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Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Representative plants used for RNA-seq. Fig. S2. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under various light conditions. Fig. S3. GO enrichment categories of F1-MPV DEGs under various light conditions. Fig. S4. Patterns of light and genotypic effects on maize metabolomes. Fig. S5. Analysis of differentially accumulated metabolites in hybrids under various light conditions. Fig. S6. qRT-PCR confirmation of specific DEGs under various light conditions. Fig. S7. WGCNA analysis of F1-MPV differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Fig. S8. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway under various light conditions. Fig. S9. MPH validation of 45 selected genes. Fig. S10. Biomass heterosis at the seedling stage under various light conditions.

Although oxidation systems were many and varied, alkali peroxide oxidation system was the only one used for ramie degumming in previous studies. In the work reported here, the possibility of ramie degumming in TEMPO-mediated selective oxidation system was studied. Results revealed that ramie fiber can be extracted by using TEMPO-mediated oxidation treatment (NaClO 2 mmol/g; 15 min; 20 ∼ 25 °C) followed by a low concentration NaOH scouring (2.5%, 100 °C, 60 min) and a reducing process. Fiber degummed in TEMPO-mediated selective oxidation system showed better tensile properties and lower acid group contents compared with that in alkali peroxide oxidation system. The required time for TEMPO-mediated selective oxidation degumming was about 125 min, which was 55 min shorter than hydrogen peroxide system. Moreover, the COD value of wastewater in TEMPO-mediated selective oxidation degumming was 28% lower than that in alkali peroxide oxidation degumming.

Variation partitioning was used to quantify the relative significance of dispersion limitation and environmental filtering for community assembly,contributions of soil characteristics to variations in relative abundances of plant families based on correlation and best multiple regression model.

The strength and deformability of fractured rock masses are important factors in the design and construction of civil and mining structures built in or on rock masses. The finite element method (FEM) was applied to study the mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses. A damage-softening statistical constitutive model of intact rock was implemented in FEM code in order to model the strain-softening behavior of rock masses. The FEM model was verified against a theoretical solution and resulted in good agreement. The FEM model was then applied to investigate the progressive failure process, scale effect and anisotropic characteristics of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and the deformation modulus of fractured rock masses. The numerical results showed that the representative elementary volume (REV) for strength and deformation modulus is 12 m with an acceptable variation of 10%, and the complete stress–strain curves of models greater than REV size were very similar to each other. A linear relationship was also found between the UCS and the deformation modulus. This result seems to support the idea that a rock mass has a critical strain corresponding to the UCS, regardless of the deformation modulus, scale and direction.

A mixed rare earth concentrate from Baotou was adopted to investigate the complex leaching kinetics of fluoride with a HCl–AlCl 3 solution. In addition, we explored the effects of HCl concentration, AlCl 3 concentration, temperature, reaction time, liquid–solid ratio and stirring speed on leaching kinetics of fluoride. The results showed that an extraction of about 99% was achieved under the leaching conditions: 4 M HCl, 1.5 M AlCl 3 , 85 °C, 20 ml/g liquid–solid ratio, 300 rpm stirring speed and 90 min. SEM and XRD analysis indicated that no new reaction solid product was formed on the surface of leaching residue particle. The apparent activation energy was 40.4 kJ/mol and the reaction orders with respect to hydrochloric acid concentrations, aluminum chloride concentrations and liquid–solid ratio were determined to be 1.66, 1.54 and 1.48, respectively. A semi-empirical rate equation was obtained to describe the process. The kinetic data fitted a new variant of the shrinking core model, in which both the interfacial transfer and diffusion through the product layer affected the reaction rate.

