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The relation between ischemia and heart failure is well demonstrated, and several studies suggested that realizing the physiological role of autophagy will be of great importance. Luteoloside (Lut) is one of the main components of Lonicera japonica flos and exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. To determine if Lut pretreatment enhanced autophagy by 14-3-3η expression and the AMPKα-mTOR/ULK1 pathway and protected the neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) against anoxia damage, NRCMs were treated using 20 μM Lut for 36 h, and the anoxia damage model was established using NRCMs. The indexes reflecting the condition of NRCMs, oxidative stress level, and mitochondrial function were evaluated. In addition, the expression and phosphorylation of 14-3-3η and AMPKα/mTOR/ULK1, and autophagy markers (LC3II, P62) and the abundance of autophagy lysosomes were detected. Results revealed that Lut pretreatment alleviated anoxia- induced damage in NRCMs, that is, Lut pretreatment could increase cell viability, decrease LDH activity and apoptosis, suppressed ROS generation and oxidative stress, restored intracellular ATP levels, stabilized MMP levels, and inhibited mPTP opening. Furthermore, Lut pretreatment could enhance autophagy via upregulating 14-3-3η, LC3II expression and increasing p-AMPKα/AMPKα and p-ULK1/ULK1 level, whereas P62 expression and p-mTOR/mTOR level decreased; the fluorescence intensity of autolysosomes also increased. However, in the NRCMs treated with pAD/14-3-3η RNAi or incubated with 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor), the abovementioned effects of Lut pretreatment were reduced. Taken together, Lut pretreatment could enhance autophagy by upregulating 14-3-3η expression to influence the AMPKα-mTOR/ ULK1 pathway against anoxia-induced damage in NRCMs.

Dangerous Paracoccus marginatus papaya mealybugs cause considerable threats and challenges to cassava production and processing. The deployment of resistant cultivars offers effective, economical and eco-friendly management strategies for pest management. We utilized P. marginatus mortality, development and reproduction to evaluate the resistance of fifteen cassava cultivars and conducted physiological and biochemical analyses when P. marginatus was fed on two resistant cultivars (Myanmar, C1115) and three susceptible cultivars (BRA900, Bread, SC205). Significantly lower digestive (amylase, sucrase, lipase), detoxification (glutathione-S-transferase and carboxylesterase) and antioxidant, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), enzyme activities were observed in P. marginatus feeding on resistant cultivars compared to susceptible cultivars. For resistant cultivars, a significant reduction was found in nutritional components containing free amino acids, nitrogen, soluble sugars and the secondary metabolite malondialdehyde. Additionally, significantly higher enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, POD and PPO) levels and secondary metabolite quantities (total phenol and tannins) were found in resistant cultivars induced by P. marginatus compared with susceptible ones. Additionally, RT-qPCR tests showed that the transcripts of ten genes involved in nutrition, secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities were consistent with their physiology and biochemistry changes. Thus, resistant cultivars prevented P. marginatus populations from suffering lower P. marginatus damage by elevating secondary metabolite contents and antioxidant activities, reducing nutrition levels and decreasing enzymatic activities. This study will be beneficial in determining the important indexes for developing standard regulations to evaluate P. marginatus-resistant cassavas, helping the development of effective strategies for pest management.

In this study, the application of characteristic impedance in estimating specific energy and average fragment size of rocks was investigated during rock breakage at high strain rates. To achieve this, rock specimen was prepared in accordance with recommendations of the International Society for Rock Mechanics and broken at high strain rates using the split Hopkinson’s pressure bar system. Results reveal that although strain rate is well related to specific energy and average fragment size of broken rocks, the product of characteristic impedance and strain rate is more reliable for estimating the forementioned parameters. In addition, strain rate and dissipated energy generally increase at higher incident energies while the average fragment size of broken rocks reduces at higher strain rates. Based on these findings, more studies on indirect estimation of energy requirement for rock breakage to desired average fragment sizes is recommended from the product of characteristic impedance and strain rate.

The low-frequency (0.1 Hz) fluctuation in sustained attention attracts enormous interest in cognitive neuroscience and clinical research since it always leads to cognitive and behavioral lapses. What is the source of the spontaneous fluctuation in sustained attention in neural activity, and how does the neural fluctuation relate to behavioral fluctuation? Here, we address these questions by collecting and analyzing two independent fMRI and behavior datasets. We show that the neural (fMRI) fluctuation in a key brain network, the default-mode network (DMN), mediate behavioral (reaction time) fluctuation during sustained attention. DMN shows the increased amplitude of fluctuation, which correlates with the behavioral fluctuation in a similar frequency range (0.01-0.1 Hz) but not in the lower (0.01 Hz) or higher (0.1 Hz) frequency range. This was observed during both auditory and visual sustained attention and was replicable across independent datasets. These results provide a novel insight into the neural source of attention-fluctuation and extend the former concept that DMN was deactivated in cognitive tasks. More generally, our findings highlight the temporal dynamic of the brain-behavior relationship.

Resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) studies indicated that the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) exerts antidepression effect through the functional connectivity (FC) of the DLPFC with the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), pregneual ACC (pgACC), or nucleus accumbens (NAc). It is proposed that the FC-guided individualized precise stimulation on the DLPFC would be more effective. The current study systematically investigated the reliability of the RS-fMRI FC location as well as the FC strength with multiple potential factors. We aimed to provide a stable stimulation target for future FC-guided TMS therapy for affective related disorders. Twenty-one subjects under RS-fMRI conditions with the first two times (V1, V2) scanned on a GE 3 T scanner and the third visit (V3) on a Siemens 3 T scanner. Then the FC strength and location reliability were assessed by using intra-class correlation (ICC) and intra-individual distance, respectively. The factors included deep seed ROIs (midline (mid-) sgACC, left pgACC, mid-pgACC, and left NAc), eyes closed (EC) vs eyes open (EO), frequency bands, FC algorithm (Pearson vs Spearman), scanning length (half a session vs whole session), and location method (FC peak vs center of gravity (COG)). The reliability of the voxel-wise FC strength was low to moderate. The intra-individual distances of the COG were 3.8-7.3 mm across all factors, much smaller than that of FC peak (approximately 30 mm). The COG of seed-based FC might be a potential rTMS stimulation target. Anyway, all potential stimulation targets should be tested in future rTMS treatment studies.

Lycium ruthenicum is an important ecoeconomic thorny shrub. In this study, the L. ruthenicum plants of a clone showed two types of ‘fewer leaves without thorn’ and ‘more leaves with thorns’ under the same condition after transplanting. Microscopic observation revealed that the apical buds of the thornless (Thless) and thorny (Thorny) branches should be selected as materials for further study. RNA-Seq analysis showed that the KEGG pathway of starch and sucrose metabolism and differentially expressed genes of sugar transport protein 13 (SUT13), sucrose synthase (SUS), trehalose-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) and trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) were significantly up-regulated in Thorny. The results of qRT-PCR confirmed the accuracy and credibility of the RNA-Seq. The content of sucrose in Thorny was significantly higher than that in Thless, but the content of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) was opposite. Leaf-clipping treatments reduced sucrose content and inhibited the occurrence/development of branch-thorns; exogenous sucrose of 16 g l−1 significantly promoted the occurrence and growth of branch-thorns, and the promotion effects were significantly higher than those treated with non-metabolizable sucrose analogs (isomaltolose and melitose). These findings suggested that sucrose might play a dual role of energy and signal in the occurrence of branch-thorns. Higher sucrose supply in apical buds from more leaves promoted the occurrence of branch-thorns via a lower content of T6P and higher expression levels of SUS, TPP and TPS, whereas fewer leaves inhibited the occurrence. The molecular hypothesis model of the leaf number/sucrose supply regulating the occurrence of branch-thorns in L. ruthenicum was established in the study, which provides foundation for breeding both Thless L. ruthenicum and Thless types of other species.

