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Stable seawater oxidation at a large current density of 500 mA cm−2 for 1000 h is achieved with a self-healing borate-intercalated nickel–cobalt–iron oxyhydroxide (NiCoFe-Bi) catalyst in highly alkaline artificial seawater at pH 14.95.

We introduce herein an effective way for continuous delivery and position-switchable trapping of nanoparticles via field-effect control on hybrid electrokinetics (HEK). Flow field-effect transistor exploiting HEK delicately combines horizontal linear electroosmosis and transversal nonlinear electroosmosis of a shiftable flow stagnation line (FSL) on gate terminals under DC-biased AC forcing. The microfluidic nanoparticle concentrator proposed herein makes use of a simple device geometry, in which an individual or a series of planar metal strips serving as gate electrode (GE) are subjected to a hybrid gate voltage signal and arranged in parallel between a pair of 3D driving electrodes. On the application of a DC-biased AC electric field across channel length direction, all the GE are electrochemically polarized, and the action of imposed hybrid electric field on the multiple-frequency bipolar counterions within the composite-induced double layer generates two counter-rotating induced-charge electroosmotic (ICEO) micro-vortices on top of each GE. Symmetry breaking in ICEO flow profile occurs once the gate voltage deviates from natural floating potential of corresponding GE. The gate voltage offset not only results in an additional pump motion of working fluid for enhanced electroosmotic transport but also directly changes the location of FSL where nanoparticles are preferentially collected by field-effect HEK. Our results of field-effect control on HEK are supposed to guide an elaborate design of flexible electrokinetic frameworks embedding coplanar metal strips for a high degree of freedom analyte manipulation in modern micro-total-analytical systems.

Epidemiological data indicate atmospheric particulate matter, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has many negative effects on human health. Of note, people spend about 90% of their time indoors. More importantly, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, indoor air pollution causes nearly 1.6 million deaths each year, and it is considered as one of the major health risk factors. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the harmful effects of indoor PM2.5 on human health, we used bibliometric software to summarize articles in this field. In conclusion, since 2000, the annual publication volume has increased year by year. America topped the list for the number of articles, and Professor Petros Koutrakis and Harvard University were the author and institution with the most published in this research area, respectively. Over the past decade, scholars gradually paid attention to molecular mechanisms, therefore, the toxicity can be better explored. Particularly, apart from timely intervention and treatment for adverse consequences, it is necessary to effectively reduce indoor PM2.5 through technologies. In addition, the trend and keywords analysis are favorable ways to find out future research hotspots. Hopefully, various countries and regions strengthen academic cooperation and integration of multi-disciplinary.

Due to the rise of 5G, IoT, AI, and high-performance computing applications, datacenter traffic has grown at a compound annual growth rate of nearly 30%. Furthermore, nearly three-fourths of the datacenter traffic resides within datacenters. The conventional pluggable optics increases at a much slower rate than that of datacenter traffic. The gap between application requirements and the capability of conventional pluggable optics keeps increasing, a trend that is unsustainable. Co-packaged optics (CPO) is a disruptive approach to increasing the interconnecting bandwidth density and energy efficiency by dramatically shortening the electrical link length through advanced packaging and co-optimization of electronics and photonics. CPO is widely regarded as a promising solution for future datacenter interconnections, and silicon platform is the most promising platform for large-scale integration. Leading international companies (e.g., Intel, Broadcom and IBM) have heavily investigated in CPO technology, an inter-disciplinary research field that involves photonic devices, integrated circuits design, packaging, photonic device modeling, electronic-photonic co-simulation, applications, and standardization. This review aims to provide the readers a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art progress of CPO in silicon platform, identify the key challenges, and point out the potential solutions, hoping to encourage collaboration between different research fields to accelerate the development of CPO technology. Graphical Abstract

The hierarchical design of zeolite materials from alkali-activated solid waste is a controversial topic. Deactivated ZSM-5 can serve as a potential foaming material for the preparation of porous zeolite precursors. This article evaluated the suitability of deactivated ZSM-5 for the preparation of porous zeolite material precursors. Curing temperature and water glass modulus were selected to regulate the properties of alkali-activated cementitious material. Two different moduli of water glass (1.4 M and 2.0 M) were applied to determine the effect of samples cured at three temperatures (25 ℃, 50 ℃ and 75 ℃). Characterization analyses such as XRD, FTIR, TG/DTA, SEM/EDS and MIP were performed to analyse the final products and pore structure of the precursors. A higher curing temperature and alkalinity have a substantial influence on the mechanical properties and yield a higher degree of polymerization of the reaction products. The main reaction product in the precursors was the N-A-S-H gel, whose degree of polymerization is strongly influenced by the Si/Al ratio. The purpose of this article is to design porous structures for zeolite precursors. The research results provide promising guidance for the preparation of zeolites with more active sites, high strength and porous structures that are self-supported.

