with slightly larger slope. Thus, following the demonstration, it can be seen that except LP having different shape and no trace of any transition (which are expected due to the significant individual variations, even none of them has the exact same shape in the six specimens), the remaining parts is shown to have clear and gradual morphological transition from one to the other: from L1 to L6, BN goes smaller and narrower, with lower margin gradually extended more downward; ULM from almost straight to gradually more rounded; WP gradually closer to base in proportion to the length of the parameres; BP gradually larger and wider; LIM from vertical and parallel, to gradually having larger slope (larger gap near the opening than between the apices). The morphology of each parameres (except the outermost two) is intermediate to its adjacent others. Thus, based on this transition, most parts of the parameres is shown to have significant geographical variations, but can be linked via intermediate forms. The basic structure, however, is the same regardless of the variations: base of the parameres with a pair of overlapping notches; widest point excluding the lateral processes are close to the middle and the lateral margins are with a pair of outward processes which turn inward close to the middle, these processes can be rounded, angulate, or even with a small process-like protuberance at its outer-most point. Under these criteria, other geographical forms can be included, as those illustrated in Figs. 117–146. In those geographical forms, some (usually at the outer region of the distribution) cannot be shown delicate transition to other forms as the above demonstration yet. This is due to the lack of specimens from certain areas, forming gaps between known populations. For the Vietnamese specimens (Figs. 133–136), which are separated from the remaining ones by a large gap of eastern Thailand, the whole of Laos and Cambodia, and northern Vietnam.And the western Yunnan population (Figs. 117–120), although having the central Yunnan individuals not too far away as of direct distance, the riverside from which the parent individual was collected does not link to the area where the western Yunnan population distributes, but directly connects to southern Yunnan. The transition form of that population is speculated to be around eastern Myanmar. The Umphang individual (Figs. 141–142) is highly similar to the more southern individuals and the northern-central individual, but due to the lack of specimen between them, the transition cannot yet be shown. Again, based on the basic structure being the same and the external characters being highly similar and rather stable, they are treated as E. confinis. For the intraspecific relation, the authors follow Endrődi (1977) treating all geographical forms as the same species without separating out any subspecies. This is due to the large individual variations of the parameres, there seem not to be a very stable local form, only overall geographical forms which include many individuals with differently shaped but overall structurally similar parameres. These forms also do not present clear boundary between their adjacent forms. Most forms are linked to each other in a web-shaped relation, thus making it impossible to cut any part of the distribution out to form infraspecific taxa. Remarks. Prell (1913) named Eophileurus confinis Prell, 1913 (holotype Figs. 18–24) and E. decipiens Prell, 1913 (holotype Figs. 25–31) each based on one specimen. He noticed the high similarity between the two species and mentioned the possibility of a infraspecific relation between them. Arrow (1914) described E. siamensis Arrow, 1914 (lectotype Figs. 32–37) without mentioning Prell’s (1913) species. In the revisional work involving Eophileurus, Endrődi (1977) examined many additional specimens and treated both E. decipiens and E. siamensis as junior synonyms of E. confinis. The authors agree with the treatment by Endrődi based on material examined in this paper. Eophileurus takakuwai Yamaya & Muramoto, 2008, whose characters also lie within the variations of E. confinis, is thereby treated as a junior synonym of E. confinis herein. Several historical issues remain for E. confinis, E. decipiens and E. siamensis. Firstly, the type locality of E. confinis is unclear since the locality label of the holotype (Fig. 24) states “Shangkai” (possibly referring to a village in Manipur, India) while original publication stated “ China (Shanghai)” instead. It is possible that Prell misread the label or Felsche personally informed its origin of China to Prell. Overall, the exact situation is now untraceable. The conclusion cannot be drawn currently because no specimen has been discovered from both localities subsequently. Until further discovery is made, the authors suggest that the type locality should be considered as “ Shanghai, China ” as originally stated in Prell (1913), although it is unlikely that a Eophileurus species mainly known from Indochina could distribute to Shanghai. Secondly, the type locality of E. decipiens is “Casamanca”, which is clearly falsely labeled (Prell 1913; Endrődi 1977). Considering the high similarity of the parameres of the holotype (Figs. 28–30) to those of the population from northern Thailand (Figs. 125–132), the possible origin of the holotype could be around that area. Lastly, E. siamensis Arrow, 1914 was described from “ Bangkok ” and “Chantabon” based on two syntypes. The originally dissected syntype (from Bangkok, Figs. 32–37) matches the original description and is therefore designated as the lectotype. The other syntype (from Chantabon) was dissected by Keita Matsumoto (BMNH) and proved to be E. quadratifovealis, new species. The spelling of “Chantabon” is likely a typo of “Chantaboon”, currently known as Chanthaburi, where the holotype of E. quadratifovealis was collected. Additionally, the authors noticed that E. confinis from Thailand and Laos was misidentified as E. malyi Endrődi, 1978 (type material examined) by Yamaya & Muramoto (2008). Additional comments are presented in the remarks section of E. malyi., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on pages 454-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. viii. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124.","Arrow, G. J. (1937) Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 156. W. Junk, Gravenhage, pp. 1 - 124.","Endrodi, S. (1977) Monographie de Dynastinae VIII Tribus Phileurini. Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatlichen Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 41 (4), 93 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112546161","Endrodi, S. (1985) The Dynastinae of the World. W. Junk, Dordrecht, 800 pp.","Zhang, Y. - W. (1991) Revision of the family Dynastidae from China (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Scientific Treatise on Systematic and Evolutionary Zoology, 1, 173 - 188.","Krajcik, M. (2005) Dynastinae of the World Checklist (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Animma. x, Supplement 2, 1 - 122.","Yamaya, S. & Muramoto, R. (2008) On the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae), with descriptions of five new species. Kogane, Supplement 2, 1 - 34.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Li, J., Zhang, X., Lin, L. & Gao, M. (2014) Checklist of the Subfamily Dynastinae of China. Le Coleopteriste, 17 (1), 65 - 68.","Jakl, S. & Zidek, J. (2015) Contribution to the knowledge of Oriental and Austro-Papuan Eophileurus Arrow, with descriptions of two new species. Folia Heyrovskyana, Series A, 23 (2), 14 - 26.","Arrow, G. J. (1914) Some further notes on Lamellicorn beetles of the sub-family Dynastinae. The Annals and Magazine of natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 8 (14), 257 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693571","Endrodi, S. (1978) Zwei neue Eophileurus Arten aus Thailand. Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici, 70, 183 - 185."]}

