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Acarbose and metformin have been recommended both as monotherapy and add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A novel fixed-dose combination (FDC) of acarbose and metformin has been developed to improve compliance and patient adherence to therapy. The current study investigated the bioequivalence (BE) between acarbose/metformin FDC (50 mg/500 mg) with corresponding loose combination of individual components under fasting conditions in healthy Chinese male and female subjects, using a randomized, 2-period, 2-way crossover study design. Pharmacodynamic parameters of serum glucose ratio between treatment day and baseline (ratio of maximum concentration [Cmax ], day 1/Cmax , day -1 and ratio of area under the concentration-time curve [AUC] from time 0 to 4 hours, day 1/AUC from time 0 to 4 hours, day -1) were used as the primary variables to evaluate BE of acarbose. Pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax , AUC from time 0 to the last data point greater than the lower limit of quantification, and AUC were used to evaluate BE of metformin. The results showed that the 90% confidence intervals of the ratios of all primary target variables including ratio of Cmax , day 1/Cmax , day -1 and ratio of AUC from time 0 to 4 hours, day 1/AUC from time 0 to 4 hours, day -1 for acarbose, and Cmax , AUC from time 0 to the last data point greater than the lower limit of quantification, and AUC for metformin all fell within the acceptance limits of 0.8 to 1.25. Thus, BE between 50-mg acarbose and 500-mg metformin as an FDC and loose combination was established. Furthermore, different kinds of exploratory pharmacodynamic parameters (based on either serum glucose or insulin) including several newly proposed parameters were also investigated for acarbose BE evaluation in this study, and inconsistent results were observed.

Lei Sheng,1,* Wei Cao,2,* Pingping Lin,3 Weili Chen,1 Hongrong Xu,1 Chunjiu Zhong,4 Fei Yuan,1 Hanjing Chen,1 Hui Li,1 Chao Liu,1 Mengjie Yang,1 Xuening Li1 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China; 2Shanghai Rixin Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200237, People’s Republic of China; 3Phase I Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, 266071, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xuening LiDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 FengLin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 21 3158 7860Fax +86 21 6443 7963Email li.xuening@zs-hospital.sh.cnPurpose: Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple ascending doses (SADs/MADs) of benfotiamine were assessed after oral administration in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I trials.Methods: Healthy subjects were sequentially enrolled into one of five SAD (150– 1200 mg) or three MAD (150, 300 or 600 mg) cohorts. In SAD study, each cohort of 12 subjects (n = 10, active; n = 2, placebo) were administrated once-daily doses. In MAD study, each cohort of 16 subjects (n = 12, active; n = 4, placebo) were administrated once-daily on day 1 and twice-daily on day 4– 9, followed by a single morning dose on day 10.Results: In the SAD study, the median time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) arrived 1.0 to 2.0 h for thiamine (TM), 3.5 to 8.0 h for thiamine monophosphate (TMP), and 8.0 to 24.0 h for thiamine diphosphate (TDP) after administration of benfotiamine. The area under concentration-time curve from 0 to last measurable concentration (AUC0-t) or maximum observed concentration (Cmax) of TM, TMP, and TDP was less or more dose proportional over the single dose studied except Cmax of TM. Food consumption did not increase the level of TM and TDP at baseline. TM exhibited a relatively long elimination half-life (t1/2) in all doses studied, resulting in accumulation ratio (Rac) of 1.96 to 2.11 and accumulation ratio based on Cmax (Rac, Cmax) of 1.60 to 1.88 following 7 days of multiple dosing. Comparable accumulation results were also obtained for TDP after multiple dosing. The incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) were similar between benfotiamine and placebo. The commonly reported drug-related AEs were increased ALT and urinary WBC.Conclusion: Both SAD and MAD studies of benfotiamine in healthy subjects were safe and well tolerated. TM and TDP exhibited moderate accumulation on repeated administration of benfotiamine.Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, benfotiamine, thiamine, thiamine diphosphate, pharmacokinetics

To overcome the shear-resisting challenge encountered in crude oil transportation, this paper analyzed the chemical composition of the crude oil transported through the Xinjiang-exporting pipeline and the structure of wax contained in the oil. Then, on the basis of the aforementioned analysis, a shear-resisting agent that is able to significantly improve the shear-resisting performance of the pour point and viscosity of the crude oil beneficiated with flow improver, was developed. Moreover, a macromolecular flow improver was developed by mixing a specific flow improver with the shear-resisting agent according to optimized proportions. The simulation experiment indicates that with the proposed macromolecular flow improver, it is likely to satisfy the technical requirement of normal-temperature transportation of crude oil through the Xinjiang-exporting pipeline.

