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Bu çalışmanın amacı hem gelişmekte olan hem de gelişmiş ülkelerde ayrı ayrı genç işsizliğinin ekonomik belirleyicilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmamızda kullanılan ülke örnekleri Dünya Bankası’nın kişi başına GSYH’ye dayalı olarak yapmış olduğu sınıflandırmaya göre seçilmiştir. Analizde kullanılan modelde 1996-2019 dönemi için 40 adet gelişmiş ve 55 adet gelişmekte olan ülke ele alınmıştır. Yapılan ampirik çalışmalardan yola çıkılarak kişi başına GSYH, ticaret, tüketici fiyat endeksi (2010=100) ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım bağımsız değişken olarak belirlenmiştir. Bağımlı değişken olarak toplam genç işsizlik verisi alınmıştır. Kao ve Johansen-Fisher eşbütünleşme testleri ile değişkenler arasında uzun dönemde eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde DOLS ve FMOLS tahmincisi sonuçlarına göre genç işsizlik ile kişi başına GSYH arasında negatif ve anlamlı bir ilişki belirlenmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde DOLS tahmincisi sonuçlarına göre genç işsizlik ile kişi başına GSYH arasında anlamlı bir ilişki belirlenememiştir. Ancak FMOLS tahmincisi sonuçlarına göre kişi başına GSYH’nin genç işsizlik üzerindeki etkisi negatif ve anlamlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Dumitrescu ve Hurlin nedensellik testine göre gelişmiş ülkelerde kişi başına GSYH ile genç işsizlik arasında nedensellik ilişkisi belirlenememiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise kişi başına GSYH ile genç işsizlik arasında çift yönlü nedensellik tespit edilmiştir., The aim of this study is to investigate the economic determinants of youth unemployment in both developing and developed countries separately. The country samples used in the study were selected according to the classification made by the World Bank based on GDP per capita. In the model used in the analysis, 40 developed and 55 developing countries were considered for the period 1996-2019. Based on empirical studies, per capita GDP, trade, consumer price index (2010=100) and foreign direct investment were determined as independent variables. Total youth unemployment was taken as the dependent variable. With Kao and Johansen-Fisher cointegration tests, in the long run a cointegration relationship between the variables was determined. According to DOLS and FMOLS estimator results in developed countries, a negative and significant relationship was determined between youth unemployment and GDP per capita. According to the DOLS estimator results in developing countries, no significant relationship could be determined between youth unemployment and GDP per capita. However, according to the FMOLS estimator results, the effect of GDP per capita on youth unemployment was determined as negative and significant. According to the causality test of Dumitrescu and Hurlin, a causal relationship could not be determined between GDP per capita and youth unemployment in developed countries. In developing countries, bidirectional causality was found between GDP per capita and youth unemployment.

Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly, and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural-off farm activities remains low. This review uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects, and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services that rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digital technologies, the imperative of greening, and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges.

Young people are increasingly referred to as the ‘lost generation’ because a series of worldwide crises has meant they are at a greater risk of marginalisation from the labour market. However, these risks of marginalisation have been felt more disproportionately by racially minoritised young people. This article challenges the dominant thinking and practice in youth employment policy and service delivery by examining how the entanglement between race and opportunity structures constrains racially minoritised young people’s transition to employment. It argues that race structures disadvantage racially minoritised young people in the labour market, focusing primarily on employers’ recruitment practices. This article pays particular attention to the role of employees in employment support services in dismantling race structures. Using qualitative data from a research project in the UK, this article concludes that employer engagement is a channel through which employees within employment support services can dismantle race structures. Through relationships with employers, employees within employment support services can mitigate risks of marginalisation for racially minoritised young people.

The report provides a snapshot account of the types of government response to the social and economic impacts of the pandemic, policy and evidence gaps, and future challenges. Key gaps in the response have also been detailed, such as a limited policy focus on gendered dimensions of the pandemic impact. The specific challenges facing young people have also often been overlooked in the general social and economic response policies. In framing emergency policies, the specific needs of particular groups, such as young people or sub-groups of young people, have at times “fallen through the cracks”. In addition, given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the crisis, many response policies are yet to fully embed themselves or be evaluated. It is therefore difficult to accurately assess their impact and effectiveness, or determine what has and has not worked. However, what is clear is that without these policies and government intervention the situation of young people would have been far worse in terms of the social and economic impacts.

This paper examines New York City's Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP). SYEP provides jobs to youth ages 14–24, and due to high demand for summer jobs, allocates slots through a random lottery system. We match student‐level data from the SYEP program with educational records from the NYC Department of Education and use the random lottery to estimate the effects of SYEP participation on a number of academic outcomes, including test taking and performance. We find that SYEP participation has positive impacts on student academic outcomes, and these effects are particularly large for students who participate in SYEP multiple times.

Ushbu maqolada muallif tomonidan o‘tkazilgan sotsiologik tadqiqot natijasida to‘plangan ma’lumotlar tahlili asosida O‘zbekistonda yoshlar bandligini tartibga solish va qonunchilik bazasini takomillashtirishning eng muhim vazifalaridan biri ko‘rib chiqilgan xulosalar keltirilgan. Bundan tashqari, yoshlar bandligini ta’minlashga sarmoya kiritish muhimligidan kelib chiqib, yoshlar tomonidan yaratilgan imkoniyatlardan to‘liq foydalanish tahlili asosida ish o‘rinlari yaratishga aloxida e’tibor qaratilayotganligi yoritib o'tilgan. Shuningdek, ishsizlikni keltirib chiqaruvchi asosiy omillarni qisqartirish chora-tadbirlarini takomillashtirish taklifi ko'rsatilgan., This article presents the conclusions of one of the most important tasks of regulating youth employment and improving the legal framework in Uzbekistan, based on the analysis of data collected as a result of sociological research conducted by the author. In addition, due to the importance of investing in youth employment, special attention is paid to job creation based on an analysis of the full use of opportunities created by young people. It is also proposed to improve measures to reduce the main factors causing unemployment.

