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Human monkeypox virus (mpox) is a viral zoonosis belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family that presents with similar symptoms as seen previously in human smallpox patients. mpox is a growing concern internationally with over 80000 cases in non-endemic countries as of December 2022. In this review, we briefly cover the history and origins of mpox and describe its basic virology, noting key differences in mpox viral fitness traits pre and post-2022. We then summarize and critique current knowledge from epidemiological mathematical models, within-host models, and between-host transmission models. We distinguish between models that focus on immunity from vaccination, as well as geography, climatic variables, and animal models. We report various epidemiological parameters, such as the reproduction number R0, in a condensed format for ease of comparison between studies. We focus specifically on how mathematical modelling studies have led to novel mechanistic insight into Monkeypox transmission and pathogenesis. As mpox continues to emerge and is predicted to continue to form subsequent peaks in many historically non-endemic countries, mpox mathematical modelling studies can provide rapid actionable insight into viral dynamics to guide public health measures and mitigation strategies.

Background. With the continuous advancement of clinical application and experimental research of JTP, the application prospect of JTP in nervous system diseases and metabolic diseases is becoming increasingly clear. Jiaotai Pill (JTP) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for insomnia, consisting of Coptidis rhizoma and Cinnamomi cortex, which dates back to Han Shi Yi Tong in the Ming Dynasty of China. Objective. Based on the brain-gut axis theory, this paper aims to explore the potential mechanism of JTP in the intervention of insomnia by using intestinal microbiome and metabolomics technology, taking the animal model of insomnia as the research object, so as to provide experimental basis for its further application and research. Methods. The insomnia mouse model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). The clinical equivalent dose of JTP was administered by gavage for one week. The efficacy of JTP was evaluated by behavioral tests, serum biochemical detection, and brain histomorphological observation. The contents of cecum were analyzed by microbiomics and metabolomics. Results. The results show that insomnia caused by PCPA led to daytime dysfunction, higher HPA axis hormone levels, and morphologically impaired hippocampus. JTP reversed these anomalies. Omics research indicates that JTP significantly reduced gut α diversity; at the phylum level, JTP reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Deferribacterota, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteriota and increased the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota, Proteobacteria, and Desulfobacterota. At the genus level, JTP reduced the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Alistipes, Colidextribacter, Muribaculum, and Mucispirillum and increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Akkermansia. JTP also reversed the activation of the linoleic acid metabolism pathway induced by insomnia. The combined analysis of omics suggests that JTP may play a role by regulating the inflammatory state of the body. Further gene expression analysis of brain tissue confirmed this. Conclusions. We hypothesize that JTP may achieve insomnia relief by eliminating inflammation-causing bacteria in the gut and reducing inflammation levels through the brain-gut axis, pointing to potential targets and pathways for future research on JTP.

Substation equipment faults are typically related to the heating of equipment components. The hotline tap clamps of substation are critical components for carrying load currents and thermal fault potential. As a result, a new hybrid early warning approach for hotline tap clamp faults in substation equipment is presented. A two-dimensional Otsu algorithm is used to coarse-segment infrared images to minimize the subsequent complexity. Since the Chan–Vese (CV) model is insufficiently accurate for image segmentation with uneven grayscale, then the differential data obtained by the Prewitt operator to identify the goal edges are combined with the CV model to improve segmentation accuracy. The improved CV model achieves excellent segmentation of the hotline tap clamp in the substation. The temperature statistics are utilized for the segmented images, and the hotline tap clamp fault warning is realized based totally on the relative temperature difference. Finally, the experiments exhibit that the method can enhance the segmentation impact of infrared images and obtain the goal of fault warning.

The reverse homodigital dorsoradial flap (RHDF) has been an optional treatment for thumb soft tissue defects. The current study aims to investigate the incidence and severity of cold intolerance after the use of the RHDF for thumb soft tissue reconstruction.49 patients with thumb soft-tissue defects treated with RHDF from 2010 to 2018 were included with the mean follow-up time of 36 (range, 14-61) months. The assessment of sensory recovery in the flap, the Cold Intolerance Symptom Severity (CISS) questionnaire, symptoms triggering temperature grade, and natural history of the symptoms were included in the final follow-up.35 out of 49 patients (71.4%) reported cold intolerance. The mean CISS score of 35 cases was 28 (range 3-72) points. The mean age of the intolerance group was significantly older than that of the non-cold intolerance group. The incidence of cold intolerance in the dorsum was significantly lower than in the pulp and tip. Significantly positive correlations were presented between CISS scores and temperature grades of symptoms triggered. Seven patients were with partial recovery while 6 patients were with complete recovery from negative symptoms. 22 patients reported no change in terms of the symptoms.Cold intolerance is a common complication after the RHDF for thumb tissue reconstruction, especially in the elderly population. Cold intolerance following RHDF warrants more attention for surgeons to describe the patient expect after the procedure.