Background Although blood lead levels (BLLs) in children are gradually decreasing, low-concentration lead exposure can still exert adverse effects. We studied the factors that affect BLLs in children in Shenyang, China. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study by administering structured questionnaires on family demographics and food intake. The concentrations of lead in venous blood were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results A total of 273 children aged 1–6 years were enrolled. The geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) of BLLs was 24.94 (12.70) μg/L in boys and 23.75 (11.34) μg/L in girls. The prevalence of BLLs of ≥35 μg/L was 22.7% and was mainly observed in children aged under 3 years. Often hand washing before meals was protective against BLLs ≥20 μg/L (adjusted OR: 0.427, 95%CI: 0.238–0.767, p = 0.004). Consumption of puffed grains and eggs had an adjusted OR (95%CI) for BLLs ≥20 μg/L of 1.714 (1.012–2.901) (p = 0.045) and 1.787 (1.000–3.192) (p = 0.050), respectively. Conclusions BLLs of children in Shenyang are still higher than in developed countries. Consumption of puffed grains and eggs is associated with higher BLLs. Often hand washing before meals may be protective against high BLLs.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the lead exposure levels, and the effect of blood lead level (BLL) on recurrent respiratory infections in children aged 3-7 years in Shenyang. METHODS A case-control study including 78 children with recurrent respiratory infections and 141 controls was performed. Venous blood was obtained for BLL, and a questionnaire was completed. RESULTS The BLL was significantly higher in children with recurrent respiratory infections than that in the control group [Median (IQR): 2.56 (1.29-6.19) vs 1.99 (0.90-5.92) µg/dL, P=0.029]. Children with BLL ≥1.95 µg/dL were more likely to be suffering from recurrent respiratory infections (OR=2.328, 95%CI=1.228-4.413) than those with BLL

Purpose Aprepitant is used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with moderately and highly emetogenic chemotherapy. In this open-label, 2-period study, the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of aprepitant (EMEND®) were evaluated in healthy Chinese and Caucasian subjects. Patients and methods Twelve Chinese and 12 Caucasian subjects were to receive a 125 mg single-dose of aprepitant during period 1; subsequently, after 15 days washout, only Chinese subjects were to receive the 3-day regimen in period 2. In each period, serial blood samples were collected and analyzed by a validated liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric method to characterize aprepitant PK across both groups. Results In both Chinese and Caucasian subjects, there were no serious adverse events. AUC0-∞, Cmax, Tmax, and t1/2 were largely comparable between the two ethnicities. Comparing the result of period 1 in Chinese and Caucasian subjects, the geometric least-squares mean maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 1482 ng/mL and 1435 ng/mL, and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) 34,035 hr·ng/mL and 34,188 hr·ng/mL. In period 2, the geometric mean AUC0-24 on Day 1 and Day 3 were 19,446 hr·ng/mL and 27,843 hr·ng/mL, and the geometric mean Cmax on Day 1 and Day 3 were 1423 ng/mL and 1757 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusion Aprepitant is generally safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese and Caucasian subjects. Aprepitant PK is comparable between Chinese and Caucasian subjects following single-dose administration. The PK following a clinical 3-day regimen on healthy Chinese subjects has been characterized.

Chao Liu,1 Hong Lu,2 Fei Yuan,1 Wei-Li Chen,1 Hong-Rong Xu,1 Hui Li,1 Cheng-Pang Hsu,3 Ogo Egbuna,3 Jihua Wu,2 Clapton Dias,3 Bassam Abosaleem,3 Jitesh Rana,3 Maria Laura Monsalvo,3 Xue-Ning Li,1 Zhigang Yu4 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Clinical Pharmacology and Early Development, Amgen China R & D Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 3Research & Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA; 4Clinical Development, Amgen China R & D Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xue-Ning LiDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 21 6026 7666Email li.xuening@zs-hospital.sh.cnZhigang YuResearch & Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USATel +1 805 447-9384Email zhigangy@amgen.comPurpose: Evolocumab is a human monoclonal antibody that reduces circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Data on evolocumab pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are derived mostly from Caucasian populations. The objectives of this study were to characterize the single-dose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, safety, and tolerability of evolocumab in healthy Chinese subjects.Subjects and methods: This was a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (CTR20150465). Two parallel cohorts were randomized 5:1 to receive single subcutaneous injections of either evolocumab (140 mg or 420 mg) or placebo. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety were evaluated through day 85. The primary endpoints were maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the drug concentration–time curve from time 0 to time of last quantifiable concentration (AUClast).Results: Thirty-six men (median age 26) were enrolled to receive evolocumab 140 mg (n=15), evolocumab 420 mg (n=15), or placebo (n=6). After 140 mg and 420 mg evolocumab, mean (SD) Cmax was 13.8 (3.6 μg/mL and 67.6 (15.2) μg/mL, respectively, and mean (SD) AUClast was 166 (55) day·μg/mL and 1110 (274) day·μg/mL, respectively. LDL-C declined reversibly, with reductions of 70% at 140 mg and 71% at 420 mg. Maximum effects on LDL-C and PCSK9 levels were reached by day 15 and 24 hrs, respectively, at 140 mg, and by day 22 and 4 hrs, respectively, at 420 mg. No serious adverse events occurred and the overall incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar for evolocumab and placebo: 26.7% (140 mg) and 33.3% (placebo); 66.7% (420 mg) and 66.7% (placebo).Conclusion: In this population of healthy Chinese subjects, single 140 mg and 420 mg doses of evolocumab exhibited nonlinear kinetics and more than dose-proportional increases in exposure, were associated with up to 71% reduction in LDL-C, and demonstrated a safety profile similar to placebo.Keywords: cardiovascular disease, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, PCSK9 inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, ethnic sensitivity