The effect of minimum wages increases on youth employment level has been extensively analysed, but recent contributions have highlighted the potential bias in these studies due to neglected spatial autocorrelation in the considered relationship. This paper contributes to this scarce literature by providing novel evidence for a country with very low interregional mobility. The aim is to see if the bias of neglecting spatial dependence acts in a similar direction than in the few studies for the United States and if this bias explains the low elasticity of youth employment to minimum wages in Spain compared to the international literature. Our results show the relevance of spatial spillovers in the Spanish regional labour markets, but after correcting for the bias, we do not find a significant negative elasticity of youth employment to minimum wages, with the only exception of those between 16 and 19 years old., [Pendent paginació definitiva]

The article is aimed at studying the problems of employment of the young population of Ukraine, exercising a decisive impact on labor indicators in the domestic labor market. In particular, the authors carried out the study on employment of young people under the age of 29, among which the unemployment rate is high, which causes the outflow of personnel to foreign markets. Also, the structure of the status of work of the young population as of the first half of 2020 is examined; problems with youth employment are identified and the main ways to reduce youth unemployment are considered. According to the results of the accomplished research, it is determined that a significant contribution to solving the problems of youth employment can be carried out by the development of dual education in higher education institutions (HEI) and professional higher education institutions (PHEI). The publication defines the content of the dual educational component for the institution of higher education, the main advantages that the applicant of higher education with the dual system of education will receive. An important aspect of the carried out research is the strengthening of the role of employers in the system of educational and professional training of applicants of higher education, which will ensure a high level (not only theoretical, but also practical) of training of graduates of a HEI. Prospect for further scientific searches on this topic is to identify the main factors that create preconditions for the introduction of dual education in higher education institutions and the development of DE in technical HEIs.

Background:The financial sustainability of social security is a central concern of policymakers in ageing societies. One major strategy to achieve the stabilization of public pension spending is to facilitate longer working lives by raising the statutory retirement age and/or eliminating the mandatory retirement age. Although it is widely accepted that delayed retirement promotes the sustainability of social security, some people strongly express their concerns over the new change. One of the main concerns is that the growing number of retirement-age people in the workforce might have a negative effect on the employment of younger people. In this systematic review, we will assess the effects of increasing legal retirement age on the employment of younger adults. Methods:Five electronic databases (EconLit, ABI/INFORM Collection, Business Source Complete, Web of Science Core Collection, and SCOPUS) will be searched. To be included, a study must quantitatively measure the effects of retirement-age reforms on the employment of younger adults. The intervention of interest is any retirement-age reforms enacted by a government to promote labor force participation of older adults. Two reviewers will independently review studies for eligibility and will resolve differences by discussion in consultation with the other reviewers. If appropriate, a meta-analysis will be conducted; otherwise, data will be tabulated and summarized narratively. Discussion:The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effects of governments’ retirement-age reforms to facilitate longer working lives on the employment of younger adults. This review will help policymakers to measure the cost-effectiveness of retirement-age reforms when taking policy actions, and to prepare for the potential impact of the reforms in advance. This review will also identify evidence gaps in the existing literature to inform the future research direction.

Starptautiskais bizness un ilgtspējīga ekonomika Vadība, administrēšana un nekustamo īpašumu pārvaldība International Business and Sustainable Economy Management, Administration and Real Estate Management Darba tirgus ir lielākā ekonomikas sistēmas daļa un kalpo par vienu no uzticamu izmaiņas rādītāju. Darba tirgus pētījuma aktualitāte ir nepieciešama, lai iegūtu priekštatu par izmaiņu tendencēm, šajā darbā izceļas jauniešu darba tirgus izmaiņās un Covid-19 ietekme, tāpēc bakalaura darba ietvaros ir izpētīta Eiropas Savienības darba tirgus kopēja problemātika un salīdzināti Latvijas un Spānijas rādītai nodarbinātībā, jauniešu nodarbinātībā, pandēmijas ietekme un nodarbinātība pēc izglītības līmeņa. Saskaņojot teorētiskas un zinātniskas darba tirgus aspektus Eiropas Savienībā un dalībvalstīs, autore nonāk pie Latvijas un Spānijas līdzības un atšķirības salīdzinājuma, tādā veidā ir apkopota informācija par darba tirgus jauniešu izmaiņām 5 gadu laikā. Ekspertu intervijās iegūtie viedokļi liecina par vienādu izpratni par darba tirgus izmaiņām un Covid-19 sekām valstīs, kur konkrēts eksperts nodarbojas, savukārt būtiska atšķirība ir izpratnē par valsts programmas piesaisti jauniešiem. Spānijā pastāv mazāk atbalsta programmas un viņi nav populāri jauniešu vidū, bet Latvijā visi eksperti ļoti konkrēti varēja nosaukt vismaz divas programmas, kas liecina par valsts pietiekošu atbalstu jauniešiem. Darba secinājumi un priekšlikumi ļauj saprast cik mainīgs ir jauniešu darba tirgus, kā pandēmija palielināja bezdarbnieku skaitu it īpaši jauniešu vidū, kā digitalizācija atspoguļojas nodarbinātības līmenī un kādas iespējas pastāv pilnveidojot darba attīstības plānu un piesaistīt uzmanību jauniešu sociālo prasmju un iemaņu samazināšanai. Bakalaura darba kopējais apjoms bez pielikumiem ir 63 lpp. Darbs sastāv no trim nodaļām, ietver 28 pielikumus no kuriem 22 attēli, 3 grafiki un 2 tabulas. Izmantotās literatūras saraksts un citi informācijas avoti veido 73 nosaukumus. The labour market is largest part of the economic system and serves as one of the reliable indicators of changes. In the labour market, the study of the relevance of it is necessary, in order to get a picture of the trends in the present work stands out for young people in the labour market changes and Covid-19 impact, the thesis has been examined by the European Union to the labour market, a common problem, and compared to Latvia and Spain running at the employment of young people in employment, the effects of the pandemic and in employment by level of education. By harmonizing theoretical and scientific aspects of the labour market in the European Union and the member states, the author comes to a comparison of the similarities and differences between Latvia and Spain, thus summarizing information on the changes in the labour market amongst young people over 5 years. The opinions obtained in expert interviews show the same understanding of the changes in the labour market and the consequences of Covid-19 in the countries where a particular expert is engaged, while there is a significant difference in the understanding of the attraction of the national programmes to young people. There are fewer support programmes in Spain, and they are not popular among young people, but in Latvia all the experts were able to name at least two programmes very specifically, which shows that the state has sufficient support for young people. The findings and proposals make it possible to understand how the youth labour market is changing, how the pandemic has increased the number of unemployed in particular among young people, how digitalisation is reflected in the level of employment, and what opportunities exist for improving the work development plan and attracting attention to the reduction of young people's social skills and abilities. The total amount of bachelor’s work without attachments is 63 pages. The work consists of three chapters, includes 28 annexes of which 22 Pictures, 3 graphs and 2 tables. The list of used literature and other sources of information consists of 73 titles.