Eophileurus prelli Yang & Pathomwattananurak, new species (Figs. 93–98, 111–112, 173–174) Type material. (2♂♂, 3♀♀). Holotype: (♂, MYNU), “ 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, Mt. Axan, Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1300 m, VIII.2017, local collector leg.” Paratypes: 1♀ (MYNU) “ 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, Mt. Axan, Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1300 m, XI.2017, local collector leg.”; 1♂, 1♀ (CYQZ), “ 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, Mt. Axan, Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1300 m, VII.2019, local collector leg.”; 1♀ (CYQZ) “ 15°57'52.4"N, 107°26'20.6"E, Mt. Axan, Tay Giang Dist., Quang Nam Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1300 m, VI.2020, local collector leg.” Holotype (male). General (Figs. 93–94): Body black, rather oblong, flattened, surface slightly shiny; ventral surface clads with dense, long reddish setae. Head: Clypeus sparsely punctate, punctures large, with a short, slightly backward horn at middle and a distinct ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex slightly acute. Frons moderately depressed, disk with sparse micropunctures. Mandible sinuate at outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense, fine punctures, becoming much denser and larger near all margins. Anterior region with a large, rather deep, round fovea; punctures in fovea very dense and large, round or in sub-U-shape, sometimes coalescent mostly at anterior region; with two very weak protuberances at each side. All margins beaded except before fovea, more strongly beaded at sides. Anterior angle acute, posterior angle rounded. Scutellum: Surface impunctate. Elytra: Surface with sparse micropunctures, and dense and large, round punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in two irregular rows combined at middle to one irregular row, interstice 2 with punctures in one irregular row. Primary costa A distinct, primary costa B indistinct. Subapical umbones moderately prominent. Margin of elytron slightly curved outward, dilated horizontally from base to about posterior three-seventh. Pygidium: convex, almost impunctate, except regions near all sides sparsely punctate. Metasternum: Surface mainly black, with slight reddish color at medial portion; with a lance-shaped depression at center; region near all sides with dense and small punctures; central portion with sparse and small punctures; setae reddish, long, mainly at anterior region. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with sparse micropunctures throughout and larger punctures at each side; ventrite 6 with a shallow, horizontally oval depression at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi strongly thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged and moderately elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, moderately curved outward at middle; outer metatibial spur shorter, strongly curved outwards. Parameres (Figs. 173–174): Slender and symmetric; in frontal view (Fig. 173), outer sides prominent at anterior one-third; inner margins sinuate, slightly curved outward between middle and apex; with a pair of processes emerging from inner margins near apex, apices curved forward, and a pair of processes at middle of outer margins, curved inward at apices; apex enlarged, outer margins extending outward; a pair of triangular processes from lower base of parameres visible; in lateral view (Fig. 174), upper margin slightly depressed near base; outer processes bent backward; apex strongly bent backward. Paratype (male). Slightly underdeveloped than the holotype; characters stable, with clypeal horn slightly shorter; fovea slightly smaller and shallower, in longitudinal oval shape, widest at anterior one-third; scutellum sparsely punctate, with only a few punctures near base (Fig. 95, 111). Paratypes (female). Similar to male, except clypeus and frons much more densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn much shorter; fovea absent, with a very shallow and densely punctate furrow on anterior region of pronotum; scutellum sparsely punctate near base; pygidium flattened at middle; depression on metasternum shallower and slightly narrower; ventrite 6 without depression, with dense rugopunctures near anterior margin; protarsi not thickened, inner claw not enlarged and elongated (Fig. 96–98, 112). Measurements. Body length: male 22.9–23.5 mm (holotype 22.9 mm), female 23.5–25.4 mm; body width: male 11.2–11.5 mm (holotype 11.2 mm), female 10.3–12.6 mm. Diagnosis. This species resembles E. heyrovskyi Král & Strnad, 1992 (Figs. 65–70) due to the similar external characters and the backward processes at the outer sides of the parameres. It can be distinguished from the latter by the following points: elytral punctures relatively smaller; elytral margin more weakly dilated (Figs. 93, 95–96, 98); metasternum with a lance-shaped depression at center (Figs. 94, 97), whereas absent in E. heyrovskyi (Figs. 66, 69); protarsi more strongly thickened (Figs. 93–95); shapes of parameres different (Figs. 167–168 for E. heyrovskyi, 173–174 for E. prelli, new species). Etymology. This species is named in honor of the German zoologist Prof. Heinrich Prell (1888–1962) for his significant contribution to the study of the subfamily Dynastinae. Distribution. Vietnam. Remarks. Amongst other Eophileurus from Vietnam, E. prelli, new species is related to both E. heyrovskyi Král & Strnad, 1992 and E. baolocensis Muramoto, 2004 by the rounded posterior angle of pronotum. Although its type locality is closer to the distributing area of E. baolocensis, it is more closely related to E. heyrovskyi due to them both having backward processes on the outer sides of the parameres.Additionally, since its type locality is extremely close to Laos, occurrence of this species in Laos would not be surprising., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on pages 470-472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Kral, D. & Strnad, J. (1992) New Eophileurus species from Vietnam (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Folia Heyrovskyana, 1, 3 - 6.","Muramoto, R. (2004) Notes on the genus Eophileurus Arrow (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) from Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from southern Vietnam. Kogane, 5, 21 - 24."]}