Background: Gestational diabetes can alter the trajectory of fetal development, but there are few studies on the effects of abnormal lipid metabolism on physical development of infants. We aimed to explore the prevalence of maternal dyslipidemia, its influencing factors and effects on the physical development of fetuses and infants, as well as the role of leptin in this process. Methods: Questionnaire surveys and main outcome measures were administered among 338 pairs of pregnant women and newborns. Results: The detection rate of maternal dyslipidemia was 31.5%. The median levels of TG (triglyceride) and TG/HDL (high-density lipoprotein) ratio were higher in large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns. Birth weight was positively related to infants’ height and weight at six months and one year old (p &lt, 0.05). Leptin was positively related to TG levels of pregnant women and newborns’ birth weight (p &lt, 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that having greater than or equal to four meals a day (OR = 6.552, 95%CI = 1.014–42.338) and liking to eat lightly flavored food during pregnancy (OR = 1.887, 95%CI = 1.048–3.395) were independent risk factors of maternal dyslipidemia. Conclusions: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was relatively high in pregnant women and was affected by dietary behaviors. Abnormal lipid levels during pregnancy could affect weight and length at birth, which might be associated with increasing leptin levels in cord blood, and then the weight of infants would be influenced by birth weight.

Anacetrapib is a novel, powerful cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor with bidirectional lipid regulation, which was developed for dyslipidemia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and tolerability of anacetrapib in healthy Chinese subjects and assess the PK difference between Chinese and other populations. Forty subjects were enrolled in an open-label study consisting of three panels (50 mg single dose; 100 mg single dose followed by 100 mg once-daily multiple doses for 10 days; a 200 mg single dose). Safety and tolerability were evaluated by monitoring adverse events, laboratory safety tests, ECGs, vital signs and physical examination. PK were evaluated and compared with historical data in black and white subjects. Anacetrapib was absorbed after administration of a single oral dose, with a median Tmax of 3.0–5.0 h and elimination half-life of 105.3–122.3 h. The AUC and Cmax of anacetrapib increased in a slightly less than dose-proportional manner over a dose range of 50–200 mg. Once-daily administration of 100 mg of anacetrapib for 10 days resulted in a median Tmax of 5.0 h with an apparent half-life of 193.7 h on Day 10 of multiple dosing. Anacetrapib accumulation ratios (Day 10 of multiple dosing/Day 1) were 1.39 (AUC0–24 h), 1.11 (Cmax) and 2.57 (C24 h). The PK properties of anacetrapib in Chinese subjects are comparable to those observed in the black population and in white subjects. Single and once-daily administration of anacetrapib was generally well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects observed in this study. chinadrugtrials.org.cn identifier number CTR20130983.

Background and objectives Vicagrel, a novel thienopyridine antiplatelet agent, is an analogue of clopidogrel in development for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of vicagrel after single oral dosing with a direct comparison with clopidogrel in healthy Chinese subjects in the first two phase I clinical studies. The relationship between the exposure to the active metabolite and the platelet reactivity was also assessed for vicagrel. Methods Study A was a single-ascending-dose study of vicagrel (5–75 mg) compared with clopidogrel (75 mg) in 67 healthy volunteers. Study B was a randomized, two-period, crossover, loading-dose study of vicagrel 20 mg compared with clopidogrel 300 mg in 12 healthy subjects. Plasma concentrations of three common metabolites of vicagrel and clopidogrel, the active thiol metabolite H4, the inactive thiol metabolite H3, and the S-methylated form of H3 (SM3, the major metabolite of vicagrel), were determined using a validated UHPLC–MS/MS method. The relationship between the AUC0−t of active H4 and the P2Y12 reaction units at 4 h after administration of vicagrel was investigated. Blood concentrations of vicagrel were determined after a single oral administration of vicagrel 25 mg to two healthy Chinese subjects. Results In the single-ascending-dose study, vicagrel was metabolized rapidly with the median tmax for the three metabolites, namely, H4, H3, and SM3, ranging from 0.25–1.75 h. The pharmacokinetics of the three metabolites for vicagrel were linear across the dose range of 5–75 mg, with the mean Cmax and AUCs for H4 and H3 increasing in an approximately 1:1 dose-proportional manner and for SM3 increasing in a Conclusions Vicagrel was rapidly and extensively metabolized, and the levels of the parent drug in circulation were very low. The pharmacokinetics of the three metabolites of vicagrel were linear and predictable across the dose range of 5–75 mg. The AUC of active H4 was apparently associated with the P2Y12 reaction units for vicagrel. For active H4, vicagrel 5 mg produced similar exposure (AUC) with more rapid appearance compared with clopidogrel 75 mg, and vicagrel 20 mg produced even slightly higher exposure (AUC) with more rapid appearance compared with clopidogrel 300 mg in humans. Trial Registration: CTR20150346, CTR20160379.

