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Lithium ion-doped polyglycerol sebacate scaffold(PGS)-Li was synthesized by adding lithium ions to polyglycerol sebacate(PGS) during its crosslinking process due to the specific effects of lithium ions on periodontal ligament cells, cementoblasts and the eminent performance of PGS. The molecular mass, composition, structure, porosity, thermal properties, and hydrophilicity of the composite were characterized by gel permeation chromatography(GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA) and contact angle measurments, and the degradation of the material was evaluated by in vitro degradation experiments. The biological activity of PGS-Li scaffold was detected by calcein-AM staining and cytotoxicity test. The results indicate that PGS-Li scaffold has been successfully synthesized, which has similar composition and structure to PGS, but slightly larger molecular weight. In addition, the porosity and pore size of PGS-Li scaffold basically meet the requirements of engineering scaffold materials and the seaffold shows better performance in terms of hydrophilicity and thermal stability than PGS. In vitro degradation experimental results show that the degradation rate of PGS-Li scaffold is higher than that of PGS. What’s more, the results of cytotoxicity test and cell staining show that there is no significant difference in the proliferation and cell morphology of cementoblasts.

Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. Figs 3���4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 25FD9445-4EA0-4776-9324-92C6B04C342E Holotype. KIZ 20160266, an adult male, collected at 22:10 on 20 July 2017 by Guohua Yu from Mengding Township (23��27'46.66"N, 99��9'14.11"E, 1040 m a.s.l.; Fig. 1), Gengma County, Lincang city, Yunnan, China. Paratype. KIZ 20160265, an adult female, collected at same time with the holotype from the type locality by Guohua Yu. KIZ 20160317, KIZ 20160318, and KIZ 20160321���20160323, five adult males, collected from the type locality by Guohua Yu at 21:00���22:30 on 11 April 2018. Etymology. The specific epithet is named for the type locality, Mengding Township. Diagnosis. Morphologically, A. mendingensis sp. nov. assigns to the A. monticola group by having the combination of smooth dorsal skin, dorsolateral fold, and the side of head dark with a light-colored upper lip stripe extending to the axilla (Stuart et al. 2010). Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other members in its group by having a combination of the following characters: 1) top of head and dorsum green with dark spots on dorsum; 2) loreal region dark brown and flanks brown without any coloration of green; 3) SVL 36.9��� 40.2 mm in males and 64.3 mm in female; 4) dorsal surface smooth, except white spinules on posterior part of dorsolateral folds and above vent; 5) two external subgular vocal sacs in males; 6) vomerine teeth in two oblique ridges, separated by a small distance; 7) pineal body absent; 8) snout longer than eye diameter; 9) internarial space broader than interorbital space; 10) tympanum distinct, smaller than half of eye diameter; 11) all fingertips expanded; 12) two palmar tubercles; 13) outer metatarsal tubercle absent; 14) tibiotarsal articulation reaching beyond snout tip; and 15) velvety nuptial pads. Description of holotype. Adult male (SVL 39.7 mm); head longer (HL 13.7 mm) than wide (HW 12.6 mm); snout obtusely pointed, projecting beyond margin of lower jaw in ventral view, rounded in profile; canthus rostralis distinct, nearly straight; loreal region sloping, concave; nostrils oval, lateral, slightly protuberant, slightly closer to eye than snout tip; internarial distance (IND 4.7 mm) greater than interorbital distance (IOD 3.6 mm); upper eyelid width (UEW 3.4 mm) slightly narrower than interorbital space; pineal spot absent; pupil oval, horizontal; tympanum distinct, rounded, less than half eye diameter; supratympanic fold indistinct; vomerine teeth in two oblique rows between choanae, closer to each other than choanae; choanae oval; tongue attached anteriorly, cordiform, deeply notched posteriorly; vocal sac opening on floor of mouth at each corner; two external subgular vocal sacs. Forelimbs robust, relative length of fingers I Coloration of holotype. In life, iris bronze with red wash and black reticulations; top of head and dorsum light green with some dark spots; narrow, brown stripe on edge of canthus from tip of snout among margin of upper eyelid, continuing along upper edge of dorsolateral fold; side of head dark brown from snout tip to axilla; white upper lip stripe extending to axilla; flanks brown; limbs dorsally grayish brown with clear dark brown bars on hindlimbs; ventral surface nearly immaculate; throat, chest, and abdomen white, mottled with light yellow, more so on throat; venter of limbs grayish; subarticular tubercles dark grayish; foot webbing yellowish-gray. In preservative, dorsum faded to gray with dark spots; dorsal surface of limbs whitish-gray with dark bands and marbling; head side black brown; flanks gray-brown; throat, chest, abdomen, and ventral surfaces of limbs faded to white, almost immaculate. Morphological variation. Table 4 gives measurements of holotype and paratypes. The new species is sexually dimorphic with female being obviously larger than males and having no vocal sacs and nuptial pads. THL is longer than FHL in holotype and all paratypes except paratype KIZ 20160318. In addition, FHL is slightly longer than FL in holotype and all paratypes except paratype KIZ 20160265. Distribution and ecology. The new species is only known from the type locality (Fig. 5a). The holotype and the paratype KIZ 20160265 were found in amplexus on a rock in the stream at night on 20 July 2017 and other individuals were found on leaves or small branches less than 1 m above the ground along the stream at night on 11 April 2018, indicating that the breeding season of A. mengdingensis sp. nov. may be from April to July. The female paratype KIZ 20160265 laid eggs soon after it was caught. Eggs white (Fig. 5b). Neither tadpoles nor vocal recordings were collected for the new species. Xenophrys major Boulenger, 1908, Limnoectes banaensis Ye, Fei, & Jiang, 2007, and Odorrana graminea (Boulenger, 1899) were also encountered along the stream at the type locality. Comparisons. Phylogenetic data assign the new species to the A. monticola group, which at present has 16 species, and suggest close relationships to with A. akhaorum and A. archotaphus (Fig. 2). Genetically, the new species differs from A. akhaorum and A. archotaphus by 4.7% and 5.2%, respectively, for 16S sequences. Morphologically, A. mengdingensis sp. nov. differs from A. akhaorum by having larger males (SVL 36.9���40.2 mm versus SVL 34.9���37.2 mm), having two palmar tubercles (versus palmar tubercle absent), having velvety nuptial pad in males (versus nuptial pad absent), having white spinules on the posterior part of dorsolateral fold (versus lacking white spinules on the dorsolateral fold), and lacking large raised tubercles on dorsum, pineal body, and distinct transverse bands on dorsal surface of forelimbs (versus all present); and from A. archotaphus by top of head and dorsum green and flanks brown (versus dorsal and lateral surfaces olive green), all finger tips expanded into discs (versus outer three fingers expanded into discs), dorsolateral folds distinct (versus dorsolateral folds weak or absent), eye diameter shorter than snout (versus eye diameter equal to or longer than snout), tympanum smaller than half of eye diameter (versus tympanum about two-thirds eye diameter), outer metatarsal tubercle absent (versus present), and ventral surface of thighs smooth (versus ventral surface of thighs coarsely granular). Three members (A. chakrataensis, A. gerbillus, and A. monticola) of the A. monticola species group are not included in the molecular data owing to that homologous sequences are unavailable for them. Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. differs from A. chakrataensis by top of head and dorsum green and flanks brown (versus dorsal surface uniformly slaty brown and flanks dark green), larger female (SVL 64.3 mm versus 55 mm), pineal ocellus absent (versus present), head longer than wide (versus head wider than long), tibia longer than half of body size (versus length of tibia equal to half of body size), tympanum smaller than half of eye diameter (versus tympanum almost half the diameter of eye), supratympanic fold indistinct (versus distinct), foot shorter than tibia (versus foot length equal to tibia length), and tibiotarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of snout (versus tibiotarsal articulation reaching only tympanum or just posterior corner of eye); from A. gerbillus by top of head and dorsum green (versus very dark grey obscurely mottled with a paler shade), lack of tooth at the tip of the lower jaw (versus present), lack of large compressed longitudinal tubercles on dorsum (versus present), ventral surface near immaculate (versus large round or oval brown spots on the chin, throat and chest), tympanum distinct (versus indistinct), and lack of webbing between fingers (versus a web rudiment between the third and fourth fingers); and from A. monticola by having two vomerine teeth in two oblique ridges separated by very small distance (versus two ridges of vomerine teeth separated by a considerable interspace), snout longer than eye (versus snout as long as eye), internarial space broader than interorbital space (versus distance between the nostrils equal to the interorbital width), top of head and dorsum green (versus dorsal surface brown or yellow), and eggs white (versus creamy yellow). Currently, eight Amolops species that are not in the A. monticola group occur in Yunnan, including Amolops caelumnoctis Rao & Wilkinson, 2007, Amolops jinjiangensis Su, Yang, & Li, 1986, Amolops loloensis (Liu, 1950), Amolops mantzorum (David, 1872), Amolops marmoratus (Blyth, 1855), Amolops splendissimus Orlov & Ho, 2007, Amolops tuberodepressus Liu & Yang, 2000, and Amolops viridimaculatus (Jiang, 1983). Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. differs from A. caelumnoctis and A. splendissimus by having smaller body size (SVL 36.9��� 40.2 mm in males and SVL 64.3 mm in female versus SVL of males 71.3���73.7 mm and SVL of females 78.0��� 90.6 mm in A. caelumnoctis and SVL of males 62.6���75.6 mm and SVL of females 69.3���96.8 mm in A. splendissimus), dorsolateral folds distinct (versus absent), a white upper lip stripe present (versus absent), two external subgular vocal sacs (versus vocal sac absent), and dorsal surface green with no light yellow spots (versus dorsum dark purple with numerous small round light yellow spots in A. caelumnoctis and dorsum black-brown with numerous small light yellow spots of irregular shape in A. splendissimus). Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from A. jinjiangensis, A. loloensis, A. mantzorum, A. tuberodepressus, and A. viridimaculatus by having distinct dorsolateral folds (versus absent), all finger tips expanded into discs with circummarginal and transverse grooves (versus lack of horizontal groove on tip of first finger), and two external subgular vocal sacs (versus vocal sac absent); and from A. marmoratus by dorsal surface smooth (versus dorsal surface granular), dorsolateral folds distinct (versus absent), dorsum green (versus black), and toe IV webbed incompletely (versus all toes completely webbed). Morphologically the new species also can be distinguished from other species in the A. monticola group that are distinct genetically and not directly related to it. Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. differs from A. aniqiaoensis, A. bellulus, and A. nyingchiensis by having smaller males (SVL 36.9���40.2 mm versus about 52 mm in A. aniqiaoensis, 45.9���50.1 mm in A. bellulus, and 52.3���58.3 mm in A. nyingchiensis); from A. aniqiaoensis, A. bellulus, A. nyingchiensis, and A. chunganensis by top of head and dorsum green (versus olive green in A. aniqiaoensis, sandy beige clouded with olive green and brown spots in A. bellulus, brown in A. nyingchiensis, and reddish-brown in A. chunganensis); from A. bellulus and A. nyingchiensis by having two external subgular vocal sacs (versus vocal sac absent); from A. chunganensis, A. compotrix, A. daorum, and A. wenshanensis by larger body size in female (SVL 64.3 mm versus SVL 58 mm in A. chunganensis, 55.6���56.9 mm in A. compotrix, 53.3��� 57.6 mm in A. daorum, and 43.7���45.6 mm in A. wenshanensis); from A. compotrix, A. cucae, A. mengyangensis, A. nyingchiensis, A. vitreus, and A. wenshanensis by having white spinules on posterior part of dorsolateral folds (versus absent); from A. compotrix, A. cucae, and A. vitreus by lacking outer metatarsal tubercle (versus present); from A. cucae, A. iriodes, and A. nyingchiensis by venter near immaculate (versus maculate); and from A. bellulus, A. compotrix, A. daorum, and A. iriodes by lack of pineal body (versus present). The new species further differs from A. chunganensis by internarial space broader than interorbital space (versus distance between nostrils equal to interorbital width); from A. daorum by having vomerine teeth (versus absent); from A. iriodes by dorsolateral folds brown (versus gold or orange-red) and lack of white glandular spot on flanks (versus present); from A. mengyangensis by having velvety nuptial pads in males (versus nuptial pads with white spinules); from A. vitreus by lacking translucent venter skin (versus translucent); and from A. wenshanensis by having dark spots on dorsum (versus absent) and distinct transverse bands on dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs (versus absent)., Published as part of Yu, Guohua, Wu, Zhengjun & Yang, Junxing, 2019, A new species of the Amolops monticola group (Anura: Ranidae) from southwestern Yunnan, China, pp. 548-560 in Zootaxa 4577 (3) on pages 553-558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4577.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2632423, {"references":["Stuart, B. L., Bain, R. H., Phimmachak, S. & Spence, K. (2010) Phylogenetic systematics of the Amolops monticola group (Amphibia: Ranidae), with description of a new species from northwestern Laos. Herpetologica, 66, 52 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / 08 - 073.1","Boulenger, G. A. (1908) A revision of the Oriental pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 407 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01852. x","Ye, C., Fei, L. & Jiang, J. (2007) A new Ranidae species from China- Limnonectes bannaensis (Ranidae: Anura). Zoological Research, 28, 545 - 550.","Boulenger, G. A. (1899) On the reptiles, batrachians, and fishes collected by the late Mr. John Whitehead in the interior of Hainan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899, 956 - 962.","Rao, D. & Wilkinson, J. A. (2007) A new species of Amolops (Anura: Ranidae) from Southwest China. Copeia, 4, 913 - 919. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2007) 7 [913: ansoaa] 2.0. co; 2","Su, C., Yang, D. & Li, S. (1986) A new species of Amolops from the Hengduan Shan Mountains. Acta Herpetologica Sinica, 5, 204 - 206.","Liu, C. (1950) Amphibians of western China. Fieldiana. Zoology Memoires, 2, 1 - 397. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4737","David, A. (1872) Rapport adresse a MM. les Professeurs-Administrateurs du Museum d'histoire naturelle. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 7, 75 - 100.","Blyth, E. (1855) Report of the Curator; Zoological Department, for March meeting. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 24, 187 - 188.","Orlov, N. L. & Cuc, H. T. (2007) Two new species of cascade ranids of Amolops genus (Amphibbia: Anura: Ranidae) from Lai Chau Province (Northwest Vietnam). Russian Journal of Herpetology, 3, 211 - 228.","Jiang, Y. (1983) A new species of the genus Staurois (Ranidae), Staurois viridimaculatus. Acta Herpetologica Sinica, New Series, 2, 71."]}

Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. Figs 3–4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 25FD9445-4EA0-4776-9324-92C6B04C342E Holotype. KIZ 20160266, an adult male, collected at 22:10 on 20 July 2017 by Guohua Yu from Mengding Township (23°27'46.66"N, 99°9'14.11"E, 1040 m a.s.l.; Fig. 1), Gengma County, Lincang city, Yunnan, China. Paratype. KIZ 20160265, an adult female, collected at same time with the holotype from the type locality by Guohua Yu. KIZ 20160317, KIZ 20160318, and KIZ 20160321–20160323, five adult males, collected from the type locality by Guohua Yu at 21:00–22:30 on 11 April 2018. Etymology. The specific epithet is named for the type locality, Mengding Township. Diagnosis. Morphologically, A. mendingensis sp. nov. assigns to the A. monticola group by having the combination of smooth dorsal skin, dorsolateral fold, and the side of head dark with a light-colored upper lip stripe extending to the axilla (Stuart et al. 2010). Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other members in its group by having a combination of the following characters: 1) top of head and dorsum green with dark spots on dorsum; 2) loreal region dark brown and flanks brown without any coloration of green; 3) SVL 36.9– 40.2 mm in males and 64.3 mm in female; 4) dorsal surface smooth, except white spinules on posterior part of dorsolateral folds and above vent; 5) two external subgular vocal sacs in males; 6) vomerine teeth in two oblique ridges, separated by a small distance; 7) pineal body absent; 8) snout longer than eye diameter; 9) internarial space broader than interorbital space; 10) tympanum distinct, smaller than half of eye diameter; 11) all fingertips expanded; 12) two palmar tubercles; 13) outer metatarsal tubercle absent; 14) tibiotarsal articulation reaching beyond snout tip; and 15) velvety nuptial pads. Description of holotype. Adult male (SVL 39.7 mm); head longer (HL 13.7 mm) than wide (HW 12.6 mm); snout obtusely pointed, projecting beyond margin of lower jaw in ventral view, rounded in profile; canthus rostralis distinct, nearly straight; loreal region sloping, concave; nostrils oval, lateral, slightly protuberant, slightly closer to eye than snout tip; internarial distance (IND 4.7 mm) greater than interorbital distance (IOD 3.6 mm); upper eyelid width (UEW 3.4 mm) slightly narrower than interorbital space; pineal spot absent; pupil oval, horizontal; tympanum distinct, rounded, less than half eye diameter; supratympanic fold indistinct; vomerine teeth in two oblique rows between choanae, closer to each other than choanae; choanae oval; tongue attached anteriorly, cordiform, deeply notched posteriorly; vocal sac opening on floor of mouth at each corner; two external subgular vocal sacs. Forelimbs robust, relative length of fingers I Hindlimbs long, heels overlapping when legs at right angle to body, tibiotarsal articulation reaching beyond snout tip; tibia length (TL 24.1 mm) longer than thigh length (THL 22.1 mm) and foot length (FL 21.7 mm); relative length of toes I Dorsolateral folds distinct, extending from rear of eye to near vent; skin on dorsal and ventral surfaces of head, body, limbs and flanks smooth, with exception of small white warts on posterior part of dorsolateral folds and above vent; two rictal glands, continuous with upper lip; no humeral gland. Coloration of holotype. In life, iris bronze with red wash and black reticulations; top of head and dorsum light green with some dark spots; narrow, brown stripe on edge of canthus from tip of snout among margin of upper eyelid, continuing along upper edge of dorsolateral fold; side of head dark brown from snout tip to axilla; white upper lip stripe extending to axilla; flanks brown; limbs dorsally grayish brown with clear dark brown bars on hindlimbs; ventral surface nearly immaculate; throat, chest, and abdomen white, mottled with light yellow, more so on throat; venter of limbs grayish; subarticular tubercles dark grayish; foot webbing yellowish-gray. In preservative, dorsum faded to gray with dark spots; dorsal surface of limbs whitish-gray with dark bands and marbling; head side black brown; flanks gray-brown; throat, chest, abdomen, and ventral surfaces of limbs faded to white, almost immaculate. Morphological variation. Table 4 gives measurements of holotype and paratypes. The new species is sexually dimorphic with female being obviously larger than males and having no vocal sacs and nuptial pads. THL is longer than FHL in holotype and all paratypes except paratype KIZ 20160318. In addition, FHL is slightly longer than FL in holotype and all paratypes except paratype KIZ 20160265. Distribution and ecology. The new species is only known from the type locality (Fig. 5a). The holotype and the paratype KIZ 20160265 were found in amplexus on a rock in the stream at night on 20 July 2017 and other individuals were found on leaves or small branches less than 1 m above the ground along the stream at night on 11 April 2018, indicating that the breeding season of A. mengdingensis sp. nov. may be from April to July. The female paratype KIZ 20160265 laid eggs soon after it was caught. Eggs white (Fig. 5b). Neither tadpoles nor vocal recordings were collected for the new species. Xenophrys major Boulenger, 1908, Limnoectes banaensis Ye, Fei, & Jiang, 2007, and Odorrana graminea (Boulenger, 1899) were also encountered along the stream at the type locality. Comparisons. Phylogenetic data assign the new species to the A. monticola group, which at present has 16 species, and suggest close relationships to with A. akhaorum and A. archotaphus (Fig. 2). Genetically, the new species differs from A. akhaorum and A. archotaphus by 4.7% and 5.2%, respectively, for 16S sequences. Morphologically, A. mengdingensis sp. nov. differs from A. akhaorum by having larger males (SVL 36.9–40.2 mm versus SVL 34.9–37.2 mm), having two palmar tubercles (versus palmar tubercle absent), having velvety nuptial pad in males (versus nuptial pad absent), having white spinules on the posterior part of dorsolateral fold (versus lacking white spinules on the dorsolateral fold), and lacking large raised tubercles on dorsum, pineal body, and distinct transverse bands on dorsal surface of forelimbs (versus all present); and from A. archotaphus by top of head and dorsum green and flanks brown (versus dorsal and lateral surfaces olive green), all finger tips expanded into discs (versus outer three fingers expanded into discs), dorsolateral folds distinct (versus dorsolateral folds weak or absent), eye diameter shorter than snout (versus eye diameter equal to or longer than snout), tympanum smaller than half of eye diameter (versus tympanum about two-thirds eye diameter), outer metatarsal tubercle absent (versus present), and ventral surface of thighs smooth (versus ventral surface of thighs coarsely granular). Three members (A. chakrataensis, A. gerbillus, and A. monticola) of the A. monticola species group are not included in the molecular data owing to that homologous sequences are unavailable for them. Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. differs from A. chakrataensis by top of head and dorsum green and flanks brown (versus dorsal surface uniformly slaty brown and flanks dark green), larger female (SVL 64.3 mm versus 55 mm), pineal ocellus absent (versus present), head longer than wide (versus head wider than long), tibia longer than half of body size (versus length of tibia equal to half of body size), tympanum smaller than half of eye diameter (versus tympanum almost half the diameter of eye), supratympanic fold indistinct (versus distinct), foot shorter than tibia (versus foot length equal to tibia length), and tibiotarsal articulation reaching beyond the tip of snout (versus tibiotarsal articulation reaching only tympanum or just posterior corner of eye); from A. gerbillus by top of head and dorsum green (versus very dark grey obscurely mottled with a paler shade), lack of tooth at the tip of the lower jaw (versus present), lack of large compressed longitudinal tubercles on dorsum (versus present), ventral surface near immaculate (versus large round or oval brown spots on the chin, throat and chest), tympanum distinct (versus indistinct), and lack of webbing between fingers (versus a web rudiment between the third and fourth fingers); and from A. monticola by having two vomerine teeth in two oblique ridges separated by very small distance (versus two ridges of vomerine teeth separated by a considerable interspace), snout longer than eye (versus snout as long as eye), internarial space broader than interorbital space (versus distance between the nostrils equal to the interorbital width), top of head and dorsum green (versus dorsal surface brown or yellow), and eggs white (versus creamy yellow). Currently, eight Amolops species that are not in the A. monticola group occur in Yunnan, including Amolops caelumnoctis Rao & Wilkinson, 2007, Amolops jinjiangensis Su, Yang, & Li, 1986, Amolops loloensis (Liu, 1950), Amolops mantzorum (David, 1872), Amolops marmoratus (Blyth, 1855), Amolops splendissimus Orlov & Ho, 2007, Amolops tuberodepressus Liu & Yang, 2000, and Amolops viridimaculatus (Jiang, 1983). Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. differs from A. caelumnoctis and A. splendissimus by having smaller body size (SVL 36.9– 40.2 mm in males and SVL 64.3 mm in female versus SVL of males 71.3–73.7 mm and SVL of females 78.0– 90.6 mm in A. caelumnoctis and SVL of males 62.6–75.6 mm and SVL of females 69.3–96.8 mm in A. splendissimus), dorsolateral folds distinct (versus absent), a white upper lip stripe present (versus absent), two external subgular vocal sacs (versus vocal sac absent), and dorsal surface green with no light yellow spots (versus dorsum dark purple with numerous small round light yellow spots in A. caelumnoctis and dorsum black-brown with numerous small light yellow spots of irregular shape in A. splendissimus). Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from A. jinjiangensis, A. loloensis, A. mantzorum, A. tuberodepressus, and A. viridimaculatus by having distinct dorsolateral folds (versus absent), all finger tips expanded into discs with circummarginal and transverse grooves (versus lack of horizontal groove on tip of first finger), and two external subgular vocal sacs (versus vocal sac absent); and from A. marmoratus by dorsal surface smooth (versus dorsal surface granular), dorsolateral folds distinct (versus absent), dorsum green (versus black), and toe IV webbed incompletely (versus all toes completely webbed). Morphologically the new species also can be distinguished from other species in the A. monticola group that are distinct genetically and not directly related to it. Amolops mengdingensis sp. nov. differs from A. aniqiaoensis, A. bellulus, and A. nyingchiensis by having smaller males (SVL 36.9–40.2 mm versus about 52 mm in A. aniqiaoensis, 45.9–50.1 mm in A. bellulus, and 52.3–58.3 mm in A. nyingchiensis); from A. aniqiaoensis, A. bellulus, A. nyingchiensis, and A. chunganensis by top of head and dorsum green (versus olive green in A. aniqiaoensis, sandy beige clouded with olive green and brown spots in A. bellulus, brown in A. nyingchiensis, and reddish-brown in A. chunganensis); from A. bellulus and A. nyingchiensis by having two external subgular vocal sacs (versus vocal sac absent); from A. chunganensis, A. compotrix, A. daorum, and A. wenshanensis by larger body size in female (SVL 64.3 mm versus SVL 58 mm in A. chunganensis, 55.6–56.9 mm in A. compotrix, 53.3– 57.6 mm in A. daorum, and 43.7–45.6 mm in A. wenshanensis); from A. compotrix, A. cucae, A. mengyangensis, A. nyingchiensis, A. vitreus, and A. wenshanensis by having white spinules on posterior part of dorsolateral folds (versus absent); from A. compotrix, A. cucae, and A. vitreus by lacking outer metatarsal tubercle (versus present); from A. cucae, A. iriodes, and A. nyingchiensis by venter near immaculate (versus maculate); and from A. bellulus, A. compotrix, A. daorum, and A. iriodes by lack of pineal body (versus present). The new species further differs from A. chunganensis by internarial space broader than interorbital space (versus distance between nostrils equal to interorbital width); from A. daorum by having vomerine teeth (versus absent); from A. iriodes by dorsolateral folds brown (versus gold or orange-red) and lack of white glandular spot on flanks (versus present); from A. mengyangensis by having velvety nuptial pads in males (versus nuptial pads with white spinules); from A. vitreus by lacking translucent venter skin (versus translucent); and from A. wenshanensis by having dark spots on dorsum (versus absent) and distinct transverse bands on dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs (versus absent).