Eophileurus vietnamensis Yang, Pathomwattananurak & Zhao, new species (Figs. 4A–4H, 6A–6B) Type material. (4♁♁, 5♀♀). Holotype: ♁ (CAU), “ Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Ba Thuoc Dist., Thanh Hoa Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1200–1750 m, III.2022, local collector leg.” Paratypes: 1♀ (CAU) “ Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Ba Thuoc Dist., Thanh Hoa Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1200–1750 m, VI.2022, local collector leg.”; 1♁ (CQZY), same label as the holotype; 2♁♁, 3♀♀ (CQZY) “ Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Ba Thuoc Dist., Thanh Hoa Prov., Vietnam, alt. 1200–1750 m, VI.2022, local collector leg.”; 1♀ (CQZY), “ Nghe An Prov., Vietnam, IV.2022, Van Dang leg.” Holotype (male). General (Figs. 4A–4C): Body black, metasternum with slight reddish color, body shape oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface with sparse, short, reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus sparsely punctate, with micropunctures on anterior region and larger punctures near sides; center with a long, slightly backward horn and a weak ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex acute. Frons moderately depressed, disk with sparse micropunctures. Mandible sinuate on outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense punctures, punctures becoming denser and larger near all margins. Disc with a large, deep, round fovea; punctures in fovea dense and large, round or almost U-shaped; with 2 weak protuberances on each side. All margins beaded except before fovea, more strongly beaded at sides.Anterior angle protruding, apex rounded, posterior angle rounded. Scutellum: Surface with dense punctures on disc and sparse micropunctures near base. Elytra: Surface with sparse micropunctures, and dense and large, round punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in 3 irregular rows combined to 2 irregular rows at middle then to 1 irregular row near posterior one-fourth, interstice 2 with punctures in 1 irregular row. Primary costa A distinct, primary costa B indistinct. Subapical umbone prominent. Lateral margin of elytron slightly curved outward, weakly and horizontally dilated from base to about posterior one-third. Pygidium: Surface convex, almost impunctate on disc, strongly rugopunctate near base and densely punctate on remaining area. Metasternum: Region near sides with dense and large punctures; median portion with sparse and small punctures; setae reddish-yellow, short, on anterior region excluding the middle, setae longer near base. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with sparse micropunctures throughout and larger punctures on each side; ventrite 5 and 6 each with a long, shallow horizontal depression at center. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsi moderately thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged and moderately elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, slightly curved outward at middle; outer metatibial spur shorter, slightly curved outwards more strongly so than inner metatibial spur. Parameres (Figs. 6A–6B): Slender and symmetric; in frontal view (Fig. 6A), outer side prominent on basal one-third and at middle, then parallel at sides; inner margins parallel, with a small, acute and frontward process, then curved backward and outward, and then inward near apex; apex rounded, pointed inward; in lateral view (Fig. 6B), upper margin slightly depressed near base; inner processes invisible, outer prominent part downward, almost at right angle at its base; apex slightly bent backward. Paratypes (male). Similarly or slightly less developed than the holotype; characters stable, the most underdeveloped male with differences as follow: clypeal horn shorter, clypeus more densely punctate, frons with rugopunctures near base; fovea smaller, almost longitudinally oval in shape, distinctly wider anteriorly, widest on anterior one-third; anterior margin of pronotum almost entirely beaded, with a small gap at middle; scutellum more sparsely punctate, with only a few punctures near base (Fig. 4D–4E). Paratypes (female). Similar to male, but clypeus and frons densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn shorter; fovea absent, with a shallow and densely punctate furrow on anterior region of pronotum, punctures in furrow distinctly larger and deeper than the others, round or nearly U-shape; anterior margin of pronotum entirely beaded; scutellum sparsely punctate near base; pygidium flattened from middle to base, with a clear protuberance between flattened area and apex, apex with a weak, flat and wide protuberance, punctures on pygidium denser on disc; ventrite 5 and 6 without depression, ventrite 6 with sparser punctures, rugopunctate near base; protarsi not thickened, inner claw not enlarged and elongated (Fig. 4F–4H). Measurements. Length: male 22.0– 24.1 mm (holotype 24.1 mm), female 22.6–24.6 mm; width: male 10.3– 11.9 mm (holotype 11.9 mm), female 11.2–12.1 mm. Diagnosis. The new species is closely allied to Eophileurus chinensis (Faldermann, 1835) (Figs. 5A–5F) but can be distinguished by the following features: clypeus of similarly developed male usually slightly more densely punctate with slightly larger punctures; clypeus and frons of female usually with larger but shallower rugopunctures; fovea of well-developed males usually larger, more rounded; interstices 1 and 2 with denser punctures, row in interstice 2 irregular (usually regular in E. chinensis, rarely slightly irregular); elytral margin more weakly dilated; protuberance at apex of female pygidium indistinct, much smaller and wider (rather distinct and strong in E. chinensis ); outer margin of parameres parallel in apical half (diverging apicad toward the subapical curvature in E. chinensis ) with much wider gap between the inner process and the apex of paramere, inner process much smaller and sharper, not visible in lateral view (inner process large and somewhat rounded at apex, clearly visible in lateral view in E. chinensis, Figs. 6C–6D). Etymology. This species is named after its country of origin. Distribution. Vietnam., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Geshev, Georgi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon & Zhao, Ming-Zhi, 2023, Two new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from the Philippines and Vietnam, with first description of E quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 female, pp. 290-300 in Zootaxa 5249 (2) on pages 295-298, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7687382, {"references":["Faldermann, F. (1835) Coleopterorum ab illustrissimo Bungio in China boreali, Mongolia et montibus altaicis collectorum nec non ab ill. Turchaninoffio et Stschukinoe e provincia Irkutsk missorum illustrations. Memoires de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg, 6 (2), 337 - 464."]}