Eophileurus felschei Prell, 1913 (Figs. 1c, 38–53) Eophileurus felschei Prell, 1913: 111 (type locality: “ Delhi Genji, Coromandel”), plates 1–2, fig. 4 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi 1977: 101 (Coromandel; Delhi; Genji; Madras; Taniore; Bhadravati), fig. 4 (parameres); Endrődi 1985: 664, fig. 2005 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Yamaya & Muramoto 2008: 26; Krajčik 2012: 101; Jákl & Zídek 2015: 19. Eophileurus grossepunctatus Dupuis, 2014: 13, (type locality: “ Inde Anglaise, Shimoga”), plate 13, fig. 7 (parameres); fig. 1 (male habitus), fig. 3 (parameres); Jákl & Zídek 2015: 19; new synonym. Type material examined. Lectotype of Eophileurus felschei Prell, 1913 (♀, MFNB, Figs. 38–41), labeled: “ GENJI 25 août – 15 sept 1901 // COROMANDEL M. MAINDRON // Eophileurus felschei Prell ♀ - Type // Lectotypus Eophileurus felschei Prell SEndrődi”. Paralectotype of E. felschei Prell, 1913 (♂, MTD, Figs. 42–48), labeled: “Sum. Deli // Typus // Coll. C. Felsche Kauf 20, 1918 // Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde Dresden”, examined through photographs provided by Olaf Jäger. Holotype of E. grossepunctatus Dupuis, 2014 (♂, MNHN, Figs. 49–53), labeled: “ INDE ANGLAISE Shimoga // Eophileurus sp. R.-P. Dechambre // Eophileurus grossepunctatus n.sp. Holotype F. Dupuis 2014 // HOLOTYPE // MNHN EC4413”, examined through website photographs provided by Antoine Mantilleri. Additional material examined (1♂). India: 1♂ (CQZY), Dwarakapuram Village, Naidupet Mandal, Nellore Dist., Andhra Pradesh, 6.X.2010, Local Collector leg. Distribution. India. Remarks. Eophileurus felschei Prell, 1913 was described based on one pair of specimens from “Genji, India ”. The lectotype (Figs. 38–41) was designated by Endrődi (1977), which is the female specimen housed in MFNB. The paralectotype (Figs. 42–48) of this species is the male specimen housed in MTD. In recent years, Dupuis (2014) described E. grossepunctatus Dupuis, 2014 from “Shimoga, India ” (Holotype: Figs. 49–53) without providing any comparison to E. felschei. After the examination of the type material of both taxa, it is clear that no major differences are present in both the appearance and the parameres other than slight differences on the lateral processes of the parameres of the two male types (the lateral processes are slightly more enlarged and expanded at their apices in the type of E. felschei and less so in E. grossepunctatus. This mild difference can be seen in Fig. 46 versus Fig. 52 for the front view, and Fig. 47 versus Fig. 51 for the lateral view). Following the conclusion of the discussion section at the end of this paper, it is observed that the lateral processes bare the largest individual and geographical variations, and with differences this mild, the differences are too insignificant to separate them from a single species. Hence, E. grossepunctatus is conspecific with E. felschei and thus synonymized here., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on page 460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. viii. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124.","Arrow, G. J. (1937) Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 156. W. Junk, Gravenhage, pp. 1 - 124.","Endrodi, S. (1977) Monographie de Dynastinae VIII Tribus Phileurini. Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatlichen Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 41 (4), 93 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112546161","Endrodi, S. (1985) The Dynastinae of the World. W. Junk, Dordrecht, 800 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2005) Dynastinae of the World Checklist (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Animma. x, Supplement 2, 1 - 122.","Yamaya, S. & Muramoto, R. (2008) On the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae), with descriptions of five new species. Kogane, Supplement 2, 1 - 34.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Jakl, S. & Zidek, J. (2015) Contribution to the knowledge of Oriental and Austro-Papuan Eophileurus Arrow, with descriptions of two new species. Folia Heyrovskyana, Series A, 23 (2), 14 - 26.","Dupuis, F. (2014) Deux nouvelles especes d' Eophileurus Arrow, 1908. Coleopteres, 20 (3), 13 - 18."]}

Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon (2022): Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa 5165 (4): 451-485, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1