Raorchestes parvulus (Boulenger, 1893) (Figs. 3‒5) Specimens examined. Five adult males (KIZ 20160365‒20160367, KIZ 20160372, and KIZ 20160373) and a female (KIZ 20160374) collected on 26 April 2018 from Menglun Township (21°54'51.58"N, 101°10'2.68"E, 519 m elevation), Mengla County, Yunnan Province, China. Morphological description. Measurements are presented in Table 3. Body size small (SVL 18.9‒21.2 mm); HL (6.1‒6.9 mm) shorter than HW (7.4‒7.9 mm); snout rounded, a little shorter (SL 2.5‒2.8 mm) than the diameter of the orbit (ED 2.6‒3.0 mm), but a little longer than IOD; canthus rostalis indistinct; loreal region concave; nostril oval, closer to tip of snout than to eye; IND (1.8‒2.1 mm) narrower than IOD (2.2‒2.6 mm), which broader than UEW (1.8‒2.2 mm); IND almost equal to UEW (1.8‒2.2 mm); pineal spot absent; pupil oval, horizontal; tympanum indistinct, tympanum diameter (TD 0.9‒1.1 mm) smaller than half ED, half SL, and half IOD; supratympanic fold less distinct, curing from posterior edge of eye to shoulder; vomerine teeth absent; tongue notably notched posteriorly; a large external vocal sac. Forearm and hand length (FHL 9.6‒10.6 mm) generally longer than half body size; fingers short, relative length of fingers: I Coloration in life. Dorsal color pale brown or dark brown, with a dark triangular blotch covering part of interorbital area and occiput and a butterfly-like dark band on the back; two symmetric yellow blotches behind eyes on the back; each side of lumbar region with a dark blotch; arms and legs with more or less distinct dark bars; finger discs and toe discs greyish or faint yellow. Three specimens (KIZ 20160372‒20160374) have a light yellow mid-dorsal vertebral strip running from snout to vent and a light yellow strip along hind limbs, and these two strips cross at vent region; similar strips are absent in other three specimens (KIZ 20160365‒20160367). Ventral surface of body and limbs flesh-colored with white flecks and small dark spots, less so on the lower abdomen; iris brown. Coloration in preservative. In preservative, yellow faded. Dorsal surfaces of body and limbs greyish or brown, color pattern same as in life; ventral surfaces of body and limbs whitish obscured by many small brown spots and dark brown marblings. Habitat. In Yunnan, R. parvulus was found calling on bushes (Fig. 6) and there was no pond nearby. Eggs were not observed., Published as part of Yu, Guohua, Liu, Shuo, Hou, Mian, Li, Song & Yang, Junxing, 2019, Extension in distribution of Raorchestes parvulus (Boulenger, 1893) (Anura: Rhacophoridae) to China, pp. 381-391 in Zootaxa 4577 (2) on pages 386-387, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4577.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/2629654, {"references":["Boulenger, G. A. (1893) Concluding report on the reptiles and batrachians obtained in Burma by Signor L. Fea dealing with the collection made in Pegu and the Karin Hills in 1887 - 88. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2, 13, 304 - 347."]}

Homatula coccinocola, n ew species Figs. 1, 2 Holotype. KIZ 2011002847, 99.6 mm SL; China: Yunnan Prοv.: Hοnghe Pref.: Hοnghe Cty.: Jiache tοwn; Red River: Tengtiaοjiang River; 23°17'27.4''N, 102°11'19.1''E, elevatiοn 1220 m, cοll. Wang, M., 5 May 2011. Paratypes. KIZ 2012001866–1869, 4 specimens, 51.1–79.0 mm SL; lοcatiοn and cοllectοr as fοr hοlοtype, Aug. 2012. Diagnosis. Homatula coccinocola is distinguished frοm all its cοngeners in having the fοllοwing cοmbinatiοn οf characters: bοdy fully scaled; lοwer jaw nοtched; 4+42–44 [43] vertebrae; 11 pectοral-fin and 8 pelvic-fin rays. It is furthermοre diagnοsed by 16–19 brοwn bars οn a beige backgrοund; bars are sοmewhat straight and never vertically split. Description. See Figure 1 fοr general appearance and Table 4 fοr mοrphοmetric data. Bοdy anteriοrly cylindrical, pοsteriοrly laterally cοmpressed; elοngate, depth 7.3–7.7 times in SL. Maximum bοdy depth immediately in frοnt οf dοrsal fin. Caudal peduncle lοng, depth 1.8–2.0 times in its length. Crests οn dοrsal and ventral midlines present; dοrsal crest starting immediately pοsteriοr οf dοrsal-fin base, suppοrted by rudimentary caudal-fin rays prοcurrent until abοut middle οf anal-fin base; ventral crest starting immediately pοsteriοr οf analfin base, suppοrted by prοcurrent rays until abοut ⅓ οf distance between bases οf anal fin and caudal fin. Axillary pelvic lοbe present, free. Anus lοcated 1.4–2.2 times eye diameter in frοnt οf anal-fin οrigin. Snοut blunt. Cheek nοt inflated. Head width increasing frοm nοstril tο abοut pοsteriοr edge οf preοperculum. Eye small, lοcated dοrsοlaterally, nοt reaching dοrsal prοfile when viewed laterally. Interοrbital space slightly cοnvex, wide. Anteriοr nοstril with flap-like tube, unpierced, nοt reaching οrbit. Mοuth inferiοr, gape 1.2–1.7 times wider than lοng (Fig. 2). Lips thick, fleshy, furrοwed; slightly nοtched medially. Upper jaw with lοw rοunded prοcessus dentifοrmis; lοwer jaw spοοn-like, nοtched medially. Medial rοstral barbel nοt reaching rictus, lateral reaching rictus. Maxillary barbel reaching past vertical thrοugh pοsteriοr edge οf οrbit. Vertebrae 4+42–44 [43] (n=5); 4+20–22 [4+21] abdοminal and 20–23 [22] caudal. Gas bladder in οssified capsule; dumbbell-shaped; secοndary chamber, minute, bulbοus, nοn-οssified, in direct cοntact with capsule (n=2). Gastrοintestinal tract with simple, U-shaped stοmach; intestines with single large lοοp immediately after stοmach. Largest recοrded length 99.6 mm SL, 115.6 mm tοtal length (KIZ 2011002847, hοlοtype). Bοdy fully scaled with small scales; breast naked. Lateral line cοmplete, reaching caudal-fin base, with abοut 130 pοres. Cephalic lateralis system with 8 supraοrbital, 4+11 infraοrbital, 12 preοperculο-mandibular, and 3 supratempοral pοres. Dοrsal fin with 4 simple and 7½–8½ [8½] branched rays; distal margin slightly cοnvex. Anal fin with 4 simple and 5½ branched rays; distal margin cοnvex; nοt reaching midway tο caudal-fin base. Caudal fin slightly emarginated tο nearly truncate, with 9+8 branched rays; lοbes equal in length, rοunded. Pelvic fin with 8 rays, reaching midway tο anus, inserted οppοsite οf last unbranched dοrsal-fin ray; fοurth ray lοngest; distal margin convex. Pectoral fin with 11 rays, reaching ⅓ way to pelvic-fin origin; fourth ray longest; distal margin convex. Coloration of preserved specimens. Bοdy with 16–19 sοmewhat straight, brοwn bars οn beige grοund. Bars intercοnnected with dusky dοrsum; cοnspicuοus, brοad, regularly shaped and arranged, wider than interspaces, reaching slightly belοw midlateral in anteriοr half οf bοdy; incοnspicuοus, thinner, sοmewhat irregularly shaped and arranged, narrοwer than interspaces, reaching well past midlateral, but nοt reaching ventral midline in pοsteriοr half. Abdοmen pale beige. Caudal bar straight, cοmplete, incοnspicuοus, nοt reaching dοrsal and ventral extremities. Head beige, dοrsum gray. Snοut with brοad dusky stripe running frοm base οf inner rοstral barbel tο anteriοr edge οf οrbit; interοrbital space with large dusky blοtch. Upper half οf cheek and οperculum brοwn. Lips, barbels and nasal flap pale beige. Dοrsal fin beige with lοw dusky basal band, interrupted at the base οf the third branched ray, and medial brοad transverse dusky band. Caudal fin beige, sοmewhat dusky in pοsteriοr half. Other fins plain beige. Distribution. Homatula coccinocola is οnly knοwn frοm the type lοcality, the Tengtiaοjiang River, an affluent οf the Red River in Hοnghe Prefecture, Yunnan Prοvince, China (Fig. 3). Notes on life history and diet. Female specimen KIZ 2012001866, 79.0 mm SL, was dissected. The abdοminal cavity cοntained few undevelοped eggs and the stοmach remains οf larvae οf mοsquitοes (Diptera: Culicidae) (abοut 20% mass fractiοn), mayflies (Ephemerοptera: Pοtamanthidae) (abοut 60%), and dance flies (Diptera: Empididae) (abοut 20%). Etymology. Frοm the Greek κόκκινο (kοkkinο), meaning the cοlοr red, and the Latin incοla, meaning inhabitant; in reference tο the species’ type lοcality within the Red River drainage. A nοun in appοsitiοn. Genetic distance and phylogeny. In tοtal, 883 base pairs COI fragments οf 47 samples are cοntained in the genetic distance and NJ analysis. Fοrty-seven COI sequences οf the nine studied species οf Homatula were uplοaded tο GenBank, accessiοn numbers are MF953178 – MF953224 (Table 1). The mοnοphyly οf each species οf Homatula is suppοrted by the NJ tree (Fig. 4). Homatula coccinocola is a mοnοphyletic grοup and differs frοm the given cοngeners by 4.7–10.4% variatiοn οf the COI base pairs (Table 2). The smallest genetic distance, 3.2–3.6% [3.4], was detected between H. pycnolepis and H. anguillioides fοllοwed by 3.7–4.5% [4.1] between H. longidorsalis and H. variegata, suggesting that H. coccinocola is a valid new species. The new species is genetically mοst similar tο anοther inhabitant οf the Red River drainage, H. change, frοm which it differs by 4.7– 4.9% [4.8] variatiοn. A variatiοn οf 9.3–9.4% [9.3] was detected between H. coccinocola and H. disparizona, the third species knοwn tο οccur within the drainage. The intraspecific variatiοn οf H. coccinocola was 0%. Comparative morphometry. Homatula coccinocola is mοst similar tο anοther inhabitant οf the Red River drainage, H. change, in mοrphοlοgy. The first twο Principal Cοmpοnents οf a prοcessed Principal Cοmpοnent Analysis explain 84% οf all variances (Fig. 5; Table 3) between the twο cοngeners. Size variatiοn in the samples was 51.1–99.6 mm SL in H. coccinocola and 40.2–107.6 mm SL in H. change. Significant allοmetries within the set οf selected characters cοuld nοt be identified. The analysis mainly shοws separatiοn (bοldfaced lοadings in Table 1) in dοrsal (18–19% SL in H. coccinocola vs. 16–21% in H. change) and lateral (21–22% vs. 21–24%) head lengths; predοrsal (48–49% vs. 49–52%), pre-anus (64–65% vs. 65–69%), and caudal-peduncle (20–22% vs. 16–20%) lengths; and eye diameter (3–4% in bοth species).

Homatula coccinocola, n ew species Figs. 1, 2 Holotype. KIZ 2011002847, 99.6 mm SL; China: Yunnan Pr��v.: H��nghe Pref.: H��nghe Cty.: Jiache t��wn; Red River: Tengtia��jiang River; 23��17'27.4''N, 102��11'19.1''E, elevati��n 1220 m, c��ll. Wang, M., 5 May 2011. Paratypes. KIZ 2012001866���1869, 4 specimens, 51.1���79.0 mm SL; l��cati��n and c��llect��r as f��r h��l��type, Aug. 2012. Diagnosis. Homatula coccinocola is distinguished fr��m all its c��ngeners in having the f��ll��wing c��mbinati��n ��f characters: b��dy fully scaled; l��wer jaw n��tched; 4+42���44 [43] vertebrae; 11 pect��ral-fin and 8 pelvic-fin rays. It is furtherm��re diagn��sed by 16���19 br��wn bars ��n a beige backgr��und; bars are s��mewhat straight and never vertically split. Description. See Figure 1 f��r general appearance and Table 4 f��r m��rph��metric data. B��dy anteri��rly cylindrical, p��steri��rly laterally c��mpressed; el��ngate, depth 7.3���7.7 times in SL. Maximum b��dy depth immediately in fr��nt ��f d��rsal fin. Caudal peduncle l��ng, depth 1.8���2.0 times in its length. Crests ��n d��rsal and ventral midlines present; d��rsal crest starting immediately p��steri��r ��f d��rsal-fin base, supp��rted by rudimentary caudal-fin rays pr��current until ab��ut middle ��f anal-fin base; ventral crest starting immediately p��steri��r ��f analfin base, supp��rted by pr��current rays until ab��ut ⅓ ��f distance between bases ��f anal fin and caudal fin. Axillary pelvic l��be present, free. Anus l��cated 1.4���2.2 times eye diameter in fr��nt ��f anal-fin ��rigin. Sn��ut blunt. Cheek n��t inflated. Head width increasing fr��m n��stril t�� ab��ut p��steri��r edge ��f pre��perculum. Eye small, l��cated d��rs��laterally, n��t reaching d��rsal pr��file when viewed laterally. Inter��rbital space slightly c��nvex, wide. Anteri��r n��stril with flap-like tube, unpierced, n��t reaching ��rbit. M��uth inferi��r, gape 1.2���1.7 times wider than l��ng (Fig. 2). Lips thick, fleshy, furr��wed; slightly n��tched medially. Upper jaw with l��w r��unded pr��cessus dentif��rmis; l��wer jaw sp����n-like, n��tched medially. Medial r��stral barbel n��t reaching rictus, lateral reaching rictus. Maxillary barbel reaching past vertical thr��ugh p��steri��r edge ��f ��rbit. Vertebrae 4+42���44 [43] (n=5); 4+20���22 [4+21] abd��minal and 20���23 [22] caudal. Gas bladder in ��ssified capsule; dumbbell-shaped; sec��ndary chamber, minute, bulb��us, n��n-��ssified, in direct c��ntact with capsule (n=2). Gastr��intestinal tract with simple, U-shaped st��mach; intestines with single large l����p immediately after st��mach. Largest rec��rded length 99.6 mm SL, 115.6 mm t��tal length (KIZ 2011002847, h��l��type). B��dy fully scaled with small scales; breast naked. Lateral line c��mplete, reaching caudal-fin base, with ab��ut 130 p��res. Cephalic lateralis system with 8 supra��rbital, 4+11 infra��rbital, 12 pre��percul��-mandibular, and 3 supratemp��ral p��res. D��rsal fin with 4 simple and 7�����8�� [8��] branched rays; distal margin slightly c��nvex. Anal fin with 4 simple and 5�� branched rays; distal margin c��nvex; n��t reaching midway t�� caudal-fin base. Caudal fin slightly emarginated t�� nearly truncate, with 9+8 branched rays; l��bes equal in length, r��unded. Pelvic fin with 8 rays, reaching midway t�� anus, inserted ��pp��site ��f last unbranched d��rsal-fin ray; f��urth ray l��ngest; distal margin convex. Pectoral fin with 11 rays, reaching ⅓ way to pelvic-fin origin; fourth ray longest; distal margin convex. Coloration of preserved specimens. B��dy with 16���19 s��mewhat straight, br��wn bars ��n beige gr��und. Bars interc��nnected with dusky d��rsum; c��nspicu��us, br��ad, regularly shaped and arranged, wider than interspaces, reaching slightly bel��w midlateral in anteri��r half ��f b��dy; inc��nspicu��us, thinner, s��mewhat irregularly shaped and arranged, narr��wer than interspaces, reaching well past midlateral, but n��t reaching ventral midline in p��steri��r half. Abd��men pale beige. Caudal bar straight, c��mplete, inc��nspicu��us, n��t reaching d��rsal and ventral extremities. Head beige, d��rsum gray. Sn��ut with br��ad dusky stripe running fr��m base ��f inner r��stral barbel t�� anteri��r edge ��f ��rbit; inter��rbital space with large dusky bl��tch. Upper half ��f cheek and ��perculum br��wn. Lips, barbels and nasal flap pale beige. D��rsal fin beige with l��w dusky basal band, interrupted at the base ��f the third branched ray, and medial br��ad transverse dusky band. Caudal fin beige, s��mewhat dusky in p��steri��r half. Other fins plain beige. Distribution. Homatula coccinocola is ��nly kn��wn fr��m the type l��cality, the Tengtia��jiang River, an affluent ��f the Red River in H��nghe Prefecture, Yunnan Pr��vince, China (Fig. 3). Notes on life history and diet. Female specimen KIZ 2012001866, 79.0 mm SL, was dissected. The abd��minal cavity c��ntained few undevel��ped eggs and the st��mach remains ��f larvae ��f m��squit��es (Diptera: Culicidae) (ab��ut 20% mass fracti��n), mayflies (Ephemer��ptera: P��tamanthidae) (ab��ut 60%), and dance flies (Diptera: Empididae) (ab��ut 20%). Etymology. Fr��m the Greek �������������� (k��kkin��), meaning the c��l��r red, and the Latin inc��la, meaning inhabitant; in reference t�� the species��� type l��cality within the Red River drainage. A n��un in app��siti��n. Genetic distance and phylogeny. In t��tal, 883 base pairs COI fragments ��f 47 samples are c��ntained in the genetic distance and NJ analysis. F��rty-seven COI sequences ��f the nine studied species ��f Homatula were upl��aded t�� GenBank, accessi��n numbers are MF953178 ��� MF953224 (Table 1). The m��n��phyly ��f each species ��f Homatula is supp��rted by the NJ tree (Fig. 4). Homatula coccinocola is a m��n��phyletic gr��up and differs fr��m the given c��ngeners by 4.7���10.4% variati��n ��f the COI base pairs (Table 2). The smallest genetic distance, 3.2���3.6% [3.4], was detected between H. pycnolepis and H. anguillioides f��ll��wed by 3.7���4.5% [4.1] between H. longidorsalis and H. variegata, suggesting that H. coccinocola is a valid new species. The new species is genetically m��st similar t�� an��ther inhabitant ��f the Red River drainage, H. change, fr��m which it differs by 4.7��� 4.9% [4.8] variati��n. A variati��n ��f 9.3���9.4% [9.3] was detected between H. coccinocola and H. disparizona, the third species kn��wn t�� ��ccur within the drainage. The intraspecific variati��n ��f H. coccinocola was 0%. Comparative morphometry. Homatula coccinocola is m��st similar t�� an��ther inhabitant ��f the Red River drainage, H. change, in m��rph��l��gy. The first tw�� Principal C��mp��nents ��f a pr��cessed Principal C��mp��nent Analysis explain 84% ��f all variances (Fig. 5; Table 3) between the tw�� c��ngeners. Size variati��n in the samples was 51.1���99.6 mm SL in H. coccinocola and 40.2���107.6 mm SL in H. change. Significant all��metries within the set ��f selected characters c��uld n��t be identified. The analysis mainly sh��ws separati��n (b��ldfaced l��adings in Table 1) in d��rsal (18���19% SL in H. coccinocola vs. 16���21% in H. change) and lateral (21���22% vs. 21���24%) head lengths; pred��rsal (48���49% vs. 49���52%), pre-anus (64���65% vs. 65���69%), and caudal-peduncle (20���22% vs. 16���20%) lengths; and eye diameter (3���4% in b��th species)., Published as part of Endruweit, Marco, Min, Rui & Yang, Junxing, 2018, A new species of Homatula from the Red River drainage in Yunnan based on morphological and genetic data (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae), pp. 555-566 in Zootaxa 4375 (4) on pages 558-562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/1160989