Eophileurus varipunctatus Yang, Pathomwattananurak & Zhao, new species (Figs. 1A–1F, 3A–3B) Type material (3♁♁). Holotype: ♁ (CAU), “ Mt. Halcon, Paitan Barangay, Naujuan Municipality, Oriental Mindoro Prov., Mindoro Is., The Philippines, alt. 1500 m, II.2021, Noel Mohagan leg.” Paratypes: 2♁♁ (CQZY), same data as the holotype. Additional material examined (1♀). The Philippines: 1♀ (CQZY), Mt. Mantalingajan, Brooke’s Point Municipality, Palawan Prov., Palawan Is., The Philippines, alt. 800 m, IV.2019, Noel Mohagan leg.; see remarks below. Holotype (male). General (Figs. 1A–1C): Body black, oblong, flattened, surface moderately shiny; ventral surface with dense, short reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus with dense, small punctures, denser and rugopunctate on sides, with a short and slightly backward, obtuse horn at center, without any ridge from horn to apex; clypeal apex slightly acute, reflexed. Frons slightly depressed, disk with dense, large punctures. Mandible sinuate on outer margin. Pronotum: Surface densely punctate, punctures mostly small, becoming denser on lateral and anterior margins, and rugopunctate on anterior one-fourth of pronotal surface and cluster of dense punctures on each side close to disc, punctures slightly sparser near posterior margin. Anterior region with a small, deep, hexagonal fovea; fovea strongly and densely rugopunctate, margin with 2 weak protuberances on each side posteriorly and close to middle. Lateral margin roundly curved, subparallel at middle; all margins beaded except before fovea, more strongly beaded on sides. Anterior angle protruding, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface with sparse punctures near base and on disc. Sides concave near base and convex posteriorly. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, and dense, round or semicircular, large punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in 2 irregular rows combined to 1 irregular row close to center, interstice 2 with 1 irregular row. Primary costae A and B indistinct, inner punctate row of primary costa B slightly irregular. Punctures in primary costae C, D, E and interstices 3, 4 distinctly larger and deeper than those in more inner primary costae and interstices. Subapical umbone slightly prominent. Margin of elytron weakly and horizontally dilated from base to posterior two-fifth. Pygidium: Slightly convex, with dense, small punctures throughout, very densely rugopunctate near base, punctures slightly sparser on sides and sparser near apex. Metasternum: Punctures dense and large on sides; middle with sparser, slightly smaller punctures; setae on anterior region and each side yellow, short. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with sparse, small punctures throughout, punctures becoming slightly denser and larger on each side, some bearing setae; ventrite 6 rugopunctate on anterior region. Legs: Protibia tridentate, protarsus strongly thickened, inner protibial claw strongly enlarged, elongated. Inner metatibial spur long, slightly curved outward, outer metatibial spur shorter, slightly more strongly curved outward. Parameres (Figs. 3A–3B): In frontal view (Fig. 3A), slender and symmetric; lateral margin strongly convex at middle, and strongly concave on basal onefourth, with a pair of large, acute, slightly backward processes subapically; inner margin with dense and small teeth from posterior one-third to near apex, more than one layer close to apex; apex rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 3B) apex curved downward, with a slightly backwards process near apex, with a backwardly curved ridge close to center, upper margin sinuate, rather strongly curved downward near apical one-third. Paratypes (male). Characters mainly stable, except protuberances at the margin of fovea absent. Female. Similar to male, except clypeus and frons much more densely rugopunctate throughout; clypeal horn much shorter, reduced to a tubercle; fovea absent, with an extremely shallow and small depression on anterior region of pronotum; pronotum more weakly rugopunctate anteriorly; anterior margin of pronotum entirely beaded; scutellum without inward curves at side near base; protarsus not thickened, inner protarsal claw not enlarged and elongated (Figs. 1D–1F). Measurements. Length: male 25.2–25.8 mm (holotype 25.7 mm), female 26.7 mm; width: male 12.7–13.4 mm (holotype 13.4 mm), female 13.7 mm. Diagnosis. The new species is most closely related to Eophileurus iwasei Muramoto, 1995 (Figs. 2A–2F, 2C– 2D) due to the parameres of similar shape, with a series of small teeth in the inner margins, and the similar external characters. We have only examined an underdeveloped male of the latter species. Although the original description of E. iwasei was based on a more developed male (body length 22.8 mm; Muramoto 1995), we remain unsure whether it is a well-developed individual. And the three examined male specimens of the new species are basically of the same size, which makes development unclear. However, the following characters allow an easy separation of the two species (those of E. iwasei are in parenthesis): Body distinctly wider (more slender in E. iwasei); scutellum with an inward curvature close to base at each side in male (absent in E. iwasei); elytral punctures in primary costae C, D, E and interstices 3, 4 distinctly larger and deeper than those in inner primary costae and interstices (all elytral punctures regularly and universally sized in E. iwasei); elytral punctures much larger than micropunctures (differences of puncture sizes less distinct in E. iwasei ); pygidium with sparser and slightly smaller punctures; mesosternum with denser punctures at each side, punctures slightly smaller close to center; apex of paramere semicircular, enlarged, with a sharp, short, outward and backward process at external side (apex of paramere flat, weakly enlarged, with a pair of sharp, rather short processes at external side in E. iwasei); female pronotum only with a very small and shallow fovea anteriorly (female pronotum with a rather big and deep sub-triangular fovea at anterior region and a shallow furrow behind it extending to base). The parameres of the new species also resembles Eophileurus niii Yamaya & Muramoto, 2008 (Yamaya & Muramoto, 2008b) since both are slender and have similar apices with small, backward process at each side. E. niii is, however, not considered closely related to the new species due to the base of its parameres slightly overlapping and the different size of the teeth on the inner margin as well as the different external characters. Etymology. The specific epithet is a combination of the Latin prefix “ vari ” and the adjective “ punctatus ”, referring to the peculiar arrangement of elytral punctures, which distinctly varies in sizes on different striae. Distribution. The Philippines (Mindoro Island, Palawan Island). Remarks. All the specimens of the new species were purchased from the local collector N. Mohagan from Mindoro, the Philippines. Although geographically close, many groups widespread through the Philippine Modile Belt (PMB, including Mindoro Island) are absent from Palawan Island (Heads 2013). It is rare to see shared taxa of pleurostict scarabs between the two regions, e.g., Carlschoenherria palawana (Moser, 1915), Philgertia lii (Keith, 2006) and Parastasia bimaculata bimaculata (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) (Itoh 1993; Keith 2006; Kuijten 1992). Since the distribution of Eophileurus iwasei covers a large majority of PMB (Yamaya & Muramoto 2008a), it is surprising to find a similar species in both PMB and Palawan regions. The female from Palawan is tentatively assigned to the new species due to its external affinity to the male specimens, especially from the characteristically enlarged elytral punctures in primary costae C, D, E and interstices 3, 4. Given that females between closely related Eophileurus species are often indistinguishable from each other externally and neither associated male from Palawan nor female from Mindoro are available, we therefore do not treat the female as a paratype. We also cannot exclude the possibility that these specimens were partly mislabeled by the dealer. A similar case of such distribution pattern occurs in Java Island, i.e., E. javanus Prell, 1913 and E. niii Yamaya & Muramoto, 2008 (Yamaya & Muramoto 2008b). However, they may not form a monophyletic clade since there are several species morphologically more similar to E. javanus in nearby island groups. Another hypothesis is that E. varipunctatus and E. iwasei are not vicariant siblings, their ancestors dispersed into the Philippines through different paths, e.g., by crossing Palawan or Sulu. Apart from the two Philippine species mentioned above, there is also a doubtful record of E. chinensis (Faldermann, 1835) from “Agusan River, Mindanao Is.” (Schultze 1916; Muramoto 1995). This record might be based on a misidentified specimen of E. iwasei. However, the exact identity of the specimen might not be confirmed due to the destruction of Bureau of Science of Manilla during World War II, which housed the specimen cited by Schultze (1916) (but some material originally deposited in Bureau of Science which belongs to Baker’s collection was moved to the United States before its destruction). Although E. chinensis can be found on Taiwan Island and small islands of Okinawa, there are no records in the Taiwan-Luzon Volcanic Arc, a path for the interchange between Taiwan Island and the Philippines. Thus, the distribution of E. chinensis in the Philippines should be omitted.

Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 (Figs. 7A–7C) Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022: 472 (type locality: “Pluang Subdist., Chanthaburi Prov., Thailand ”), fig. 1b (elytral punctures), figs. 99–102, 113–114 (habitus), figs. 175–180 (parameres). Type material examined. As in Yang & Pathomwattananurak (2022). Additional material examined (1♀). Thailand: 1♀ (CQZY), pupa collected at 15.VII.2022, Mu Si Subdist., Pak Chong Dist., Nakhon Ratchasima Prov., Qiao-Zhi Yang & W. Pathomwattananurak leg., adult emerged 16.VII.2022. Description of female. General (Figs. 7A–7C): Body black with slight reddish color, oblong, flattened, surface shiny; ventral surface with dense, short, reddish-yellow setae. Head: Clypeus strongly and densely rugopunctate throughout, with a short, sharp tubercle at center; clypeal apex acute. Frons strongly and densely rugopunctate throughout. Mandible sinuate on outer margin. Pronotum: Surface with dense and large punctures, punctures becoming denser and larger near margins, more so near anterior margin. Anterior region with an indistinct, small, flattened area. Sides subparallel at middle; all margins beaded, more strongly on sides. Anterior angle acute, apex slightly rounded, posterior angle obtusely angulate. Scutellum: Surface with sparse punctures mainly near base. Elytra: Surface with dense micropunctures, and dense, U-shaped, large punctures. Interstice 1 with punctures in 3 irregular rows combined at middle to 2 irregular rows then to 1 irregular row on posterior one-third, interstice 2 with irregularly distributed punctures, rows unrecognizable. Primary costa A distinct, primary costa B less distinct. Subapical umbone moderately prominent. Margins of elytra strongly and horizontally dilated from base to posterior two-fifth. Pygidium: Surface convex but flattened on disc, with dense and small punctures throughout. Metasternum: Surface mainly dark reddish, with lighter color on central region; punctures dense and large near sides; central portion with sparse and small punctures only; setae yellow, dense and short on posterior region excluding the center. Abdominal ventrites: Surfaces with micropunctures throughout and larger punctures on each side; last ventrite with dense, large punctures throughout and rugopunctures at anterior region, punctures denser and larger than on other ventrites. Legs: Protibia tridentate. Inner metatibial spur long, slightly curved outward, outer metatibial spur shorter, more strongly curved outward. Measurements. Length: 24.5 mm; width: 13.0 mm. Natural history. A single pupa was collected from the rotten part (with gray, dirt-like rotten wood material) approximately 1.5 meter tall on a standing rotten tree trunk (40 to 50 centimeters in diameter), without trace of any other larva, pupa or adult or any adult body remains. The adult emerged on the second day after its collection. Remarks. The description of the female of Eophileurus quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 is based on a specimen collected from the same area (same forest) as one of the male paratypes. Distribution of this species seems to be limited to eastern Thailand based on only a few specimens; the more common and better known E. confinis Prell, 1913 however, distributes surrounding the aforementioned region, and does not have record within it (see Yang & Pathomwattananurak 2022). The female is therefore assigned to this species due to its collecting locality and the highly similar external characters to the male. Due to the close relation between E, quadratifovealis and E. confinis, the female resembles each other greatly. There seems not to be any stable character distinguishing the two except the former has generally denser punctures and micropunctures on the elytra than the latter, and the pronotum margin more distinctly parallel at the middle than in E. confinis. It would be more reliable to distinguish them via with the accompany of male specimens or the distribution., Published as part of Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Geshev, Georgi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon & Zhao, Ming-Zhi, 2023, Two new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from the Philippines and Vietnam, with first description of E quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 female, pp. 290-300 in Zootaxa 5249 (2) on pages 298-299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7687382, {"references":["Yang, Q. - Z. & Pathomwattananurak, W. (2022) Four new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 from Thailand and Vietnam, with notes on some Indochinese species. Zootaxa, 5165 (4), 451 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5165.4.1","Prell, H. (1913) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dynastinen. VII. Ueber das Genus Eophilurus Arrow. Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 22, 103 - 124."]}