Increasing evidence shows that human exposure to bisphenols can increase the risk of allergic disease, such as child asthma. However, the mechanism by which exposure to bisphenols causes allergic disease is unclear. In addition, the effects of exposure to bisphenols during pregnancy on infantile eczema have been poorly studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of bisphenols (BPA, BPF and BPS) exposure during pregnancy on immune cells in cord blood, and on the occurrence of infantile eczema. 111 mother-child pairs with urine samples from pregnant women and cord blood were recruited from a birth cohort established in February 2019 in Shenyang, China. The levels of urinary bisphenols and Th1-, Th2-, Treg- and Th17-related genes, and cytokines in cord blood, as well as the incidence of infantile eczema at 6 and 12 months follow up were determined. Our results show that BPA, BPF and BPS were detected in 100%, 63.1% and 46.8% of the urine samples, respectively. The median concentration of urine specific gravity adjusted BPA (SG-BPA) was 7.46 ng/mL. High SG-BPA levels during pregnancy was independently associated with increased risk of infantile eczema (adjusted OR = 2.731, 95%CI: 1.064–7.012, P = 0.037). Higher levels of FOXP3 gene in cord blood had a significantly lower risk of developing eczema in infants (adjusted OR=0.430, 95%CI: 0.190–0.972, P = 0.042). However, BPS and BPF levels were not associated with infantile eczema. FOXP3 gene levels in cord blood mediated the relationship between SG-BPA levels during pregnancy and infantile eczema (indirect effect: β = 0.350 [CI:0.011,1.077]). Our findings indicate that high levels of BPA exposure during pregnancy increase the risk of infantile eczema, which may be associated with down-regulation of FOXP3 gene expression in cord blood.

Chiglitazar is a novel configuration-restricted non-thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pan-agonist currently in the Phase III clinical development stage for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The objective of this Phase I study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of single and multiple doses of chiglitazar tablets taken orally and the effect of food on its pharmacokinetics in healthy Chinese subjects. A single-centre, open-label, randomised, two-stage Phase I study was carried out. In the first-stage study, we evaluated a single dose of 8, 16, or 32 mg, and multiple doses of 16 mg, taken once daily for 9 days. The effect of food consumption was also studied in this stage. In the second-stage study, a greater range of single doses (24, 48 or 72 mg) were further evaluated. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability profiles were assessed at each study stage. After a single oral dose of chiglitazar, at doses ranging from 8 to 72 mg, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) were proportionally increased (165–1599 ng/mL for the mean Cmax and 1356–12,584 ng·h/mL for the mean AUC0−t), with low inter-subject variability. There were no significant changes in the mean terminal phase half-life (t1/2), which ranged from 9.0 to 11.9 h, and the clearance and volume of distribution were similar for all evaluated doses. The results from the examination of multiple dose of 16 mg once daily for nine consecutive days showed that a steady-state condition was achieved by Day 6. There was no apparent accumulation of chiglitazar observed at Day 9, as compared with the first administration. While food increased the AUC0−t of chiglitazar by about 13%, there were no effects on other parameters, including Cmax, Tmax and t1/2. There were no serious or severe adverse events observed in the single- or multiple-dose studies. Chiglitazar tablets showed a good dose-dependent linear pharmacokinetic profile in the dose range of 8–72 mg. There was no accumulation after multiple daily administration of chiglitazar at a dose of 16 mg. High-fat/calorie food increased the absorption of the drug, but there were no significant changes in exposure and other pharmacokinetic parameters. Chiglitazar was safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects at the dose levels and administration regimens evaluated.