Ethylenedioxytetrathiafulvalene substituted with a pyridinyl (Py) group (1) shows remarkable sensing and coordinating properties only to Zn2+ ion, not to the other metal ions. Addition of a micromolar concentration of Zn2+ ion to the solution of 1, a dramatic change is observed in the UV–vis absorption spectrum and redox property, and the discrimination is readily possible even by “the naked eye.” Comparison of the recognition ability between 1 and its reference compound (ethynylpyridinyltetrathiafulvalene) 2 suggests that the nature of the space linking tetrathiafulvalene and acceptor moiety plays an important role in the intramolecular charge-transfer state. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 24:72–76, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21066

Power grid dispatching automation system in future should follow the integrity nature of provincial level power grid. Since we consider provincial power grid as an organic whole, the real physical power grid should be described with a unified model, and its operation should be supported by a unified system. A unified system is not the one simply putting all the servers together, but the one with all infrastructures physically distributed. Nonetheless, dispatching decision applications should be centralized. That is to say, grid perception and real-time control are distributed physically, while analysis and decision are integrated logically. This paper proposed a design of distributed supervisory and control system with a unified model for its provincial and regional subsystems. It is expected that this architecture could provide a reference for others on the research, development and construction of power grid dispatching automation system.

The synthesis, crystal structures, and electrochemical properties of the coordination complexes, NiBr2(ept)2 and ZnBr2(ept)2 (ept = 4,5-ethylenedioxy-3′-(3′-pyridyl)-tetrathiafulvalene) are reported. Both complexes are mononuclear, with monodentate coordination of the ept ligand through the pyridine nitrogen. Cyclic voltammetry measurements for both complexes show a sizable interaction involving the electroactive ept ligand, with stabilization of the oxidized forms of the complexes.

The exergetic efficiency of heat receiver in solar thermal power system is optimized by considering the heat loss outside the receiver and fluid viscous dissipation inside the receiver. The physical models of heat loss and pumping power consumption for solar heat receiver are first proposed, and associated exergetic efficiency is further induced. As the flow velocity rises, the pumping power consumption and heat absorption efficiency significantly rises, and the maximum absorption efficiency and optimal incident energy flux also increase. Along the flow direction of solar receiver, the exergy flux increment and the flow exergy loss almost linearly increase, while the exergetic efficiency varies very slowly at high flow velocity. According to the exergetic efficiency loss from flow viscou’s dissipation, the exergetic efficiency of solar heat receiver will first increase and then decrease with the flow velocity. Because of the coupling effects of heat absorption efficiency and exergetic efficiency from fluid internal energy, the exergetic efficiency of solar heat receiver will approach to the maximum at proper inlet temperature. As a result, the exergetic efficiency of solar heat receiver will reach the maximum at optimal inlet temperature, incident energy flux and flow velocity.

The copolymerization of norbornene (NB) and methyl acrylate (MA) catalyzed by Nd(naph)3–Al(i-Bu)3 and the structure of the copolymers are studied in this article. All polymerization reactions were carried out under nitrogen atmosphere using syringe technique. The copolymers are characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GPC, and TGA. Norbornene and methyl acrylate are 22.2 and 77.8 mol%, respectively, in the copolymer. The molecular weight distribution is Mw/Mn

The heat transfer and absorption characteristics of an external receiver pipe under unilateral concentrated solar radiation are theoretically investigated. Since the heat loss ratio of the infrared radiation has maximum at moderate energy flux, the heat absorption efficiency will first increase and then decrease with the incident energy flux. The local absorption efficiency will increase with the flow velocity, while the wall temperature drops quickly. Because of the unilateral concentrated solar radiation and different incident angle, the heat transfer is uneven along the circumference. Near the perpendicularly incident region, the wall temperature and absorption efficiency slowly approaches to the maximum, while the absorption efficiency sharply drops near the parallelly incident region. The calculation results show that the heat transfer parameters calculated from the average incident energy flux have a good agreement with the average values of the circumference under different boundary conditions. For the whole pipe with coating of Pyromark, the absorption efficiency of the main region is above 85%, and only the absorption efficiency near the parallelly incident region is below 80%. In general, the absorption efficiency of the whole pipe increases with flow velocity rising and pipe length decreasing, and it approaches to the maximum at optimal concentrated solar flux.