Karstodiaptomus sheni n. gen., n. sp. (Figs. 2���4) Type locality. A pool in Dadong Cave (coordinates of the entrance: 24�� 50' 54.95'' N; 104�� 23'39.90'' E; altitude 1451 m), Agou Village, Luoping County, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, China. Material examined. Holotype (male) total length 820 ��m (KIZ-CR-2012001); collected from type locality on 12 Sept. 2012 by Shusen Shu and Guihua Cui; dissected and mounted on a slide in glycerol. Allotype (female) total length 970 ��m (KIZ-CR-2012002); collected on same date and locality as holotype; dissected and mounted on a slide in glycerol. Paratypes: 2 males (KIZ-CR-2012003, 2012004); male 2012003 dissected and mounted on a slide in glycerol; 12 females (KIZ-CR-2012005-16); female 2012005 dissected and mounted on a slide in glycerol; all paratypes collected on the same date and locality as the holotype and allotype; 12 paratypes preserved in 95% ethanol. Description of female. Body length, from forehead margin to posterior margin of caudal rami, 760���1010 ��m; mean body length 900 ��m; mean prosome length 640 ��m; mean urosome length 270 ��m (n= 12). Body slender, with maximum width near middle of Pd1 (Fig. 2 A). Rostrum represented by pair of soft, finger-like filaments, pointed backward (Fig. 2 B). Pd4���Pd5 fused, except lateral margins. Pd5 with moderately developed asymmetrical lobes; left lobe distinctly slender than right one, triangular, with 1lateral sensillum; right lobe without sensillum. Urosome of 3 free somites. Genital double-somite slightly longer than following 2 urosomites combined; asymmetrical, anterior part only slightly curved, with distinct invagination at posterior part (Fig. 2 C). Right side slightly dilated, with a minute spine at 1/2 length of its margin. Urosomite 2 short, asymmetrical; left margin longer than right. Urosomite 3 (anal somite) sub-quadrate, longer than urosomite 2. Caudal rami symmetrical; each ramus about 2 times as long as wide, with medial and lateral margins smooth. Anterior lateral seta (I) not discernible; setae II���VI plumose on distal half; length of all setae subequal except outer one (II; about 80% of length of others). Dorsal seta (VII) inserted on medial distal corner of caudal ramus, as long as longest terminal seta, smooth. Antennule with 25 discernible segments (Fig. 2 D), reaching distal margin of anal somite (Fig 2 A). Seta on segment 1 short, not reaching distal margin of segment 2. Longest setae on segments 7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 21���25. Armature per segment as follows (Arabic numbers���discernible segments; numbers in brackets: s���number of setae, Sp���spine, A���aesthetasc): I(1s), II (3s + A), III(1s), IV(1s), V(1s + A), VI(1s), VII(1s), VIII(1s + Sp), IX(2s + A), X(1s), XI(1s), XII(1s + Sp + A), XIII(1s), XIV(1s + A), XV(1s), XVI(1s + A), XVII(1s), XVIII(1s), XIX(1s + A), XX(1s), XXI(1s), XXII(1s + Sp), XXIII(2s), XXIV(2s), XXV(4s). Antenna (Fig. 2 E) with Exp as long as Enp; coxa with 1 seta; basis with 2 smooth setae. Enp 2-segmented; Enp-1 with 2 short setae at 1/2 length of segment; Enp-2 with 2 lobes distally, proximal (inner) lobe with 7 setae increasing in length from anterior to posterior; 7 long setae apically, 1 long seta subapically. Exp 7-segmented; Exp-1 with 1, Exp-2 with 3 and Exp-3 to Exp-6 each with 1 seta laterally. Exp-7 with 1 laterally and 3 setae apically. Mandible (Fig. 2 F) basis with 4 setae, proximal 2 setae longest, uni-pinnate. Exp 4-segmented, with 1, 1, 1, 3 setae. Enp 2-segmented; Enp-1 with 4 setae, equal in length; Enp-2 with 7 setae apically, similar in length; gnathal lobe with 6 small teeth and strong outermost tooth. Maxillule (Fig. 2 G) well developed; praecoxal arthrite with 9 setae (proximal 2 longer and plumose), with 4 setae submarginally; epipod of coxa with 5 setae: 2 smooth, short and 3 plumose, long; coxal endite with 1 seta; basal endite small, with 6 setae; Exp fused, with 6 setae distally; Enp fused, with 4 setae laterally and 9 distal setae apically. Maxilla (Fig. 2 H) small, praecoxal endites separated, with 3 and 2 long setae, respectively; coxal endites with 2 and 2 long setae; basis with 1 short and 2 long setae; Enp 2-segmented: Enp-1 with 2 setae; Enp-2 with 4 setae, apical one very short. Maxilliped (Fig. 2 I) well developed; syncoxa with 4 lobes, with 1, 2, 3, 4 setae, unequal in length. Basis with 3 setae along distal margin and a row of slender spinules (about 9, n = 2) anteriorly. Enp 6-segmented; segments 1 and 2 completely separated, setal formula: 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 5. P1���P3 with 2-segmented Exp and Enp; P4 with 3-segmented Exp and 2-segmented Enp (Fig. 3 A���D). P2 Enp without Schmeil���s organ. Coxa and basis without setae. Armature formula of P1���P4 as follows (Roman numerals���spine; Arabic numerals���setae; lateral-medial, lateral-apical-medial): Exopodite Endopodite Segments 1 2 3 1 2 P 1 I-1 I- 3-2 - 0-1 0-2-2 P 2 I-1 I- 2-4 - 0-1 0-3-2 P 3 I-1 I- 3-3 - 0-1 0-2-3 P 4 I-1 I- 1 I-3-2 0-1 0-2-3 P5 (Fig. 3 E) slightly asymmetrical. Coxa as long as wide, with well-developed hyaline membrane along 3/4 of lateral distal margin; small spine in medial distal corner. Basis narrower than coxa, without seta. Exp-1 about 2 times as long as wide, with smooth margins. Basal region of Exp-2 as long as wide, prolonged into robust claw-like apophysis on medial corner, as long as Exp-1; short seta at 1/2 length of lateral margin of Exp-2. Exp-3 reduced; represented with 1 spine and short seta at the distal lateral corner of Exp-2. Enp 1-segmented; right one slightly shorter than Exp-1, with no armature; left one as long as Exp-1, with long seta subterminally. Egg sac (Fig. 2 A) with 6 relatively large eggs. Description of male. Body length from forehead margin to posterior margin of caudal rami, 810���890 ��m; mean body length: 840 ��m; mean prosome length: 584 ��m; mean urosome length: 281��m (n= 3). Body slender, with widest part at anterior portion of cephalothorax (Fig. 4 A). Rostrum as in female. Pd2���Pd4 incompletely separated; Pd4���Pd5 completely fused; Pd5 with moderately developed, asymmetrical wings; left with 2 sensilla; right with 1 sensillum. Urosome with 5 somites. Genital somite wider than long, slightly asymmetrical, left margin a little concave; with 1 spine on right margin distally. Caudal rami about 2.8 times as long as wide, medial and lateral margins smooth. Anterior lateral seta (I) not discernible/reduced. Setae II���VI sub-equal in length; plumose at distal half. Dorsal seta (VII) articulated, smooth, half of length of seta VI. Left antennule with 25 discernible segments, extending up to end of caudal rami. Right antennule with 23 discernible segment, geniculation between segments 18 and 19; with long setae on segments 7, 8,14, 16; aesthetascs on segments 5, 8, 14; small spines on segments 7, 9,10, 12, 13, 15; spine on segment 13 longest (Fig. 4 B). Segments 17���19 with 1, 1, 2 long spines. No spine or hyaline membrane on antepenultimate segment. Segments 13���16 slightly dilated. Antenna, mouthparts, P1���P4 as in female. Left P5 (Fig. 4 C) short, reaching middle of Exp-2 of right leg. Coxa as long as wide, without coxal lobe or spine. Basis trapezoidal, smooth, without hyaline lamella or sensory seta. Exp-1 incurved, with field of short bristles on distal half of medial margin. Exp-2 small, almost triangular; medial margin with bristles; proximal half with longer and sparser bristles, distal half with shorter and denser ones. Terminal spine small, finger-like; outcurved piniform seta sun-terminally. Enp-1 1-segmented, reaching middle of Exp-2, finger-like, without armature. Coxa of right P5 (Figs. 4 C���D) as long as wide, with 1 spine on posterior corner. Basis wide, with a chitinous, triangular process at proximal medial corner; a hyaline lobe with a sturdy spine distally from triangular process. Exp-1 as long as wide, with large hyaline lobe on medial part of segment dorsally. Exp-2 elliptical, about 1.7 times as long as wide, medial margin only slightly convex; lateral margin slightly convex; small hyaline lobe with a short spine near anterior medial corner dorsally. Lateral spine long, straight, inserted at 3/4 of margin length, about 0.9 times as long as segment bearing it. End claw long, slightly curved, slender, smooth, about 2.6 times as long as outer lateral spine, tip curved outward. Endopodite 1-segmented, finger-like, long, reaching middle of Exp-2. Etymology. The generic name is a compound formed with the root of ���karst���, which is the habitat of the new genus, prefixed to the existing generic name. The gender is masculine. The specific name is an accusative adjective, dedicated to Prof. Chia-Jui Shen, an excellent Chinese specialist on Copepoda and editor-in-chief of the book Crustacea: Freshwater Copepoda in a series of Fauna Sinica., Published as part of Shu, Shusen, Brancelj, Anton, Chen, Feizhou, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2017, A new freshwater stygobiotic calanoid (Copepoda: Speodiaptominae) from Yunnan, China, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4290 (1) on pages 194-197, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/828887

Genus: Karstodiaptomus n. gen. Diagnosis of the genus. Body transparent in live specimens and white when preserved in alcohol; body length about 1 mm; body shape typical for Diaptomidae; eye not discernible. Antennule with 25 discernible segments in female, 23 in right prehensile antennule in male. Segments 13–16 in male right antennule only slightly widened; segments 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18 with 1 spine each, segment 19 with 2 spines. No spine or hyaline membrane on antepenultimate segment. Rostrum well developed in both sexes, with 2 finger-like projections. Pd4–Pd5 incompletely fused in female and in Pd2–Pd4 of male. Lateral wings of Pd 5 in both sexes moderately developed, with 1 sensillum on left side in female; 2 sensilla on left and 1 on right side in male. Urosome in female asymmetrical, with 3 discernible somites; 5-segmented in male. P1–P3 with 2-segmented Exp and Enp, P4 with 3- segmented Exp and 2-segmented Enp. Number of setae on P1–P4 Exp-2 as: 5, 6, 6, 5. P5 Exp- 2 in female modified into beak-like extension, smooth; Exp-3 reduced, represented by 1 spine and 1 seta; Enp 1-segmented, long. Endclaw of P5 Exp-2 on right leg in male long, slender; Enp on right leg 1-segmented, long; Exp-2 on left leg short, with short process apically.

Genus: Karstodiaptomus n. gen. Diagnosis of the genus. Body transparent in live specimens and white when preserved in alcohol; body length about 1 mm; body shape typical for Diaptomidae; eye not discernible. Antennule with 25 discernible segments in female, 23 in right prehensile antennule in male. Segments 13���16 in male right antennule only slightly widened; segments 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18 with 1 spine each, segment 19 with 2 spines. No spine or hyaline membrane on antepenultimate segment. Rostrum well developed in both sexes, with 2 finger-like projections. Pd4���Pd5 incompletely fused in female and in Pd2���Pd4 of male. Lateral wings of Pd 5 in both sexes moderately developed, with 1 sensillum on left side in female; 2 sensilla on left and 1 on right side in male. Urosome in female asymmetrical, with 3 discernible somites; 5-segmented in male. P1���P3 with 2-segmented Exp and Enp, P4 with 3- segmented Exp and 2-segmented Enp. Number of setae on P1���P4 Exp-2 as: 5, 6, 6, 5. P5 Exp- 2 in female modified into beak-like extension, smooth; Exp-3 reduced, represented by 1 spine and 1 seta; Enp 1-segmented, long. Endclaw of P5 Exp-2 on right leg in male long, slender; Enp on right leg 1-segmented, long; Exp-2 on left leg short, with short process apically., Published as part of Shu, Shusen, Brancelj, Anton, Chen, Feizhou, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2017, A new freshwater stygobiotic calanoid (Copepoda: Speodiaptominae) from Yunnan, China, pp. 192-200 in Zootaxa 4290 (1) on page 193, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/828887

Schistura notasileum, new species Figs. 1, 2, 3 Holotype. KIZ 2016000361, 56.2 mm SL; China: Yunnan Prov.: Dali Pref.: Yunlong City: Jiuzhou town; Mekong main channel; 25��47.980'N, 99��12.018'E, elevation 1320 m; collected by Endruweit, M., Liu, S.W. & Yang, S.Z., 27���28 February 2016. Paratypes. KIZ 2016000356-358, 360, 362, 5 specimens, 52.7���57.6 mm SL; ASIZB 204679-204682, 4, 49.0��� 56.8 mm SL; same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Schistura notasileum is distinguished from its congeners by having a color pattern of 10���13 rather regular, dark gray bars; bar at caudal-fin base complete; pectoral-fin rays 12���13; vertebrae 37���38; eye diameter 6.5���7.2 times in HL; interorbital space 2.8���3.8 times in HL; pre-anus length 69���71% SL; body depth 12���14% SL (7.1���8.5 times in SL); caudal-peduncle depth 9���10% SL (9.7���10.8 times in SL), and a suborbital lobe in the male. Description. See Figure 1 for general appearance and Table 1 for morphometric data. Body predorsally cylindrical, postdorsally laterally compressed; elongated, its depth 7.1���8.5 times in SL. Maximum body depth slightly in front of dorsal-fin origin. Caudal peduncle shallow, its depth 1.4���1.6 times in its length, with low, inconspicuous ventral, adipose crest supported by procurrent caudal-fin rays. Axillary pelvic lobe present, posteriorly free. Anus located considerably far anteriorly, at 1.9���2.5 times eye diameter in front of anal-fin origin. Snout pointed. Cheeks not inflated. Head width constantly increasing from nostril to posterior edge of operculum. Eye small; located dorsolaterally, not reaching dorsal profile when viewed laterally, not visible when viewed abdominally. A small, inconspicuous, rounded suborbital lobe in the male (Fig. 2). Interorbital space flat, wide. Anterior nostril a flap-like tube, not pierced. Mouth (Fig. 3) inferior, gape 1.4���1.7 times wider than long. Lips thin, smooth; upper lip feebly, lower lip deeply notched. Upper jaw with low, pointed processus dentiformis; lower jaw spoon-like, not notched. Inner rostral barbel reaching rictus, outer reaching vertical through anterior rim of orbit, maxillary surpassing posterior rim of orbit. Vertebrae 37���38 [37]; 23���24 [23] abdominal and 14 caudal. Gas bladder in ossified capsule; dumbbell-shaped; no secondary chamber. Gastrointestinal tract with simple, U-shaped stomach; intestines with single bend immediately after stomach. Largest recorded length 57.6 mm SL, 68.4 mm TL (KIZ 2016000360). Body fully and densely covered by very small, cycloid scales; breast sparsely scaled. Lateral line complete, reaching caudal-fin base, with 120���140 pores. Cephalic lateralis system with 7 supraorbital, 4+10 infraorbital, 10 preoperculomandibular and 3 supratemporal pores. Ratios SL/HL 4.5 4.3 4.2���4.5 0.1 Caudal-peduncle length/depth 1.5 1.5 1.4���1.6 0.1 SL/body depth 7.6 7.7 7.1���8.5 0.4 SL/caudal-peduncle length 7.0 6.9 6.3���7.3 0.3 SL/caudal-peduncle depth 10.8 10.4 9.7���10.8 0.4 HL/snout length 2.1 2.4 2.1���2.6 0.2 HL/eye diameter 6.5 6.8 6.5���7.2 0.3 HL/interorbital space 3.0 3.1 2.8���3.8 0.3 Length of upper caudal lobe/length of median caudal rays 1.5 1.5 1.4���1.6 0.0 Interorbital space/eye diameter 2.2 2.2 1.8���2.6 0.3 Dorsal fin with 4 simple and 8�� branched rays; distal margin straight. Anal fin with 3 simple and 5�� branched rays; distal margin straight; not reaching caudal-fin base. Caudal fin forked, with 9+8 branched rays; lobes equal, weakly pointed. Pelvic fin with 8���9 [9] rays, not reaching anus, inserted at about opposite of last simple dorsal-fin ray; fourth ray longest; distal margin convex. Pectoral fin with 12���13 [13] rays, reaching about halfway distance to pelvic-fin origin; fifth ray longest; distal margin convex. Coloration of preserved specimens. Dorsal half of body and head light gray, ventral half white. Body with 10���13 broad, dark gray bars, wider than interspaces, superimposed by conspicuous, broad, black stripe along midline of flank. Bars rather regular and usually interconnected over dorsum, not reaching ventral midline. Bar at caudal-fin base conspicuous, black, complete, not reaching extremities. Abdomen and lower side of head devoid of any mark; isthmus and mandible with yellow hue. Operculum with a broad, black bar interconnected over occiput. Snout with black mark running straight from origin of inner rostral barbel to nostril. Dorsal fin with conspicuous, black spot at base of last simple and first branched ray, with 2 dark gray, transverse bands on light gray ground. Caudal fin with 2���3 dark gray, transverse bands on light gray ground. Other fins white and devoid of any mark. Life coloration unknown. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Ecology. The type series of Schistura notasileum was obtained by using baited traps that were left over night in a water depth of about 10 m on the ground of the Mekong main channel. Coexisting fish species were Triplophysa brevicauda, Schizopyge lissolabiata, Schizothorax lantsangensis, Abbottina rivularis, Pseudorasbora parva, and Glyptothorax zanaensis. The turbid, green-brownish, slowly moving water had a temperature of 11 ��C, a pH of 8.3, and a conductivity of 510 ��S/cm. Schistura notasileum was absent in typical Schistura habitats like small gravelly tributaries or along the banks of the main channel. Etymology. Named after the kingdom of Nanzhao that was centered in Dali and flourished during the 8th and 9th centuries. The specific epithet is derived from the Greek notio vasileio, a transcription of Southern Kingdom or Nanzhao; latinized; a noun in apposition. Discussion. Schistura notasileum is a member of Schistura as defined by Kottelat (1990). It is easily recognized in the field since it is the only nemacheilid in the Chinese part of the Mekong drainage that possesses a suborbital lobe except Physoschistura shuangjiangensis (Zhu & Wang 1985; Chen et al. 2010) from which S. notasileum is readily distinguished by the barred (vs. mottled) color pattern, secondary chamber of gas bladder absent (vs. present), and preanus length 69���71% SL (vs. 71���74). Even if the geographical scope is extended to river drainages adjacent to the Mekong, the number of reported species of Schistura sharing a barred color pattern and a suborbital lobe remains small: S. maepaiensis and S. mahnerti, both reported from the Salween drainage in Thailand. Another species from Thailand that fits into this group is S. bella reported from downstream in the Mekong (Kottelat 1990). In all major river drainages to the East, namely the Yangtze, Pearl, Red, and Ma rivers, nemacheilid loaches fitting into this group are absent or have not been reported. Schistura bella, S. maepaiensis and S. mahnerti resemble each other in general appearance and morphology. They share a dissociated (vs. complete in S. notasileum) bar at the caudal-fin base; nostril flap pierced (vs. not pierced); anus located about 1���1.5 (vs. 1.9���2.5) eye diameter in front of anal-fin origin; and a pelvic fin reaching to (vs. failing to reach) the anus. In addition, S. notasileum is distinct in pre-anus length: 69���71% SL (vs. 71���75 in S. bella; 69���75 in S. maepaiensis; 70���74 in S. mahnerti); body depth: 12���14% SL (vs. 16���19; 16���23; 17���21); and depth of caudal peduncle: 9���10% of SL (vs. 11���12; 12���13; 13���15). Schistura notasileum is also easily told apart from other barred Schistura that have been reported downstream in the Mekong or from adjacent drainages in China: S. breviceps, S. kengtungensis, S. latifasciata, S. longa, S. pseudofasciolata and S. sexnubes (Zhu 1982; Zhu & Wang 1985; Kottelat 1990; Zhou & Cui 1993; Endruweit 2014a). None of these species has a suborbital lobe in the male; however, there are some similarities with S. notasileum. Schistura notasileum shares a rather elongated body, a shallow caudal peduncle, a small eye, and a wide interorbital space with S. longa from the Salween drainage but differs in having 12���13 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 10���11), 37���38 vertebrae (vs. 38���40), flank bars rather regularly (vs. conspicuously thinner in front of the dorsal fin), and lateral head length 4.2���4.5 times SL (vs. 4.5��� 4.9). The new species shares a small eye and a wide interorbital space with S. pseudofasciolata from the upper Yangtze but differs in having a scaled body (vs. scaleless), 12���13 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 10���11), a pre-anus length of 69���71% SL (vs. 71���73), and body depth 7.1���8.5 times in SL (vs. 5.9���6.9). Schistura notasileum shares 8�� branched dorsal-fin rays, and a wide interorbital space with S. breviceps from the Mekong, but differs from it in having the tip of the lower jaw continuous (vs. notched), lateral head length 4.2���4.5 times in SL (vs. 3.8���4.3), maximum head width 1.4���1.5 times in dorsal head length (vs. 1.2���1.4), eye diameter 6.5���7.2 times in HL (vs. 5.4���6.5), and caudal-peduncle depth 1.4���1.6 times in its length (vs. 1.0���1.4). The new species shares a barred body pattern that is superimposed by a midlateral stripe, and a complete lateral line with both, S. kengtungensis and S. latifasciata from the Mekong. Schistura notasileum is distinct in having 12���13 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 11���12 in S. kengtungensis; 9���10 in S. latifasciata), caudal-peduncle depth 1.4���1.6 times in its length (vs. 1.2���1.4; 1.1���1.3), body depth 7.1���8.5 times in SL (vs. 6.3���7.1; 5.3���6.4), and interorbital space 2.8���3.8 times in HL (vs. 3.0���3.4; 3.9���5.2). Schistura notasileum shares modally 9 pelvic-fin rays and an elongated body with S. sexnubes from the Mekong, but is distinct in having the bar at the caudal-fin base complete (vs. dissociated into two parts) branched caudal-fin rays 9+8 (vs. 8+8), lateral head length 22���24% SL (vs. 21���22), eye diameter 6.5���7.2 times in HL (vs. 4.1���5.6), and interorbital space 2.8���3.8 times in HL (vs. 3.7���4.4). The type locality of S. notasileum represents the northernmost boundary of the distribution of Schistura within the Mekong. Comparative material. All material is from China. Physoschistura shuangjiangensis: EPC 1665-71, 7 specimens, 32.7���55.2 mm SL; Yunnan: Lincang: Gengma; Mekong: Xiaoheijiang River. EPC 4807-16, 10, 29.1���53.0 mm SL; Yunnan: Lincang: Shuangjiang; Mekong: Mengmenghe River. Schistura amplizona: KIZ 2010003103-3109, 3236-3238, 10, 50.1���73.8 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Menglun; Mekong: Luosuojiang River. KIZ 2012004193-4197, 5, 48.6��� 68.4 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla; Mekong: Nanlahe River. KIZ 2012004198-4199, 2, 63.0���71.0 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengxing; Mekong: Nanxinghe River. Schistura bannaensis: KIZ 200107, holotype, 42.5 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla; Mekong: Nanlahe River. Schistura breviceps: EPC 1737-1784, 48, 45.5���65.1 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Jinghong; Mekong: Nankenhe River. KIZ 2010003168-3172, 5, 43.9���61.7 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Jinghong; Mekong: Mengyanghe River. Schistura kengtungensis: KIZ 2010003162-3167, 6, 58.8���64.2 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Menghai; Mekong: Nan���ahe River. KIZ 2012004247, 1, 57.4 mm SL; Yunnan: Puer: Lancang; Mekong: Nanlanhe River. EPC 1705-1707, 3, 58.2���64.2 mm SL; Yunnan: Puer: Lancang; Mekong: Mengkudahe River. Schistura kloetzliae: EPC 0 753, 1, 49.6 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla; Mekong: Mozhehe River. EPC 0 894, 1, 39.1 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Menglun; Mekong: Luosuojiang River. KIZ 2010003114-3119, 6, 37.1���48.8 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla: Mekong: Nanxinghe River. KIZ 2015000102-106, 5, 45.0��� 53.4 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla; Mekong: Nanguahe River. Schistura latifasciata: KIZ 1995000895-902, 8, 43.2���52.5 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla; Mekong: Nanlahe River. KIZ 2012001496-1497, 2, 49.2���66.7 mm SL; Yunnan: Puer: Lancang; Mekong: Heihe River. KIZ 2009001430-1435, 2, 66.2���70.6 mm SL; Yunnan: Puer: Jinggu; Mekong: Xiaoheijiang River. Schistura longa: KIZ 2012004016-4034, 19, 45.2���71.6 mm SL; Yunnan: Nujiang: Fugong; Salween. Schistura macrocephalus: EPC 0650-652, 3, 62.0��� 70.3 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Menglun; Mekong: Luosuojiang River. EPC 0729-752, 24, 45.0��� 91.7 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla; Mekong: Nanyanhe River. EPC 1589, 1, 58.2 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla; Mekong: Luosuojiang River. KIZ 2010003010-3018, 3091, 2010003110, 3134-3136, 2015000175-176, 16, 58.2���84.4 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla: Mekong: Nanxinghe River. KIZ 2010003159-3161, 3, 58.7���61.5 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla: Mekong: Nanmuwo River. KIZ 2012004163-4164, 2, 53.2���86.0 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla; Mekong: Buyuanjiang River. Schistura porthos: KIZ 2010003019-3032, 3085-3090, 2010003120-3126, 2015000172-174, 30, 50.8���67.0 mm SL; Yunnan: Xishuangbanna: Mengla: Mekong: Nanxinghe River. Schistura pseudofasciolata: KIZ 1990003958, holotype, 68.9 mm SL; KIZ 1990003959, 4243, 2, paratypes, 57.5��� 66.8 mm SL; Sichuan: Huidong; Yangtze: Canyu River. Schistura sexnubes: KIZ 2011000101, holotype, 33.4 mm SL; KIZ 2011000102-105, 4, paratypes, 28.8���37.4 mm SL; Yunnan: Lincang: Shuangjiang; Mekong: Mengmenghe River., Published as part of Endruweit, Marco, Yang, Junxing & Liu, Shuwei, 2016, A new river loach from the main channel of the upper Mekong in Yunnan (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae), pp. 594-600 in Zootaxa 4168 (3) on pages 595-599, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4168.3.13, http://zenodo.org/record/264593, {"references":["Kottelat, M. (1990) Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Pfeil, Munchen, 262 pp.","Zhu, S. Q. & Wang, S. H. (1985) The noemacheiline fishes from Yunnan Province, China (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 10, 208 - 220. [in Chinese]","Chen, X. Y., Pan, X. F. & Yang, J. X. (2010) Fishes. In: Wang, J., Du, F. & Yang, Y. M. (Eds.), Survey and Research on the Upper Mekong River Provincial Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 373 - 407. [in Chinese]","Zhu, S. Q. (1982) Five new species of fishes of the genus Nemachilus from Yunnan Province, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 7, 104 - 111. [in Chinese]","Zhou, W. & Cui, G. H. (1993) Status of the scaleless species of Schistura in China, with description of a new species (Teleostei: Balitoridae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 4, 81 - 92.","Endruweit, M. (2014 a) Schistura sexnubes, a new diminutive river loach from the upper Mekong basin, Yunnan Province, China (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae). Zoological Research, 35, 59 - 66."]}