Background Lead exposure all over the world has gradually declined. As fetuses are more prone to lead exposure, even to low levels of lead exposure, it is important to monitor blood lead levels (BLLs) in pregnancy. Methods We obtained data on BLLs in the third trimester of pregnancy from medical records and measured cord BLLs obtained from 121 mother-child pairs in Shenyang, China from September 2019 to February 2020. We also estimated relationships between socio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors during pregnancy as well as cord BLLs to identify the source of lead exposure during pregnancy. BLLs was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometry through graphite furnace ionization techniques. The data which obtained by questionnaires during pregnancy included maternal sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary factors. We have established three multivariate logistic regression models in which the dichotomous BLLs was used as the dependent variable (cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L vs Results The median and geometric mean of cord BLLs were 22.90 μg/L, 21.88 μg/L and BLLs in the third trimester of pregnancy were 25.29 μg/L, 24.66 μg/L, respectively. BLLs showed significant correlations between cord and the third trimester of pregnancy (r = 0.277, P = 0.012). Pregnant women who had not been exposed to passive smoking had lower OR (95 %) [0.43(0.19–0.94)] for cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L than pregnant women who had. Intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during third trimester of pregnancy presented an OR (95 %) [0.23(0.08–0.61)] for cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L. Consuming more whole grains (>3 times/week) and beverage (≥1 times/week) showed an OR (95%CI) for cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L of 0.09(0.02–0.53) and 0.19(0.06–0.69), respectively. Conclusion This study showed the cord BLLs of Chinese are still higher than most developed countries. Passive smoking is a risk factor for cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L and supplement of DHA, whole grains and beverage consumption during pregnancy may act as a beneficial factor against having cord BLLs ≥20 μg/L.

Huperzine A (HupA), one of the reversible and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors derived from Chinese herb Huperzia Serrata, possesses affirmative action of ameliorating cognitive dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease. Up to now, the effects of HupA on human cytochrome P450s (CYPs) have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the metabolic pathway of HupA in vitro and in vivo, and to evaluate the CYPs inhibition/induction profile of HupA in vitro. The catalytic activity of CYP enzymes (CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4) was measured by the quantification of specific enzyme substrates using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods. The in vivo metabolic pathway evaluation was performed in an open, single-dose pharmacokinetic study of HupA in fourteen elderly subjects, with urine collecting at certain intervals. In human liver microsomes, HupA (10 ng/mL) was not metabolized within 90 min, and it showed negligible inhibition against these CYP isoforms within 0.2-100 ng/mL. In human liver hepatocytes, the activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 were not significantly altered when incubated at 2 or 20 ng/mL of HupA. After oral administration of 0.1 mg HupA, the total proportion of HupA excreted through urine was relatively high, accounting to 35± 9% at the limited time period of 48 h. These results suggest that HupA is substantially excreted by kidney unchanged rather than metabolized by human liver, and is unlikely to cause clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI) when co-administrated with drugs that are metabolized by CYP isoenzyme system.

Sulcardine sulfate (Sul) is a novel antiarrhythmic agent as a potential treatment for atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. This study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile, safety, and tolerability of Sul in healthy Chinese subjects. In this open-label, single-dose, randomized study, 10 healthy subjects were assigned to receive Sul doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg under fasting conditions (Cohorts A, B, and C, respectively) or 400 mg under fed conditions (Cohort D). The study incorporated a crossover design, separated by a 7-day washout period. Blood samples were collected before treatment and at successive time intervals up to 48 h after treatment. Sul concentrations in plasma samples were determined using a validated LC-MS/MS method. Tolerability was determined by clinical evaluation and adverse-event monitoring. Pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that Cmax and AUC(0-t) of Sul increased with an increasing dose. The mean t1/2 values for Cohorts A, B, and C were 16.85, 17.66, and 11.87 h, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between men and women for the main pharmacokinetic parameters, with the exception of t1/2 in Cohorts B and C. No significant differences were observed in the absorption and bioavailability of Sul between the fed and fasted states (P > 0.05). Four subjects reported mild AEs during the study. No serious AEs were reported. Sul was shown to be safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese subjects. Pharmacokinetics studies demonstrated that Sul has adequate oral absorption and bioavailability properties. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

TPN729MA is a novel selective PDE5 inhibitor currently under clinical development in China for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In this study we characterized its preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and predict its human PK using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model.The preclinical PK of TPN729MA was studied in rats and dogs. Human clearance (CL) values for TPN729MA were predicted from various allometric methods and from intrinsic CL determined in human liver microsomes. Human PK and plasma concentration versus time profiles of TPN729MA were predicted by using a PBPK model in GastroPlus. Considering the uncertainties in the prediction, a preliminary human study was conducted in 3 healthy male volunteers with an oral dose of 25 mg.After a single intravenous administration of TPN729MA at a dose of 1 mg/kg in rats and 3 mg/kg in dogs, the plasma CL was 69.7 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1) in rats and 26.3 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1) in dogs, and the steady-state volumes of distribution (V(ss)) were 7.35 L/kg in rats and 6.48 L/kg in dogs. The oral bioavailability of TPN729MA was 10% in rats and above 34% in dogs. Profiles of predicted plasma concentration versus time were similar to those observed in humans at 25 mg, and the predicted T(max), C(max) and AUC values were within 2-fold of the observed values.TPN729MA demonstrates good preclinical PK. This compound is a valuable candidate for further clinical development. This study shows the benefits of using a PBPK model to predict PK in humans.