La juventud como periodo de transición y su relación con el mercado de trabajo constituye un objeto de estudio con particularidades y especificaciones. Estas notas diferenciales del empleo joven podrían considerarse una oportunidad para fortalecer la cohesión social a través de su integración al mercado laboral y no ser el fundamento de condiciones de trabajo de inferior calidad, de temporalidad y de mayor precariedad. El reto para los estados lo constituye no sólo la creación de empleo joven, sino también que sea digno y de calidad. El concepto de trabajo decente se presenta como un parámetro objetivo que ninguna política de empleo juvenil puede omitir ni ir en detrimento. Este trabajo aborda la realidad del trabajo y los jóvenes desde una perspectiva del ciclo vital y se centra en la realidad particular del empleo juvenil en España., As a transition period and its relation to the labour market, youth is an area of study with articularities and specificities. These differential characteristics of youth employment could be seen as an opportunity to strengthen social cohesion through their integration into the work market and not as the basis for lower quality, temporary and more precarious working conditions. The challenge for states is not only to create jobs for young people, but also to guarantee that they are decent and of high quality. The concept of decent work is presented as an objective parameter that no youth employment policy can omit or undermine. This paper addresses the reality of work and young people from a life-cycle perspective and focuses on the particular reality of youth employment in Spain.

Tonnoma is the protagonist of her own story of development. 26 years old, illiterate, and married to a man 15 years her senior, Tonnoma lives in a rural area of Burkina Faso. Before finding employment with the Youth Employment and Skills Development Project, she performed household chores and depended on her husband’s irregular income to meet the family’s needs. His income was not always sufficient, and they lost their fourth child to poverty. Tonnoma’s Story: Women’s Work and Empowerment in Burkina Faso is based on actual events and the experiences of numerous women. It draws directly from the results of qualitative research on the factors impeding or promoting women’s ability to work in Burkina Faso. It offers readers a glimpse into the daily lives of women who live in a rural environment and want to work. This book shows us that emotional relationships matter, that the social and cultural landscape we are born into matters, and that if we want to conduct effective development, we have to listen carefully to the beneficiaries. How do they perceive their circumstances? What influences their behaviors? What helps or hinders women’s access to employment—in their view? This book encourages readers to reflect on how to conduct more beneficiary-centered and participatory international development that better responds to realities on the ground.

DISCLAIMER:The present Project Deliverable has been submitted to the European Commission for review. The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. _____ The R&I Action #2 “Youth Employment” of the Horizon 2020 projectCoAct(Co-designing Citizen Social Science for Collective Action)is a Citizen Social Science project with young Early School Leavers (ESL) aged mainly between 15 and 18 years, who take part in educational measures to fulfil their legal obligation of remaining in education or training until the age of 18 (“Education and Training up to 18”). By employing a participatory research approach, R&I Action #2 aims to develop new and adapt existing measures organised under the “Education and Training Act” through the insights gained by doing collaborative research with young people affected by these measures. To communicate and implement research results, a Knowledge Coalition is organised concurrent to the research, with the aim to bring together young people and their ideas with those responsible for developing educational measures for ESL and NEET (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) youth. The present document constitutes Deliverable 4.1 “Report on Knowledge Coalition Building” (Work Package 4) and describes how the Knowledge Coalition was constituted as a platform of different stakeholders to stimulate knowledge sharing and eventually discuss the data and results of the research project conducted with young people. The Knowledge Coalition is an integral part of the R&I Action #2, combining a diverse range of representatives from the federal and regional level as well as social workers, people from the grassroots level and youth organisations. The members of the Knowledge Coalition assist the research project with their expertise on how “Education and Training up to 18” is implemented in practice and provide the researchers with insights on the recent developments and challenges in this area. In the course of the research, the members become addressees for research results and are invited to directly discuss possible developments of new measures or adaptations of existing ones based on the needs and insights of young Early School Leavers. This report covers how “Education and Training up to 18” is organised in Austria and lays out who is taking part in the Knowledge Coalition. Furthermore, it describes the content of the first round of knowledge sharing which was accomplished through conversations and focused on the experiencesof day-to-day practices within the diverse institutions and organisations connected to “Education and Training up to 18”. As it happened, Covid-19 was a decisive factor in the recent challenges and will be addressed accordingly. The key outcomes and concluding reflections give an idea of the challenges encountered during this phase of the research project and give an outline of the next steps taken in the near future.&nbsp

Unemployment and underemployment are global development challenges. The situation in Ghana is no different. In 2016, it was projected that, given the country’s growing youth population, 300,000 new jobs would need to be created each year to absorb the increasing numbers of unemployed young people. Yet the employment structure of the Ghanaian economy has not changed much from several decades ago. Most jobs are low skill, requiring limited cognitive or technology know-how, reflected in low earnings and work of lower quality. An additional challenge for Ghana is the need to create access to an adequate number of high-quality, productive jobs. This report seeks to increase knowledge about Ghana’s job landscape and youth employment programs to assist policy makers and key stakeholders in identifying ways to improve the effectiveness of these programs and strengthen coordination among major stakeholders. Focused, strategic, short- to medium-term and long-term responses are required to address current unemployment and underemployment challenges. Effective coordination and synergies among youth employment programs are needed to avoid duplication of effort while the country’s economic structure transforms. Effective private sector participation in skills development and employment programs is recommended. The report posits interventions in five priority areas that are not new but could potentially make an impact through scaling up: (1) agriculture and agribusiness, (2) apprenticeship (skills training), (3) entrepreneurship, (4) high-yielding areas (renewable energy–solar, construction, tourism, sports, and green jobs), and (5) preemployment support services. Finally, with the fast-changing nature of work due to technology and artificial intelligence, Ghana needs to develop an education and training system that is versatile and helps young people to adapt and thrive in the twenty-first century world of work.

The relevance of this research is evident as the problems of the modern market economy and the financial system of the global world economy are highly pertinent to economic science. In the modern world, on its way to globalization, the ability to promptly adapt to the conditions of international competition is becoming instrumental for ensuring successful and sustainable development. The primary competitive advantage held by a highly developed country is related to the possibility of updating its human development index, which is largely determined by the state of its education system. Thus, this area is connected to the country’s sustainable economic growth over the medium and long terms; the employment of fresh graduates is a complex, relevant and multifaceted problem, since it affects almost all segments of society. Currently, in view of the rapidly evolving situation in the labor market, the threat of unemployment for recent graduates is becoming extremely acute. Today’s graduates replenish vulnerable social groups that are suffering from difficult life situations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the state of employment of university graduates, as exemplified by the employment of recent graduates, and to provide recommendations to assist in their recruitment. A combination of theoretical (analysis, generalization while establishing principles and patterns), organizational (comparison, longitudinal method) and empirical (sociological methods, observational methods, quantitative method of statistical processing of the collected data and interpretation method) methods was used in the research. As part of the study, knowledge regarding the primary factors affecting high school graduates’ employment is defined and systematized. The practical and theoretical significance of the study lies in the recommendations developed for promoting university graduates’ employment in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) [RS (Y)] based on the results obtained. The relevance of this research is evident as the problems of the modern market economy and the financial system of the global world economy are highly pertinent to economic science. In the modern world, on its way to globalization, the ability to promptly adapt to the conditions of international competition is becoming instrumental for ensuring successful and sustainable development. The primary competitive advantage held by a highly developed country is related to the possibility of updating its human development index, which is largely determined by the state of its education system. Thus, this area is connected to the country’s sustainable economic growth over the medium and long terms; the employment of fresh graduates is a complex, relevant and multifaceted problem, since it affects almost all segments of society. Currently, in view of the rapidly evolving situation in the labor market, the threat of unemployment for recent graduates is becoming extremely acute. Today’s graduates replenish vulnerable social groups that are suffering from difficult life situations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the state of employment of university graduates, as exemplified by the employment of recent graduates, and to provide recommendations to assist in their recruitment. A combination of theoretical (analysis, generalization while establishing principles and patterns), organizational (comparison, longitudinal method) and empirical (sociological methods, observational methods, quantitative method of statistical processing of the collected data and interpretation method) methods was used in the research. As part of the study, knowledge regarding the primary factors affecting high school graduates’ employment is defined and systematized. The practical and theoretical significance of the study lies in the recommendations developed for promoting university graduates’ employment in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) [RS (Y)] based on the results obtained.