Yang, Qiao-Zhi, Geshev, Georgi, Pathomwattananurak, Wuttipon, Zhao, Ming-Zhi (2023): Two new species of the genus Eophileurus Arrow, 1908 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Dynastinae) from the Philippines and Vietnam, with first description of E quadratifovealis Yang & Pathomwattananurak, 2022 female. Zootaxa 5249 (2): 290-300, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5249.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.2.6

The near infrared spectrogram of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs was measured with a Fourier near infrared spectrometer. In addition, a qualitative model for the identification of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs with their near infrared spectrogram has been established. The effectiveness of spectral preprocessing with chemometric techniques including standard normal variable, second derivative and Norris smoothing has been analyzed through principal component analysis. The results showed that the accuracy of the discriminant model could reach 100%, indicating that the near infrared spectroscopy method is highly applicable and effective for the identification of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs.

We demonstrate the laser performance of a 968 nm LD side-pumped Er:LuYSGG crystal rod by optimizing the cavity length and output coupler transmission.

IntroductionThe two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) is a devastating pest of cassava production in China. Lignin is considered as an important defensive barrier against pests and diseases, several genes participate in lignin biosynthesis, however, how these genes modulate lignin accumulation in cassava and shape TSSM-resistance is largely unknown.MethodsTo fill this knowledge gap, while under TSSM infestation, the cassava lignin biosynthesis related genes were subjected to expression pattern analysis followed by family identification, and genes with significant induction were used for further function exploration.ResultsMost genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were up-regulated when the mite-resistant cassava cultivars were infested by TSSM, noticeably, the MePAL gene presented the most vigorous induction among these genes. Therefore, we paid more attention to dissect the function of MePAL gene during cassava-TSSM interaction. Gene family identification showed that there are 6 MePAL members identified in cassava genome, further phylogenetic analysis, gene duplication, cis-elements and conserved motif prediction speculated that these genes may probably contribute to biotic stress responses in cassava. The transcription profile of the 6 MePAL genes in TSSM-resistant cassava cultivar SC9 indicated a universal up-regulation pattern. To further elucidate the potential correlation between MePAL expression and TSSM-resistance, the most strongly induced gene MePAL6 were silenced using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay, we found that silencing of MePAL6 in SC9 not only simultaneously suppressed the expression of other lignin biosynthesis genes such as 4-coumarate--CoA ligase (4CL), hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) and cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), but also resulted in decrease of lignin content. Ultimately, the suppression of MePAL6 in SC9 can lead to significant deterioration of TSSM-resistance.DiscussionThis study accurately identified MePAL6 as critical genes in conferring cassava resistance to TSSM, which could be considered as promising marker gene for evaluating cassava resistance to insect pest.

Global climate change has led to more frequent and severe droughts, which can negatively affect instream invertebrate communities, but we lack a perspective on the global patterns and drivers of such drought effects. Here, using meta-analysis, we synthesized 997 paired observations extracted from 94 peer-reviewed publications to assess how drought affects the biomass, density, taxonomic richness, and diversity (Shannon–Wiener, Simpson, and Pielou indices) of instream invertebrates at a global scale. We found that (i) drought significantly decreased instream invertebrate density and taxonomic richness by an average of 4.9 and 5.0%, respectively, had marginal negative effects on Shannon–Wiener index, but did not affect biomass, Simpson index or Pielou index; (ii) the effects of drought on instream invertebrate biomass, density, and diversity were not affected by taxonomic level, indicating the robustness of our results; and (iii) stream water physiochemical characteristics such as water flow velocity, pH, conductivity, discharge, total nitrogen concentration, and chlorophyll-a concentration were important moderator variables of drought effects on instream invertebrate communities. Overall, our results clearly showed the global patterns and driving factors of drought effects on instream invertebrate biomass, density, richness, and diversity, which helps scientists better understand the responses of instream invertebrate communities under ongoing global climate change.