We demonstrate L-band and O-band CW-DFB lasers with kink-free and stable single mode lasing over 600 mW at 55°C and 200 mW at 85°C, respectively. More than 2000 hours reliable operation at 90°C is achieved.

We evaluated the relative attribution and interactions of treatment and patient-related risk factors for second primary malignancies (SPMs) in cervical and endometrial cancer survivors.Stage I-III cervical and endometrial cancer survivors' data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry between January 1988 and December 2015 were analyzed. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR), excess absolute risk (EAR), and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) values were calculated. Analyses were classified based on proxies of human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, hormone, and radiotherapy (RT) status. Additive and multiplicative interactions were assessed.Cervical cancer survivors had a higher risk for developing potentially HPV and smoking-related SPMs, especially in the RT group (SIRRT, HPV, and smoking promote SPMs in cervical cancer to different extents. The SPM burden in cervical cancer survivors could be mostly attributed to smoking and RT and their interactions.

Chemotherapy is a difficult treatment for cancer patients because of the low effective accumulation of chemo-drugs and their detrimental side effects. Nanoparticles have shown promise as a solution to these problems. However, the known differences in the porosity and vascularization of tumor vessels, and other factors, including the potential formation of a "protein crown," the short half-life time in circulation, and the low drug distribution, often limit their application. To address these problems, biomimetic nanoparticles coated with cell membranes have been developed and shown to have advantages such as prolonged circulation, high biocompatibility, and enhanced targeting abilities in drugs and nanoparticles, thus exhibiting good application prospects in cancer therapy for liver, lung, and melanoma cancers. Accordingly, we designed a PH-sensitive biomimetic nanodrug delivery system with a delicate "core-shell" structure based on red blood cell membranes. Briefly, core nanoparticles were synthesized by the self-assembly of natural amphoteric polymers, including hydrophilic carboxymethylcellulose sodium and hydrophobic stearic acid. For the shell structure, red blood cell membranes were modified using folic acid by a lipid tether (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) to increase tumor-targeting ability, whereas polyethylene glycol was inserted to decrease lipid tether modification-induced potential sequestration by either the mononuclear phagocyte system or the reticuloendothelial system. Via a series of formulation optimizations, paclitaxel was packaged into the red blood membrane-based core-shell nanoparticles with an average size of 226.9 ± 2.75 nm and a negative Zeta potential of -14.5 ± 0.3 mV. More importantly, the examinations focusing on CD47, a representative red blood cell membrane protein, revealed not only the successful establishment of the membrane shell but also the right-side-out membrane orientation on our core-shell nanoparticles. Our nanodrug delivery system showed good biocompatibility and sensitivity to acidic tumor microenvironments while effectively prolonging the circulation time of paclitaxel and further enhancing its antitumor effects on epithelial malignancies, including liver, lung, and melanoma cancers. In particular, our nanodrug delivery system significantly alleviated paclitaxel-induced renal toxicity. Taken together, our findings highlight that the red blood membrane-based core-shell nanoparticle is a promising biomimetic nanodrug delivery system for functionally delivering chemotherapeutic drugs, and it has promise in clinical applications.

Photoluminescence studies reveal the existence and double-edged sword role of band-tail states in the Y2Ti2O5S2 photocatalyst, which prolong carrier lifetime, but prevent effective separation of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs.

Understanding the combustion chemistry of biofuel compounds is of great importance in the intelligent selection of next-generation alternative fuels. Ethylene glycol (C

The deleterious effects of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) on human health and the ecological system have gradually gained attention owing to their heavy annual output and extensive global flux. The updated epidemiological or experimental investigations have demonstrated the potential myocardial toxicity triggered by SiNPs, but the underlying mechanisms and long-lasting cardiac effects are still poorly understood. Here, a rat model of sub-chronic respiratory exposure to SiNPs was conducted, and the histopathological analysis and ultrastructural investigation of heart tissues were carried out. More importantly, a comprehensive analysis of whole-genome transcription was utilized in rat heart to uncover key biological and cellular mechanisms triggered by SiNPs. The widening of myocardial space and partial fiber rupture were clearly manifested in rat heart after prolonged SiNPs exposure, particularly accompanied by mitochondrial swelling and cristae rupture. With the aid of Affymetrix GeneChips, 3153 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after SiNPs exposure, including 1916 down- and 1237 up-regulated genes. GO and KEGG analysis illustrated many important biological processes and pathways perturbed by SiNPs, mainly specializing in cellular stress, energy metabolism, actin filament dynamics and immune response. Signal-net analysis revealed that