Eophileurus malyi Endrődi, 1978 (Figs. 71–78) Eophileurus malyi Endrődi, 1978: 184 (type locality: “ Patani, Sudsiam”) fig. 2 (parameres); Endrődi 1985: 667, fig. 2017 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Krajčik 2012: 102; Jákl & Zídek 2015: 19. Type material examined. Holotype (♂, HNHM, Figs. 71–75), labeled: “ Patani Südsiam Friederichs // I. q. // Holotypus Eophileurus malyi Endr. ”, examined through photographs provided by Ottó Merkl. Paratype (♀, HNHM, Figs. 76–78), labeled: “ Patani Südsiam Friederichs // Paratypus Eophileurus malyi Endr. ”, examined through photographs provided by the late Ottó Merkl. Additional material examined. None. Distribution. Thailand. Remarks. Eophileurus malyi Endrődi, 1978 was described from southern Thailand with no additional material known to literature since its discovery. The type series (Figs. 71–78) clearly suggest its close relationship to E. confinis Prell, 1913 but the parameres are structurally different in having an extra pair of backward process at the center of the parameres in frontal view (Fig. 73)., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on pages 465-468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Endrodi, S. (1978) Zwei neue Eophileurus Arten aus Thailand. Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici, 70, 183 - 185.","Endrodi, S. (1985) The Dynastinae of the World. W. Junk, Dordrecht, 800 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2005) Dynastinae of the World Checklist (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Animma. x, Supplement 2, 1 - 122.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Jakl, S. & Zidek, J. (2015) Contribution to the knowledge of Oriental and Austro-Papuan Eophileurus Arrow, with descriptions of two new species. Folia Heyrovskyana, Series A, 23 (2), 14 - 26.","Endrodi, S. (1977) Monographie de Dynastinae VIII Tribus Phileurini. Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatlichen Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 41 (4), 93 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112546161","Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. viii. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124."]}

Eophileurus heyrovskyi Král & Strnad, 1992 (Figs. 65–70, 167–168) Eophileurus heyrovskyi Král & Strnad, 1992: 3 (type locality: “N. Vietnam, Tam Dao”), figs. 1 (male protarsi), 2–3 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Yamaya & Muramoto 2008: 26 (Guangxi, China), figs. 69–70 (male habitus), 71 (male pronotum), 72 (male elytra), 73–74 (parameres); Krajčik 2012: 101; Jákl & Zídek 2015: 19. Eophileurus katsurai Muramoto, 1995: 223 (type locality: “ Vietnam, Tamdao”), figs. 1 (male habitus), 2–3 (parameres); Muramoto 2004: 23 (synonymized with Eophileurus heyrovskyi Král & Strnad, 1992); Krajčik 2005: 64. Type material examined. None. Additional material examined (5♂♂, 1♀). China: Guangxi: 1♂ (CQZY), Longli Village, Renzhuang Township, Jingxi County, Baise City, 9.VII.2015, alt. 800 m, Jian-Yue Qiu leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mt. Dayaoshan, Jinxiu County, Laibin City, alt. 1200 m, 2.VII.2015, Local collector leg.; 2♂♂, 1♀ (CQZY), Luoyingou, Dayaoshan Town, Jinxiu County, Laibin City, alt. 1100 m, 6.VII.2018, J.- T. Zhao leg.; 1♂ (CQZY), Mt. Laoshan, Baise City, alt. 1500 m, 8. VI.2018, Local collector leg.; 2♀♀ (CQZY), Mt. Damingshan, Wuming Dist., Nanning City, alt. 1200 m, 15–18.VII.2007, Cheng-Hui Zhan leg. Distribution. China: Guangxi; Vietnam. Remarks. This species was originally recorded from northern Vietnam (Tam Dao). Yamaya & Muramoto (2008) firstly reported this species from China, which is confirmed here with additional records., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on pages 464-465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Kral, D. & Strnad, J. (1992) New Eophileurus species from Vietnam (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Folia Heyrovskyana, 1, 3 - 6.","Krajcik, M. (2005) Dynastinae of the World Checklist (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Animma. x, Supplement 2, 1 - 122.","Yamaya, S. & Muramoto, R. (2008) On the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae), with descriptions of five new species. Kogane, Supplement 2, 1 - 34.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Jakl, S. & Zidek, J. (2015) Contribution to the knowledge of Oriental and Austro-Papuan Eophileurus Arrow, with descriptions of two new species. Folia Heyrovskyana, Series A, 23 (2), 14 - 26.","Muramoto, R. (1995) Two new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) from Southeast Asia. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 1, 223 - 226.","Muramoto, R. (2004) Notes on the genus Eophileurus Arrow (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) from Southeast Asia, with description of a new species from southern Vietnam. Kogane, 5, 21 - 24."]}