The basic physical model of solar receiver pipe with solar selective coating is established, and associated heat transfer and exergetic performances are analyzed and optimized. Because of the heat losses of natural convection and infrared radiation, the energy absorption efficiency has a maximum at optimal incident energy flux. As the pipe radius decreases or flow velocity rises, the wall temperature drops for higher heat transfer coefficient, while the heat absorption efficiency increases. Along the flow direction, the heat absorption efficiency almost linearly decreases, while the exergetic efficiency will first increase and then decrease. As the inlet temperature rises, the heat absorption efficiency of the solar receiver pipe decreases, while the exergetic efficiency of absorbed energy obviously increases, so the exergetic efficiency of incident energy will reach maximum at the optimal inlet temperature. Additionally, the maximum exergetic efficiency of incident energy and optimal inlet temperature both increase with flow velocity.

Cu3N and Al x Cu3N films were prepared with reactive magnetron sputtering method. The two films were deposited on glass substrates at 0.8 Pa N2 partial pressure and 100 °C substrate temperature by using a pure Cu and Al target, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements show that the un-doped film was composed of Cu3N crystallites with anti-ReO3 structure and adopted [111] preferred orientation. XRD shows that the growth of Al-doped copper nitride films (Al x Cu3N) was affected strongly by doping Al, the intensity of [111] peak decreases with increasing the concentration of Al and the high concentration of Al could prevent the Cu3N from crystallization. AFM shows that the surface of Al x Cu3N film is smoother than that of Cu3N film. Compared with the Cu3N films, the resistivities of the Al-doped copper nitride films (Al x Cu3N) have been reduced, and the microhardness has been enhanced.

Copper nitride thin films were deposited on glass substrates by reactive direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering at various N2-gas partial pressures and room temperature. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the films were composed of Cu3N crystallites and exhibited a preferential orientation of the [111] direction at a low nitrogen gas (N2) partial pressure. The film growth preferred the [111] and the [100] direction at a high N2 partial pressure. Such preferential film growth is interpreted as being due to the variation in the Copper (Cu) nitrification rate with the N2 pressure. The N2 partial pressure affects not only the crystal structure of the film but also the deposition rate and the resistivity of the Cu3N film. In our experiment, the deposition rate of Cu3N films was 18 nm/min to 30 nm/min and increased with the N2 partial pressure. The resistivity of the Cu3N films increased sharply with the increasing N2 partial pressure. At a low N2 partial pressure, the Cu3N films showed a metallic conduction mechanism through the Cu path, and at a high N2 partial pressure, the conductivity of the Cu3N films showed a semiconductor conduction mechanism.

Variations in annual maximum and accumulated snow depths, snow-cover duration, precipitation and air temperature have been analyzed using daily snow depth, monthly air temperature and monthly precipitation data from 1960 to 1999 from six meteorological stations in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China. Annual maximum snow depth, snow-cover duration and precipitation increased by ~0.23, ~0.06 and ~0.05% a–1, respectively, during the study period, while annual accumulated snow depth increased by ~2.4% a–1. Annual mean air temperature increased by ~0.6°C over the study period. An unusually heavy snow cover in 1985 coincided with historically low air temperatures. Data from Tuotuohe and Qingshuihe meteorological stations are used to examine inter-station variability. The annual maximum and accumulated snow depths increased by ~0.35 and ~10.6% a–1 at Tuotuohe, and by ~0.42 and ~2.3%a–1 at Qingshuihe. However, from the late 1980s until 1999 the climate in the study region has become warmer and drier. The precipitation decrease in the 1990s (and not the rapid rise in measured temperature) is thought to be the primary cause of the decrease in snow depth in those years.

Using the daily global radiation data and sunshine hours from 1994 to 1998 at 86 stations in China, the Angstrom model and the Bahel model are both validated and revised. The parameter a of Angstrom model is affected by the geological position, especially the latitude and altitude of the used stations, while the parameter b is little affected. The four parameters of the Bahel model are evidently affected by the longitude, latitude and altitude of the used stations. Using the total daily data in 1994–1998 at 86 stations together in China, 15 equations are calibrated, and all these equations can simulate the daily global radiation with relatively high accuracy. The revised equations that using geological positions and altitude to adjust the parameters of both the Angstrom model and the Bahel model, can give better results than the original models. The terms cos(ϕ) and latitude ϕ in the revised Angstrom equations have nearly the same effect, while in the revised Bahel equations, the former term can give better results. Using or not using the longitude λ in the revised equations of the Angstrom model does not change the simulation results largely, while in the revised equations of the Bahel model, the longitude λ has a relatively important effect. Because the parameter b of the Angstrom model is hardly affected by the positions and altitude of the used stations, the revised equations that just use the basic station information data to adjust parameter a can give nearly the same simulation results as the equations that adjust both the parameters a and b. For the revised Bahel equations, the equations in which all the parameters are adjusted by the geological position and altitude of the used stations can give better results.