Hydroperoxides are formed in the atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds, in the combustion autoxidation of fuel, in the cold environment of the interstellar medium, and also in some catalytic reactions. They play crucial roles in the formation and aging of secondary organic aerosols and in fuel autoignition. However, the concentration of organic hydroperoxides is seldom measured, and typical estimates have large uncertainties. In this work, we developed a mild and environmental-friendly method for the synthesis of alkyl hydroperoxides (ROOH) with various structures, and we systematically measured the absolute photoionization cross-sections (PICSs) of the ROOHs using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet-photoionization mass spectrometry (SVUV-PIMS). A chemical titration method was combined with an SVUV-PIMS measurement to obtain the PICS of 4-hydroperoxy-2-pentanone, a typical molecule for combustion and atmospheric autoxidation ketohydroperoxides (KHPs). We found that organic hydroperoxide cations are largely dissociated by loss of OOH. This fingerprint was used for the identification and accurate quantification of the organic peroxides, and it can therefore be used to improve models for autoxidation chemistry. The synthesis method and photoionization dataset for organic hydroperoxides are useful for studying the chemistry of hydroperoxides and the reaction kinetics of the hydroperoxy radicals and for developing and evaluating kinetic models for the atmospheric autoxidation and combustion autoxidation of the organic compounds.

In situ detection of highly-oxidized metal intermediates is the key to identifying the active center of an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst, but it remains challenging for NiFe-based catalysts in an aqueous solution under working conditions. Here, by utilizing the dynamic stability of the Fe(VI)O42- intermediates in a self-healing water oxidation cycle of NiFe-based catalyst, the highly-oxidized Fe(VI) intermediates leached into the electrolyte are directly detected by simple spectroelectrochemistry. Our results provide direct evidence that Fe is the active center in NiFe-based OER catalysts. Furthermore, it is revealed that the incorporation of Co into NiFe-based catalyst facilitates the formation of Fe(VI) active species, thus enhancing the OER activity of NiCoFe-based catalyst. The insights into the mechanisms for the sustainable generation of Fe(VI) active species in these NiFe-based catalysts lay the foundation for the design of more efficient and stable OER catalysts.

We present a combined study based on experimental measurements of infrared (IR) dielectric function and first-principles calculations of IR spectra and vibrational density of states (VDOS) of amorphous alumina (am-Al$_2$O$_3$). In particular, we show that the main features of the imaginary part of the dielectric function $\epsilon_2(\omega)$ at $\sim$380 and 630 cm$^{-1}$ are related to the motions of threefold coordinated oxygen atoms, which are the vast majority of oxygen atoms in am-Al$_2$O$_3$. Our analysis provides an alternative point of view with respect to an earlier suggested assignment of the vibrational modes, which relates them to the stretching and bending vibrational modes of AlO$_{n}$ ($n=$ 4, 5, and 6) polyhedra. Our assignment is based on the additive decomposition of the VDOS and $\epsilon_2(\omega)$ spectra, which shows that: (i) the band at $\sim$380 cm$^{-1}$ features oxygen motions occurring in a direction normal to the plane defined by the three nearest-neighbor aluminum atoms, i.e. out-of-plane motions of oxygen atoms; (ii) Al--O stretching vibrations (i.e. in-plane motions of oxygen atoms) appear at frequencies above $\sim$500 cm$^{-1}$, which characterize the vibrational modes underlying the band at $\sim$630 cm$^{-1}$. Aluminum and fourfold coordinated oxygen atoms contribute uniformly to the VDOS and $\epsilon_2(\omega)$ spectra in the frequency region $\sim$350--650 cm$^{-1}$ without causing specific features. Our numerical results are in good agreement with the previous and presently obtained experimental data on the IR dielectric function of am-Al$_2$O$_3$ films. Finally, we show that the IR spectrum can be modeled by assuming isotropic Born charges for aluminum atoms and fourfold coordinated oxygen atoms, while requiring the use of three parameters, defined in a local reference frame, for the anisotropic Born charges of threefold coordinated oxygen atoms.

A promising approach to H2O2 production that combines renewable solar energy, the Earth-abundant water and air, could lead to scalable economic benefits. While many breakthroughs have been made in recent...