Eophileurus sidereus Yang & Pathomwattananurak, new species (Figs. 103–108, 115–116, 181–184, 193–196) Type material. (6♂♂, 12♀♀). Holotype: (♂, THNHM ), “ F1 generation of female from 5°53'07.5"N, 101°01'17.6"E, Betong Dist., Yala Prov., Thailand, 18.X.2020, Suradet Sae-Liang leg., adult emerged in II.2021 ”. Paratypes: 1♀ (THNHM), “ 5°53'07.5"N, 101°01'17.6"E, Betong Dist., Yala Prov., Thailand, 18.X.2020, Suradet Sae-Liang leg.”; 1♀ (THNHM), same label as the holotype; 3♂♂, 7♀♀ (CWT), same labels as the holotype; 2♂♂, 3♀♀ (ZQZY), same labels as the holotype. Holotype (male). General (Figs. 103–104, 115): Body dark reddish-brown, rather oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface clads with slightly dense, long reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus with very sparse small punctures, with a long and backward horn at middle, as well as a ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex slightly rounded. Frons depressed, disk almost impunctate, only with a few punctures at each side. Mandible sinuate at outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense and large punctures, punctures becoming denser close to margins. Anterior region with a large, deep, round fovea; punctures in fovea semi-rounded, moderately sparse; margin with a weak protuberance at each side posteriorly. Side roundly curved; all margins beaded except before the fovea, more strongly at sides. Anterior angle acute, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface with only a few punctures close to base. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, each with scale-liked seta, and dense, sub-U-shape, large punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in three irregular rows combined to two irregular rows at anterior third, and to one irregular row at middle, interstice 2 with one irregular row. Primary costa A and primary costa B rather distinct. Subapical umbones slightly prominent. Margin of elytron moderately dilated horizontally from base to posterior three-seventh. Pygidium: slightly convex, with dense punctures throughout, punctures denser near base and sparser near apex, each with scale-liked seta. Metasternum: Surface mainly reddish, with black region near sides and posterior margin; center with a small, shallow depression; punctures large and dense close to all sides; median region with sparser, slightly smaller punctures; setae yellow, short, at anterior region and each side. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with dense and small punctures throughout, punctures becoming slightly denser at each side; ventrite 6 with rugose and large punctures at anterior region, and a very shallow, horizontally oval depression at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi strongly thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged and elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, apex slightly curved outward, outer metatibial spur shorter, very slightly curved outward. Parameres (Figs. 181–182): In front view (Fig. 181), base very weakly overlapped; outer sides curved outward at anterior one-third, and curved inward at anterior two-third, with a pair of long, acute, outward processes near apex; inner sides curved outward near anterior one-third, with a pair of overlapped, triangular, inward processes at anterior two-third; apex rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 182), base extending backward; apex strongly bent backward, with a process near apex slightly backwards, and an upward process at upper margin; in ventral view, ventral base with a pair of short, outward, flat, semicircular processes. Paratypes (male). Extremely similar to holotype, characters mainly stable, except clypeal horn slightly shorter; fovea more sparsely punctate; scutellum sometimes impunctate; micropunctures on elytra slightly sparser (Fig. 105); processes at inner sides of parameres extended less upward in front view and less upward in lateral view (Figs. 183–184). Paratypes (female). Similar to male, except clypeus and frons much more densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn much shorter; fovea absent, with an extremely shallow and narrow furrow on anterior region of pronotum; pronotum densely rugopunctate anteriorly; scutellum sometimes impunctate; elytral margin slightly more dilated; pygidium slightly flattened at center, with a small protuberance close to apex; ventrite 6 without depression, with slightly larger punctures throughout, rugopunctures denser near anterior margin; protarsi not thickened, inner protarsal claw not enlarged and elongated (Figs. 106–108, 116). Measurements. Body length: male 25.1–26.1 mm (holotype 26.1 mm), female 22.4–25.7 mm; body width: male 12.4–13.8 mm (holotype 13.2 mm), female 11.3–12.5 mm. Diagnosis. This species is related to E. nicobarensis Endrődi, 1977 (Figs. 79–86), but differs in the following points: clypeal horn much larger; pronotum with denser and larger punctures throughout; fovea much larger, with denser and larger punctures; elytra with smaller and denser punctures and much denser micropunctures; elytral margin more strongly dilated (Figs. 103–108, 115–116); parameres wider, base much less significantly overlapped, apex slightly narrower; processes near apex smaller, apex of each process less backwardly extended (Figs. 181– 184, 193–196), inner overlapped processes absent in E. nicobarensis (Figs. 81–82). E. sidereus, new species also resembles E. gracilis Prell, 1913 for having similar external characters (Figs. 54–56, 60–61) and similarly shaped overlapped processes at the inner sides of the parameres. Although having these similarities, the new species can be easily distinguished from E. gracilis by the rest of the parameres: the base of the parameres extending backwards, overlapped processes at the inner sides near base absent, strongly backwardly curved process at the outer sides absent, but with an additional pair of outward processes at the outer sides near the apex (Figs. 181–184, 193–196 for E. sidereus, new species, Figs. 57–58, 62–63 for E. gracilis). Etymology. This new species is named for its shiny elytra with dense punctures and micropunctures, with the reflection of light onto the punctures and micropunctures giving the impression of a starry sky. The name “sidereus” means “full of stars”. Distribution. Thailand. Variations. This species also has parameres with distinct individual variations. With four male offspring from the same wild female all having slightly differently shaped parameres, as shown in Figs. 193–196. The most significant variation here is the inner processes pointing different angles. Remarks. This species resembles both E. nicobarensis Endrődi, 1977 and E. gracilis Prell, 1913, but is more closely related to the former for an essential reason: the base of the parameres of E. sidereus, new species (Figs. 181–184, 193–196) and E. nicobarensis (Figs. 81–82) both backwardly extended, but not in E. gracilis (Figs. 57–58, 62–63). The rest of the parameres of the new species also shows much more similarity to E. nicobarensis than to E. gracilis as stated in the diagnosis. The morphology of the parameres also suggest relation to the insular species such as E. javanus Prell, 1913 due to them having extended backward base of the parameres, and the similar curvature of the middle and apex region of the parameres in lateral view, but since the overlapping of the base of the parameres rarely appears on any insular species, they are therefore less closely related than to the aforementioned two species. Overall, E. sidereus, new species might be an intermediating species between Indochinese and insular species since its parameres show similarity to both., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on pages 474-476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Endrodi, S. (1977) Monographie de Dynastinae VIII Tribus Phileurini. Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatlichen Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 41 (4), 93 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112546161","Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. viii. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124."]}

Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913 (Figs. 54–64) Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913: 116 (type locality: “Andamanen”), plate 1–2, fig. 9 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi 1977: 106 (Coromandel; Delhi; Genji; Madras; Taniore; Bhadravati), fig. 15 (parameres); Endrődi 1985: 667, fig. 2018 (parameres); Krajčik 2005: 64; Yamaya & Muramoto 2008: 26, figs. 65–66 (female habitus), fig. 67 (female pronotum), fig. 68 (female elytra); Krajčik 2012: 101; Jákl & Zídek 2015: 19. Eophileurus andamanicus Arrow, 1914: 261 (type locality: “Andaman Is.”; “Nicobar Is”.), plate 13, fig. 3 (parameres); Arrow 1937: 84; Endrődi 1977: 95 (synonymized with Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913); Krajčik 2005: 64 (in synonymy). Type material examined. Lectotype of Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913 (♂, MFNB, Figs. 54–59), labeled: “Andamanen // Eophileurus gracilis Prell ♂ - Type // Lectotypus Eophileurus gracilis Prell SEndrődi”. Lectotype of E. andamanicus Arrow, 1914 (hereby designated; ♂, BMNH, Figs. 60–64), labeled: “SYN-TYPE // Andaman Islands // Fry Coll. 1905-100. // Capt Wimberley // 45001 // NHMUK 014380703”, an additional red label will be provided labeling: “ Lectotype Eophileurus andamanicus Arrow, 1914 des. Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022”, examined through photographs provided by Keita Matsumoto. Paralectotypes of E. andamanicus Arrow, 1914, 1♀ (BMNH), labeled: “SYN-TYPE // Andaman Islands // Fry Coll. 1905-100. // Capt Wimberley // NHMUK014380707 ”; 1♀ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380704 ” and with an additional label: “ planatus, Wied. Puncture rather tiner than type compared with type. G. A. K. M. Sept. 1907.”; 1♂ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380705 ” and with an additional label: “ ♂ ”; 1♂ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380706 ” and with an additional label: “ Eophileurus gracilis, Prell Determined from description. G. J. A.”; 1♀ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380708 ” and with an additional label: “ ♀ ”; 1♀ (BMNH), same data as the first ♀, but the last label with “ NHMUK014380708 ”; 1♂ (BMNH), labeled: “SYN-TYPE // TYPE H. T. // Roeþtorff // Sumatra Nicobar I. // Fry Coll. 1905-100. // NHMUK014380702 ”. An additional red label will be provided for each paralectotype labeling: “ Paralectotype Eophileurus andamanicus Arrow, 1914 des. Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022”, examined through photographs provided by Keita Matsumoto. Additional material examined. None. Distribution. India: Andaman Is., Nicobar Is. Remarks. Eophileurus gracilis Prell, 1913 was described from Andaman Island. Eophileurus andamanicus Arrow, 1914 was described from Andaman Island and Nicobar Island by Arrow (1914) without mentioning the species described by Prell one year prior, it is then treated as junior synonym of E. gracilis by Endrődi (1985). By examining the type material of E. gracilis (Figs. 54–59) and E. andamanicus (Figs. 60–64), the treatment by Endrődi is considered valid. Lectotype of E. andamanicus is designated for the only syntype originally dissected by Arrow. The paralectotype from Nicobar Island was dissected by Keita Matsumoto (BMNH) and confirmed to be conspecific, thus confirming its distribution on Nicobar Island., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on pages 462-464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. viii. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124.","Arrow, G. J. (1937) Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae. In: Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 156. W. Junk, Gravenhage, pp. 1 - 124.","Endrodi, S. (1977) Monographie de Dynastinae VIII Tribus Phileurini. Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatlichen Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 41 (4), 93 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783112546161","Endrodi, S. (1985) The Dynastinae of the World. W. Junk, Dordrecht, 800 pp.","Krajcik, M. (2005) Dynastinae of the World Checklist (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Animma. x, Supplement 2, 1 - 122.","Yamaya, S. & Muramoto, R. (2008) On the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae), with descriptions of five new species. Kogane, Supplement 2, 1 - 34.","Krajcik, M. (2012) Checklist of the World Scarabaeoidea. Animma. x, Supplement 5, 1 - 278.","Jakl, S. & Zidek, J. (2015) Contribution to the knowledge of Oriental and Austro-Papuan Eophileurus Arrow, with descriptions of two new species. Folia Heyrovskyana, Series A, 23 (2), 14 - 26.","Arrow, G. J. (1914) Some further notes on Lamellicorn beetles of the sub-family Dynastinae. The Annals and Magazine of natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 8 (14), 257 - 276. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693571"]}