We introduce ARES, an efficient approximation algorithm for generating optimal plans (action sequences) that take an initial state of a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to a state whose cost is below a specified (convergence) threshold. ARES uses Particle Swarm Optimization, with adaptive sizing for both the receding horizon and the particle swarm. Inspired by Importance Splitting, the length of the horizon and the number of particles are chosen such that at least one particle reaches a next-level state, that is, a state where the cost decreases by a required delta from the previous-level state. The level relation on states and the plans constructed by ARES implicitly define a Lyapunov function and an optimal policy, respectively, both of which could be explicitly generated by applying ARES to all states of the MDP, up to some topological equivalence relation. We also assess the effectiveness of ARES by statistically evaluating its rate of success in generating optimal plans. The ARES algorithm resulted from our desire to clarify if flying in V-formation is a flocking policy that optimizes energy conservation, clear view, and velocity alignment. That is, we were interested to see if one could find optimal plans that bring a flock from an arbitrary initial state to a state exhibiting a single connected V-formation. For flocks with 7 birds, ARES is able to generate a plan that leads to a V-formation in 95% of the 8,000 random initial configurations within 63 seconds, on average. ARES can also be easily customized into a model-predictive controller (MPC) with an adaptive receding horizon and statistical guarantees of convergence. To the best of our knowledge, our adaptive-sizing approach is the first to provide convergence guarantees in receding-horizon techniques., Comment: submitted to TACAS 2017

Streptocephalus sirindhornae Sanoamuang, Murugan, Weekers, and Dumont, 2000 (Figs 1 and 2) Streptocephalus sirindhornae Sanoamuang, Murugan, Weekers, and Dumont, 2000; Sanoamuang et al., 2007; Dararat et al., 2012; Sornsupharp et al., 2013; Rogers et al., 2013; Rogers and Padhye, 2014. Material examined. China: Yunnan, Luxi County: Laogantang temporary pond, 24 36 ' 07.05" N, 103 42 ' 33.88 " E, 5 males, 6 females, total body length 23.1 to 30.8 mm, September 2008, S.S. Shu legit. Chongzuo City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Ecology Park, swamp for white-headed langur, 22 16 ' 22.13 " N, 107 30 ' 54.87 " E, 7 males, 6 females, total body length 20.4 to 23.3 mm, August 2009, M. Hou legit. Thailand: Maha Sarakham: aquaculture pond, 16 �� 15 ��� 56.50 ������ N, 103 ��08��� 27.65 ������ E, 10 males, 8 females, August 2012, S.S. Shu legit. Diagnosis. Male. Frontal appendage simple and short. First antenna filiform, second antenna well developed (Fig. 1 B). Distal antennomere with distinct basomedial outgrowth (wart) (Fig. 1 C). Proximal antennomere with stout distomedial outgrowth, consisting of a cylindrical, robust, bigeniculated peduncle of the long type (sensu Maeda- Martinez et al. 1995), terminating in a scleroid cheliform structure (hand) (Fig. 1 B); peduncle without pulvinus, with three to five dorsobasal fleshy processes with their ventral surfaces bearing longitudinal rows of papillae (Fig. 1 B); peduncle inflexion lateral side with longitudinal row of 9 to 14 slender conical processes (Fig. 1 B, C); medial side with longitudinal row of triangular protuberances (Fig. 1 C). Posterior ramus (so called ���finger in Maeda-Martinez et al. 1995) biramous and longer than anterior ramus (so called thumb in Maeda-Martinez et al. 1995); posterior ramus with a dorsolateral (lower) sickle-shaped subramus, that is curved dorsally, sharply keeled over most of length, with apical third bearing an undulating free margin; posterior ramus with medial (upper) subramus with small rounded protuberances along dorsal margin, with two apical additional subramium equal in length bearing few small rounded protuberances (Fig. 1 B; Fig. 2 A, B, C); spur of thumb broad basally, apically subacuminate (Fig. 2 E, F). Genitalia with lateral linguiform outgrowths, and tubular gonopods ventrally projected with a spinulated medial appendix (Fig. 1 D), basal parts not rigid, non-retractile. Cercopods setose. Female. Ovaries uniramous; brood pouch elongate and fusiform; eggs spherical, ornamented by ribs forming polygonal areas (Fig. 1 E). Cercopods setose. Distribution. Streptocephalus sirindhornae is reported from Thailand (Sanoamuang et al., 2000), southern Laos, and central Cambodia (Rogers et al., 2013), and now China (this study) (Fig. 1 A). Streptocephalus sirindhornae occurs in Yunnan, Luxi County, at an altitude of 1,791 ma.s.l; at the time of the field collection in this site water was turbid, temperature 22.8 ��C, pH 8.3, and dissolved oxygen 5.5 mg /L. The species also occurs in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in an Ecology Park at 169 ma.s.l. The materials from these two locations represent the first records of the family, genus and species in China, and document their northern and easternmost distributional range in South East Asia. Comments.The Chinese Streptocephalus material corresponds to the description of S. sirindhornae, in having the main diagnostic characters described by Sanoamuang et al. (2000): (1) second antenna proximal antennomere (���basal joint) with a basal projection (���wart) (Fig. 2 C); (2) the form of the antennal appendage (peduncle and���hand); the form of the gonopods (Fig. 2 B); and (3) egg morphology (Fig. 2 E). Conversely, the total body length of the specimens from China (23.1 to 30.8 mm of Yunnan specimens, and 20.4 to 23.3 mm of Guangxi specimens), is longer than those from the type locality (14.2 to 17.7 mm) (Sanoamuang et al., 2000). The variation range of the number of slender conical processes located at the lateral side of the antennal peduncle inflexion (Fig. 1 B) were originally reported as from 10 to 12 (Sanoamuang et al., 2000), whereas in our material they were from 9 to 10 in material from Yunnan, and 12 to 14 in material from Guangxi (Fig. 1 B). The original description reported the distal antennomere (slender processes) on both sides of the peduncle inflexion (Sanoamuang et al., 2000), however the specimens we examined from Thailand and China had these processes on the lateral side only. The triangular protuberances located at the medial side of the antennal peduncle (Fig. 1 C) are present in all specimens from Thailand and China. Their number and size are variable among individuals, even in the same population. Such triangular protuberances were not mentioned in the original description of the species. As in Streptocephalus dichotomus Baird, 1860, we confirm that the basal lateral side of the thumb in S. sirindhornae has a well developed hollow (Sanoamuang et al., 2000) (Fig. 1 B). The fingers of S. dichotomus and S. sirindhornae were shown by Sanoamuang et al. (2000) with a depression on the ventral margin near to the confluence of the two rami. This depression is deeper in the material from Thailand, than in material from Yunnan and Guangxi (Fig. 2 G-I). The two apical subrami of posterior ramus is unequal in the material from Thailand and Guangxi but subequal from Yunnan (Fig. 2 A-C).The spur of the anterior ramus was described as broadly knife shaped, not constricted apically (Sanoamuang et al., 2000); the spur in specimens from Thailand and Yunnan fits the original description (Fig. 2 D, E), however the Guangxi specimens bear a triangular spur (Fig. 2 F). Phenotypic plasticity in inter- and intra-populations is an important adaptation in response to variable environments and predators (Cohen, 2012). Based on the morphological differences, the populations of S. sirindhornae from Maha Sarakham in Thailand, and Yunnan and Guangxi in China show phenotypic plasticity possibly related to environmental differences. The new records extend the known distribution range of S. sirindhornae in altitude (up to 1791 ma.s.l.), and in eastern and northern latitudes, from tropical Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia to temperate zones in China. The fairy shrimp S. sirindhornae contains high levels of protein (Dararat et al., 2012), and is widely cultured commercially in aquaculture farms as live food for freshwater ornamental fish and prawns (Sornsupharp et al., 2013).The species was imported to China in 2011 in Xiamen City, Fujian Province as an ornamental pet named the ���Queen Fairy Shrimp(http://konglongxia.ywbb.com). The morphological variation of the Chinese populations here reported may help researchers to distinguish between natural and introduced forms. FIGURE. 2. Details of the second antenna of Streptocephalus sirindhornae. A, D, G, male from Maha Sarakham, Thailand. B, E, H, male from Yunnan, China. C, F, I, male from Guangxi, China. A, B, C, distal part of medial (upper) subramus of the posterior ramus showing rounded protuberances and the two apical subrami unequal in length. D, E, F, lateral view of the spur of thumb. G, H, I, lateral view of the right posterior ramus showing the depression on the ventral margin near to the confluence of the two rami., Published as part of Shu, Shusen, Maeda-Martinez, Alejandro M., Rogers, D. Christopher, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2015, Morphological characterization of Streptocephalus sirindhornae (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from South East Asia: First record of the Streptocephalidae from China, pp. 447-450 in Zootaxa 3911 (3) on pages 447-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/236184, {"references":["Sanoamuang, L., Murugan, G., Weekers, P. H. & Dumont, H. J. (2000) Streptocephalus sirindornae, new species of freshwater fairy shrimp (Anostraca) from Thailand. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 20, 559 - 565. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 20021975 - 99990073","Sanoamuang, L., Sanoamuang, N., Saengphan, N., Chusing, R., Athibai, S. & Lekchan, S. (2007) Species diversity and distribution of fairy shrimps in Thailand. KhonKaen University, KhonKaen, 19 pp.","Dararat, W., Lomthaisong, K. & Sanoamuang, L. (2012) Biochemical composition of three species of fairy shrimps (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from Thailand. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32, 81 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724011 X 615352","Sornsupharp, S., Dahms, H. U. & Sanoamuang, L. (2013) Nutrient composition of fairy shrimp Streptocephalus sirindhornae nauplii as live food and growth performance of giant freshwater prawn postlarvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19, 349 - 359.","Rogers, D. C., Thaimuangphol, W., Saengphan, N. & Sanoamuang, L. (2013) Current knowledge of the South East Asian large branchiopod Crustacea (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida). Journal of Limnology, 72 (S 2), 69 - 80. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4081 / jlimnol. 2013. s 2. e 5","Rogers, D. C. & Padhye, S. (2014) A new species of Streptocephalus (Crustacea: Anostraca: Streptocephalidae) from the Western Ghats, India, with a key to the Asian species. Zootaxa, 3802 (1), 075 - 084. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3802.1.6","Cohen, R. G. (2012) Morphological diversity displayed by high altitude Branchinecta papillata (Anostraca) and additional morphological comparisons with Branchinecta achalensis. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32, 1 - 13. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 193724011 X 617404"]}

Shu, Shusen, Maeda-Martinez, Alejandro M., Rogers, D. Christopher, Yang, Junxing, Chen, Xiaoyong (2015): Morphological characterization of Streptocephalus sirindhornae (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from South East Asia: First record of the Streptocephalidae from China. Zootaxa 3911 (3): 447-450, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3911.3.11

Stenorynchoacrum new genus Type species: Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis new species Diagnosis. Stenorynchoacrum can be distinguished from existing genera of Labeoninae by the following characters. Middle part of rostral cap undeveloped, narrow, only covering the base of the upper jaw, both sides of rostral cap well developed and extending upward, rostral cap connected the lower lip, both lateral part of which free, as the result of a long postlabial groove separating the posterior margin of lateral part of lower lip and the isthmus, the median part of lower lip protrudes to form a round fleshy pad, whose posterior margin continuous with the mental region, no crescentic fold surrounding the fleshy pad (Fig. 2). The genus possesses some additional characters: the ventral margin of rostral cap unfringed, upper lip regresses to form a row of thin, tiny lobes adnated to upper jaw, the posterior margin of lower jaw connected the anterior part of lower lip, lower lip well developed, variable papillae scattered on rostral cap and lower lip, the anterior margin of upper and lower jaws born flexible, cornified sheath, two pairs of barbels, three rows of pharyngeal teeth, and eight branched dorsal-fin rays. Etymology. Sten from stenos Greek, means narrow; ryncho from rhynchos, Greek, means snout; acr, Greek, means the extremities of the body (snout, ears or trotters), so rynchoacrum means ventral margin of rostral cap. Stenorynchoacrum alludes to the narrow and undeveloped rostral cap of this genus., Published as part of Huang, Yanfei, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2014, Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 3793 (3) on page 381, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/231574

Wang, Dan, Zhao, Yahui, Yang, Junxing, Zhang, Chunguang (2014): A new cavefish species from Southwest China, Sinocyclocheilus gracilicaudatus sp. nov. (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 3768 (5): 583-590, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3768.5.5

Huang, Yanfei, Yang, Junxing, Chen, Xiaoyong (2014): Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 3793 (3): 379-386, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.6

Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, new species (Table 1, Figures 2–4 a) Holotype. KIZ 2001060488, 78.3 mm SL, Xiangsi Jiang, a tributary of Li Jiang draining to Xi Jiang of Zhu Jiang (Pearl River drainage), Dabu Village, Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China, collected by J. H. Lan on June, 2001 (Fig. 1). Paratypes: KIZ 2001060482−2001060487, 2001060490 − 2001060494, 11 specimens, 45.1-83.3 mm SL, same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description. Morphometric data for 12 type specimens are given in Table 1. Body elongate and compressed. Dorsal profile of body convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin with the greatest depth, straight from there to caudal-fin base. The ventral profile of body convex from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin, straight from anal-fin origin to caudal-fin base. Snout rounded and blunt. Snout length almost equal to postorbital length. Mouth gape arched and narrow, its width accounting for 14.1%−22.7% corresponding head length. Nostrils closer to anterior margin of eye than to snout tip. The ventral margin of rostral cap unfringed, completely covering upper lip and the base of upper jaw. Rostral cap connected to lower lip at the corner of mouth. A depression behind rostral barbel base, extending obliquely upward to lateral extremity of snout cap but not meeting with the sublachrymal groove. The lachrymal groove below rostral barbel base extending obliquely down to the corner of mouth and continuous with postlabial groove. The deep postlabial grooves whose length is about 1 / 3 of corresponding mouth width, divide lower lip into three parts including median portion and two lateral portions. Lateral portions of lower lip free. The median part of lower lip protrudes to form a round fleshy pad, the posterior of which continuous with the mental region. Rostral cap and lower lip covered by regularly arranging, variable fleshy papillae. Among them, two or three rows of papillae at the most-anterior of round fleshy pad smallest, those middle rows of papillae largest. Papillae on the middle part of rostral cap smaller than those on the sides. Eyes large, dorsolaterally situated in the middle of head, visible from ventral view. Interorbital space wide and flat. Two pairs of barbels, rostral barbels longer than maxillary barbels but shorter than eye diameter, maxillary barbels close to corners of mouth. Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 branched rays, emarginate; the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft and smooth; dorsal-fin origin at midpoint of snout tip and caudal-fin base, and located vertically in front of pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral-fin with one simple and 14 (7) or 15 (5) branched rays, lightly falcate, shorter than head length; tip of depressed pectoral-fin rays extending along 72 %− 98 % of the distance from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin with one simple and 8 (12) branched rays, straight, closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip and closer to anal-fin origin than to pectoral-fin origin; tip of depressed pelvic-fin rays nearly or already reaching anus, its length shorter than head length. Anal-fin with three simple and five branched rays, straight, closer to caudal-fin base than to pelvic-fin origin. Caudal-fin deeply forked, upper and lower lobes almost equal in length and symmetrical in shape, length of the longest ray 1.7−2.4 times length of the shortest median ray. Lateral line complete and horizontal. Lateral line scales 39 (11) or 38 (1); scale rows above lateral line 6 (12); scale rows below lateral line 4 (12). Predorsal scales irregularly arranged, embedded in small-sized specimens. Scales of abdomen from thorax to base of pectoral-fin small and embedded under skin. Axillary scales at the base of pelvic-fin, scale vagina at dorsal-fin and anal-fin. Circumpeduncle scales 16 (12). Anus located immediately in front of anal-fin origin. Vertebrae 35 (1), 36 (3), 37 (2). Swimbladder with two chambers: anterior one oval, posterior one elongated, 1.5−2.0 times as long as the anterior one. Gill rakers on first gill arch 8 (1) or 10 (2). Pharyngeal teeth 3 rows, 5, 4, 2−2, 4 and 5. Digestive tract long and coiled, the length is 7.5−8.7 (3) times standard length. Color pattern in formalin. Preserved in formalin, body gray and yellowish dorsally and laterally, slightly pale ventrally. All fins gray. No stripe or blotches along dorsal and sides of body. Distribution. Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis is only known from Xiangsi Jiang, which is a tributary of Li Jiang draining to Xi Jiang of Zhu Jiang Drainage (Pearl River Drainage) in Dabu Village, the south of Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China. Ecology. The species lives in underground caves connected to the surface river in the Karst area. Fish stay in the underground caves in the dry season and swim upward into the rivers during the flood season. Etymology. It alludes Xi Jiang, the drainage of the type locality.

Sinocyclocheilus gracilicaudatus Zhao and Zhang, sp. nov. Figure 1 Holotype: ASIZB 186399, 94.7mm standard length (SL), Zhujiang (Pearl) River Basin, Donglei Cave, Mulun town, Huanjiang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; 2009; collected by M. Y. Tian Paratype: ASIZB 186400, 79.0mm SL, ASIZB 186401 (preserved in collection of South China Agricultural University) 60.8mm SL, same data as for holotype. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from other known congeners by the following combination of characteristics: body normal shape; eyes present, normal; well scaled excluding head; lateral-line curved, scales 59���64; half-hard dorsal-fin spine; 8 gill rakers; 8 predorsal vertebrae; caudal peduncle length 21.3���22.7 % of SL; caudal peduncle depth 10.5 ���12.0% SL. Description. General body characters are shown in Figure 1. Meristic features and proportional measurements as percentages of standard length are listed in Table 1. Body moderately elongate and compressed. Dorsal profile convex from snout to dorsal fin, greatest body depth at dorsal fin insertion, and being slightly concave from end of dorsal-fin base to caudal fin. Ventral profile concave, tapering gradually toward anal fin. Head compressed. Two pairs of nostrils, anterior and posterior nostrils neighbored, front edge of anterior nostril midway from snout tip to front edge of eye; anterior-nostril possessing a rim with a fleshy flap forming a small tube. Mouth curved and slightly sub-inferior. Two pairs of barbels; insertion of maxillary barbel in front of anterior nostril, barbel long, extending to middle part of operculum; rictal barbel long, reaching posterior margin of operculum. Eye present and well developed, round, anterior and posterior edge of orbit at one third and half distance between snout tip to posterior margin of operculum, respectively. Cranial sensory canals developed, superaorbital and infraorbital canals connected. Gill opening large. Gill rakers triangular, well developed, 8 on first gill arch, 2 and 6 on epibranchial and ceratobranchial respectively. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows with counts of 1,3,4-4,3,1 (one specimens checked), pharyngeal teeth at outer row strong and well developed, with curved and pointed tip. Pectoral-fin insertion under posterior margin of operculum, pectoral fin not reaching pelvic fin insertion. Pelvic-fin insertion opposite dorsal-fin insertion; pelvic fin long, reaching four fifths of distance from pelvic-fin insertion to anus. Dorsal-fin a little closer to caudal fin base than to snout tip, last unbranched ray hard at base, softening toward tip, and with serrations along posterior edge. Anal-fin origin directly posterior to anus, reaching midway between anal-fin insertion to caudal fin base. Caudal-fin bifurcate. Lateral-line complete and curved, descending to above pectoral-fin rays from posterior margin of operculum and ascending to body midline above anal-fin base where extends to end of caudal peduncle. Scales small. Lateralline scales larger than other scales. Lateral-line scale rows 59���64; scale rows above lateral line 22���24; scale rows below lateral line 13; circumpeduncular scale rows 38. Predorsal scales irregularly arranged and difficult to count accurately. Coloration in alcohol.���Specimens were fixed in 10 % formalin and then preserved in 75 % alcohol. Dorsum dark grayish, abdomen light yellowish; no spots or blotches on body, head or fins; ventral aspect of caudal peduncle with very light black strip along midline from top of anus to base of caudal fin. Pectoral, dorsal and caudal fins grayish; anal-fin light grayish; pelvic-fin whitish. Distribution. Known only from a subterranean river of a cave in the town of Mulun, Huanjiang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. The subterranean river drains to the Longjiang River, a tributary of the Pearl River System (Fig. 2). Etymology. The name gracilicaudatus is a noun in apposition, derived from gracilis meaning slender and caudatus meaning tail, in reference to the narrow caudal peduncle and caudal fin. Discussion. Following the list of species of Sinocyclocheilus in Zhao et al. (2006), the new species can be distinguished from all other known species except for Sinocyclocheilus donglanensis, by having developed eyes, completely scaled body with a normal body shape, half-hard dorsal fin spine, curved lateral line with 59���63 lateralline scales, relatively short pectoral fin, 8 gill rakers and 8 predorsal vertebrae. Sinocyclocheilus gracilicaudatus is most similar to S. donglanensis. These two species are easily distinguished. Sinocyclocheilus gracilicaudatus has a more slender and longer caudal peduncle length (21.3���22.7 % vs. 16.8���20.4 % of SL) and narrower caudal peduncle depth (10.5 ���12.0% vs. 12.5���15.5 % of SL) relative to S. donglanensis (Fig. 3, Table 1). Interestingly, compared to S. donglanensis, Sinocyclocheilus gracilicaudatus has smaller eyes (eye diameter 5.8���8.3 % vs. 6.5���10.9 % of SL), but longer barbels (maxilla barbel length 16.6���24.3 % vs. 11.1���21.1 % of SL and rectal barbel length 19.5���21.6 % vs. 11.3���21.1 % of SL) (Fig. 4, 5; Table 1). Moreover, principle component analysis (PCA) of morphometric characters also reveals the two species differing primarily on the basis of three additional characters, including length of the maxilla and rictal barbels and length of the lower jaw (Fig. 6, Table 2). PC I PC II Standard length 0.2807 - 0.0107 Body depth 0.3278 0.1061 Predorsal length 0.2849 0.0087 Distance from head end to dorsal fin insertion (dorsal view) 0.319 - 0.0048 Sinocyclocheilus gracilicaudatus is also distributed allopatrically from S. donglanensis. The former species occurs only in a cave and the subterranean river of the Longjiang River system, a tributary of the Pearl River system. Whereas Sinocyclocheilus donglanensis occurs in the Hongshuihe River system, another tributary of the Pearl River system. Based on morphology and DNA sequences, the genus Sinocyclocheilus could be divided into four clades, given the appellations ��� jii ���, ��� angularis ���, ��� cyphotergous ���, and ��� tingi ��� (names of clades from species names representative of each clade.) Species of each clade have similar characteristics across each clade and they each have their own unique distributions with only very narrow overlap between the distributions of clades angularis and cyphotergous (Zhao & Zhang, 2009). Species of the ��� jii ��� clade have soft dorsal fin spines. Species of the ��� angularis ��� clade have a horn-like structure on the nape. Most species of the ��� tingi ��� clade have more than 70 lateral-line scale rows. Given the number of lateral-line scales (59���63), the new species is hypothesized to belong to the ��� cyphotergous ��� clade, although it does not have typical dorsal protuberance similar to a humpback (Romero, et al., 2009; Zhao & Zhang, 2009). The distribution of the new species is also in the range of the ��� cyphotergous ��� clade. Comparative materials. Sinocyclocheilus donglanensis: ASIZB 94976, holotype, 98.1mm SL, ASIZB 74217, 74218, 94747, 94748 (4 specimens), paratypes, 53.2���123.9mm SL, Zhujiang River basin: Hongshuihe River, Gongping Village, Taiping Town, Donglan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China; 7 Oct 2002, by C. G. Zhang and K. Watanabe., Published as part of Wang, Dan, Zhao, Yahui, Yang, Junxing & Zhang, Chunguang, 2014, A new cavefish species from Southwest China, Sinocyclocheilus gracilicaudatus sp. nov. (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), pp. 583-590 in Zootaxa 3768 (5) on pages 584-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.5.5, http://zenodo.org/record/227725, {"references":["Zhao, Y. & Zhang, C. (2009) Endemic Fishes of Sinocyclocheilus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in China --- Species diversity, cave adaptation, systematics and zoogeography. Science Press, Beijing, 271 pp.","Romero, A., Zhao, Y. & Chen, X. (2009) The Hypogean Fishes of China. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 86, 211 - 278. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10641 - 009 - 9441 - 3"]}

Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, new species (Table 1, Figures 2���4 a) Holotype. KIZ 2001060488, 78.3 mm SL, Xiangsi Jiang, a tributary of Li Jiang draining to Xi Jiang of Zhu Jiang (Pearl River drainage), Dabu Village, Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China, collected by J. H. Lan on June, 2001 (Fig. 1). Paratypes: KIZ 2001060482���2001060487, 2001060490 ��� 2001060494, 11 specimens, 45.1-83.3 mm SL, same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. See generic diagnosis. Description. Morphometric data for 12 type specimens are given in Table 1. Body elongate and compressed. Dorsal profile of body convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin with the greatest depth, straight from there to caudal-fin base. The ventral profile of body convex from tip of snout to pelvic-fin origin, straight from anal-fin origin to caudal-fin base. Snout rounded and blunt. Snout length almost equal to postorbital length. Mouth gape arched and narrow, its width accounting for 14.1%���22.7% corresponding head length. Nostrils closer to anterior margin of eye than to snout tip. The ventral margin of rostral cap unfringed, completely covering upper lip and the base of upper jaw. Rostral cap connected to lower lip at the corner of mouth. A depression behind rostral barbel base, extending obliquely upward to lateral extremity of snout cap but not meeting with the sublachrymal groove. The lachrymal groove below rostral barbel base extending obliquely down to the corner of mouth and continuous with postlabial groove. The deep postlabial grooves whose length is about 1 / 3 of corresponding mouth width, divide lower lip into three parts including median portion and two lateral portions. Lateral portions of lower lip free. The median part of lower lip protrudes to form a round fleshy pad, the posterior of which continuous with the mental region. Rostral cap and lower lip covered by regularly arranging, variable fleshy papillae. Among them, two or three rows of papillae at the most-anterior of round fleshy pad smallest, those middle rows of papillae largest. Papillae on the middle part of rostral cap smaller than those on the sides. Eyes large, dorsolaterally situated in the middle of head, visible from ventral view. Interorbital space wide and flat. Two pairs of barbels, rostral barbels longer than maxillary barbels but shorter than eye diameter, maxillary barbels close to corners of mouth. Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 branched rays, emarginate; the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft and smooth; dorsal-fin origin at midpoint of snout tip and caudal-fin base, and located vertically in front of pelvic-fin origin. Pectoral-fin with one simple and 14 (7) or 15 (5) branched rays, lightly falcate, shorter than head length; tip of depressed pectoral-fin rays extending along 72 %��� 98 % of the distance from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic-fin with one simple and 8 (12) branched rays, straight, closer to caudal-fin base than to snout tip and closer to anal-fin origin than to pectoral-fin origin; tip of depressed pelvic-fin rays nearly or already reaching anus, its length shorter than head length. Anal-fin with three simple and five branched rays, straight, closer to caudal-fin base than to pelvic-fin origin. Caudal-fin deeply forked, upper and lower lobes almost equal in length and symmetrical in shape, length of the longest ray 1.7���2.4 times length of the shortest median ray. Lateral line complete and horizontal. Lateral line scales 39 (11) or 38 (1); scale rows above lateral line 6 (12); scale rows below lateral line 4 (12). Predorsal scales irregularly arranged, embedded in small-sized specimens. Scales of abdomen from thorax to base of pectoral-fin small and embedded under skin. Axillary scales at the base of pelvic-fin, scale vagina at dorsal-fin and anal-fin. Circumpeduncle scales 16 (12). Anus located immediately in front of anal-fin origin. Vertebrae 35 (1), 36 (3), 37 (2). Swimbladder with two chambers: anterior one oval, posterior one elongated, 1.5���2.0 times as long as the anterior one. Gill rakers on first gill arch 8 (1) or 10 (2). Pharyngeal teeth 3 rows, 5, 4, 2���2, 4 and 5. Digestive tract long and coiled, the length is 7.5���8.7 (3) times standard length. Color pattern in formalin. Preserved in formalin, body gray and yellowish dorsally and laterally, slightly pale ventrally. All fins gray. No stripe or blotches along dorsal and sides of body. Distribution. Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis is only known from Xiangsi Jiang, which is a tributary of Li Jiang draining to Xi Jiang of Zhu Jiang Drainage (Pearl River Drainage) in Dabu Village, the south of Guilin City, Guangxi Province, China. Ecology. The species lives in underground caves connected to the surface river in the Karst area. Fish stay in the underground caves in the dry season and swim upward into the rivers during the flood season. Etymology. It alludes Xi Jiang, the drainage of the type locality., Published as part of Huang, Yanfei, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2014, Stenorynchoacrum xijiangensis, a new genus and a new species of Labeoninae fish from Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), pp. 379-386 in Zootaxa 3793 (3) on pages 381-384, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/231574

Identifying ecological factors underlying primate group size has been a central theme in primate behavioral ecology. The ecological constraints model proposes that increased group size leads to enhanced within-group feeding competition, necessitating increased travel to encounter additional or more productive feeding sites. Over the course of three years, we studied the largest known group (80 individuals) of Trachypithecus crepusculus (Indo-Chinese gray langur) for 1738 hours during 213 days (including 96 full day follows) in Wuliangshan, China. During this period, group size increased from 81 individuals to over 90 individuals. The group consumed plant parts from 27 ± 8 (range: 15-51) species per month, and a total 148 plant species during the study. Based on time spent feeding, the diet was similar (54.2% leaves and 32.1% fruit and seeds) to that reported for other colobines. Despite occupying a home range several times larger than other groups of Trachypithecus, we found no evidence of an increase in daily path length with increasing group size, and the group's time budget and daily path length remained relatively constant despite marked monthly changes in dietary pattern (e.g. time spent exploiting fruit and seeds vs. buds and young leaves, vs. mature leaves). These results are inconsistent with many of the predictions of the ecological constraints model. Rather, our data suggest that high dietary diversity and the ability to exploit difficult to digest foods enabled Indo-Chinese gray langurs to reduce opportunities for feeding competition associated with increased group size.

Protecting people from heavy metal contamination is an important public-health concern and a major national environmental issue in China. The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of the near-infrared (NIR) spectral technique in identifying heavy metal concentration (HMC) in coarse rice. 28 rice samples were gathered from the farmlands around four tailing ponds in Guiyang County of south China, and then were sieved by 2.0 mm plastic mesh for the laboratory spectral measurement and the determination of protein, lead (Pb), and copper (Cu). Before constructing the partial least square regression (PLSR) models for predicting HMC, all spectral data were treated by some methods, including, logarithm (Log), baseline correction (BC), standard normal variate (SNV), multiple scatter correction (MSC), first derivates (FD), and continuum removal (CR). In terms of enrichment coefficients (EC), Pb was accumulated in rice at a high level (17.05). A„°ts relation to protein (P=0.77, r

Yunnanilus niulanensis, sp. nov. (Fig. 1, 2) Holotype. KIZ 20060285, 55.3 mm SL; Yanglinhe River, 25 �� 14 ��34.0�� N; 103 ��03�� 53.3 ��E (altitude: 1909 m), upper reaches of the Niulanjiang River, in Yanglin Town, Songming County, Yunnan Province, China. Paratypes. KIZ 20060281, KIZ 20060287, KIZ 20060291 ���20060293, 20060297, six specimens, 41.7���52.5 mm SL; collected with the holotype. Diagnosis. The new species can be distinguished from its congers by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays iii, 9; anal-fin rays iii, 5; pectoral-fin rays i, 11; pelvic-fin rays i, 7���8; branched caudal-fin rays 14; mouth subterminal; 9���11 gillrakers in the inner side of the first gill arch, outer row of gill rakers absent; upper twothirds of body and head covered by large brown spots; fins hyaline; body covered with scales; no lateral line; no cephalic sensory pores; caudal peduncle length less than caudal peduncle depth; caudal peduncle length 9.2���11.1 % SL; body depth 21.0��� 25.8 % SL; eye diameter 5.4 ���6.0 % SL; interorbital width 9.9���12.1 % SL. Description. Proportional measurements and counts are given in Table 1. Body elongate, compressed. Body depth at dorsal-fin origin 21.0��� 25.8 % SL. Dorsal profile convex, ventral profile slightly convex. Dorsal midline with a concavity between nape and dorsal-fin origin. Pectoral fin reaching beyond halfway to pelvic-fin bases, 54.0��� 78.4 % of length between pectoral and pelvic-fin bases. Axillary pelvic lobe absent or vestigial. Pelvic fin reaching mid-point of distance between pelvic-fin origin and anus. Anus separated from anal-fin origin by a distance less than eye diameter. Anal fin not reaching caudal-fin base. Caudal-peduncle depth 107.1���142.3 % caudal-peduncle length. Predorsal length 54.0��� 57.5 % SL; dorsal-fin origin anterior to vertical line from pelvic-fin origin. Characters Holotype Paratypes (Range) Mean SD Total length (mm) 69.2 54.4���68.1 62.1 Standard length (mm) 55.3 41.7���52.5 48.8 Percent standard length Head length 26.8 26.6 ���29.0 27.6 1.0 Body depth at DO 23.3 21.0��� 25.8 24.0 1.6 Predorsal length 55.0 54.0��� 57.5 55.7 1.2 Prepelvic length 56.8 57.0��� 58.7 57.5 0.7 Caudal-peduncle length 9.2 9.4���11.1 10.3 0.9 Caudal-peduncle depth 13.1 11.4���13.3 12.7 0.7 Head compressed, its height greater than width at nape; head length greater than body depth at dorsal-fin origin, head length 26.6 ���29.0 % of SL. Snout obtuse, rounded, its length far less than postorbital length of head, 32.4���36.3 % of HL. Nostrils widely separated; anterior nostril at tip of a short tube, not reaching halfway to posterior one when adpressed. Interorbital space flat or a little convex, 36.9���41.7 % HL. Mouth subterminal, arched. Lips thick, almost smooth; upper lip without median groove, lower one with a median notch and 2 shallow furrows on each side. Processus dentiformes present on upper jaw; no notch or only a very shallow concavity on lower jaw. Eye invisible in ventral view, eye diameter 19.5���21.4 % of HL. Inner rostral barbel almost reaching vertical from anterior nostril, not reaching base of maxillary barbel; outer rostral barbel reaching beyond vertical of anterior nostril, not reaching posterior nostril or base of maxillary barbel. Maxillary barbel extending beyond vertical line through posterior margin of eye. Free posterior chamber of air bladder voluminous, 11.6 �� 4.4 mm, with an additional 3.3 mm duct connecting the anterior capsule (KIZ 200627007, 48.7 mm SL), extending beyond vertical through dorsal-fin origin, extending beyond pelvic-fin base. Gillrakers 9���11 on the inner side of first gill arch, absent on outer one. Intestine simple, with almost no coil from stomach to anus. Peritoneum gray ventrally, black-gray dorsally. Distal margin of dorsal-fin slightly convex. Caudal fin truncate or slightly emarginate, its tips rounded. Body entirely covered by embedded scales except for abdomen. Lateral line absent; cephalic lateral line and pores on head absent. No sexual dimorphism observed. Coloration. In alcohol, upper two-thirds of body and head covered by large brown spots, some spots more or less interconnected to form irregular vertical bars along the flank. Fins hyaline. A vertical black line present on caudal-fin base (Fig. 1). Habitat. The type specimens were collected from the Yanglinhe River (altitude: 1909m), one of the upper tributaries of the Niulanjiang River in Yanglin town, Songming County, Yunnan Province. The water was slowflowing and clear, pH: 7.0. The stream at the type locality is about 2 m in width, and about 0.4���0.5m in depth (the width and depth may be greater during the rainy season). The substrate was sandy or a little muddy. The landform, which the river flows through, is plain, with wheat fields, but becomes mountainous not far away from the stream. Distribution. This species is thus far known only from type locality (Fig. 3). Etymology. The specific name, niulanensis alludes to the type locality, the Niulanjiang River., Published as part of Chen, Ziming, Yang, Jian & Yang, Junxing, 2012, Description of a new species of the genus Yunnanilus Nichols, 1925 (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from Yunnan, China, pp. 57-64 in Zootaxa 3269 on pages 58-61, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.208649

Jiang, Wansheng, Ng, Heok Hee, Yang, Junxing, Chen, Xiaoyong (2012): A taxonomic review of the catfish identified as Glyptothorax zanaensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Sisoridae), with the descriptions of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2): 363-389, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00811.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00811.x

KEY TO GLYPTOTHORAX IN THE SALWEEN RIVER DRAINAGE 1. Thoracic adhesive apparatus extending onto gular region........................................................................2 – Thoracic adhesive apparatus not extending onto gular region.................................................................. 3 2. Flanks with irregular dark blotches; head and body not prominently tuberculate; pectoral spine with seven to eight serrations; dorsal-fin base 11.0–13.2% SL; pectoral-fin length 15.6–19.6% SL; caudal peduncle depth 8.6–9.8% SL ........................................................................................................................ G. obliquimaculatus – Flanks without prominent dark blotches; head and body prominently tuberculate; pectoral spine with ten to 12 serrations; dorsal-fin base 13.7–15.8% SL; pectoral-fin length 20.2–22.6% SL; caudal peduncle depth 6.1–7.6% SL.............................................................................................................................. G. rugimentum 3. Tooth band on upper jaw very broad, forming roof of oral cavity; thoracic adhesive apparatus with ovoid central pit............................................................................................................................... G. burmanicus – Tooth band on upper jaw narrow, restricted on anterior margin of oral cavity; thoracic adhesive apparatus without ovoid central pit.............................................................................................................................. 4 4. Prominent pale longitudinal stripe along lateral line, broader than lateral line........................... G. trilineatus – Prominent pale longitudinal stripe along lateral line absent, or if present, as wide as or narrower than lateral line............................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Flanks pale or predominantly pale, with scattered dark spots frequently present........................................6 – Flanks dark, without dark spots.........................................................................................................7 6. Nuchal plate elements frequently pale and strongly contrasting with rest of predorsal region; prominent pale patches on flanks; caudal peduncle depth 6.9–7.9% SL.............................................................. G. dorsalis – Nuchal plate elements frequently dark and not strongly contrasting with rest of predorsal region; flanks uniform or nearly so, without prominent pale patches; caudal peduncle depth 5.3–6.9% SL........................ G. ngapang 7. Flanks dark, fading to paler colour ventrally; triangular anterior nuchal plate element with concave anterolateral edges and extensive contact with posterior nuchal plate element, lacking saddle-shaped lateral extensions............................................................................................................................ G. fucatus sp. nov. – Flanks uniformly dark; triangular anterior nuchal plate element either with straight anterolateral edges and lacking extensive contact with posterior nuchal plate element, or with concave anterolateral edges, extensive contact with posterior nuchal plate element and saddle-shaped lateral extensions.......................................8 8. Diverging pattern of striae running along edges of median depression in thoracic adhesive apparatus.................................................................................................................................................. G. zanaensis – Striae radiating in single series along median depression in thoracic adhesive apparatus.............................9 9. Anterior nuchal plate elements with lateral saddle-shaped extensions; depth of caudal peduncle 5.7–7.6% SL; body depth at anus 12.9–16.5% SL; head width 16.6–19.5% SL ........................................... G. granosus sp. nov. – Anterior nuchal plate elements without lateral saddle-shaped extensions; depth of caudal peduncle 7.1–10.6% SL; body depth at anus 14.6–20.4%% SL; head width 19.3–22.9% SL ............................................. G. longinema, Published as part of Jiang, Wansheng, Ng, Heok Hee, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2012, A taxonomic review of the catfish identified as Glyptothorax zanaensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Sisoridae), with the descriptions of two new species, pp. 363-389 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on page 385, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00811.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5407817

GLYPTOTHORAX ZANAENSIS WU, HE & CHU, 1981 (FIG. 4) Glyptothorax zanaensis Wu, He & Chu, 1981: 74 (type locality: Zana, Tibet); Zhang et al., 1995: 130, fig. 57–1. Glyptothorax zainaensis Chu, Mo & Kuang, 1990: 187 (in part); Chu & Mo, 1999: 146 (in part)., Published as part of Jiang, Wansheng, Ng, Heok Hee, Yang, Junxing & Chen, Xiaoyong, 2012, A taxonomic review of the catfish identified as Glyptothorax zanaensis (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Sisoridae), with the descriptions of two new species, pp. 363-389 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2) on page 368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00811.x, http://zenodo.org/record/5407817, {"references":["Wu XW, He MJ, Chu XL. 1981. On the fishes of Sisoridae from the region of Xizang (in Chinese). Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica 12: 74 - 79.","Zhang CG, Cai B, Xu TQ. 1995. Fishes and fish resources in Xizang, China. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 130 - 131. (in Chinese).","Chu XL, Mo TP, Kuang PR. 1990. Sisoridae. In: Chu XL, Chen YR, Zhou W, Yang JX, Kuang PR, Cui GH, Mo TP, eds. The fishes of Yunnan, China. Part II. Beijing: Science Press, 170 - 192. (in Chinese).","Chu XL, Mo TP. 1999. Sisoridae. In: Chu XL, Zheng BS, Dai DY, eds. Fauna sinica osteichthyes siluriformes. Beijing: Science Press, 114 - 181. (in Chinese)."]}

GLYPTOTHORAX ZANAENSIS WU, HE & CHU, 1981 (FIG. 4) Glyptothorax zanaensis Wu, He & Chu, 1981: 74 (type locality: Zana, Tibet); Zhang et al., 1995: 130, fig. 57–1. Glyptothorax zainaensis Chu, Mo & Kuang, 1990: 187 (in part); Chu & Mo, 1999: 146 (in part).