This article examines the significance of the participation of youth generation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) adopted by the Chinese government in 2013. The engagement of young persons in the programmes of the BRI is analysed from the essential perspectives, such as maintaining human rights scope, motivating youth employment, and facilitating innovative development. It is strongly suggested that the BRI should provide a basis for seeking a consensus between the projects' stakeholders, authorities and young people to ensure sustainable joint development.

Background and Purpose: We are living in a time of accelerated globalization, which has a far-reaching impact for youth employment. Therefore, the paper presents the problem of the transition of tertiary educated young people into the working environment in terms of the importance of education and gaining work experience during their studies. The main purpose of the study was to analyze the attitudes and thinking of students regarding the selection of studies and work experience that young people are gaining during their studies with student work in connection with their job prospects. Design/Methodology/Approach: The data used in our research come from a broader research on Slovenian Youths (SY) dating back to 2013. Among all the respondents of SY we selected those who classified themselves as students aged between 19 and 24, who filled out the part of the questionnaire pertaining to employment. The research hypotheses were tested with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent samples t-test. Results: We found that among students who chose to study for different reasons there were differences in the belief that they will immediately find employment after graduating. We also found that between those students who supported themselves during their studies and those who only studied there were differences in individual statements regarding their transition from education to employment. We concluded that work during their studies, especially in the field of the profession they were studying for, had a positive impact on the thinking of students pertaining to the transition toward employment. Conclusion: The analysis of employment issues faced by young people with tertiary education was supported by empirical data, while in conclusion suggestions for improvement were presented. The article also deepens the understanding of the problems of youth employment in a broader perspective and the understanding of the observed developments in society.

Work is changing in new and uneven ways raising pressing and complex questions around how we define, create and organise inclusive and sustainable work now and into the future. Through the Work/Industry Futures Research Program the authors of this submission directly address these complex challenges through theoretically-informed and evidence-based research.1 Our research engages with current and emerging themes in the future of work which impact the employment and education-to-work transitions of young people. This includes unpaid work and internships; technology, automation, artificial intelligence (AI); and precarious and contingent work. The program’s research and engagement across a wide range of industry, organisational and workplace contexts directly intersects with the terms of reference of the National Youth Commission. In addressing the terms of reference, this submission takes a thematic approach focussing on issues which are having a major impact on young Australians and which look likely to have an even greater impact in the years to come. In support of our claims, we summarise relevant published evidence-based research, including our own research. This submission notes the need for reform to many of Australia’s industrial relations laws and employment policies. Implicit in its recommendations is the need to approach youth training and employment policy, research and programs as an investment in Australia’s future workforce participation and productivity rather than as a short-term cost with the burden of ‘failure’ placed on the individual young person.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are transforming every area of economic and social life all around the world. New types of jobs different from the traditional ones are created rapidly. The demand for highly skilled staff who uses technology effectively has become a requirement for success of companies and the growing industry. However, the number of IT graduates is not keeping up with the current demand. In addition, companies have little or no training programs to develop ICT skills. Initiatives from the European Economic Area (EEA) and Norway Grants to support transnational projects for Youth Employment including European Digital Bootcamps (EDIBO) contribute to increase the job opportunities for young people outside of the labour market. In this way the Sustainable Development Goal 8 which aims to “promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all” could be fulfilled. Nowadays, EDIBO is developing different training labs in order to achieve a success model of all processes involved with the organization, execution and evaluation. The goal of this document is to allow a rapid replication of the intensive ICT training among the partners of the project as well to the social innovation community in general.

The shift of policy focus from job security to employment security that occurred over the last decade requires the adoption of a dynamic perspective on young people's labour market performance. In this paper, we propose new measures of individual employment security based on monthly employment status trajectories, and on the permanence in the job over time. We use these measures to investigate the employment security of young Europeans around five years after they left education. The empirical analysis reveals that almost 40% of job-insecure individuals actually enjoy employment security, i.e. they are able to re-enter in paid employment rapidly after losing their job. It also highlights the still pressing need for policy measures to enhance employment security, in particular for females and low-educated individuals, and the potential positive role of stricter rules on the use of temporary contracts and of active labour market policy expenditures.

El artículo presenta el análisis de tres cuestiones de gran relevancia para el estudio de la situación de la población juvenil en el mercado de trabajo: la evolución de las trayectorias laborales considerando la simultaneidad de actividades que las componen, el impacto de la crisis económica sobre la articulación de estas mismas actividades, y el uso del capital social como mecanismo de acceso al empleo. Para ello, se explotan los datos obtenidos mediante una encuesta de redes personales de carácter híbrido, en qué se ha priorizada el detalle y amplitud de la información en relación con cuestiones que usualmente no se recogen en las estadísticas oficiales. De este modo, se obtiene un dibujo diferente del habitualmente ofrecido por la mayoría de estudios que han tratado el empleo juvenil, aunque no contradictorio con él. L'article presenta l'anàlisi de tres qüestions de gran rellevància per a l'estudi de la situació de la població juvenil al mercat de treball: l'evolució de les trajectòries laborals considerant la simultaneïtat d'activitats que les componen, l'impacte de la crisi econòmica sobre l'articulació d'aquestes mateixes activitats, i l'ús del capital social com a mecanisme d'accés a l'ocupació. Per a això, s'exploten les dades obtingudes mitjançant una enquesta de xarxes personals de caràcter híbrid, en què s'ha prioritzat el detall i amplitud de la informació en relació amb qüestions que usualment no es recullen en les estadístiques oficials. D'aquesta manera, s'obté un dibuix diferent de l'habitualment ofert per la majoria d'estudis que han tractat l'ocupació juvenil, encara que no contradictori amb aquest. The article presents the analysis of three issues of great importance for the study of the situation of youth in the labour market: the evolution of the labour trajectories considering the simultaneity of the activities that produce them, the impact of the economic crisis on the articulation of these different activities, and the use of social capital as a means to access employment. To do this, the data obtained through a hybrid personal networks survey is analyzed. This survey gave priority to the detail and breadth of information on issues that usually are not reflected in official statistics. As a result, a picture which is different -although not contradictory- of the usual findings offered by most studies that have approached youth employment is obtained.