Purpose The primary aim of this study was to evaluate whether there was clinically significant pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between finasteride and tamsulosin in healthy Chinese male subjects. Methods This was an open-label, randomized, 3-period, crossover study. Subjects received single and multiple doses of 5 mg finasteride alone, single and multiple doses of 0.2 mg tamsulosin hydrochloride sustained-release capsule alone, and single and multiple doses of 5 mg finasteride with 0.2 mg tamsulosin hydrochloride, in an order determined by a computerized randomization schedule. Blood samples were collected up to 48 hours after dosing on study day 1 and up to 24 hours after dosing on study day 9 for determination of plasma concentrations with a validated LC-MS/MS method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated via noncompartmental methods. Tolerability was evaluated by monitoring adverse events, laboratory assays, vital signs, and 12-lead ECG. Findings Fifteen subjects were enrolled, and 14 completed the study. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) (90% CIs) of AUC τ,ss and C max,ss values of finasteride at steady state between coadministration of finasteride and tamsulosin hydrochloride and finasteride alone were 1.14 (1.05–1.23) and 1.06 (0.99–1.14), respectively. The GMRs (90% CIs) for AUC 0–t and C max values of finasteride for a single dose of coadministration of finasteride and tamsulosin hydrochloride and finasteride alone were 1.02 (0.94–1.11) and 1.06 (1.01–1.11), respectively. The GMRs (90% CIs) for AUC τ,ss and C max,ss values of tamsulosin at steady-state for coadministration of finasteride and tamsulosin hydrochloride and tamsulosin hydrochloride alone were 1.18 (1.05–1.33) and 1.23 (1.06–1.43), respectively. The GMRs (90% CIs) for AUC 0–t and C max values of tamsulosin for a single dose of coadministration of finasteride and tamsulosin hydrochloride and tamsulosin hydrochloride alone were 1.04 (0.97–1.10) and 1.04 (0.98–1.11), respectively. Statistical analyses confirmed that the 90% CIs for these PK parameters were within the predefined not clinically significant PK drug-drug interaction effect boundaries (0.5–2.0) in this study. If comparing the findings with narrower boundaries (0.8–1.25), the conclusion may not be supportive for tamsulosin hydrochloride. During the study, a total of 4 adverse events were reported in 3 subjects including allergic reaction, abnormal findings on an ECG, a slight increase in alanine aminotransferase, and a positive result on glucose urine test. Implications Both finasteride and tamsulosin hydrochloride were well tolerated. Coadministration of finasteride and tamulosin hydrochloride seems unlikely to lead to a clinically significant PK drug-drug interaction, after a single dose and at steady state.

To evaluate the performance of a new mathematical model γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to cholinesterase and platelet ratio (GCPR) versus γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio (GPR) in predicting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis of chronic hepatitis B.A complete cohort of 2343 patients was divided into early and late cohort depending on the time of liver biopsy. With reference to the Scheuer standard, liver pathologic stage 2 or higher and stage 4 or higher were defined as significant fibrosis and cirrhosis, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the performance of investigated models.In the early cohort, the areas under ROC curves (AUROCs) of GCPR in predicting significant fibrosis of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive and HBeAg-negative patients (0.782 and 0.775) were both significantly greater than those of GPR (0.748 and 0.747) (Z = 8.198 and Z = 6.023, both p0.0001); the AUROCs of GCPR in predicting cirrhosis of HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients (0.842 and 0.861) were both significantly greater than those of GPR (0.802 and 0.823) (Z = 6.686 and Z = 6.116, both p0.0001). In early, late and complete cohorts, using a single cutoff of GCPR0.080, the specificities of GCPR in predicting significant fibrosis of HBeAg-positive patients were 83.3%, 88.2% and 85.0% and of HBeAg-negative patients were 87.6%, 87.4% and 87.6%, respectively; and the sensitivities of GCPR in predicting cirrhosis of HBeAg-positive patients were 81.9%, 88.7% and 84.2% and of HBeAg-negative patients were 83.1%, 82.1% and 82.7%, respectively.GCPR has higher performance than GPR in predicting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis of chronic hepatitis B.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation can aid clinical drug development by dynamically integrating key system- and drug-specific information into predictive profiles. In this study, we propose a methodology to predict pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of sinogliatin (HMS-5552, RO-5305552), a novel glucokinase activator to treat diabetes mellitus, for first-in-patient (FIP) studies. Initially, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of sinogliatin and another glucokinase activator (US2) previously acquired from healthy subjects were fitted using Model A incorporating an indirect response mechanism. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of US2 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were then fitted using Model B incorporating circadian rhythm and food effects after thoughtful research on the difference between healthy subjects and T2DM patients. The differences in results between the two US2 modeling populations were used to scale the values of the pharmacodynamic parameters and refine the pharmacodynamic model of sinogliatin, which was then utilized to project pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of sinogliatin in T2DM patients after an 8-day simulated treatment. Results showed that the projected pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic values of five parameters were within 70–130% of values fitted from observed clinical data while the other two remaining projected parameters were within a twofold error. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis conducted for sinogliatin also suggested that age and sex were significantly correlated to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics. Additionally, Model B was combined with a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) compartment to form Model C, which was then used to project serum HbA1c levels in patients after a 1-month simulated treatment of sinogliatin. The predicted HbA1c changes were nearly identical to observed clinical values (0.82 vs. 0.78%). Model-based drug development methods utilizing a learn–research–confirm cycle may accurately project pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of new drugs in FIP studies.