Schizothorax nudiventris, sp. nov. Figure 7 Schizothorax progastus: Chaudhuri, 1911: 14; Chen, 1958: 155. Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin), Cao, 1964: 161, Figs. 4 ���20; Li, 1982: 169; Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part); Chen & Cao, 2000: 333, Fig. 206 (in part). Schizothorax yunnanensis, Tchang, 1933: 37 (in part); Zhang, 1959: 81 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 20050507224, holotype, 149.0 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Wulonglong village, Badi Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province. Paratypes: KIZ 200401003416 ���417, 2 specimens, 168.0��� 172.5 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Jiuzhou Town, Yunlong County, Yunnan Province, collected by Chen Yinrui and Pan Xiaofu, 3 Oct. 2004; KIZ 20050507219 ���223, 20050507227, 20050507229, 7 specimens, 68.6���134.8 mm SL; China: same data as holotype; KIZ 20050507146 ���147, 2 specimens, 141.4 ���170.0 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Xianglidi village, Badi Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province; KIZ 20050503051, 1 specimen, 83.6 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Tuoba village, Weideng Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 20050509242 ���243, 20050509245, 20050509247 ���248, 5 specimens, 100.0���117.0 mm SL; China: Guyong, Deqin County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 839087, 866090���093, 9805017, 6 specimens, 55.8 ���243.0 mm SL; China: the Yangbi River (a tributary of the Lancang Jiang), Yangbi Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2005000612 ���613, 2 specimens, 143.0��� 145.9 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Quzika Town, Mangkang County, Tibet, China, collected by Chen Yinrui and Chen Ziming, 10 May 2005. Diagnosis. Schizothorax nudiventris can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: snout blunt; upper lip thin; lower lip developed, trilobed, the median lobe minute, the lateral lobes forming a splayed. Postlabial groove continuous. Thorax scaleless in mature individuals; distal onefourth of last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft and articulated, proximal three-fourths of it strong, with 15���21 serrae along its posterior edge (Fig. 4 B); pelvic-fin origin beneath or posterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; irregular black spots scattered along lateral line on flank; eye diameter mean 92.0 % of maxillary barbel. Schizothorax nudiventris is further distinguished from the sympatric S. lissolabiatus Tsao and S. dolichonema Herzenstein by the absence (vs. presence) of a horny sheath on the lower jaw and having a smooth, trilobed lower lip (vs. bi-lobed in S. lissolabiatus and papillated and single-lobed lower lip in S. dolichonema). Schizothorax nudiventris is further distinguished from another species from the same drainage, S. yunnanensis, by having a continuous (vs. discontinuous) postlabial groove; last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong (vs. soft); length of barbels equal to or longer (vs. shorter) than eye diameter. Schizothorax nudiventris resembles the sympatric S. lantsangensis Tsao, with which is shares a scalesless thorax, lower lip tri-lobed and postlabial groove continuous, but differs from it in having larger eyes [diameter 57.2 ���160.0 % (mean 92.0) maxillary barbel vs. 33.9���60.1 % (mean 46.1)]; scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 27���34 (12 *) (vs. 33���40 (9 *)); median lobe of lower lip distinct, free and smooth (vs. indistinct and covered with papillae). Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 2. Body elongate, laterally compressed. Snout blunt, short. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, tri-lobed, median lobe minute, its width equal to that of isthmus; lateral lobes superficially rugged posteriorly (Fig. 3 B); postlabial groove continuous. In small specimens (Coloration. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey; irregular black spots scattered on upper body; lower body beneath lateral line more yellowish; abdomen whitish. Distribution. The species is known from the mainstream and tributaries of the upper Lancang Jiang (upper Mekong River) drainage (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In the Lancang Jiang River, Schizothorax nudiventris usually coexists with the cyprinid species Schizothorax lissolabiatus Tsao, the sisorid catfishes Pseudecheneis immaculatus Chu, Glyptothorax zainaensis Wu, He & Chu, Pareuchiloglanis gracilicaudata (Wu & Chen), and Pareuchiloglanis kamengensis (Jayaram); the balitorid loach Triplophysa brevicauda (Herzenstein), Paracobitis anguillioides Zhu & Wang and botiid loach Sinibotia longiventralis Yang & Chen. Etymology. From the Latin nudus meaning naked and venter, abdomen, possessive; nudiventris, in reference to the scalesless thorax and abdomen anterior to the pelvic-fin origin of this species. Remarks. Schizothorax nudiventris was identified as S. griseus (Cao, 1964; Mo, 1989; Chen & Huang, 1998; Chen & Cao, 2000). The two species share a similar mouth structure. Biplots of the maxillary barbel against SL and HL for S. griseus and S. nudiventris (Figs. 8, 9), indicate that the regression lines are significantly different (p Schizothorax griseus ��� examined by Cao (1964) from the Lancang Jiang drainage area to S. yunnanensis. According to the descriptions of S. griseus in Cao (1964), we feel certain that the specimens from the Lancang Jiang drainage examined by Cao (1964) were in fact S. nudiventris. Schizothorax nudiventris can be distinguished from S. yunnanensis in having its lower lip divided into three lobes (vs. two lobes); having a continuous (vs. discontinuous) postlabial groove; and last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong (vs. soft). Schizothorax nudiventris is restricted to the Lancang Jiang drainage area., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2009, The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2006 on pages 30-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671, {"references":["Chaudhuri, B. L. (1911) Contributions to the fauna of Yunnan based on collections make by J. Coggin Brown 1909 - 10. Records of Indian Museum, 6, 13 - 24.","Chen, Q. - T. (1958) Fishes of Yunnan Province. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 3, 155. [In Chinese.]","Cao, W. - X. (1964) Schizothoracinae. In: Wu, X. - W. (Ed.), The Cyprinid Fishes of China. Vol. I. Science Press, Shanghai, pp. 137 - 197. [In Chinese.]","Li, S. - S. (1982) Fish fauna and its differentiation in upland lakes of Yunnan. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 2, 169 - 176. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - F & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y, - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - Y. & Cao W. - X. (2000) Schizothoracinae. In: Yue, P. - Q. et al. (Eds), Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Cypriniformes III. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 273 - 390. [In Chinese.]","Tchang, T. - L. (1933) The study of Chinese Cyprinoid fishes. Part I. Zoologia Sinica, (B) 2, 37 - 38.","Zhang, C. - L. (1959) Chinese System carp fishes. High Education Press, Beijing, 81 pp. [In Chinese.]","Wu, Y. - F. & Wu, C. - Z. (1991) The Fishes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Sichuan Publishing House of Science & Technology, Chengdu, 599 pp. [In Chinese.]"]}

Schizothorax heterophysallidos, sp. nov. Figure 10 Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin): Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Lu in Wu ed. 1989: 192 (in part); Huang, 1989: 222, Fig. 170; Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part); Chen & Cao, 2000: 333, Fig. 206 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 20060038, 210.0 mm SL; China: Yingshang, Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province, 25 �� 29 �� 26.5 ��N 104 �� 17 �� 12.3 ��E, 1733 m above sea level, 24 May 2006. Paratypes: KIZ 20060037, 20060039���040, 3 specimens, 134.1 ���163.0 mm SL; China: same data as holotype. KIZ 60122 ���60125, 4 specimens, 127.4 ���197.0 mm SL; China: the Nanpan Jiang. KIZ 2000609 ���019, 2006021 ���023, 14 specimens, 53.2 ���150.0 mm SL; China: Xiaoshiqiao, Hongta, Yuxi, Yunnan Province. KIZ 775847 ���849, 775853���854, 775857���860, 775863��� 866, 7751000, 14 specimens, 96.4 ���165.0 mm SL; China: Luoping, Yunnan Province. KIZ 774717, 774718, 2 specimens, 88.4 ���159.0 mm SL; China: Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 874010, 1 specimen, 143.8 mm SL; China: Yiliang County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 791014, 1 specimen, 158.0 mm SL; China: Zhushan, Yiliang County, Yunnan Province. Diagnosis. Schizothorax heterophysallidos can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: snout blunt; upper lip thin; lower lip developed, with three labial lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a minute lobe present medially on lower lip; thorax scaleless in mature individuals; lower part of last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, its posterior edge with 15���23 serrae; pelvic-fin origin beneath or anterior to vertical from dorsal-fin origin; eye diameter 57.2 ���160.0 (mean 92.4) % of maxillary���barbel length; length of posterior chamber of air bladder three to six times that of anterior one. Schizothorax heterophysallidos is further distinguished from the sympatric S. lissolabiatus by the absence (vs. presence) of a horny sheath on lower jaw; having the lower lip with three (vs. two) lobes and the posterior groove continuous (vs. discontinuous). Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 3. Body elongate, laterally compressed. An inconspicuous shallow ethmoidal groove present before nostrils. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, with three labial lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a small median lobe of width greater than that of isthmus, posterior parts of both side lobes rugged (Fig. 3 C). In some young specimens (Coloration. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey, lower body yellowish; abdomen whitish. Distribution. The species is known from the upper reach of the Nanpan Jiang in Yunnan Province (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In Yingshang (a tributary of the Nanpan Jiang), Fuyuan County, Yunnan Province, these fishes occur in small streams. Here the river is 0.5���1.5 m deep, 5���15 m wide. The river substrate is comprised of sand and pebbles. At the time of capture the water was black-grey, most likely due to the presence of a coal mine upstream. In May, many young S. heterophysallidos 40���50 mm SL were seen to inhabit shallow water. Other sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species S. lissolabiatus, Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky), Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel), Discogobio yunnanensis (Regan), D. macrophysallidos Huang, and Sinocyclocheilus multipunctatus (Pellegrin); the sisorid catfish Pareuchiloglanis longicauda (Yue); and the cobitid loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor). Etymology. From the greek heteros, meaning special or different, and physallidos, from the greek ���physal���, possessive, meaning air bladder or bleb. An adjective, in reference to the species having an unique air bladder. Remarks. Schizothorax heterophysallidos is unique amongst the members of the ��� S. griseus complex��� in possessing an elongated posterior chamber of the air bladder. The length of the posterior chamber of air bladder is three to six times greater than that of the anterior one (Fig. 3 C). Schizothorax heterophysallidos is restricted to the Nanpan Jiang drainage area., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2009, The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2006 on pages 33-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671, {"references":["Huang, S. - Y. (1989) Schizothoracinae. In: Zheng, C. - Y. (Ed.) Fishes of the Zhujiang River. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 222 - 225. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - F & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y, - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - Y. & Cao W. - X. (2000) Schizothoracinae. In: Yue, P. - Q. et al. (Eds), Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Cypriniformes III. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 273 - 390. [In Chinese.]"]}

Niviventer andersoni pianmaensis Li et Yang, subsp. nov. Holotype: KIZ 74096, 3, adult, collected on 29 January 1974. Type locality: Pianma (26 0 00��� N, 98 0 37 ���E, elev. 1960 m), western Yunnan province, China. Diagnosis: Although the back is as a mixture of gray and ochraceous as the other two subspecies, it is darker; Belly yellow-whitish; the sides of the cheeks ochraceous without any grayish tone. C.Ds of LUM, or HM, orLLM, or MH between N. a. andersoni and N. a. pianmaensis is larger than 1.28, and C.D. of HM or LLM is larger than 1.28 between N. a. ailaoshanensis and N. a. pianmaensis (Table 4). Measurements of the holotype: External measurements (in mm): length of head and body, 160; tail length, 218; hind foot length, 35; ear length, 21. Cranial measurements (in mm): greatest length of the skull (GLS), 42.23; occipito-nasal length (ONL), 42.04; incisor breadth (IB), 3.02; length of incisive foramen (LIF), 7.48; length of upper molars (LUM), 6.89; interparietal width (IW), 11.53; mastoid breadth (MB), 10.42; braincase breadth (BD), 16.38; length of mandible (LM), 25.78; height of mandible (HM), 9.33; length of lower molars (LLM), 6.56; lower tooth row (LTR), 16.89; mandibular height (MH), 4.83. Paratype: KIZ 74097, ��, adult, collected on 29 January 1974 from the type locality.. Paratype measurements: External measurements (in mm): length of head and body, 148; tail length, 210; hind foot length, 35; ear length, 21. Cranial measurements (in mm): greatest length of the skull (GLS), 40.59; occipito-nasal length (ONL), 40.39; incisor breadth (IB), 3.07; length of incisive foramen (LIF), 7.25; length of upper molars (LUM), 6.83; interparietal width (IW), 12.28; mastoid breadth (MB), 11.03; braincase breadth (BD), 16.55; length of mandible (LM), 24.65; height of mandible (HM), 9.32; length of lower molars (LLM), 6.95; lower tooth row (LTR), 16.65; mandibular height (MH), 4.83. Other referred specimens: 11 3, 5����, one of them (KIZ 99074) from Tengchong, 12 of them (KIZ 74012, 74085, 74086, 74098, 74120, 74122, 74130, 74131, 74132, 74152, 74180, 74181) from Pianma, and the rest (KIZ 74289, 74330, 74331) from Yaojiaping. Distribution: The new subspecies is distributed in Pianma, Yaojiaping, and Tengchong areas (western Yunnan province). Etymology: The new subspecies is named according to the type locality. Morphological description: N. a. pianmaensis subsp. nov. is recognized with the following characteristics: (1) General dorsal color is blacker than the other two subspecies; (2) Flanks and sides of cheeks and neck are ochraceous-buff, and the sides of muzzle only ochraceous without any grayish tone; (3) Areas that extend from the muzzle to and around each eye are blackish brown; (4) Underparts are yellowwhitish, but the chin pure whitish, and all of specimens examined in the study have a small spot on the chest; (5) Ears are dark brown; (6) The upper surfaces of the front and hind feet are dark brown with some whitish more or less; (7) The upper surface of the tail is blackish brown, but the distal quarter to third whitish. The holotypes and paratypes of the two new subspecies are deposited in the Museum of Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KIZ, CAS) (Kunming, China)., Published as part of Li, Song & Yang, Junxing, 2009, Geographic variation of the Anderson's Niviventer (Niviventer andersoni) (Thomas, 1911) (Rodentia: Muridae) of two new subspecies in China verified with cranial morphometric variables and pelage characteristics, pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2196 on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189497

Niviventer andersoni ailaoshanensis Li et Yang, subsp. nov. Holotype: KIZ 99263, 3, adult, collected on 3 February 1999. Type locality: Ailaoshan Mountain (24 0 32 ��� N, 101 0 01���E, elev. 2500 m), center Yunnan province, China. Diagnosis: General dorsal pelage color mainly ochraceous, the hinder part of the belly yellowish, the sides of the muzzle mainly grayish, and the quarter to third of distal part of the tail maroon. C.D. of LUM is larger than 1.28 between N. a. andersoni and N. a. ailaoshanensis, and C.D. of HM or LLM is larger than 1.28 between N. a. ailaoshanensis and N. a. pianmaensis (Table 4). Measurements of the holotype: External measurements (in mm): length of head and body, 170; tail length, 233; hind foot length, 33; ear length, 26. Cranial measurements (in mm): greatest length of the skull (GLS), 41.78; occipito-nasal length (ONL), 41.59; incisor breadth (IB), 3.46; length of incisive foramen (LIF), 7.87; length of upper molars (LUM), 7.41; interparietal width (IW), 12.28; mastoid breadth (MB), 11.51; braincase breadth (BD), 16.42; length of mandible (LM), 25.61; height of mandible (HM), 11.39; length of lower molars (LLM), 7.14; lower tooth row (LTR), 16.74; mandibular height (MH), 5.16. Paratype: KIZ 99267, ��, adult, collected on 31 January 1999 from the type locality. Paratype measurements: External measurements (in mm): length of head and body, 169; tail length, 234; hind foot length, 28; ear length, 23. Cranial measurements (in mm): greatest length of the skull (GLS), 41.10; occipito-nasal length (ONL), 40.87; incisor breadth (IB), 3.41; length of incisive foramen (LIF), 7.44; length of upper molars (LUM), 7.17; interparietal width (IW), 11.80; mastoid breadth (MB), 10.78; braincase breadth (BD), 16.75; length of mandible (LM), 25.78; height of mandible (HM), 11.35; length of lower molars (LLM), 7.06; lower tooth row (LTR), 16.51; mandibular height (MH), 5.01. Other referred specimens: 6 3, 10 �� (KIZ 99255 ~99262, 99264~99266, 99268~ 99272). Distribution: The new subspecies is distributed in Ailaoshan mountain, center Yunnan province. Etymology: The new subspecies is named according to the type locality. Morphological description: N. a. ailaoshanensis subsp. nov. quite distinct and apparently fairly stable in the following characteristics: (1) General dorsal color is a mixture of ochraceous and gray. As compared with N. a. andersoni and N. a. pianmaensis, N. a. ailaoshanensis has the least black intermixed along the back, so its back mainly shows ochraceous tone; (2) Flanks and sides of cheeks and neck are ochraceous-buff, but the sides of muzzle are mainly grayish; (3) Areas that extend from the muzzle to and around each eye are blackish brown; (4) Underparts are pure white, but the hinder part more or less yellowish, and some specimens (9 of 18) have a small spot on the chest; (5) Ears are dark brown; (6) The upper surfaces of the front and hind feet are dark brown, and the sides white; (7) The upper surface of the tail is blackish brown, but the distal quarter to third maroon., Published as part of Li, Song & Yang, Junxing, 2009, Geographic variation of the Anderson's Niviventer (Niviventer andersoni) (Thomas, 1911) (Rodentia: Muridae) of two new subspecies in China verified with cranial morphometric variables and pelage characteristics, pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2196 on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189497

Key to the subspecies of N. andersoni 1. The distal tail, including the terminal third to a quarter of its length maroon; sides of muzzle grayish............................................................................................................................................................ N. a. ailaoshanensis subsp. nov. - The distal tail, including the terminal third to a quarter of its length white; sides of muzzle mainly ochraceous, or mixed with grayish more or less................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Belly pure white and back are a mixture of gray and ochraceous, with black intermixed along the back..................... ............................................................................................................................................................... N. a. andersoni - Belly yellow-whitish and back are a mixture of gray and ochraceous, but with more black intermixed along the back, and the general impression being darker ......................................................................... N. a. pianmaensis subsp. nov., Published as part of Li, Song & Yang, Junxing, 2009, Geographic variation of the Anderson's Niviventer (Niviventer andersoni) (Thomas, 1911) (Rodentia: Muridae) of two new subspecies in China verified with cranial morphometric variables and pelage characteristics, pp. 48-58 in Zootaxa 2196 on page 57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189497

Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931 Figures 1���2 Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931: 146, type locality: Koei-Tch��ou (Guizhou) Province, China; Fang, 1936: 421; Nichols, 1943: 82 (in part); Lu in Wu ed. 1989: 192 (in part); Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part); Chen & Cao, 2000: 333, Fig. 206 (in part). Racoma griseus, Wu & Wu, 1991: 323, Fig. 80. Schizothorax yunnanensis (non Norman), Tchang, 1933: 37 (in part); Zhang, 1959: 81 (in part). Material examined. MNHN 1913 ���0157, 1913 ���0158, Syntype, 2 specimens, 240���250 mm SL; China: Koei- Tch��ou (Guizhou Province). KIZ 20060156, 20060158, 20060175 ���178, 20060180, 7 specimens, 100.9 ���252.0 mm SL; China: the Zhongxi River (a tributary of upper Wu Jiang), Weixin Town, Nayong County, Bijie, Guizhou Province, 27 ��02��53.0��N 105 �� 12 �� 52.5 ��E. KIZ 20060206 ���209, 20060211, 5 specimens, 85.2���144.7 mm SL; China: the Sancha River (a tributary of upper Wu Jiang), Yangchang Town, Nayong County, Bijie, Guizhou Province, 25 �� 38 �� 58.5 ��N 105 �� 10 �� 49.9 ��E. KIZ 20060222, 20060224���225, 20060229���231, 20060288, 7 specimens, 138.7 ���335.0 mm SL; China: Zhiku stream (a tributary of the Sancha River), Yangchang Town, Nayong County, Bijie, Guizhou Province, 26 �� 40 �� 12.1 ��N 105 �� 10 �� 46.4 ��E. Uncatalogued: 4 specimens, 108.1���124.4 mm SL; China: Zhiku stream (a tributary of the Sancha River), Yangchang Town, Nayong County, Bijie, Guizhou Province, 26 �� 40 �� 12.1 ��N 105 �� 10 �� 46.4 ��E. KIZ 20060302 ��� 303; 2 specimens, 97.0��� 144.5 mm SL; China: the Niulan Jiang (a tributary of the lower Jinsha River), Huodehong Town, Zhaotong Prefecture, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2006113001, 2006113008���010, 2006113012, 2006113020, and 2 uncatalogued specimens = 7 specimens, 97.4 ���171.0 mm SL; China: the Niulan Jiang, Wangzhai Village, Malu Town, Zhaotong Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Diagnosis. Schizothorax griseus is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: horny sheath on lower jaw absent; upper lip developed; lower lip developed, modified into three labial lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a minute labial lobe present at middle of lower lip; scales present or embedded beneath skin on thorax in mature individuals (scalesless on thorax in juveniles); last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, its posterior edge with 16���24 serrae; a shallow ethmoidal groove present before nostrils; pelvic-fin origin below or anterior to vertical from dorsal-fin origin; irregular black spots scattered along lateral line on side of body; barbels much longer than eye diameter (maxillary-barbel length 1.6 times eye diameter). Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 1. Body elongate, laterally compressed. Snout long. Head length greater than body depth; dorsal surface of head descending sharply anterior to nostrils, forming an ethmoidal groove; head depth greater than head width. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, with three labial lobes; median lobe minute, its width less than width of isthmus or eye diameter, superficially both side lobes posteriorly rugged (Fig. 3 A). Postlabial groove continuous. Two pairs of barbels: rostral barbel equal to or shorter than maxillary barbel, reaching middle of eye; maxillary barbel extending beyond posterior border of eye. Scales minute, absent on the thorax and abdomen before pectoralfin origin in juveniles up to 144 mm SL, present or embedded beneath the skin on thorax in adults. Lateral line straight, with 95���114 (22 *) scales; scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line, 21���27 (23 *); scales in transverse series from pelvic-fin origin to lateral line, 17���25 (14 *). Two rows of enlarged scales on each side, extending from base of vent to anal fin. Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 (32 *) branched rays, last simple unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, with 16���22 (10 *) serrae along its posterior edge (Fig. 4 A); dorsal-fin origin below or posterior to pelvic-fin origin; predorsal length greater than distance from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-peduncle base. Pectoral fin with one simple and 16 (1 *), 17 (5 *), 18 (6 *), 19 (10 *), 20 (1 *) branched rays, its length more than half distance between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin with one simple and 9 (12 *), 10 (12 *) branched rays. Anus located immediately anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal fin with three simple and 5 (32 *) branched rays. Anal fin elongated, reaching caudal-fin base in mature females, surpassing caudal-fin base in mature males. Caudal fin forked, its lower lobe slightly longer than upper one. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, tooth pattern 2,3,5���5,3,2, tips of teeth hooked, first tooth on inner row much small than others on same row. Outer side of first gill arch with 13���19 (20 *) gill rakers, inner side with 17���26 (20 *). Gas bladder with two chambers, length of posterior chamber twice that of anterior one (Fig. 5 A). Intestine simple, with three principal bends (including ventricle) in juveniles, complicated, with five principal bends (including ventricle), in larger specimens. Minimum Maximum Mean S.D. Pectoral-fin length/Length of pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin 59.2 82.9 71.0 6.5 origin Coloration. In fresh specimens, dorsum and upper body above lateral line grey, rest of body silvery white. Pelvic, anal and caudal fins red; pectoral fin straw yellow. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body yellowish grey, lower body whitish; black spots scattered on upper body surface. Distribution. The species is known from tributaries of the upper Yangtse River drainage area, including the Niulan Jiang, Yunnan, China and the Wu Jiang, Bijie, Guizhou, China (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In Zhongxi River (a tributary of upper Wu Jiang), on 4 Nov. 2006, these fishes were seen in fast flowing water with a pH of 6.2 and water temperature of 16.5 ��C. Here the river is 15���30 m wide, 0.5���3 m deep, and the river substrate is comprised of sand, cobblestones and boulders. The water colour is milky blue, owing to the typical karst topography of this region. Schizothorax griseus lives in the deeper layer of the river, especially in deep water close to the river bank and to large boulders and underwater caves. Other syntopic fishes include the cyprinid species Schizothorax wangchiachii, Discogobio yunnanensis (Regan), Zacco platypus (Temminck & Schlegel), Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus (Sauvage & Dabry), Acrossocheilus yunnanensis (Regan); the balitorid loach Schistura dabryi (Sauvage) and the sisorid catfish Glyptothorax fukiensis fukiensis (Rendahl). Remarks. The type locality of S. griseus is Koei-Tch��ou (Guizhou Province), China. The species was earlier thought to be widely distributed, having been reported from the Yangtse, the Pearl, the Lancang Jiang (upper Mekong) and the Irrawaddy drainages (Fang, 1936; Cao, 1964; Huang, 1989; Mo in Chu & Chen, 1989; Wu & Wu, 1991; Chen & Cao, 2000). In this study, we examined specimens from Guizhou Province, which are clearly different from those described by Pellegrin (1931) and Fang (1936) in that scales are present on the thorax in adults. Pellegrin (1931) indicated no scales on thorax of S. griseus, but Fang (1936) examined two syntypes and stated that one of these had scales on the thorax. In the material of S. griseus deposited in KIZ, scales were obviously present or embedded beneath thoracic skin in adults. Furthermore, an examination of photographs of the syntypes of S. griseus shows scales apparently present on the thorax in the bigger specimen (MNHN 1913 -0158) (Fig. 1). Material of S. griseus examined by Pellegrin (1931), Fang (1936) and this study share the following characters: mouth in mature specimens inferior, lower lip developed with three labial lobes in mature individuals, postlabial groove continuous with a small median lobe, last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, its posterior edge with numerous serrae, and barbels much longer than eye diameter. Fang (1936) illustrated the intestine of a specimen of 90 mm SL. This drawing is consistent with the four specimens we examined, the longest of which is 260 mm SL. Fang (1936) noticed the variation between specimens of S. griseus of different ages; we too, detected variations of snout length and lower-lip structure as noted by Fang (1936). Additionally, our 230 mm SL specimen had an intestine with 5 principal bends (including the ventricle) according to the notation of Fang (1936). Although some variation is apparent between their results and ours, we feel all the material represent same species, S. griseus., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2009, The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2006 on pages 24-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671, {"references":["Pellegrin, J. (1931) Description de deux Cyprinides nouveaux de Chine appartenant au genre Schizothorax Heckel. Bulletin de la. Societe Zoologique de France, 24, 145 - 149.","Fang, P. - W. (1936) On some Schizothoracid fishes from western China preserved in the national research institute of biology, Academy Sinica. Sinensia, 7, 421 - 458.","Nichols, J. T. (1943) The Fresh-water Fishes of China, Natural History of Central Asia Vol. I X. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 322 pp.","Chen, Y. - F & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y, - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - Y. & Cao W. - X. (2000) Schizothoracinae. In: Yue, P. - Q. et al. (Eds), Fauna Sinica. Osteichthyes. Cypriniformes III. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 273 - 390. [In Chinese.]","Wu, Y. - F. & Wu, C. - Z. (1991) The Fishes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Sichuan Publishing House of Science & Technology, Chengdu, 599 pp. [In Chinese.]","Tchang, T. - L. (1933) The study of Chinese Cyprinoid fishes. Part I. Zoologia Sinica, (B) 2, 37 - 38.","Zhang, C. - L. (1959) Chinese System carp fishes. High Education Press, Beijing, 81 pp. [In Chinese.]","Cao, W. - X. (1964) Schizothoracinae. In: Wu, X. - W. (Ed.), The Cyprinid Fishes of China. Vol. I. Science Press, Shanghai, pp. 137 - 197. [In Chinese.]","Huang, S. - Y. (1989) Schizothoracinae. In: Zheng, C. - Y. (Ed.) Fishes of the Zhujiang River. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 222 - 225. [In Chinese.]","Chu, X. - L. & Chen, Y. - R. (1989) The fishes of Yunnan, Part I Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, 377 pp. [In Chinese.]"]}