This paper aimed to probe the cardamom in effect on the viability, proliferation, apoptosis and periodic function of the multiple myeloma, and explore its mechanism. We used CCK-8 method to evaluate the effect of cardamom in on the viability of PBMNCs (Persom Blood Mononuclear Normal Cells). EdU can test the influence of small cell proliferation. We used the method of PI single-staining flow cytometry, in order to test the influence of tumor cell cycle. AO (Acridine Orange), EB (Ethidium Bromide) double staining fluorescene microscope was applied to observe the influence of tumor apoptotic morphology. It can be concluded that cardamom in can inhibit the viability and proliferation of MM (Multiple Myeloma) cells and cardamom in is the anti-myeloma drug with strong viability.

Three most widely used diffuse radiation models are calibrated using the daily data between January 1 1994 and December 31 1998 from 16 stations all over China. The second-degree polynomial relationship between RD/RG and n/N (Iqbal model) is suitable for diffuse radiation estimation in China. The averaged correlation coefficient R2 is 0.84 and the maximum value is 0.93 at the 16 stations, and the Iqbal model works better in the eastern part of China than in the west. The A.A. El-Sebaii model could not be used to estimate diffused radiation accurately in China, with an averaged R2=0.47. The Liu and Jordan model could also be used for diffuse radiation estimation in China, and the averaged value of R2 and parameter X0 is 0.81 and 0.233, respectively. There is an evident linear relationship among the parameters X0, a and b of the Liu and Jordan model.

In order to predict the futuristic runoff under global warming, and to approach to the effects of vegetation on the ecological environment of the inland river mountainous watershed of Northwest China, the authors use the routine hydrometric data to create a distributed monthly model with some conceptual parameters, coupled with GIS and RS tools and data. The model takes sub-basin as the minimal confluent unit, divides the main soils of the basin into 3 layers, and identifies the vegetation types as forest and pasture. The data used in the model are precipitation, air temperature, runoff, soil weight water content, soil depth, soil bulk density, soil porosity, land cover, etc. The model holds that if the water amount is greater than the water content capacity, there will be surface runoff. The actual evaporation is proportional to the product of the potential evaporation and soil volume water content. The studied basin is Heihe mainstream mountainous basin, with a drainage area of 10,009 km2. The data used in this simulation are from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 1995, and the first 10 years’ data are used to simulate, while the last 5 years’ data are used to calibrate. For the simulation process, the Nash-Sutcliffe Equation, Balance Error and Explained Variance is 0.8681, 5.4008 and 0.8718 respectively, while for the calibration process, 0.8799, -0.5974 and 0.8800 respectively. The model results show that the futuristic runoff of Heihe river basin will increase a little. The snowmelt, glacier meltwater and the evaportranspiration will increase. The air temperature increment will make the permanent snow and glacier area diminish, and the snowline will rise. The vegetation, especially the forest in Heihe mountainous watershed, could lead to the evapotranspiration decrease of the watershed, adjust the runoff process, and increase the soil water content.

Based on geographical and hydrological extents delimited, four principles are identified, as the bases for delineating the ranges of the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in the paper. According to the comprehensive analysis of topographical characteristics, climate conditions, vegetation distribution and hydrological features, the source region ranges for eco-environmental study are defined. The eastern boundary point is Dari hydrological station in the upper reach of the Yellow River. The watershed above Dari hydrological station is the source region of the Yellow River which drains an area of 4.49 x 104 km2. Natural environment is characterized by the major topographical types of plateau lakes and marshland, gentle landforms, alpine cold semi-arid climate, and steppe and meadow vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River. The eastern boundary point is the convergent site of the Nieqiaqu and the Tongtian River in the upstream of the Yangtze River. The watershed above the convergent site is the source region of the Yangtze River, with a watershed area of 12.24 x104 km2. Hills and alpine plain topography, gentle terrain, alpine cold arid and semi-arid climate, and alpine cold grassland and meadow are natural conditions in the source region of the Yangtze River.