Evidence shows that women face additional constraints because of their gender that affect their economic performance. A review of recent evaluation research demonstrates the types of gender-related constraints women face and the role that economic empowerment interventions can play in overcoming them, especially if they incorporate aspects of smart design, increasing their development impact. The evidence suggests that financial services and training programs are not gender-neutral and that specific design features can yield more positive economic outcomes for women by helping them overcome gender-related constraints. These features include savings and “Graduation” programs that increase women's economic independence, self-reliance and self-control, and the practice of repeated micro-borrowing that increases financial risk-taking and choice. “Smart” design also includes high-quality business management and jobs skills training, and stipends and other incentives in these training programs that address women's and young women's additional time burdens and childcare demands. Peer support may also help to increase financial risk-taking and confidence in business decisions. However, when social norms are too restrictive, and women are prevented from doing any paid work, no design will be smart enough. Subjective economic empowerment appears to be an important intermediate outcome for women that should be promoted and more reliably and accurately measured. Lastly, whenever possible, results should be sex-disaggregated and reported for individuals as well as households.

Led by Dr. Anna Barford in collaboration with Rachel Coombe, this report offers a wide ranging and accessible introduction to the employment challenges facing young people in lower income countries, both today and in the future. It draws on existing research and presents new findings on young people's experiences of work, to ask: how can we work with young people to better meet these challenges?

Summer camps provide a special time and space for youth growth and transformation. This growth is possible, in part, due to the physical and social isolation that contribute to the liminality of traditional residential camps. Camps act as a sort of ‘bubble’ in which alternative realities, norms and identities emerge. For many campers and camp counsellors, the community and personal relationships that develop at camp produce feelings of acceptance and belonging. Positive camp experiences do not occur by happenstance and as such, youthful camp counsellors often feel immense pressure to deliver on the promises that camps offer. This article explores the challenges faced by counsellors as they seek to create and maintain this liminal space. This paper discusses camp counsellors’ own reflections on their personal struggles with social isolation and the need to be accepted, effects of gossip in the close-knit community of camp, a lack of private time or space, and the emotional demands of caring for campers. The article concludes by suggesting how we might reconsider camp counsellor experiences and offers strategies to support counsellors as they navigate and negotiate camp experiences for both themselves and their campers. Baker, M. (2018). Welcome to the bubble: Experiences of liminality and communitas among summer camp counsellors. Journal of Youth Development, 13(1-2), 24-43.

We analyse theoretically and empirically the effects on young people’s labour market outcomes of two specific labour market institutions and their interaction: employment protection legislation and active labour market policy. The paper examines recent policy reforms in Italy focussing on the impact of the 2012 Fornero reforms of employment protection legislation as well as the initial impact of the EU-wide Youth Guarantee scheme introduced in Italy in March 2014. The paper then examines how these two policy reforms interacted. The analysis first confirms the finding that the Fornero reform increased permanent hires particularly amongst the very youngest workers; it then goes on to find that the YG was indeed successful in increasing the hires of young people, although this operated through a statistically significant increase in female hires on temporary contracts. Third, it finds some evidence of a dampening effect of the YG on EPL reforms as predicted by theory.

The aim of the research is to study youth employment issues in the Republic of Armenia (RA) labor market. For the above-mentioned purpose, we have conducted sociological surveys among 3840 respondents in order to identify the reasons for high level of unemployment among young people, as well as the difficulties to access the labor market, their attitudes towards the hiring process, existing discrimination, and the factors affecting the decision-making process. The data provided by the Statistical Committee of the RA in 1990-2017, as well as the level of economic activity, employment and unemployment among 15-29 years old people, were used to study the level of employment and unemployment in the RA in 2010-2017. According to the results of our survey that has been carried out during 20 Jul 2018 15 Aug 2018 time period, youth unemployment rate was 11.3%. 30.9% of respondents work by their professions, 26.2% of them are mostly employed according their profession, and 16.8%have jobs, that do not correspond to their profession at all. 66% of young people, who want to have access to the labor market are already convinced that finding a job will be difficult. Unfortunately, very often young people in the RA, having vocational education, become unemployed or are employed to work not according to their profession, as well as they are ready to do any work to solve social problems. After Velvet Revolution Armenia in 2018 the youth has positive expectations and aspirations to build their own future in their own homeland., Целью исследования является изучение проблем занятости молодежи на рынке труда Республики Армения (РА). С этой целью мы провели социологические опросы среди 3840 респондентов с целью выявления причин высокого уровня безработицы среди молодежи, а также трудностей с доступом к рынку труда, их отношения к процессу найма, существующей дискриминации и факторы, влияющие на процесс принятия решений. Данные, предоставленные Статистическим комитетом РА в 1990-2017 гг., a также уровень экономической активности, занятости и безработицы среди людей в возрасте 15-29 лет, были использованы для изучения уровня занятости и безработицы в РА в 2010-2017-х гг. По результатам нашего исследования, которое было проведено в период с 20 июля 2018 года по 15 августа 2018 год, уровень безработицы среди молодежи составил 11,3%. 30,9% респондентов работают по профессиям, 26,2% из них в основном заняты по профессии, а 16,8% имеют рабочие места, которые вообще не соответствуют их профессии. 66% молодых людей, которые хотят получить доступ к рынку труда, уже убеждены, что найти работу будет сложно. К сожалению, очень часто молодые люди в РА, имеющие профессиональное образование, становятся безработными или работают не по профессии, а также готовы выполнять любую работу для решения социальных проблем. После Бархатной революции в Армении в 2018 году у молодежи появились позитивные ожидания и стремления строить свое будущее на своей родине.

This chapter explores how youth unemployment, discontinuous employment, and working in low-quality jobs affect individuals’ subsequent occupational conditions. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal EU-SILC data (2005–2012) for five countries, the chapter distinguishes between different types of good and bad jobs, examining the effect of family background on successful transitions. Findings show that young people from families of higher social class have better chances of making transitions into good-quality jobs than do youth from lower class families. Securing a good entry job is crucial to achieving a successful outcome, whereas experiencing either brief periods of unemployment or employment continuity has limited effects. These mechanisms are evident across all countries considered. The findings reinforce established knowledge on patterns of stratification, evidencing a direct channel of social transmission of inequalities through education and an indirect channel through better labor market entries.