Eophileurus minor Yang & Pathomwattananurak, new species (Figs. 87–92, 109–110, 169–172, 185–192) Type material. (14♂♂, 19♀♀). Holotype: (♂, THNHM ), labeled: “ Bua Yai Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 5.IX.2020, S. Kongsukthana leg.” Paratypes: 1♀ (THNHM), same label as the holotype; 1♀ (CYQZ), same label as the holotype; 1♂, 1♀ (CYQZ), “ Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 26.IX.2020, S. Watcharachod leg.”; 1♂ (CYQZ), “ Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 2020, S. Watcharachod leg.”; 1♀ (CWP), “ 15°17’03"N, 104°51'48"E, Ubon Ratchathani Prov., Thailand, 20.XI.2020, T. Unnahachote leg.”; 1♂, 1♀ (CWP), “ Ban Mai Subdist., Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Thailand, 2020, K. Pongsirisopaporn leg.”; 1♂ (CWP), “ Phanat Nikhom Dist., Chonburi Prov., Thailand, Pichaphop Junaime leg., adult emerged in VII.2021 ”; 1♀ (CWP), “ Nong Nak Subdist., Nong Khae Dist., Saraburi Prov., Thailand, 22.VII.2021, Bannatad Benja leg.”; 3♂♂, 6♀♀ (CWT), “ F1 generation of female from Nong Nak Subdist., Nong Khae Dist., Saraburi Prov., Thailand, 22.VII.2021, Bannatad Benja leg., adult emerged in XI.2021 ”; 2♂♂, 4♀♀ (CYQZ), “ F1 generation of female from Nong Nak Subdist., Nong Khae Dist., Saraburi Prov., Thailand, 22.VII.2021, Bannatad Benja leg., adult emerged in XI.2021 ”; 2♂♂, 3♀♀ (CWP), “ Khwan Mueang, Selaphum Dist., Roi Et Prov., Thailand, 18.IX.2021. Nattapat Kamhom leg.”; 1♂ (CYQZ), “ Street Thanon Chaiyaphruek, Na Kluea Subdist., Bang Lamung Dist., Chon Buri Prov., Thailand, alt. 5 m, 2.II.2020, BoNing Li leg.”; 1♂ (CYQZ), “ Dong Tien Commune, Ham Thuan Bac dist., Binh Thuan Prov., Vietnam, V.2020, Van Dang leg.” Holotype (male). General (Figs. 87–88, 109): Body black with very slight reddish color, rather oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface clads with very dense, long reddish yellow setae. Head: Clypeus densely punctate with rugopunctures, with a very short, slightly backward, conical horn at middle, an indistinct ridge from horn to apex and a more distinct ridge behind the horn; clypeal apex rounded. Frons slightly depressed, disk with dense, small punctures, becoming denser and larger near sides. Mandible slightly sinuate at outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense, small punctures, becoming denser and larger near all margins. Anterior region with a small, very shallow, round fovea; punctures in fovea dense and large. All margins moderately beaded except before fovea, more strongly beaded at sides. Anterior angle acute, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface almost impunctate, with only a few small punctures at center. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, each with scale-liked seta, and dense and large, sub-U-shape or round punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in two to three irregular rows combined at middle to one irregular row, interstice 2 with punctures in one irregular row. Primary costa A and primary costa B indistinct. Subapical umbones slightly prominent. Margins of elytra parallel, strongly and horizontally dilated from base to posterior two-fifth. Pygidium: convex, with dense, small punctures throughout, punctures denser and smaller near apical margin. Metasternum: Surface mainly dark reddish, with darker color at posterior region; region near sides with dense and large punctures; central portion with only sparse and small punctures; setae reddish yellow, long, near all margins except posterior margin. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with sparse micropunctures throughout and larger punctures at each side except on ventrite 6; ventrite 6 with large punctures throughout and a distinct, horizontally oval depression at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi strongly thickened, inner protibial claw distinctly enlarged and elongated. Inner metatibial spur very long, strongly curved outward near apex; outer metatibial spur shorter, slightly curved. Parameres (Figs. 169–170): In frontal view (Fig. 169), inner margins overlapping from middle to near apex; outer sides strongly prominent outward at basal and middle regions; with a pair of wide processes close to middle extending almost to apex, apex of each process extending upward and curving inward, processes at asymmetric positions; apex extending outward; in lateral view (Fig. 170), processes near middle trapezoid; apex bent backward. Paratypes (male). Characters mainly stable, for paratypes from Thailand (Fig. 89): in general, compared to the holotype, elytral margin very rarely much less dilated; parameres sometimes more slender, overlapping area very rarely much smaller than the holotype, processes sometimes thinner, rarely wider, very rarely at symmetric positions; for individuals more well-developed than the holotype, clypeus and frons more sparsely punctate; clypeal horn longer; all margins of pronotum beaded; fovea slightly larger and deeper, with a very weak protuberance at each side at posterior part, punctures within fovea much sparser; for individuals more underdeveloped than the holotype, clypeus and frons more densely rugopunctate; clypeal horn shorter; fovea absent (Figs. 185–187, 190– 192); for the paratype from Vietnam (Fig. 92): slightly more well-developed than the holotype, characters generally identical to well-developed males from Thailand, except elytral margin slightly less dilated; processes of parameres much thinner, not extending to apex, at symmetric positions (Figs. 171–172). Paratypes (female). Similar to male, with clypeus and frons much more densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn much shorter; fovea absent; all margins of pronotum beaded; elytral margin slightly more strongly enlarged and extended further posteriorly; depression absent on last ventrite; protarsi not thickened, inner claw not enlarged and elongated; Inner metatibial relatively shorter, spur less strongly curved outward, sometimes straight (Figs. 90–91, 110). Measurements. Body length: male 17.3–22.5 mm (holotype 19.3 mm), female 18.1–22.0 mm; body width: male 8.8–11.3 mm (holotype 9.6 mm), female 9.2–11.2 mm. Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from other Eophileurus by its overall small size, strongly horizontally enlarged elytral margin which extends beyond the level of midpoint of elytron (Figs. 87, 89–90, 92), significantly long and curved inner metatibial spur (Figs. 87–92) and the unique shape of the parameres (Figs. 169–172, 185–192). Etymology. The name refers to its uniquely small size compared to similarly developed individuals of all other Indochinese Eophileurus. Distribution. Thailand, Vietnam. Variations. The phenomenon of unstable morphology of the parameres is also seen in this species. Indicated in Figs. 185–187, are parameres of males raised from eggs laid by the same wild female, in which variations such as the lateral processes are slightly differently shaped, and a pair of very small teeth can be seen on the lateral margin in the first two individuals but absent in the third. Distinct geographical variations can also be seen in Figs. 185–192, with slight variations on certain parts which are mentioned above in the paratypes (male) section. Remarks. This species is likely closely related to some Indian species due to the following two aspects. Firstly, the morphology of its parameres (Figs. 169–172, 185–192) has an overlapping region close to the center in front view which is shared in many Indian species such as E. felschei Prell, 1913, (Figs. 45–47, 51–52). Secondly, the small size of this species is unique amongst Indochinese species, whereas it is more commonly seen in Indian species. All specimens of this species examined are from low altitude regions. Additionally, the gap in its known distribution between eastern Thailand and southern Vietnam suggests probable occurrence in regions with similar environment in Cambodia and Laos., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi & Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, 2022, Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species, pp. 451-485 in Zootaxa 5165 (4) on pages 468-469, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6853942, {"references":["Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. viii. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124."]}

We demonstrate the laser performance of a 968 nm LD side-pumped Er:LuYSGG crystal rod by optimizing the cavity length and output coupler transmission.