Glaciers are an important element of the environment in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers on the Tibetan Plateau. Using Geographical Information System techniques, we have studied changes in the location of glacier margins in two areas: the Geladandong area in the headwaters of the Yangtze, and the A’nyêmaqên Shan mountains in the headwaters of the Yellow River. Marginal positions during the Little Ice Age (LIA) maximum, in 1969 in the Geladandong area, in 1966 in the A’nyêmaqên Shan, and in 2000 in both areas, were determined using aerial photographs, satellite images, topographical maps and digital elevation models. Extrapolating the results to the entire source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, we estimate that the total glacierized area decreased about 1.7% between 1969 and 2000 in the Geladandong area and about 17% between 1966 and 2000 in the A’nyêmaqên Shan. Glaciers were stable or advanced slightly between 1969 and 1995 in the Geladandong area, and between 1966 and 1981 in the A’nyêmaqên Shan, but have retreated since the mid-1990s in the former and since the 1980s in the latter. Significant increases in summer air temperature and decreases in annual precipitation are the causes of the present retreat. As a consequence of the retreat, water storage, as ice, in the Yangtze and Yellow river drainages is decreasing by 65–70 × 106 m3 a−1.

Based on the mean yearly precipitation and the total yearly evaporation data of 295 meteorological stations in China in 1951–1999, the aridity index is calculated in this paper. According to the aridity index, the climatic regions in China are classified into three types, namely, arid region, semi-arid region and humid region. Dry and wet climate boundaries in China fluctuate markedly and differentiate greatly in each region in the past 50 years. The fluctuation amplitudes are 20–400 km in Northeast China, 40–400 km in North China, 30–350 km in the eastern part of Northwest China and 40–370 km in Southwest China. Before the 1980s (including 1980), the climate tended to be dry in Northeast China and North China, to be wet in the eastern part of Northwest China and very wet in Southwest China. Since the 1990s there have been dry signs in Southwest China, the eastern part of Northwest China and North China. The climate becomes wetter in Northeast China. Semi-arid region is the transitional zone between humid and arid regions, the monsoon edge belt in China, and the susceptible region of environmental evolution. At the end of the 1960s dry and wet climate in China witnessed abrupt changes, changing wetness into dryness. Dry and wet climate boundaries show the fluctuation characteristics of the whole shifts and the opposite fluctuations of eastward, westward, southward and northward directions. The fluctuations of climatic boundaries and the dry and wet variations of climate have distinctive interdecadal features.

This paper aims to study the effect of telomerase inhibitors zidovudine (AZT) on cell morphology,survival rate and telomerase activity of in-vitro culture myeloma cell line (U266).It has provided experiment basis for applying telomerase inhibitors in multiple myeloma treatment. The myeloma cell line in logarithmic phase (U266) could be divided into AZT group and negative control group, which are added with 100 μL AZT respectively and diluted into different concentrations with culture solution (1,10,100 and 1000 μmol-L⁻¹) of AZT, as well as culture solution of the same volume. After cultivating for 24, 48, 72 h, morphological changes of U266 cell is observed under optical microscope. Survival rate of cell is detected with MTT method, the change of telomerase activity is detected with TRAP-PCR-ELISA method. There is significant change in U266 cell morphology after AZT effect, their volume has been smaller and shrunken. Its shape has changed from short spindle to polygon or irregular shape, and broken away from the neighboring cells. Through comparing with control group, the survival rate of U266 cell in AZT group has decreased significantly (P0.05), it represents time and concentration dependence. Median lethal concentration of AZT on U266 cell (IC₅₀) is 1000 μmol-L⁻¹.The drop in telomerase activity has decreased by 55.74% (P0.05) through applying 1000 μmol-L AZT on U266 cell for 72 h. AZT has significant inhibiting effect on the proliferation of myeloma cell line, and could reduce the telomerase activity of myeloma cell.