RESUMENLa población juvenil enfrenta obstáculos en su inserción laboral y social. A nivel internacional se reconoce que el déficit de trabajo decente en este sector es de gran magnitud y amplia heterogeneidad. Dentro de los grupos críticos, se ubican aquellos que trabajan en la economía informal, fenómeno que se incrementa cada vez más. Ante esta situación, se pugna por políticas diferenciadas para cada grupo juvenil, en donde si bien el crecimiento económico es esencial para generar empleos de calidad también se requieren políticas sociolaborales a fin de atender la problemática juvenil. Entre las estrategias para reducir o eliminar en esta población el empleo en la economía informal destacan: programas de incentivos a la formalización, piso básico de protección social, educación, formación y competencias e iniciativa empresarial.ABSTRACTYouth come up against many obstacles in their search for employment and social integration. The lack of decent work for this sector of the population is recognized internationally as a prevalent and manifold problem. Among the most critical are the groups working in the informal economy, a phenomenon that ever more common. In view of this situation, distinct policies must be passed for specific groups of young people. While economic growth is essential to the creation of quality employment, social-labour policies are also needed to address youth-related issues. Many strategies aimed at reducing or eliminating informal employment are in place for this sector of society, including incentive programs for transitioning to the formal economy, a basic social protection floor, education, training and competencies, and entrepreneurship.

This report focuses on the challenge of Mozambique's jobs transition: how to accelerate the shift into higher value-added activities and better livelihoods. As Mozambique enters the next phase of the demographic transition, the working-age population (WAP) is growing rapidly. Education levels are also steadily improving. However, good jobs are not expanding fast enough to absorb the growing, better educated labor force. The risk is that many young people will end up doing the same jobs as their parents—and in similar levels of poverty. In this context, the challenge is to help the labor force (particularly young people entering the labor market) increase their earnings by creating opportunities for more productive work. Regardless of whether they are engaged in self-employment or in wage jobs, it is necessary to link them to sources of capital, technology and markets, and to give them access to scale and agglomeration economies. Otherwise, the demographic dividend will be squandered.

La resolución de los problemas del empleo de los jóvenes re¬quiere fortalecer los mecanismos macroeconómicos, diseñar estrategias para la formalización de la economía informal, implantar medidas de empoderamiento de las mujeres jóvenes, así como un enfoque integral que estructure políticas en educación, protección social, formación profesional y empleo. En todo caso, cualquier política pública no sólo ha de considerar a los jóvenes de hoy, sino también es necesaria una estrategia de largo plazo que contemple factores sociales y económicos sobre trayectorias labora¬les de jóvenes del futuro.

Promoting the smooth labor market integration and early labor market success of workers has increasingly become an important economic and social development aim globally. The Nepal government sees addressing the social and economic challenges of youth, and leveraging their social and economic prospects, as critical for the country’s economic growth and development. There has been limited systematic, policy-oriented empirical research conducted on labor and livelihoods in Nepal. Dedicated examinations of the labor conditions, behaviors, and outcomes of youth are rarer still. Responding to the knowledge needs expressed by the Nepal government and other stakeholders in the country, this book aims to improve our understanding of the labor market conditions, behaviors, and outcomes of Nepalese youth. It examines these aspects in Nepal’s domestic labor market as well as in relation to labor migration to India and other countries, including temporary 'foreign employment' of Nepalese workers under bilateral labor agreements between destination countries and Nepal. In so doing, the report seeks to present insights and implications for research and public policy, with the goal of improving the labor market prospects of Nepalese youth. The collective findings in the report point to three directions for orienting public policy and program initiatives. First is raising rural labor productivity, urban labor demand, and urban worker–job matching efficiency. Second is supporting the labor market integration of rural youth migrating to urban parts of Nepal and of youth labor migrants returning from India and other countries. Third is improving the orientation and efficacy of labor skill training.

The paper aims at bringing together two main current research interests: youth employability on the one hand, and use of econometric techniques in order to evaluate the impact of different policy measures, on the other hand. The topic of youth employability is very actual for Romanian labour market, as early school-leaving and the rate of youth not in employment, education or training are among the highest in EU and show no sign of going to decrease significantly on medium and long term. Work-based leaning, as apprenticeship or internship programs are lately promoted as efficient measures to address both the need for a better school-to-work transition, as well as a better education-job match. The paper provides some insights regarding the youth experience of apprenticeship in Romania and empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that work-based programs could increase youth employability. The empirical findings where obtained through a counterfactual approach, by applying the propensity score matching technique on a sample of respondents selected from the Flash Eurobarometer 378 dataset. Our results confirm a low but positive impact of apprenticeships on youth employment in Romania. Also, the analyses confirm that apprenticeships address more to low educated young persons, so the impact of the programs is even more relevant as could be an effective measure for increasing youth employability of disadvantaged youth.

Orientador: Hugo Miguel Oliveira Rodrigues Dias Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia Resumo: O problema do emprego dos jovens nas áreas urbanas é um dos desafios mais críticos que a Zâmbia enfrenta hoje. O rápido crescimento populacional face a um crescimento lento do setor formal está colocando uma pressão significativa no governo para criar empregos formais suficientes para a crescente população jovem. Esta transição demográfica tornou a economia informal urbana numa fonte importante de emprego e renda para a população jovem pobre, pouco qualificada e marginalizada na sociedade. Absorvendo quase 90% da população, o setor informal é o maior empregador na Zâmbia. É desnecessário dizer, no entanto, que os jovens dentro da economia informal urbana enfrentam uma variedade de desafios no acesso a oportunidades de trabalho decente, meios de subsistência decentes, bem como no aumento da produtividade de suas atividades econômicas. Os jovens são o grupo mais vulnerável no sector informal, na medida em que são mais suscetíveis a empregos e salários de baixa qualidade, emprego inseguro e explorador, bem como pobreza e exclusão social. Este documento dá uma visão geral do problema de emprego entre os jovens na Zâmbia e suas possíveis ramificações. Em segundo lugar, o estudo destaca maneiras pelas quais o país pode criar empregos formais suficientes, bem como como pode promover a economia informal urbana com vista à criação de empregos entre a população jovem em idade ativa Abstract: The Youth employment problem in urban areas is one of the most critical challenges Zambia is facing today. Rapid population growth against a slow growing formal sector is putting significant pressure the government to create enough formal jobs for the growing youth population. This demographic transition has resulted in the urban informal economy becoming an importance source of employment and income for young people who are poor, low skilled and marginalized in society. Absorbing nearly 90% of the population, the informal sector is the biggest employer in Zambia. Needless to say however, youth within the urban informal economy face a variety of challenges in accessing decent job opportunities, decent livelihoods as well as enhancing the productivity of their economic activities. Young people are the most vulnerable group in the informal sector in that they are most susceptible to low quality jobs and wages, insecure and exploitative employment, as well as poverty and social exclusion. This 'paper gives an overview of the employment problem among the youth in Zambia and its possible ramifications. Secondly, the study highlights ways in which the country can create enough formal sector jobs as well as how it can promote the urban informal economy for Job creation amongst the youth working age population Mestrado Economia Social e do Trabalho Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Bridging literature that addresses the work–family interface and the changing nature of careers, this article examines, from a life course perspective, the extent to which, and why, young people anticipate careers as ‘flexible’. Drawing on 123 interviews with men and women engaged in different post-secondary education pathways in Australia, the study draws attention to the role of gender and to some extent class in shaping careers in a network of social relations. Three dimensions of flexible careers are examined: temporal, that is, through imagined possibilities in various stages of early adulthood; structural, including opportunities and constraints afforded by different industry sectors and workplaces; and relational, in terms of household-level role negotiations. The findings revealed that women continue to adapt their career goals to accommodate care, but that both men’s and women’s careers are shaped by contingencies including household income, home ownership, access to flexible work and ideological expectations of market/family work roles. These contextual dynamics directly impact on decisions in the present. The article underscores the need for an expanded research focus on work and care from a life course perspective in order to promote career flexibility in ways that align with young people’s broader aspirations for gender equality.