Hongrong Xu,1,* Lei Sheng,1,* Weili Chen,1 Fei Yuan,1 Mengjie Yang,1 Hui Li,1 Xuening Li,1 John Choi,2 Guiyu Zhao,2 Tianxin Hu,2 Yongguo Li,2 Yi Zhang,2 Li Chen2 1Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 2Department of Clinical Research & Development, Hua Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China *These authors have contributed equally to this work Background: HMS5552, a novel fourth-generation glucokinase (GK) activator, has demonstrated promising effects on glycemic control in preclinical models of type 2 diabetes. This single ascending dose study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of HMS5552 during its first-in-human exposure.Methods: Sixty healthy subjects were enrolled. In each of six dose-cohorts (5, 10, 15, 25, 35, and 50 mg), ten subjects were randomized with eight subjects receiving the same cohort-dose of HMS5552 and two receiving placebo. Plasma HMS5552 exposure, glucose, and insulin were measured repeatedly during fasting and after a standardized meal. Assessment included safety, PK, and PD endpoints.Results: HMS5552 showed dose-proportional increases in area under the curve 0 to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–t) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). Slopes estimated by linear regression for AUC0–t and Cmax were ~1.0 (0.932 and 0.933, respectively). Geometric mean elimination half-life ranged from 4.48 to 7.51 hours and apparent clearance ranged from 11.5 to 13.1 L/h across all doses. No significant sex effect was observed in PK parameters. HMS5552 also demonstrated dose-related PD responses in terms of maximum glucose change from baseline (%) and mean glucose area under effect curve 0–4 hours change from baseline (%) (P

A randomized, two-way, crossover study was conducted in 18 healthy male Chinese volunteers to compare pharmacokinetics profiles of galantamine hydrobromide dispersible tablet with that of conventional tablet. A single oral dose of 10 mg galantamine was administrated to each volunteer. Plasma concentrations of galantamine were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection, which allowed 1 ng/mL to be assayed as the lowest quantifiable concentration. From plasma concentrations, AUC(0-->t) (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last sampling time, 32 hr), AUC(0-->infinity) (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity), t((1/2)) (elimination of half-life of the terminal log linear phase), C(max) (maximum plasma drug concentration) and T(max) (time to reach C(max)) were evaluated through noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. AUC(0-->t) and AUC(0-->infinity) were calculated by the linear-log trapezoidal rule method. C(max) and T(max) were obtained directly from the plasma concentration-time curve. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed AUC(0-->t), AUC(0-->infinity) and C(max). As far as AUC(0-->t), AUC(0-->infinity) and C(max) were concerned, there was no statistically significant difference between the test and reference formulations. Ninety percent confidence intervals (90% CI) for the ratio of AUC(0-->t), AUC(0-->infinity) and C(max) values for the test and reference formulations were 100.4-107.8%, 99.0-107.2% and 87.5-111.3%, respectively. As the 90% CIs of AUC(0-->t), AUC(0-->infinity) and C(max) were entirely within 80-125%, two formulations were considered bioequivalent.

A simple, rapid, selective and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection was developed for determination of glucosamine sulfate in human plasma and application to a bioequivalence in healthy volunteers. Precipitation of plasma was accomplished with acetonitrile to separate interfering endogenous products from the compound of interest. After vortex mixing and centrifugation, the supernatant was transferred and derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride-acetonitrile solution in borate buffer (pH=8.0) at 30 degrees C for 30 min. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Diamonsil C18 column (150.0 mmx4.6 mm, 5 microm) with a mobile phase gradient consisting of water and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The method was linear in the range of 0.1-10.0 microg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9996. The limit of detection was 15 ng/mL. Inter- and intra-day precisions wereor=6.28 and 7.41%, respectively, and the accuracy ranged from 95.20 to 104.92%. Extraction recoveries of glucosamine sulfate from plasma were more than 90.4%. Plasma samples containing glucosamine sulfate were stable for 40 days at -20 degrees C and for 24 h after derivatization at 4 degrees C. The method was successfully applied to the bioequivalence study of glucosamine sulfate in healthy volunteers.