With the development of industrialization, the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to atmosphere causes serious environmental problems and the treatment of VOCs needs to consume a lot of energy. Moreover, indoor VOCs are seriously harmful to human health. Thus, there is an urgent requirement for the development of indoor VOCs treatment technologies. Catalytic degradation of VOCs, as a low energy consumption, high efficiency, and easy to achieve manner, has been widely studied in related fields. As a kind of transition metal catalyst, manganese-based catalysts have attracted a lot of attention in the catalytic degradation of VOCs because of their unique advantages including high efficiency, low cost, and excellent stability. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art progress of manganese-based catalysts for VOCs catalytic degradation. We introduce the thermocatalytic, photocatalytic and photo-thermocatalytic degradation of VOCs on manganese-based catalysts in this paper. The optimization of manganese-based catalysts by means of structural design, decorating modification and defect engineering is discussed. Graphical Abstract

Background: Despite the implementation of the universal salt iodization (USI) program for correction of iodine deficiency in China for ∼20 years, the actual iodine nutrition status of Chinese residents and the prevalence of iodine deficiency and iodine excess are issues that need to be addressed. This nationally representative cross-sectional study was conducted across all 31 provinces of mainland China to gather extensive data on iodine nutrition status and the influential factors. Methods: This study included 78,470 participants, aged 18 years or older, who were interviewed and asked to answer a questionnaire. Urine iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method, and goiter was examined by thyroid ultrasonography. In addition, sixty 9-11 years old school children in each province were randomly selected to evaluate the UIC and thyroid ultrasonography. The iodine nutrition status was determined according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Results: The iodized salt coverage was 95.37%. The median urine iodine (MUI) was 177.89 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR], 117.89-263.90 μg/L) and goiter prevalence was 1.17% (confidence interval [95% CI 0.95-1.43]) in the adult population. The MUI was 199.75 μg/L (IQR, 128.41-303.37 μg/L) in school-age children, and goiter prevalence was 3.50% [95% CI, 2.93-4.13]. The percentage of individuals with UIC

The trade-off between light absorption and carrier transport in semiconductor thin film photoelectrodes is a major limiting factor of their solar-to-hydrogen efficiency for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Herein, we develop a heterogeneous doping strategy that combines surface doping with bulk gradient doping to decouple light absorption and carrier transport in a thin film photoelectrode. Taking La and Mg doped Ta3N5 thin film photoanode as an example, enhanced light absorption is achieved by surface La doping through alleviating anisotropic optical absorption, while efficient carrier transport in the bulk is maintained by the gradient band structure induced by gradient Mg doping. Moreover, the homojunction formed between the La-doped layer and the gradient Mg-doped layer further promotes charge separation. As a result, the heterogeneously doped photoanode yields a half-cell solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 4.07%, which establishes Ta3N5 as a leading performer among visible‐light‐responsive photoanodes. The heterogeneous doping strategy could be extended to other semiconductor thin film light absorbers to break performance trade-offs by decoupling light absorption and carrier transport.

To develop a nomogram based on pretreatment dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to predict pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A total of 108 female patients with TNBC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery between January 2017 and October 2020 were enrolled. The patients were randomly divided into the primary cohort (n = 87) and validation cohort (n = 21) at a ratio of 4:1. The pretreatment DCE-MRI and clinicopathological features were reviewed and recorded. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the independent predictors of pCR in the primary cohort. A nomogram was developed based on the predictors, and the predictive performance of the nomogram was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). The validation cohort was used to test the predictive model. Tumor volume measured on DCE-MRI, time to peak (TTP), and androgen receptor (AR) status were identified as independent predictors of pCR. The AUCs of the nomogram were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75–0.93) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.59–0.99) in the primary cohort and validation cohort, respectively. Pretreatment DCE-MRI could predict pCR after NAC in patients with TNBC. The nomogram can be used to predict the probability of pCR and may help individualize treatment. • Pretreatment DCE-MRI findings can predict pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. • A nomogram based on the independent predictors of tumor volume measured on DCE-MRI, time to peak, and androgen receptor status could help personalized cancer treatment in TNBC patients.