IntroductionThe two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) is a devastating pest of cassava production in China. Lignin is considered as an important defensive barrier against pests and diseases, several genes participate in lignin biosynthesis, however, how these genes modulate lignin accumulation in cassava and shape TSSM-resistance is largely unknown.MethodsTo fill this knowledge gap, while under TSSM infestation, the cassava lignin biosynthesis related genes were subjected to expression pattern analysis followed by family identification, and genes with significant induction were used for further function exploration.ResultsMost genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were up-regulated when the mite-resistant cassava cultivars were infested by TSSM, noticeably, the MePAL gene presented the most vigorous induction among these genes. Therefore, we paid more attention to dissect the function of MePAL gene during cassava-TSSM interaction. Gene family identification showed that there are 6 MePAL members identified in cassava genome, further phylogenetic analysis, gene duplication, cis-elements and conserved motif prediction speculated that these genes may probably contribute to biotic stress responses in cassava. The transcription profile of the 6 MePAL genes in TSSM-resistant cassava cultivar SC9 indicated a universal up-regulation pattern. To further elucidate the potential correlation between MePAL expression and TSSM-resistance, the most strongly induced gene MePAL6 were silenced using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay, we found that silencing of MePAL6 in SC9 not only simultaneously suppressed the expression of other lignin biosynthesis genes such as 4-coumarate--CoA ligase (4CL), hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), but also resulted in decrease of lignin content. Ultimately, the suppression of MePAL6 in SC9 can lead to significant deterioration of TSSM-resistance.DiscussionThis study accurately identified MePAL6 as critical genes in conferring cassava resistance to TSSM, which could be considered as promising marker gene for evaluating cassava resistance to insect pest.

Global climate change has led to more frequent and severe droughts, which can negatively affect instream invertebrate communities, but we lack a perspective on the global patterns and drivers of such drought effects. Here, using meta-analysis, we synthesized 997 paired observations extracted from 94 peer-reviewed publications to assess how drought affects the biomass, density, taxonomic richness, and diversity (Shannon–Wiener, Simpson, and Pielou indices) of instream invertebrates at a global scale. We found that (i) drought significantly decreased instream invertebrate density and taxonomic richness by an average of 4.9 and 5.0%, respectively, had marginal negative effects on Shannon–Wiener index, but did not affect biomass, Simpson index or Pielou index; (ii) the effects of drought on instream invertebrate biomass, density, and diversity were not affected by taxonomic level, indicating the robustness of our results; and (iii) stream water physiochemical characteristics such as water flow velocity, pH, conductivity, discharge, total nitrogen concentration, and chlorophyll-a concentration were important moderator variables of drought effects on instream invertebrate communities. Overall, our results clearly showed the global patterns and driving factors of drought effects on instream invertebrate biomass, density, richness, and diversity, which helps scientists better understand the responses of instream invertebrate communities under ongoing global climate change.

Additional file 2. Attended hospitals.

Additional file 1: Fig S1. The adaptive laboratory evolution experimental procedures to investigate 2-PE tolerance in S. cerevisiae. Fig S2. Cell morphology of the evolved strains at 0 g/L and 3.5 g/L 2-PE and the cell membrane integrity of 19–2 strain and A2-5 strain at 0 g/L and 4.0 g/L 2-PE. Fig S3. The association network of Pdr1p from the STRING website and the different cellular processes they participate in. Fig S4. The fatty acid composition (A) and unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio (B), and membrane integrity (C) of the PKH1_700, PAU20_22 strains in the absence and presence of 3.5 g/L of 2-PE. Table S1. Strains and plasmids used in this study. Table S2. Primers used in this study.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Evaluation of the immunogenicities induced by synthesized peptide sequences. Anti-sera were collected from groups of the mice immunized with JEV-NTE or DV/ZV-NTE. The JEV-NTE or DV/ZV-NTE-specific antibody titers were determined by ELISA coating with synthesized peptide RCPTTGE or RCPTQGE, respectively. Pre-immune serumwas used to determine basal levels for comparison. Dotted lines indicated detection limits. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of two independent experiments. Figure S2. Determination the optimal dose of ADE-positive control mAb 4G2.Schematic representation of the in vivo ADE study design. AG129 mice were first i.p. injected with PBS, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 µg of mAb 4G2, then 24 h later i.p. challenged with 104 FFU of DENV-4. Blood samples were collected at day 3 post-infection and survival rates were monitored for 30 days.Platelets in the blood were counted using an automated hematology analyzer.Viremia levels in the serum were measured by focus-forming assay. Each dot represents the viremia level of an individual mouse.Survival rates were monitored daily for 30 days. The numbers of animalsin each group are shown. Statistical differences in survival rates were evaluated by the log-rank test. The data are representative results of two independent experiments. Data are presented as the means ± SD of two independent experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 [by Log-ranktest or One-way ANOVA]. ns: not significant.

Additional file 6. Table S3 Trends in incidence-based mortality of gynecologic sarcoma by primary tumor sites.

Additional file 3. Table S2 Trends in incidence of gynecologic sarcoma by primary tumor sites and SEER stage.

Additional file 1. Table S1 Trends in incidence of gynecologic sarcoma.

Additional file 1. SPIRIT Checklist.

One of the most sustainable and promising approaches for hydrogen peroxide (H