U.S. sub-prime mortgage crisis had a tremendous impact on China's economy from many aspects. First, it has an impact on China's foreign trade while there is a high dependence on foreign trade. Second, it has an impact on China's financial market. Third, it has an impact on China's financial assets and offshore fund. While crisis have a negative impact on china's economy, it also brings a rare opportunity. Sub-prime mortgage crisis provides opportunities to China's economic growth mode transformation and industrial structure's upgrading. It plays a beneficial role in boosting economy by consumption. It is conductive to improve international economic environment and increased the discourse right in international economic affairs, and it also provides an opportunity for China's industry growing up.

T This approach to create 3D interactive content on the HTML5 platform is complex. Currently, there are no toolkits to create such 3D content which can run at web browser without special plug. In recent years, the solution of around the problem to form in the main three models. From these specifications and standards starting, we compared principles of these models, methods and technical route and characteristics of each model structure. At the same time, author has given several suggestions about the interactive 3D graphics on HTML5 platform, and has given the basic idea about the future 3D interactive application mode and the profit model.

Our goal is to limit the redshifts of three blazars PG 1553+113, 3C 66A and PKS 1424+240, through the investigation of their Fermi and VHE (very high energy) $��$-ray observations. We assume that the intrinsic spectra of PG 1553+113, 3C 66A, and PKS 1424+240 have not any cutoff across the Fermi and VHE $��$-ray energy ranges. The intrinsic spectra of VHE $��$-rays are obtained through the extrapolation of Fermi spectra. Comparing the measured and intrinsic VHE spectra due to extragalactic background light (EBL) absorption, we give the redshift upper limits of three blazars assuming a specific EBL model. The redshift upper limits of PG 1553+113, 3C 66A and PKS 1424+240 are 0.78, 0.58, and 1.19 respectively. Near the TeV energy the optical depth of VHE $��$ photons might be overestimated by Franceschini (2008) EBL model, or the second emission component might be present in the VHE spectra and lead the intrinsic photon index harder than the Fermi ones., 4 pages, 2 figures, Accepted for publication in PASJ

Die vorliegende Dokumentation gibt einen umfassenden Einblick in die Systematik der .Bonner Stichprobe., einer jahresabschlußbasierten Industriedatenbank, und soll dem interessierten Leser als Leitfaden für die selbständige Arbeit mit der Stichprobe dienen. Der Hauptteil der Dokumentation beschäftigt sich mit der inhaltlichen Ausgestaltung der einzelnen Datenbankelemente. Anschließend werden technische Aspekte des Datenbankprogramms beschrieben. Eine alphabetische Auflistung aller in der Datenbank enthaltenen Unternehmen sowie ihre Klassifizierung nach der Branchenzugeh örigkeit befindet sich im Anhang. Desweiteren beinhaltet der Anhang die englische Übersetzung der Jahresabschlußvariablen und der Transformationsgleichungen.

The paper is a first step to tests the impact of bank-firm-relationships on corporate performance under changing economic conditions. Using a data set of standardized annual financial statements of 100 Japanese corporations all listed at the First Section of the Tokyo stock exchange, at the current stage of analysis we find empirical evidence that: (1) investment is determined by output expectations. (2) Q is a significant variable for investment behavior. (3) Investment is restricted by debt-equity ratio, (4) therefore the much claimed signaling effect of a high debt-equity ratio does not hold. (5) In contrast to Germany though, banks allow firms with bank-relationships higher short term debt to total finance and long term loans to total finance ratios, whereas firms with no relationships have a higher equity ratio. (6) Banks influence firms with bank-relationships to decide on low risk investment decisions. Therefore they are able to allow a higher debt-equity ratio (in contrast to Germany). (7) Non-bank-related firms are much more profitable than bank-related firms. The difference is even stronger than in Germany. Yet they also have to bear a higher amount of risk. (8) Apparently the policy of banks in Japan is much different to German banks: Banks force bank-affiliated firms to follow an investment policy, which is much more cautious and therefore leads to less profitability. This again leads to a bank-policy that allows to supply these firms with higher amounts of borrowings.