Additional file 2. Attended hospitals.

Additional file 1: Fig S1. The adaptive laboratory evolution experimental procedures to investigate 2-PE tolerance in S. cerevisiae. Fig S2. Cell morphology of the evolved strains at 0 g/L and 3.5 g/L 2-PE and the cell membrane integrity of 19–2 strain and A2-5 strain at 0 g/L and 4.0 g/L 2-PE. Fig S3. The association network of Pdr1p from the STRING website and the different cellular processes they participate in. Fig S4. The fatty acid composition (A) and unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio (B), and membrane integrity (C) of the PKH1_700, PAU20_22 strains in the absence and presence of 3.5 g/L of 2-PE. Table S1. Strains and plasmids used in this study. Table S2. Primers used in this study.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Evaluation of the immunogenicities induced by synthesized peptide sequences. Anti-sera were collected from groups of the mice immunized with JEV-NTE or DV/ZV-NTE. The JEV-NTE or DV/ZV-NTE-specific antibody titers were determined by ELISA coating with synthesized peptide RCPTTGE or RCPTQGE, respectively. Pre-immune serumwas used to determine basal levels for comparison. Dotted lines indicated detection limits. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of two independent experiments. Figure S2. Determination the optimal dose of ADE-positive control mAb 4G2.Schematic representation of the in vivo ADE study design. AG129 mice were first i.p. injected with PBS, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 µg of mAb 4G2, then 24 h later i.p. challenged with 104 FFU of DENV-4. Blood samples were collected at day 3 post-infection and survival rates were monitored for 30 days.Platelets in the blood were counted using an automated hematology analyzer.Viremia levels in the serum were measured by focus-forming assay. Each dot represents the viremia level of an individual mouse.Survival rates were monitored daily for 30 days. The numbers of animalsin each group are shown. Statistical differences in survival rates were evaluated by the log-rank test. The data are representative results of two independent experiments. Data are presented as the means ± SD of two independent experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 [by Log-ranktest or One-way ANOVA]. ns: not significant.

Additional file 6. Table S3 Trends in incidence-based mortality of gynecologic sarcoma by primary tumor sites.

Additional file 3. Table S2 Trends in incidence of gynecologic sarcoma by primary tumor sites and SEER stage.

Additional file 1. Table S1 Trends in incidence of gynecologic sarcoma.

Additional file 1. SPIRIT Checklist.

One of the most sustainable and promising approaches for hydrogen peroxide (H

IntroductionUtilization of resistant germplasm is considered as an effective, economical and eco-friendly strategy for cassava pest management. Tetranychus urticae, known as the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), is a devastating pest in Asian cassava planting countries as well as in China. However, the resistant levels of abundant cassava germplasms to TSSM remains largely unknown.MethodsTo fill this knowledge gap, we conducted screening of 202 cassava germplasm for resistance to TSSM in China based on the classification of mite damage phenotype, under both greenhouse and field conditions.ResultsThe three rounds of large-scale greenhouse experiments had identified two highly resistant (HR) varieties (C1115 and MIANDIAN), five resistant (R) varieties (SC5, SC9, SC15, COLUMBIA-4D and LIMIN) and five highly susceptible (HS) varieties (KU50, BREAD, SC205, TMS60444 and BRA900), besides, these ‘HR’ and ‘R’ varieties would significantly repress the normal development and reproduction of TSSM. In addition, the 12 cassava varieties selected from the greenhouse screening were further subjected to consecutive five years of field validation at Danzhou, Wuming and Baoshan. The seven resistant varieties not only exhibited stable TSSM-resistance performance across the three field environments, but also possessed the same resistant levels as the greenhouse identification, while the resistant varieties SC5 was an exception, which was identified as moderate resistant in Baoshan, indicating the variety-environment interaction may affect its resistance. Furthermore, regional yield estimation suggested that the higher the resistance level was, the better capacity in reducing the yield losses.DiscussionThis study demonstrated that the TSSM-resistant varieties could be considered as ideal materials in mite control or in future breeding programme of mite-resistant cassava plant.

As a type of emerging pollutant of concern, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have posed a moderate risk to the remote Antarctic waters. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a common type of OPEs in water, which has been proven to have toxic effects, bioaccumulation, and amplification effects and pose a great threat to the environment and human health. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to investigate the degradation process of TPHP in three advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs), including ultraviolet-hydrogen peroxide (UV-H

Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) has been widely used for localization of abnormal activity at the single-voxel level in resting-state fMRI (RS-fMRI) studies. However, previous ALFF studies were based on fast Fourier transform (FFT-ALFF). Our recent study found that ALFF based on wavelet transform (Wavelet-ALFF) showed better sensitivity and reproducibility than FFT-ALFF. The current study aimed to test the reliability and validity of Wavelet-ALFF, and apply Wavelet-ALFF to investigate the modulation effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The reliability and validity were assessed on multicenter RS-fMRI datasets under eyes closed (EC) and eyes open (EO) conditions (248 healthy participants in total). We then detected the sensitivity of Wavelet-ALFF using a rTMS modulation dataset (24 healthy participants). For each dataset, Wavelet-ALFF based on five mother wavelets (i.e., db2, bior4.4, morl, meyr and sym3) and FFT-ALFF were calculated in the conventional band and five frequency sub-bands. The results showed that the reliability of both inter-scanner and intra-scanner was higher with Wavelet-ALFF than with FFT-ALFF across multiple frequency bands, especially db2-ALFF in the higher frequency band slow-2 (0.1992-0.25 Hz). In terms of validity, the multicenter ECEO datasets showed that the effect sizes of Wavelet-ALFF with all mother wavelets (especially for db2-ALFF) were larger than those of FFT-ALFF across multiple frequency bands. Furthermore, Wavelet-ALFF detected a larger modulation effect than FFT-ALFF. Collectively, Wavelet db2-ALFF showed the best reliability and validity, suggesting that db2-ALFF may offer a powerful metric for inspecting regional spontaneous brain activities in future studies.

The intestines play a crucial role in the development of sepsis. The balance between autophagy and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells is dynamic and determines intestinal permeability. The present study focused on the potential role of autophagy in sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and explored the mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Excessive apoptosis in intestinal epithelia and a disrupted intestinal barrier were observed in septic mice. Promoting autophagy with rapamycin reduced intestinal epithelial apoptosis and restored intestinal barrier function, presenting as decreased serum DAO and FD40 levels and increased expression of ZO-1 and Occludin. PLK1 knockdown in mice ameliorated intestinal epithelial apoptosis and the intestinal barrier during sepsis, whereas these effects were reduced with chloroquine and enhanced with rapamycin. PLK1 also promotes cell autophagy and improves LPS-induced apoptosis and high permeability in vitro. Moreover, PLK1 physically interacted with mTOR and participated in reciprocal regulatory crosstalk in intestinal epithelial cells during sepsis. The authors' studies provide novel insight into the role of autophagy in sepsis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and indicate that the PLK1-mTOR axis may be a promising therapeutic target for sepsis.

High-speed machining of γ-TiAl alloy is a significant challenge due to high cutting temperatures. From the perspective of environmental protection and improving tool life, appropriate cooling strategies should be adopted. Compared with dry and conventional flood cooling conditions, the feasibility of machining γ-TiAl in cryogenic LN2 cooling conditions was discussed. The cutting force, tool wear and its mechanism, and surface roughness, as well as sub-surface morphology characteristics, were studied by combining macro and micro techniques. The results revealed that the wear morphology of the rake and flank face under the three cooling media shows different degrees. The crater wear of the rake face is expanded at high speeds and then progresses into more serve flaking and notching wear. The main wear pattern on the flank face is gradually transformed from adhesive wear to diffusion and oxidation wear at high speeds in dry machining. In the LN2 condition, the diffusion of workpiece elements and cutting-edge oxidation were restrained. The wear pattern is still mainly adhesive wear. In addition, cryogenic machining shows significant advantages in reducing cutting force, suppressing heat-affected zone, improving surface quality, and inhibiting micro-lamellar deformation.

Based on the data of global mineral production and ore recovery in mining and mineral processing, this paper presents the annual production of 25 minerals and calculates the annual losses of 20 minerals from the year 1920 to 2018. The results indicate that the annual production of 23 minerals has increased by between 1 and 930 times since 1920, similar to the increase in the GDP per capita since 1960. At the same time, a vast amount of minerals has been lost in mining and mineral processing since 1920. Hence, this paper discusses the possibility of increasing ore recovery ratio.

A novel Tm3+/Tb3+/Sm3+ tri-doped Na5Y9F32 single crystal was synthesized by a modified Bridgman method for the propose of white light emitting diodes. The fluorescence spectra of various Sm3+ ion concentrations and fixed 0.4 mol% Tm3+ and 0.5 mol% Tb3+ were measured and studied systematically excited by near-ultraviolet light of 355 nm. The Sm3+ ion concentration takes apparent effect on the relative intensity of peaks in the visible region and the color coordinate combining from these emission bands. A near pure white light emission with color coordinates (0.3295, 0.3057) and color temperature (5657 K) can be obtained when the concentrations of Tm3+, Tb3+ and Sm3+ ions are 0.4 mol%, 0.5 mol% and 0.8 mol%, respectively. Furthermore, the practical down-conversion internal quantum yield was measured by integrating spheres at about 14.39%. The tri-doped Na5Y9F32 single crystal shows a high thermal stability inferring from the temperature dependent emission in which the integrated emission intensities are reduced only by ∼3% with the increase of temperature from 280 to 450 K. The present results demonstrate that the Tm3+/Tb3+/Sm3+ tri-doped Na5Y9F32 single crystal may provide a promising candidate for white light-emitting diodes, luminescent materials and fluorescent display devices.