The modern trends of society development determine the continued interest to the problem of the working life quality. However, despite the extensive discussion and study of the issue there is no common understanding of the factors that influence the formation and development of the quality of working life. As itself the process of examining the quality of working life of young people in modern conditions is very difficult as soon as defining key trends that influence it. The purpose of the research is a solution of a significant theoretical problem: a study of the influence of the state of the quality of working life on decision-making of young people at the workplace and at the choice of their future educational development. Analysis of studies of remuneration assessment and employment level of young people in Russia, as basic elements that form the quality of working life has revealed the specific role of the education system on delay of the release of potential labor force to the labor market. Due to the lack of experience of the overwhelming number of applicants of full-time university students, respondents’ understanding and expectations concerning quality of their working life a special method of questioning were developed.

This paper looks at the relationship between the likelihood of being in regular wage employment and parental education for Malawian youth. It uses data from the third integrated household survey (IHS3). Only a mother's education is found to have a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of being in regular wage employment for young females and males. It is established that the effect of a mother's education on young males is significantly larger than that for young females. The paper also finds that, regardless of gender, a mother's education complements/reinforces the positive effect of a youth's own education on the probability of being in wage employment. The evidence from this paper points to the existence of an intergenerational poverty trap; with children of uneducated mothers or mothers with low education finding themselves outside regular wage jobs.

If the entire class of young NEETs would be integrated into work, Romania's GDP would increase by 2%. Faulty implementation of SOP HRD 2007-2013 failed to combat the economic crisis. Thus, at the end of 2013 Romania had over 400,000 young people NEET. In addition to short-term effect of inactivation of the potential workforce, due to aging demographics, the effects of the lack of activity of this category will create a series of negative problems in the social contributions sector. Romania is offered another chance by the Youth Guarantee Scheme and by the Human Capital Operational Programme 2014-2020, but the country must prove having learned from previous experience. The 2007-2013 period shown that good planning in terms of indicators far not guarantee success. Effective implementation of projects and supporting project beneficiaries will sustainable reduce the number of NEETs.

Although the sectors and fraction of workers covered are small given the low rates of formality and urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), as the number of covered workers grows wage regulation will become increasingly significant. We find that higher minimum wage values are associated with higher GDP per capita. Importantly, however, we find that the minimum wage relative to the mean wage is higher in low income countries than in lower- and upper-middle income countries. Indeed, SSA as a whole reflects a bias towards a more aggressive minimum wage policy compared to the rest of the world. There is limited research on the employment effect of minimum wages in SSA, but the few findings are consistent with the broad summary of global research. By and large, introducing and raising the minimum wage has a small negative impact or no measurable negative impact. However, there is significant variation around this average finding – the employment elasticities are not constant nor linear. Where increases in a minimum wage are large and immediate, this can result in employment losses, but more modest increases usually have very little observably adverse effects and may have positive impacts on wages. The great variability in findings on employment could be due partly to the great variation in the detail of the minimum wage regimes and schedules country by country, but also by the variations in compliance. We find that higher Kaitz indices are associated with higher levels of non-compliance. The release of country-level earnings and employment data at regular intervals lies at the heart of a future country-focused minimum wage research agenda for Africa.

Young people Spain classed as belonging Generation Y are facing the transition to employment under even more adverse conditions than the previous generation (X), as a result of the economic crisis (2008-2015) prevailing as they reach working age. This paper aims to address the generational traits that are attributed to these young people in Spain, and contrast them with the data offered (Labour Force Survey, LFS, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD, mainly). This aims to achieve a better understanding of the phenomenon to distinguish their true features and generational experiences from the testimony of somewhat unreliable sources. To this end, we analyse the main social types attributed to this generation (Not in Education, Employment, or Training, NEETs, mileuristas and boomerangs), technological changes that determine their profile (digital society), new migration trends, the influence of social stratification and the contribution of the family. The conclusions look in particular at the influence of certain factors (education, social class) to improve their employability, and the prevalence of the family as a key institution in supporting these young people, given the lack of other social actors. Los jóvenes clasificables en España como generación Y están abordado su proceso de inserción laboral en condiciones aún más adversas que las soportadas por la generación precedente (los X), al coincidir la crisis económica (2008-2015) con su acceso a la edad laboral. El presente trabajo pretende abordar los rasgos generacionales que se atribuyen a estos jóvenes en España y contrastarlos con los datos disponibles (los que ofrece la Encuesta de Población Activa, EPA, y la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, OCDE, fundamentalmente). De esta forma se pretende lograr una mejor interpretación del fenómeno que permita distinguir sus auténticos rasgos y vivencias generacionales de las etiquetas asociadas y difundidas por fuentes no demasiado solventes. Para tal fin, se analizan las principales tipologías sociales atribuidas a esta generación (ni-nis, mileuristas y boomerangs), así como los cambios tecnológicos que determinan su perfil (sociedad digital), sus nuevas tendencias migratorias y la influencia de la estratificación social de los jóvenes y el papel de sus familias. Entre las conclusiones destaca la influencia de determinados factores (nivel educativo, clase social) al afrontar su inserción laboral y la prevalencia de la familia como institución clave en el apoyo a estos jóvenes, dadas las carencias de otros agentes sociales.