Schizothorax beipanensis, sp. nov. Figure 11 Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin): Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Huang, 1989: 222, Fig. 170; Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 200600065, 167.0 mm SL; China: the Suoqiao River, Shanbanqiao Town, Pu���an County, Gui- Zhou Province, 25 �� 47 �� 7.3 ��N 104 �� 43 �� 31.3 ��E, 1326 m above sea level, 25 May 2006. Paratypes: KIZ 20060064, 1 specimen, 163.0 mm SL; same data as holotype. KIZ 82100080, 82100199���203, 82100205, 7 specimens, 61.5 ���151.0 mm SL; China: Xuanwei Conuty, Yunnan Province. KIZ 871001 ���004, 4 specimens, 86.4���123.4 mm SL; China: Yangliu, Xuanwei Conuty, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2006001 ���003, 2006005, 2006009, 3 specimens, 86.4���125.3 mm SL; China: the Xiaochahe River, Yangchang Town, Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, 25 �� 54 �� 49.5 ��N 104 �� 10 �� 54.3 ��E, 1945 m above sea level, 22 May 2006. Diagnosis. Schizothorax beipanensis is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: absence of horny sheath on the lower jaw; upper lip developed; lower lip developed, trilobed; postlabial groove continuous, with a minute median lobe. Schizothorax beipanensis can be distinguished from S. griseus by the absence (vs. presence) of black spots on the flank, along the lateral line; distal 20-25 % of the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft (vs. strong); rostral barbel not reaching (vs. reaching) the middle of the eye; eye diameter 58.5���120.1 % length of maxillary barbel (vs. 33.4���93.7 %). Schizothorax beipanensis is most similar to S. heterophysallidos, from which it is distinguished, however, by the unique air bladder of the latter. Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 4. Body elongated, laterally compressed. Snout blunt. Dorsal surface of head descends sharply anterior to nostrils, forming an inconspicuous ethmoidal groove. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, with three lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a small median lobe of width greater than that of isthmus, surface of posterior parts of side lobes rugged (Fig. 3 D). Only two labial lobes present in some specimens (Coloration. In life, dorsal surface darkish cyan; margins of pectoral, pelvic and anal-fins reddish; dorsal and caudal fins grey; abdomen whitish. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey, lower body yellowish; abdomen whitish-yellow. Distribution. The species is known from the upper tributaries of the Beipan Jiang (a tributary of the Pearl River) drainage area (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In the Xiaochahe River (a tributary of Beipan Jiang), Yangchang Town, Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, these fishes occur in slow-flowing water. Here the river is 0.5���1.5 m deep. The river substrate comprises of mud, sand and large stones. Schizothorax beipanensis inhabits deep pools with large stones. Other sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species S. lissolabiatus, Discogobio elongatu s Huang, D. yunnanensis (Regan), Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky), Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus), Aphyocypris chinensis G��nther, Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner), Sinocyclocheilus sp. and the cobitid Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. In Suoqiao River (a tributary of the Beipan Jiang River), Shanbanqiao Town, Pu���an County, GuiZhou Province, these fishes occur in clear, fast-flowing water. Here the river is 0.5 ���3.0 m deep. The river substrate is comprised of sand, pebbles and boulders. Sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species Discogobio elongatus, S. lissolabiatus and Sinocyclocheilus sp. Etymology. The species name is a reference to the type locality, the Beipan Jiang, formed as an adjective., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2009, The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2006 on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671, {"references":["Huang, S. - Y. (1989) Schizothoracinae. In: Zheng, C. - Y. (Ed.) Fishes of the Zhujiang River. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 222 - 225. [In Chinese.]","Chen, Y. - F & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y, - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [In Chinese.]"]}

Schizothorax beipanensis, sp. nov. Figure 11 Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin): Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Huang, 1989: 222, Fig. 170; Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 200600065, 167.0 mm SL; China: the Suoqiao River, Shanbanqiao Town, Pu’an County, Gui- Zhou Province, 25 ° 47 ΄ 7.3 ʺN 104 ° 43 ΄ 31.3 ʺE, 1326 m above sea level, 25 May 2006. Paratypes: KIZ 20060064, 1 specimen, 163.0 mm SL; same data as holotype. KIZ 82100080, 82100199−203, 82100205, 7 specimens, 61.5 −151.0 mm SL; China: Xuanwei Conuty, Yunnan Province. KIZ 871001 −004, 4 specimens, 86.4−123.4 mm SL; China: Yangliu, Xuanwei Conuty, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2006001 −003, 2006005, 2006009, 3 specimens, 86.4−125.3 mm SL; China: the Xiaochahe River, Yangchang Town, Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, 25 ° 54 ΄ 49.5 ʺN 104 ° 10 ΄ 54.3 ʺE, 1945 m above sea level, 22 May 2006. Diagnosis. Schizothorax beipanensis is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: absence of horny sheath on the lower jaw; upper lip developed; lower lip developed, trilobed; postlabial groove continuous, with a minute median lobe. Schizothorax beipanensis can be distinguished from S. griseus by the absence (vs. presence) of black spots on the flank, along the lateral line; distal 20-25 % of the last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft (vs. strong); rostral barbel not reaching (vs. reaching) the middle of the eye; eye diameter 58.5−120.1 % length of maxillary barbel (vs. 33.4−93.7 %). Schizothorax beipanensis is most similar to S. heterophysallidos, from which it is distinguished, however, by the unique air bladder of the latter. Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 4. Body elongated, laterally compressed. Snout blunt. Dorsal surface of head descends sharply anterior to nostrils, forming an inconspicuous ethmoidal groove. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, with three lobes; postlabial groove continuous, with a small median lobe of width greater than that of isthmus, surface of posterior parts of side lobes rugged (Fig. 3 D). Only two labial lobes present in some specimens ( Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 (18 *) branched rays. Last simple unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, with 13−19 (10 *) serrae along its posterior edge (Fig. 4 D). Dorsal-fin origin above or posterior to pelvic-fin origin. Predorsal length equal to or greater than distance from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-peduncle base. Pectoral fin with one simple and 16 (1 *), 17 (6 *), 18 (7 *), 19 (3 *) branched rays, its length 56.7−80.5 % of distance between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin with one simple and 8 (2 *), 9 (9 *), 10 (6 *) branched rays. Anus located immediately anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal fin with three simple and 5 (18 *) branched rays. Anal fin elongated, reaching caudal-fin base in mature females. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe slightly longer than upper one. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, tooth pattern 2,3,5−5,3,2, tips of teeth hooked. Outer side of first gill arch with 14−19 (14 *) gill rakers, inner side with 18−25 (14 *). Air bladder with two chambers, length of posterior chamber twice that of anterior one. Coloration. In life, dorsal surface darkish cyan; margins of pectoral, pelvic and anal-fins reddish; dorsal and caudal fins grey; abdomen whitish. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey, lower body yellowish; abdomen whitish-yellow. Distribution. The species is known from the upper tributaries of the Beipan Jiang (a tributary of the Pearl River) drainage area (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In the Xiaochahe River (a tributary of Beipan Jiang), Yangchang Town, Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, these fishes occur in slow-flowing water. Here the river is 0.5−1.5 m deep. The river substrate comprises of mud, sand and large stones. Schizothorax beipanensis inhabits deep pools with large stones. Other sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species S. lissolabiatus, Discogobio elongatu s Huang, D. yunnanensis (Regan), Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky), Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus), Aphyocypris chinensis Günther, Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner), Sinocyclocheilus sp. and the cobitid Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. In Suoqiao River (a tributary of the Beipan Jiang River), Shanbanqiao Town, Pu’an County, GuiZhou Province, these fishes occur in clear, fast-flowing water. Here the river is 0.5 −3.0 m deep. The river substrate is comprised of sand, pebbles and boulders. Sympatric fishes include the cyprinid species Discogobio elongatus, S. lissolabiatus and Sinocyclocheilus sp. Etymology. The species name is a reference to the type locality, the Beipan Jiang, formed as an adjective.

Schizothorax nudiventris, sp. nov. Figure 7 Schizothorax progastus: Chaudhuri, 1911: 14; Chen, 1958: 155. Schizothorax griseus (non Pellegrin), Cao, 1964: 161, Figs. 4 −20; Li, 1982: 169; Mo in Chu & Chen ed. 1989: 321. Fig. 291 (in part); Chen & Huang, 1998: 222, Fig. 156 (in part); Chen & Cao, 2000: 333, Fig. 206 (in part). Schizothorax yunnanensis, Tchang, 1933: 37 (in part); Zhang, 1959: 81 (in part). Holotype: KIZ 20050507224, holotype, 149.0 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Wulonglong village, Badi Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province. Paratypes: KIZ 200401003416 –417, 2 specimens, 168.0− 172.5 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Jiuzhou Town, Yunlong County, Yunnan Province, collected by Chen Yinrui and Pan Xiaofu, 3 Oct. 2004; KIZ 20050507219 −223, 20050507227, 20050507229, 7 specimens, 68.6−134.8 mm SL; China: same data as holotype; KIZ 20050507146 –147, 2 specimens, 141.4 −170.0 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Xianglidi village, Badi Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province; KIZ 20050503051, 1 specimen, 83.6 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Tuoba village, Weideng Town, Weixi County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 20050509242 −243, 20050509245, 20050509247 –248, 5 specimens, 100.0−117.0 mm SL; China: Guyong, Deqin County, Yunnan Province. KIZ 839087, 866090–093, 9805017, 6 specimens, 55.8 −243.0 mm SL; China: the Yangbi River (a tributary of the Lancang Jiang), Yangbi Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province. KIZ 2005000612 –613, 2 specimens, 143.0− 145.9 mm SL; China: the Lancang Jiang, Quzika Town, Mangkang County, Tibet, China, collected by Chen Yinrui and Chen Ziming, 10 May 2005. Diagnosis. Schizothorax nudiventris can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: snout blunt; upper lip thin; lower lip developed, trilobed, the median lobe minute, the lateral lobes forming a splayed. Postlabial groove continuous. Thorax scaleless in mature individuals; distal onefourth of last unbranched dorsal-fin ray soft and articulated, proximal three-fourths of it strong, with 15−21 serrae along its posterior edge (Fig. 4 B); pelvic-fin origin beneath or posterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin; irregular black spots scattered along lateral line on flank; eye diameter mean 92.0 % of maxillary barbel. Schizothorax nudiventris is further distinguished from the sympatric S. lissolabiatus Tsao and S. dolichonema Herzenstein by the absence (vs. presence) of a horny sheath on the lower jaw and having a smooth, trilobed lower lip (vs. bi-lobed in S. lissolabiatus and papillated and single-lobed lower lip in S. dolichonema). Schizothorax nudiventris is further distinguished from another species from the same drainage, S. yunnanensis, by having a continuous (vs. discontinuous) postlabial groove; last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong (vs. soft); length of barbels equal to or longer (vs. shorter) than eye diameter. Schizothorax nudiventris resembles the sympatric S. lantsangensis Tsao, with which is shares a scalesless thorax, lower lip tri-lobed and postlabial groove continuous, but differs from it in having larger eyes [diameter 57.2 −160.0 % (mean 92.0) maxillary barbel vs. 33.9−60.1 % (mean 46.1)]; scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 27−34 (12 *) (vs. 33−40 (9 *)); median lobe of lower lip distinct, free and smooth (vs. indistinct and covered with papillae). Description. Morphometric data are given in Table 2. Body elongate, laterally compressed. Snout blunt, short. Mouth inferior, horseshoe-shaped. Lips developed, lower lip fleshy, tri-lobed, median lobe minute, its width equal to that of isthmus; lateral lobes superficially rugged posteriorly (Fig. 3 B); postlabial groove continuous. In small specimens ( Paratypes (n= 25) Holotype Minimum Maximum Mean S.D. Pectoral-fin length/Length of pectoral-fin origin to 61.6 50.7 69.4 62.2 4.4 pelvic-fin origin Dorsal fin with three simple and 8 (26 *) branched rays, last simple unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong, with 12−20 (16 *) serrae along its posterior edge; dorsal-fin origin posterior to pelvic-fin origin; predorsal length equal to distance from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-peduncle base. Pectoral fin with one simple and 17 (1 *), 18 (10 *), 19 (13 *) branched rays, its length more than half of distance between pectoral-fin origin and pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin with one simple and 9 (9 *) or 10 (15 *) branched rays. Anus located immediately anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal fin with three simple and 5 (26 *) branched rays. Anal fin elongated, reaching caudal-fin base in mature females. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe slightly longer than upper one, longest ray twice or more as long as shortest one. Pharyngeal teeth in three rows, tooth pattern 2,3,5−5,3,2, tips of teeth hooked. Outer side of first gill arch with 14−19 (18 *) gill rakers; inner side with 19−27 (18 *). Air bladder with two chambers, length of posterior chamber 3−3.5 times that of anterior one (Fig. 5 B). Coloration. After fixation in 10 % formalin and preservation in 75 % alcohol, upper body blackish grey; irregular black spots scattered on upper body; lower body beneath lateral line more yellowish; abdomen whitish. Distribution. The species is known from the mainstream and tributaries of the upper Lancang Jiang (upper Mekong River) drainage (Fig. 6). Habitat and ecology. In the Lancang Jiang River, Schizothorax nudiventris usually coexists with the cyprinid species Schizothorax lissolabiatus Tsao, the sisorid catfishes Pseudecheneis immaculatus Chu, Glyptothorax zainaensis Wu, He & Chu, Pareuchiloglanis gracilicaudata (Wu & Chen), and Pareuchiloglanis kamengensis (Jayaram); the balitorid loach Triplophysa brevicauda (Herzenstein), Paracobitis anguillioides Zhu & Wang and botiid loach Sinibotia longiventralis Yang & Chen. Etymology. From the Latin nudus meaning naked and venter, abdomen, possessive; nudiventris, in reference to the scalesless thorax and abdomen anterior to the pelvic-fin origin of this species. Remarks. Schizothorax nudiventris was identified as S. griseus (Cao, 1964; Mo, 1989; Chen & Huang, 1998; Chen & Cao, 2000). The two species share a similar mouth structure. Biplots of the maxillary barbel against SL and HL for S. griseus and S. nudiventris (Figs. 8, 9), indicate that the regression lines are significantly different (p Schizothorax griseus ’ examined by Cao (1964) from the Lancang Jiang drainage area to S. yunnanensis. According to the descriptions of S. griseus in Cao (1964), we feel certain that the specimens from the Lancang Jiang drainage examined by Cao (1964) were in fact S. nudiventris. Schizothorax nudiventris can be distinguished from S. yunnanensis in having its lower lip divided into three lobes (vs. two lobes); having a continuous (vs. discontinuous) postlabial groove; and last unbranched dorsal-fin ray strong (vs. soft). Schizothorax nudiventris is restricted to the Lancang Jiang drainage area.

Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong, Yang, Junxing (2009): The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China. Zootaxa 2006: 23-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.185671

Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong, Yang, Junxing (2008): Clarification of the nomenclatural status of Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 1897: 67-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184474

Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus Mo, in Chu & Chen, 1989 Cao et al. (1981: 125) were the first to use the name Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus. They wrote ��� G. integrigymnatus feeds mainly on fishes��� and mentioned in a footnote that ������this information was provided by Mr. Huang Shunyou���. In the following sentence they stated, that ��� Gymnodiptychus species obviously differ from Diptychus species in having reduced scales, especially in G. integrigymnatus, where the scales on the humeral region and lateral line are reduced.��� These words do not diagnose the new species from its congeners and thus cannot be treated as a statement of characters purported to differentiate the taxon. Because of the lack of a diagnosis for G. integrigymnatus in Cao et al. (1981), the conditions for availability in this work do not satisfy those specified in Articles 13.1. 1 and 13.1. 2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). The name G. integrigymnatus Cao, Chen, Wu and Zhu, 1981 should therefore be treated as a nomen nudum. While Mo (1989: 319���321, fig. 298 and 299) provided the first complete description of G. integrigymnatus, the authorship of the name was given as Huang in Cao et al. (1981). Mo (1989) listed 12 specimens (deposited in Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ)), collected from the vicinity of Ruidian Town and Mingguang Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, as material examined. In their account of G. integrigymnatus, Wu & Wu (1992: 434���435, fig. 118) cite as sources ������the draft of the Schizothoracinae fishes of Yunnan��� (type localities: Ruidian Town and Mingguang Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan Province) by Huang in 1980 and Mo (1989), attributing authorship of the name to Huang in the unpublished draft. Huang in Chen & Huang (1998: 231���233, fig. 162) described G. integrigymnatus as a new species, stating in a footnote that ������this is the first formal description of the species since it was cited by Cao et al. (1981) ���. The second reference Chen & Huang (1998) cited was Mo (1989). Chen & Cao (2000: 348���349, fig. 215) subsequently gave the authorship of G. integrigymnatus as Huang (1998). Mo (1989) attributed the authorship of G. integrigymnatus to Huang in Cao et al. (1981). According to Article 13.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), the name G. integrigymnatus Mo, in Chu & Chen, 1989, is available and should be regarded as the first formal description of this taxon. Following Article 21.1 and Article 50.1 of the Code, the publication date of 1989 and the authorship of Mo should be adopted for G. integrigymnatus. According to Article 72.1 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), the 12 specimens examined by Mo (1989) and deposited in KIZ should be treated as syntypes. Some of these specimens are also listed as types by Huang in Chen & Huang (1998) in his description of G. integrigymnatus (the material from Mingguang Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan listed in Mo, 1989, is not mentioned by Huang in Chen & Huang, 1998). The indication in Chen & Huang (1998) that G. integrigymnatus was being described for the first time is therefore incorrect. We examined the specimens of G. integrigymnatus deposited in KIZ. There are a total of 39 specimens collected before 1980, of which 27 are from Ruidian Town, Tengchong, Yunnan (23 specimens collected in February 1978 and 4 specimens collected in April 1976) and 12 are from Minguang Town, Tengchong, Yunnan (in April 1976). The standard lengths (SL) range from 27.8 to 107.3 mm. Of these 39 specimens, 13 are measured 73.0���110.0 mm SL and 89.0���133.0 mm TL respectively, which corresponds to Mo (1989). The number of specimens listed by Mo (1989) should be 13, not 12 (a counting error made by Mo, 1989). According to Articles 72.1 and 73.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), the 13 specimens examined by Mo (1989) are syntypes. The type series of G. integrigymnatus are as follows: KIZ 764003 ���006, 4 specimens, 85.6���106.4 mm SL, April 1976, Ruidian Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan; KIZ 764178 1 specimen, 97.7 mm SL, April 1976, Mingguang Town, Tengchong County, Yunnan; KIZ 78020315 ��� 321, KIZ 78020323, 8 specimens, 74.8���107.3 mm SL, February 1978, Ruidian Town, Yunnan Province, China., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2008, Clarification of the nomenclatural status of Gymnodiptychus integrigymnatus (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), pp. 67-68 in Zootaxa 1897 on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184474, {"references":["Chu, X. - L. & Chen, Y. - R. (Eds) (1989) The Fishes of Yunnan, China, Part I Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, 377 pp. [in Chinese].","Cao, W. - X., Chen, Y. - Y., Wu, Y. - F. & Zhu, S. - Q. (1981) Origin and evolution of schizothoracine fishes in relation to the upheaval of the Xizang Plateau. In: Tibetan Expedition Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (ed), Studies on the period, amplitude and type of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 118 - 130. [in Chinese]","Mo, T. - P. (1989) Schizothoracinae. In: Chu, X. - L. & Chen, Y. - R. (Eds), The Fishes of Yunnan, China, Part I Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 286 - 221. [in Chinese]","Wu, Y. - F. & Wu, C. - J. (Eds) (1992) The Fishes of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Sichuan Publishing House of Sciences & Technology, Chengdu, 599 pp. [in Chinese]","Chen, Y. - F. & Huang, S. - Y. (1998) Schizothoracinae. In: Chen, Y. - Y. (ed.), The Fishes of the Hengduan Mountains Region. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 183 - 245. [in Chinese]","Chen, Y. - F. & Cao, W. - X. (2000) Schizothoracinae. In: Yue, P. - Q. (ed.), Fauna Sinica, Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes III. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 237 - 388. [in Chinese]"]}

Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong, Yang, Junxing (2007): A new species of Metahomaloptera (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from China. Zootaxa 1526: 63-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177533