The adverse effects of amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) exposure on the respiratory system were increasingly recognized, however, its potential pathogenesis still remains not fully elucidated. So, this study aimed to explore its effects on pulmonary injury, and to investigate related mechanisms. Histological investigations illustrated SiNPs triggered the lung injury, mainly manifested as alveolar structure destruction, collagen deposition, and mitochondrial ultrastructural injury. In particular, SiNPs greatly enhanced pulmonary ROS and TUNEL positive rate in lungs, both of which were positively correlated with lung impairments. Further, the underlying mechanisms were investigated in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE). Consistent with the

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are one of the most common inorganic nanomaterials. Autophagy is the predominant biological response to nanoparticles and transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Previous studies show that SiNPs induce autophagosome accumulation, yet the precise underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. The present study investigates the role of TFEB during SiNP-induced autophagy. SiNP-induced TFEB nuclear translocation is verified using immunofluorescence and western blot assay. The regulation of TFEB is proved to be via EIF2AK3 pathway. A TFEB knockout (KO) cell line is constructed to validate the TFEB involvement in SiNP-induced autophagy. The transcriptomes of wild-type and TFEB KO cells are compared using RNA-sequencing to identify genes of the TFEB-mediated autophagy and lysosome pathways affected by SiNPs. Based on these data and the Human Autophagy Database, four candidate autophagic genes are identified, including HSPB8, ATG4D, CTSB and CTSD. Specifically, that the chaperone HSPB8 is upregulated through SiNP-mediated TFEB activation and forms a chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) complex with BAG3 and HSC70, triggering HSPB8-assisted selective autophagy, is found. Thus, this study characterizes a novel mechanism underlying SiNP-induced autophagy that helps pave the way for further research on the toxicity and risk assessment of SiNPs.

The metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a public health challenge, leading to a global increase in chronic liver disease. The respiratory exposure of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) has revealed to induce hepatotoxicity. However, its role in the pathogenesis and progression of MAFLD was severely under-studied. In this context, the hepatic impacts of SiNPs were investigated in vivo and in vitro through using ApoE

The direct electrochemical nitric oxide reduction reaction (NORR) is an attractive technique for converting NO into NH3 with low power consumption under ambient conditions. Optimizing the electronic structure of the active sites can greatly improve the performance of electrocatalysts. Herein, we prepare body-centered cubic RuGa intermetallic compounds (i.e., bcc RuGa IMCs) via a substrate-anchored thermal annealing method. The electrocatalyst exhibits a remarkable NH4+ yield rate of 320.6 μmol h-1 mg-1Ru with the corresponding Faradaic efficiency of 72.3% at very low potential of -0.2 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in neutral media. Theoretical calculations reveal that the electron-rich Ru atoms in bcc RuGa IMCs facilitate the adsorption and activation of *HNO intermediate. Hence, the energy barrier of the potential-determining step in NORR could be greatly reduced.

Controlling the variability in mat structure and properties in bamboo scrimber (BS) is key to producing the product for structural applications, and wide strip scrimber (WBS) is an effective approach. In this study, the effects of scrimmed bamboo bundle morphology and product density on the properties of WBS were investigated. WBS panels were manufactured and tested using wide (200 to 250 mm) bamboo strips with different fiberization intensity. Maximum strength properties (flexural, compressive, and shear strength), and lowest thickness swelling and water absorption were achieved with three or four passes due to the higher resin absorption by strips. For balanced product cost and performance, we recommend 1–2 fiberization passes and a panel density of 0.9–1.0 g/cm3. Panel mechanical properties were compared with other common bamboo composites. Bamboo scrimber products were highly variable in properties due to differing manufacturing processes, element treatments, and suboptimal mat structure. Products including laminated bamboo lumber and flattened bamboo made from nonfiberized elements show markedly different relationships between strength and elastic properties mostly due to inadequate bonding between the laminae, which causes premature bond-line failure. This study helped improve the understanding of the structure–property relationship of engineered bamboo products while providing insights into process optimization.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) refers to non-coding RNA longer than 200 nt, with one or more short open reading frames (sORF), which encode functional micro-peptides. These functional micro-peptides often play key roles in various biological processes, such as Ca

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as small molecular signal messenger plays key functions in numerous biological processes. The imaging detection of intracellular hydrogen sulfide is of great significance. In this work, a ratiometric fluorescent probe BH based on an asymmetric BODIPY dye for detection of H2S was designed and synthesized. After the interaction with hydrogen sulfide, probe display colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence response, with its maximum emission fluorescence wavelength red-shifted from 542 nm to 594 nm, which is attributed to the sequential nucleophilic reaction of H2S leading to enhanced molecular conjugation after ring formation of the BODIPY skeleton. A special response mechanism has been fully investigated by NMR titration and MS, so that the probe has excellent detection selectivity. Furthermore, probe BH has low cytotoxicity and fluorescence imaging experiments indicate that it can be used to monitor hydrogen sulfide in living cells.