The report analyses the opportunities of social entrepreneurship for job creation for socially excluded groups and presents good practices in support of social enterprises which operate as effective mechanism for employment. It emphasizes the European public policies which support social entrepreneurship and social economy.The author presents the contribution of work integration social enterprises in emphasizing the role of social economy for poverty reduction and social inclusion.

From an economic point of view, young people represent a very special category, as they are the future and their integration in society, in general, and on the labour market, in particular, should become a priority for every country. There are remarkable times we live in, unemployment among young people reaching an all-time high, as many of them struggle to find their first workplace. In Romania also, the youth unemployment is a key problem, as more than 23.60 percent of the Romanians with ages below 25 are unemployed. Our paper will try to address this problem, with interest in pointing out methods of reducing the gap between young people and employers, being aware of the fact that, on the one side, the employers should adapt their recruitment practices to have more success in hiring young petitioners and, on the other side, that young people should improve their professional insertion abilities in order to have success on a more competitive labour market that is unable to make concessions.

Since 2007, the labor force participation rate has fallen from about 66 percent to about 63 percent. The sources of this decline have been widely debated among academics and policymakers, with some arguing that the participation rate is depressed due to weak labor demand while others argue that the decline was inevitable due to structural forces such as the aging of the population. In this paper, we use a variety of approaches to assess reasons for the decline in participation. Although these approaches yield somewhat different estimates of the extent to which the recent decline in participation reflects cyclical weakness rather than structural factors, our overall assessment is that much - but not all - of the decline in the labor force participation rate since 2007 is structural in nature. As a result, while we see some of the current low level of the participation rate as indicative of labor market slack, we do not expect the participation rate to show a substantial increase from current levels as labor market conditions continue to improve.

Plusieurs publications, ces dernières décennies, s’intéressent aux difficultés importantes qui accompagnent l’insertion professionnelle des jeunes. En effet, il appert que les difficultés d’insertion dans le secteur privé soient importantes, notamment pour les jeunes sans diplôme et possédant peu ou pas d’expérience du marché du travail. Mais qu’en est-il en ce qui concerne le secteur de l’économie socialeƒ? Les valeurs et les objectifs de développement de ces entreprises favoriseraient-ils une expérience d’intégration au marché du travail positive pour les jeunes peu scolarisés? Le présent article se centre sur les pratiques de gestion de la main-d’oeuvre jeune du point de vue de ces derniers et de celui de leurs employeurs. Deux recherches sont mises en dialogue afin de préciser et de comparer les dimensions qui exercent un rôle significatif dans la consolidation ou la rupture du lien d’emploi des jeunes. Le paradigme du don est également mobilisé dans l’analyse des rapports sociaux qui semblent caractériser les entreprises d’économie sociale., Over the past few decades, many publications have related the difficulties of young people when entering the workforce. As such, it emerges that obstacles to professional integration are important for youth without a diploma and with little or no experience in the labor market, especially within the private sector. However, research has yet to assess youth’s employability within the social economy sector. Is it possible that the values and objectives of such enterprises companies lead to a positive experience of integrating the labor market for young people with little schooling? This article focuses on labor-management practices from both young workers' and their employers’ perspectives. By mobilizing two studies, the key dimensions in consolidating or terminating young people’s employment are brought forward and compared. The « gift » paradigm also contributes to the analysis of social relations that appear to characterize social economy enterprises.

The Public Employment Service often delivers much of the employment policy including active labour market programmes in many member states in the EU, yet we know little about its effectiveness in general. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the potential impact of the modernisation programme of the Hungarian Public Employment service between 2004 and 2008. Using data at the level of local offices, I calculate programme effects using a difference-in-difference estimator. Results show that the programme has increased re-employment rates significantly, by 6%. The modernisation was thus a moderately effective but relatively inexpensive intervention, similar in terms of cost-effectiveness to the better active labour market programmes in Hungary.

The article from the sociological point reveals the features of virtual remote youth employment in the context of contemporary socio–cultural transformations. We consider the societal function of the virtual remote employment, its purpose, the conceptual field conditions and factors of development. Identified positive and negative aspects of freelancing for the young, promising, new measures of state youth policy in support of a virtual remote youth employment, taking into account the predicted values ​​of socio–economic development of Russia.

Employers around the world complain that youth lack the soft skills needed for success in the workplace. In response, a number of employment programs have begun to incorporate soft skills training, but to date there has been little evidence as to the effectiveness of such programs. This paper reports on a randomized experiment in Jordan in which female community college graduates were randomly assigned to a soft skills training program. Despite this program being twice as long in length as the average program in the region, and taught by a well-regarded provider, we find soft skills training does not have any significant employment impact in three rounds of follow-up surveys. We elicit expectations of academics and development professionals and reveal that these findings are novel and unexpected. JEL codes: O12, O15, J08, J16

The formation of lifelong engineering (technical) education based on the interaction and collaboration among education, industrial plants and business structures contributes to the creation of a youth employment management system which, in turn, makes a contribution to the development of human potential that will be able to satisfy the modern social and economic needs of a country. The system of lifelong engineering education allows: to create conditions for pupils’ professional orientation toward technical and engineering specialization in their future vocational training; to provide conditions to engineering university students for the formation of their skills, habits and professional competence enabling to solve professional problems in real industrial production environment with the use of high-technology equipment; to manage and control the graduates’ placement through the solution of the above mentioned tasks by increasing the number of young specialists being employed within one year after graduating from a university and getting an education. The system of lifelong engineering (technical) education enables to cover a large segment of the population by vocational training programs, retraining, post-secondary technical and advanced training on the basis of multi-functional centers of applied qualifications and educational-sectoral clusters. Practical outcomes of the above specified work will be the formation of an efficient youth employment management system and the provision of Russian economy with high-qualified personnel in the priority directions of modernization and technological development. Upon the obtained results of this research some scientific problems and priority directions requiring further consideration can be distinguished: the study and generalization of foreign and Russian engineering university experience concerning the development of youth employment management system through the implementation of innovative models of engineering education organization; seeking new areas of activity which will have a positive impact on the quality of lifelong technical education and youth employment. The material of the article can be useful and significant for specialists and managers of educational organizations, job centers and production-and-training centers by the determination of forms and methods of interaction, as well as selection and arrangement of the instructional content of technicians-and-engineers’ collaborative training.

This paper examines the effect of increased elderly employment in Japan, caused by the legal obligation of continued employment enacted in 2006, on employment of other workers and elderly’s own earnings. I find no evidence for substitution between young full-time workers and elderly workers, while there might be a modest crowd out of middle-aged female part-time workers. I also find a substantial decline in earnings of baby boomers, who reached age 60 after 2006, in their early sixties. These results suggest that firms primarily cut wages of elderly workers, and some firms reduced the number of female part-time workers.JEL code:J26