Metahomaloptera longicauda sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype: KIZ 20060304, 41.9 mm SL, Chuanhedong village, Deze town, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25 �� 54 ' 9.4 '' N, 103 �� 34 ' 49.5 '' E; 2 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. Paratypes: KIZ 20060305, 36.9 mm SL, 1 ex. Same data as holotype, KIZ 20060306, 43.5 mm SL, 1 ex. Tuole village, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25 �� 41 ' 28.2 '' N, 103 �� 33 ' 01.5'' E; 1 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. KIZ 603672, 38.4 mm SL, 1 ex. Fumin, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis. Metahomaloptera longicauda is distinguished from M. omeiensis omeiensis in dorsal fin inserting before the middle of body (vs. dorsal fin inserting in the middle of body), having a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), anal fin far from caudal-fin base (vs. anal fin reaching base of caudal fin), pelvic fin reaching or expending beyond anus (vs. pelvic fin far from anus), head narrow (head width 19.4���22.6 % SL, vs. 22.7���30.2), pre-anal length 69.0��� 74.3 % SL (vs. 80.7���87.4), having a longer (17.1���20.7 % SL vs. 8.4���11.9) and more slender (caudal-peduncle depth 33.7���43.1 % caudal-peduncle length vs. 62.7���87.6) caudal peduncle, eye small (eye diameter 14.6���16.6 % HL vs. 16.7���23.9), mouth wide (mouth width 63.2���75.5 % body width at pectoral-fin origin vs. 30.3���42.3). Metahomaloptera longicauda can be further distinguished from M. omeiensis hangshuiensis in having fewer blackish blotches along the median dorsal line from occipital region to base of caudal (8���9 vs. 10���15), a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), more lateral-line scale rows (66���78 vs. 59���63), fewer branched pectoral rays (11���15 vs. 16���18), fewer branched pelvic rays (10���12 vs. 13���15), a longer (17.1���20.7 % SL vs. 7.1���10) and more slender (caudal peduncle depth 33.7���43.1 % caudal peduncle length vs. 76.9���111.1) caudal peduncle. Description. Biometric comparisons of M. longicauda and M. omeiensis omeiensis are presented in Table 1. Ventral view of head of M. longicauda is presented in Figure 2. Body elongate and compressed; head longer than width at pectoral-fin origin. Snout spatulate and broad; snout longer than half of head, 3���4 times eye diameter. Numerous small white tubercles on dorsal surface of head. Anterior and posterior nostrils closely situated; anterior nostril in short tubular flap. Eye small, 1 / 6 of head length; eye diameter slightly shorter than gill opening. Interorbital width shorter than snout length and less than 1 / 2 of head length. Gill opening very small, crescent-shaped, and situated entirely above base of pectoral fin. Mouth inferior, wide, and crescentshaped; corner of mouth almost reaching pectoral-fin origin. Mouth with four pairs of barbels, rostral fold with four notches to accommodate rostral barbels, a fleshy lobe between two neighboring notches, and the inner fleshy lobe larger than the lateral two. Four rostral barbels of equal length. Fleshy lobe enlarged between rostral and maxillary barbels. Rostral fold and upper lip separated by shallow groove; upper lip with single row of papillae and continuous with lower lip at mouth corner. Maxillary barbels at corner of mouth; inner pair of barbels shorter and more slender than outer pair. Lower lip plain and thin. Jaws with sharp largely exposed horny edge. Lower jaw with radial ridges on surface. Dorsal-fin origin located before middle of body with iii, 8 rays. Dorsal-fin margin straight. Base of dorsal fin shorter than head length. Pectoral fin with 13 simple and 11���15 branched rays; fin expanded and inserted vertical of nostrils. Tip of pectoral fin overlapping anterior part of pelvic fin and extending beyond vertical origin of dorsal fin. Pelvic fin with 8���9 simple and 10���12 branched rays. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical of dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fins fused posteriorly; posterior edge reaching or extending beyond anus and far from anal fin. Expanded muscular band present above pelvic-fin base. Anal fin with ii, 5 rays and far from caudal-fin base. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior edge of pelvic-fin base. Caudal fin shallowly emarginated; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe. Body covered with tiny cycloid scales. Lateral line complete, straight and with 66���78 scales. Coloration. After fixed in 10 % formalin and storage in 75 % ethanol, body is dark grey. Median dorsal line with 8���9 blackish blotches from occipital region to base of caudal fin; 2���3 blotches anterior to dorsal-fin origin and 5���6 posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin rays dark grey with two blackish bands. Caudal and anal fins with one wide vertical blackish band. Distribution. Presently known from the Niulan Jiang River and the Pudu River (tributaries of the lower Jinsha River) (Fig. 3). Habitat and ecology. In Tuole (Niulan Jiang River), the river is clear and fast flowing, 8���20 m wide, 0.5��� 2 m deep, and with a pH 6.0. The river substrate is sand, cobbles and boulders. Metahomaloptera longicauda was collected in the rapid water amongst boulders. Other fishes found in the same locality include Discogobio yunnanensis (Cyprinidae), Abbottina rivularis (Cyprinidae), Pseudorasbora parvus (Cyprinidae), Beafortia szechuanensis (Balitoridae), Sinogastromyzon dezeensis (Balitoridae), Triplophysa grahami (Balitoridae), Schistura fasciolata (Balitoridae) and Liobagrus marginatus (Amblycipitidae). In Deze (downstream of Tuole,), the habitat is the same as that at Tuole, but more speceis coexist with M. longicauda. Those include the species listed above and Carassius auratus auratus (Cyprinidae), Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus (Cyprinidae), Rhinogobius brunneus (Gobiidae), Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae) and Paracobitis variegatus variegatus (Balitoridae). Etymology. A noun from the Latin longus, meaning long, and caudal, meaning the tail of an animal, in reference to the species having a longer caudal peduncle when compared with M. oemeiensis omeiensis and M. oemeiensis hangshuiensis. Discussion. To date, only one species containing two subspecies is considered valid in Metahomaloptera (Chen & Tang, 2000; Tang & Chen, 2000), viz. M. omeiensis omeiensis Chang, 1944, M. omeiensis hangshuiensis Xie, Yang & Gong, 1984. The description of M. longicauda raises the number of known species in the genus to two. The significantly longer caudal peduncle and wider mouth of M. longicauda easily distinguishes it from M. omeiensis omeiensis (Figs. 4, 5). Metahomaloptera is is restricted to the lower Jinsha River (the name the Yangtse River in Yunnan Province) and the upper Yangtse River (Sichuan, Shanxi and Hubei Province) (Fig. 3). The distribution of M. omeiensis hangshuiensis is desctibed by Chen & Tang (2000) as the Hanshui River. Chang (1944) indicated that the rudimentary nature of the gill-opening in Metahomaloptera must be of generic significance, and Metahomaloptera is obviously more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Chen (1980) discussed the phylogenetic position of Metahomaloptera based on an osteological study, corroborated the hypothesis of Chang (1944) that Metahomaloptera is more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Metahomloptera is adapted to fast-flowing streams, and many of the morphological features are adaptations to the special environment. Notable adaptations includes those of the mouth, pelvic fin, maxillary barbels and gillopening, and the depressed body and head. These specialized characters are always used to distinguish genera and species. Their function and importance in phylogenetic analyses should be studied further. Comparative material. Metahomaloptera omeiensis omeiensis: KIZ 795676, 51.1 mm SL, Yaan, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 840157, 53.0 mm SL, KIZ 840158, 57.8 mm SL, Emei, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 82100932 41.3 mm SL, KIZ 82100944, 36.6 mm SL, KIZ 82100943, 36.9 mm SL, Weixin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 82101071, 32.9 mm SL, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 2004008087, 31.8 mm SL, KIZ 2004008086, 30.9 mm SL, KIZ 2004008088, 31.6 mm SL, Shizi village, Baishui River, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China., Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2007, A new species of Metahomaloptera (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from China, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1526 on pages 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177533, {"references":["Chang, H. - W. (1944) Notes of the fishes of western Szechwan and eastern Sikang. Sinensia 15, 27 - 60.","Xie, C. - X., Yang G. - R. & Gong, L. - X. (1984) The homalopterid fishes from Hubei Province, China, with description of a new species and a new subspecies. Journal of Huazhong Agriculture College 3, 62 - 68 (in Chinese).","Chen, Y. - Y. (1980) Systematic studies on the fishes of the family Homalopteridae of China III. Phyletic studies of the Homalopterid fishes. Acta Zoologica Sinica 5, 200 - 211."]}

Metahomaloptera longicauda sp. nov. (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype: KIZ 20060304, 41.9 mm SL, Chuanhedong village, Deze town, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25 ° 54 ' 9.4 '' N, 103 ° 34 ' 49.5 '' E; 2 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. Paratypes: KIZ 20060305, 36.9 mm SL, 1 ex. Same data as holotype, KIZ 20060306, 43.5 mm SL, 1 ex. Tuole village, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25 ° 41 ' 28.2 '' N, 103 ° 33 ' 01.5'' E; 1 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. KIZ 603672, 38.4 mm SL, 1 ex. Fumin, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis. Metahomaloptera longicauda is distinguished from M. omeiensis omeiensis in dorsal fin inserting before the middle of body (vs. dorsal fin inserting in the middle of body), having a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), anal fin far from caudal-fin base (vs. anal fin reaching base of caudal fin), pelvic fin reaching or expending beyond anus (vs. pelvic fin far from anus), head narrow (head width 19.4–22.6 % SL, vs. 22.7–30.2), pre-anal length 69.0– 74.3 % SL (vs. 80.7–87.4), having a longer (17.1–20.7 % SL vs. 8.4–11.9) and more slender (caudal-peduncle depth 33.7–43.1 % caudal-peduncle length vs. 62.7–87.6) caudal peduncle, eye small (eye diameter 14.6–16.6 % HL vs. 16.7–23.9), mouth wide (mouth width 63.2–75.5 % body width at pectoral-fin origin vs. 30.3–42.3). Metahomaloptera longicauda can be further distinguished from M. omeiensis hangshuiensis in having fewer blackish blotches along the median dorsal line from occipital region to base of caudal (8–9 vs. 10–15), a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), more lateral-line scale rows (66–78 vs. 59–63), fewer branched pectoral rays (11–15 vs. 16–18), fewer branched pelvic rays (10–12 vs. 13–15), a longer (17.1–20.7 % SL vs. 7.1–10) and more slender (caudal peduncle depth 33.7–43.1 % caudal peduncle length vs. 76.9–111.1) caudal peduncle. Description. Biometric comparisons of M. longicauda and M. omeiensis omeiensis are presented in Table 1. Ventral view of head of M. longicauda is presented in Figure 2. Body elongate and compressed; head longer than width at pectoral-fin origin. Snout spatulate and broad; snout longer than half of head, 3–4 times eye diameter. Numerous small white tubercles on dorsal surface of head. Anterior and posterior nostrils closely situated; anterior nostril in short tubular flap. Eye small, 1 / 6 of head length; eye diameter slightly shorter than gill opening. Interorbital width shorter than snout length and less than 1 / 2 of head length. Gill opening very small, crescent-shaped, and situated entirely above base of pectoral fin. Mouth inferior, wide, and crescentshaped; corner of mouth almost reaching pectoral-fin origin. Mouth with four pairs of barbels, rostral fold with four notches to accommodate rostral barbels, a fleshy lobe between two neighboring notches, and the inner fleshy lobe larger than the lateral two. Four rostral barbels of equal length. Fleshy lobe enlarged between rostral and maxillary barbels. Rostral fold and upper lip separated by shallow groove; upper lip with single row of papillae and continuous with lower lip at mouth corner. Maxillary barbels at corner of mouth; inner pair of barbels shorter and more slender than outer pair. Lower lip plain and thin. Jaws with sharp largely exposed horny edge. Lower jaw with radial ridges on surface. Dorsal-fin origin located before middle of body with iii, 8 rays. Dorsal-fin margin straight. Base of dorsal fin shorter than head length. Pectoral fin with 13 simple and 11–15 branched rays; fin expanded and inserted vertical of nostrils. Tip of pectoral fin overlapping anterior part of pelvic fin and extending beyond vertical origin of dorsal fin. Pelvic fin with 8–9 simple and 10–12 branched rays. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical of dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fins fused posteriorly; posterior edge reaching or extending beyond anus and far from anal fin. Expanded muscular band present above pelvic-fin base. Anal fin with ii, 5 rays and far from caudal-fin base. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior edge of pelvic-fin base. Caudal fin shallowly emarginated; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe. Body covered with tiny cycloid scales. Lateral line complete, straight and with 66–78 scales. Coloration. After fixed in 10 % formalin and storage in 75 % ethanol, body is dark grey. Median dorsal line with 8–9 blackish blotches from occipital region to base of caudal fin; 2–3 blotches anterior to dorsal-fin origin and 5–6 posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin rays dark grey with two blackish bands. Caudal and anal fins with one wide vertical blackish band. Distribution. Presently known from the Niulan Jiang River and the Pudu River (tributaries of the lower Jinsha River) (Fig. 3). Habitat and ecology. In Tuole (Niulan Jiang River), the river is clear and fast flowing, 8–20 m wide, 0.5– 2 m deep, and with a pH 6.0. The river substrate is sand, cobbles and boulders. Metahomaloptera longicauda was collected in the rapid water amongst boulders. Other fishes found in the same locality include Discogobio yunnanensis (Cyprinidae), Abbottina rivularis (Cyprinidae), Pseudorasbora parvus (Cyprinidae), Beafortia szechuanensis (Balitoridae), Sinogastromyzon dezeensis (Balitoridae), Triplophysa grahami (Balitoridae), Schistura fasciolata (Balitoridae) and Liobagrus marginatus (Amblycipitidae). In Deze (downstream of Tuole,), the habitat is the same as that at Tuole, but more speceis coexist with M. longicauda. Those include the species listed above and Carassius auratus auratus (Cyprinidae), Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus (Cyprinidae), Rhinogobius brunneus (Gobiidae), Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae) and Paracobitis variegatus variegatus (Balitoridae). Etymology. A noun from the Latin longus, meaning long, and caudal, meaning the tail of an animal, in reference to the species having a longer caudal peduncle when compared with M. oemeiensis omeiensis and M. oemeiensis hangshuiensis. Discussion. To date, only one species containing two subspecies is considered valid in Metahomaloptera (Chen & Tang, 2000; Tang & Chen, 2000), viz. M. omeiensis omeiensis Chang, 1944, M. omeiensis hangshuiensis Xie, Yang & Gong, 1984. The description of M. longicauda raises the number of known species in the genus to two. The significantly longer caudal peduncle and wider mouth of M. longicauda easily distinguishes it from M. omeiensis omeiensis (Figs. 4, 5). Metahomaloptera is is restricted to the lower Jinsha River (the name the Yangtse River in Yunnan Province) and the upper Yangtse River (Sichuan, Shanxi and Hubei Province) (Fig. 3). The distribution of M. omeiensis hangshuiensis is desctibed by Chen & Tang (2000) as the Hanshui River. Chang (1944) indicated that the rudimentary nature of the gill-opening in Metahomaloptera must be of generic significance, and Metahomaloptera is obviously more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Chen (1980) discussed the phylogenetic position of Metahomaloptera based on an osteological study, corroborated the hypothesis of Chang (1944) that Metahomaloptera is more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Metahomloptera is adapted to fast-flowing streams, and many of the morphological features are adaptations to the special environment. Notable adaptations includes those of the mouth, pelvic fin, maxillary barbels and gillopening, and the depressed body and head. These specialized characters are always used to distinguish genera and species. Their function and importance in phylogenetic analyses should be studied further. Comparative material. Metahomaloptera omeiensis omeiensis: KIZ 795676, 51.1 mm SL, Yaan, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 840157, 53.0 mm SL, KIZ 840158, 57.8 mm SL, Emei, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 82100932 41.3 mm SL, KIZ 82100944, 36.6 mm SL, KIZ 82100943, 36.9 mm SL, Weixin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 82101071, 32.9 mm SL, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 2004008087, 31.8 mm SL, KIZ 2004008086, 30.9 mm SL, KIZ 2004008088, 31.6 mm SL, Shizi village, Baishui River, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China.

Key to Triplophysa species in the Tarim Basin 1 No subocular groove delimiting two groups of breeding tubercles on the sides of the head, breeding tubercles restricted to a triangular area on the antero-inferior side of the eye; anterior chamber and capsule of air bladder strongly developed ........................................................................ T. yarkandensis yarkandensis - Subocular groove delimiting two groups of breeding tubercles on the sides of the head, breeding tubercles present from the eye almost to the insertion of the maxillary barbel; anterior chamber and capsule of air bladder normal............................................................................................................................................. 2 2 Free posterior portion of air bladder rudimentary....................................................................................... 3 - Free portion of air bladder developed.......................................................................................................... 6 3 Lateral line incomplete or lateral pores gradually more sparse toward caudal base; except young specimen, pelvic fins generally not extending beyond anus .................................................................. T. microps - Lateral line complete; pelvic fins extending beyond anus........................................................................... 4 4 Dorsal fin origin closer to snout tip than to caudal fin base; edge of lower jaw not sharp ....... T. ladacensis - Dorsal fin origin closer to caudal fin base than to snout tip; edge of lower jaw sharp................................ 5 5 Caudal peduncle depth reduced sharply towards caudal fin base; caudal peduncle round, at posterior end of anal fin base, caudal peduncle width equal or bigger than its height; caudal fin deeply emarginate........ ....................................................................................................................................................... T. stenura - Caudal peduncle depth not reduced sharply towards caudal fin base; caudal peduncle compressed, at posterior end of anal fin base, caudal peduncle width smaller than its height; caudal fin emarginate............... .................................................................................................................................................... T.stoliczkae 6 Caudal peduncle depth reduced sharply towards caudal fin base; caudal peduncle round, width of caudal peduncle at posterior end of anal fin base equal to or bigger than caudal peduncle height........................ 7 - Caudal peduncle depth not reduced sharply towards caudal fin base; caudal peduncle compressed, width of caudal peduncle at posterior end of anal fin base smaller than caudal peduncle height....................... 10 7 Lateral line incomplete or lateral pores gradually more sparse towards caudal base; free posterior portion of air bladder directly connecting to anterior encapsulated portion ............................................. T. stewarti - Lateral line complete; free posterior portion of air bladder connecting to anterior encapsulated portion with long tube.............................................................................................................................................. 8 8 D iii–v, 7–8 (7); BD/SL(%)=11.5–18.2; upper lip normal; interorbital space flat....... T.papilloso –labiatus - D iii–v, 7–9 (8); BD/SL(%)=9.3–12.5; lateral projection of upper lip covering insertions of mandibular barbels; interorbital space convex............................................................................................................... 9 9 PDL/SL(%)= 49–50; adpressed dorsal fin tip and tips of pelvic fins reaching vertical of anal fin origin; dark-colored with small epithelia protrusions that do not differ from basic background coloration............ ..................................................................................................................................................... T.incipiens - PDL/SL(%)= 41–44; adpressed dorsal fin tip and tips of pelvic fins not reaching vertical of anal fin origin; light-colored with larger, whitish epithelia protrusions distinctly standing out against basic background... ................................................................................................................................................. T. bombifrons 10 Free posterior portion of air bladder directly connecting to anterior encapsulated portion...................... 11 - Free posterior portion of air bladder connecting to anterior encapsulated portion with long tube............ 12 11 Dorsal profile cuneiform, highest body point near origin of pectoral fin; free posterior portion of air blad- der spherical; intestine longer, 2–3 loops, with end of most anterior bend at least at middle part of stomachic dilatation. .............................................................................................................. T.zamegacephala - Dorsal profile slightly arched, highest body point at origin of dorsal fin; free posterior portion of air blad- der narrow and elongate; intestine shorter, only 2 single bends immediately behind posterior end of stomachic dilatation ......................................................................................................................... T.orientalis 12 D iii, 8; lips smooth; length of free posterior portion of air bladder much smaller than length of long tube; outer rostral barbel reaching vertical of posterior naris, mandibular barbel length contained 1.5 times in snout length .............................................................................................................................. T. microphysa - D iii, 7; lips strongly papillated; length of free portion of air bladder almost equal to length of long tube; outer rostral barbel surpassing vertical of anterior margin of eye, mandibular barbel length contained 0.8– 1.3 times in snout length ..................................................................................................... T. laterimaculata

Key to Triplophysa species in the Tarim Basin 1 No subocular groove delimiting two groups of breeding tubercles on the sides of the head, breeding tubercles restricted to a triangular area on the antero-inferior side of the eye; anterior chamber and capsule of air bladder strongly developed ........................................................................ T. yarkandensis yarkandensis - Subocular groove delimiting two groups of breeding tubercles on the sides of the head, breeding tubercles present from the eye almost to the insertion of the maxillary barbel; anterior chamber and capsule of air bladder normal............................................................................................................................................. 2 2 Free posterior portion of air bladder rudimentary....................................................................................... 3 - Free portion of air bladder developed.......................................................................................................... 6 3 Lateral line incomplete or lateral pores gradually more sparse toward caudal base; except young specimen, pelvic fins generally not extending beyond anus .................................................................. T. microps - Lateral line complete; pelvic fins extending beyond anus........................................................................... 4 4 Dorsal fin origin closer to snout tip than to caudal fin base; edge of lower jaw not sharp ....... T. ladacensis - Dorsal fin origin closer to caudal fin base than to snout tip; edge of lower jaw sharp................................ 5 5 Caudal peduncle depth reduced sharply towards caudal fin base; caudal peduncle round, at posterior end of anal fin base, caudal peduncle width equal or bigger than its height; caudal fin deeply emarginate........ ....................................................................................................................................................... T. stenura - Caudal peduncle depth not reduced sharply towards caudal fin base; caudal peduncle compressed, at posterior end of anal fin base, caudal peduncle width smaller than its height; caudal fin emarginate............... .................................................................................................................................................... T.stoliczkae 6 Caudal peduncle depth reduced sharply towards caudal fin base; caudal peduncle round, width of caudal peduncle at posterior end of anal fin base equal to or bigger than caudal peduncle height........................ 7 - Caudal peduncle depth not reduced sharply towards caudal fin base; caudal peduncle compressed, width of caudal peduncle at posterior end of anal fin base smaller than caudal peduncle height....................... 10 7 Lateral line incomplete or lateral pores gradually more sparse towards caudal base; free posterior portion of air bladder directly connecting to anterior encapsulated portion ............................................. T. stewarti - Lateral line complete; free posterior portion of air bladder connecting to anterior encapsulated portion with long tube.............................................................................................................................................. 8 8 D iii���v, 7���8 (7); BD/SL(%)=11.5���18.2; upper lip normal; interorbital space flat....... T.papilloso ���labiatus - D iii���v, 7���9 (8); BD/SL(%)=9.3���12.5; lateral projection of upper lip covering insertions of mandibular barbels; interorbital space convex............................................................................................................... 9 9 PDL/SL(%)= 49���50; adpressed dorsal fin tip and tips of pelvic fins reaching vertical of anal fin origin; dark-colored with small epithelia protrusions that do not differ from basic background coloration............ ..................................................................................................................................................... T.incipiens - PDL/SL(%)= 41���44; adpressed dorsal fin tip and tips of pelvic fins not reaching vertical of anal fin origin; light-colored with larger, whitish epithelia protrusions distinctly standing out against basic background... ................................................................................................................................................. T. bombifrons 10 Free posterior portion of air bladder directly connecting to anterior encapsulated portion...................... 11 - Free posterior portion of air bladder connecting to anterior encapsulated portion with long tube............ 12 11 Dorsal profile cuneiform, highest body point near origin of pectoral fin; free posterior portion of air blad- der spherical; intestine longer, 2���3 loops, with end of most anterior bend at least at middle part of stomachic dilatation. .............................................................................................................. T.zamegacephala - Dorsal profile slightly arched, highest body point at origin of dorsal fin; free posterior portion of air blad- der narrow and elongate; intestine shorter, only 2 single bends immediately behind posterior end of stomachic dilatation ......................................................................................................................... T.orientalis 12 D iii, 8; lips smooth; length of free posterior portion of air bladder much smaller than length of long tube; outer rostral barbel reaching vertical of posterior naris, mandibular barbel length contained 1.5 times in snout length .............................................................................................................................. T. microphysa - D iii, 7; lips strongly papillated; length of free portion of air bladder almost equal to length of long tube; outer rostral barbel surpassing vertical of anterior margin of eye, mandibular barbel length contained 0.8��� 1.3 times in snout length ..................................................................................................... T. laterimaculata, Published as part of Li, Jinlu, Liu, Naifa & Yang, Junxing, 2007, A brief review of Triplophysa (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) species from the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, China, with description of a new species, pp. 47-58 in Zootaxa 1605 on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.178778