Background Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been approved worldwide for the treatment of adults with chronic hepatitis B and, in combination with other antiretroviral agents, HIV-1 infection. Although its use for the treatment of HIV has been approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration, there are no data on the pharmacokinetic profile of TDF in Chinese individuals. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of TDF in healthy Chinese subjects. Methods This open-label, single- and multiple-dose study was conducted in healthy Chinese volunteers. Subjects received TDF 300 mg once daily, administered as a single dose (day 1) and multiple doses (days 4–10). Multiple plasma samples were collected over time, and the concentrations of TDF were determined using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental model. Tolerability was determined using clinical evaluation and monitoring of adverse events (AEs). Results Fourteen volunteers were enrolled (7 men, 7 women; mean age, 24.6 years). TDF was rapidly absorbed; median T max was 0.75 hour, and t ½ was ~21 hours with single dosing. The mean ratio of AUC 0–τ steady state/AUC 0–24 single dose was 1.55. The pharmacokinetic properties of TDF were consistent between the single dose and multiple doses, and between men and women. No serious AEs were reported, and there were no discontinuations due to AEs. Conclusions There was an accumulation of approximately 55% in tenofovir exposure in healthy Chinese between multiple dose and single dose. TDF exhibited a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that of healthy Western subjects in a historical comparison. TDF was generally well tolerated in these healthy Chinese subjects. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01480622.

Ezetimibe/simvastatin combination tablet has been approved for the treatment of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia or mixed hypercholesterolaemia as adjunctive therapy to diet, when diet alone is insufficient in lowering cholesterol. The aims of this study were to assess the pharmacokinetics and safety of an ezetimibe/simvastatin combination tablet after oral single-dose administration in healthy Chinese subjects including sex-related differences in pharmacokinetics.This was an open-label, single-dose study. Twelve healthy subjects (six males and six females) received a single dose of an ezetimibe/simvastatin combination tablet (ezetimibe 10 mg and simvastatin 40 mg). The pharmacokinetic parameters for ezetimibe and simvastatin were assessed by determining total ezetimibe, free ezetimibe, simvastatin and simvastatin acid concentrations using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Safety was evaluated by monitoring adverse events, laboratory assays, vital signs, physical examinations and 12-lead electrocardiograms.The pharmacokinetic parameters (mean ± SD) for total ezetimibe and free ezetimibe following a single dose were: maximum plasma drug concentration (C(max)) 81.56 ± 26.62 and 9.40 ± 6.17 ng/mL; time to reach C(max) (t(max)) 0.93 ± 0.30 and 1.25 ± 1.27 h; elimination half-life (t(½)) 24.32 ± 13.27 and 18.90 ± 9.66 h, and mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of the last measurable concentration (AUC(last)) 579.06 ± 241.45 and 126.01 ± 69.01 ng·h/mL, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters (mean ± SD) for simvastatin and simvastatin acid following a single dose were: C(max) 11.92 ± 5.50 and 3.37 ± 1.78 ng/mL, t(max) 0.98 ± 0.28 and 3.73 ± 1.68 h, t(½) 4.19 ± 1.81 and 7.65 ± 7.96 h, and mean AUC(last) 33.63 ± 20.41 and 32.50 ± 18.79 ng·h/mL. Higher AUC(last) and AUC from time zero to infinity (AUC(∞)), and lower apparent total body clearance of drug from plasma after oral administration (CL/F) for total ezetimibe and free ezetimibe were observed in female subjects compared with those in male subjects. There were no differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of simvastatin and simvastatin acid for female and male subjects in the study.Ezetimibe/simvastatin combination tablet has a generally favourable safety and tolerability profile in healthy Chinese subjects. A statistically significant difference with regard to sex in the pharmacokinetics of ezetimibe was observed. Sex had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin and simvastatin acid.

In this paper, a new determination method for isometamidium residues in animal-derived foods was developed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Isometamidium residues in bovine tissues and milk were extracted with the mixed solution of acetonitrile and 0.25 mol/L of ammonium formate-methanol (v/v, 1:1), concentrated and degreased, and determined by LC-MS/MS with quantification by external standard method. The results showed that the peak area of chromatogram was linearly related to the concentration of isometamidium in the range of 1-100 μg/L, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.05 μg/kg and 5 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of spiked samples were in the range of 73.8-93.9% with relative standard deviations ranged from 2.3% to 7.5%. This method is simple, accurate and suitable for the identification and quantification for isometamidium in animal-derived foods.

Lansoprazole is a gastric proton-pump inhibitor and has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of various peptic diseases. The effects of CYP2C19 activity on the pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole and its active metabolites in Chinese subjects have not previously been evaluated.The study aimed to evaluate the effects of CYP2C19 activity in healthy Chinese volunteers.Twenty-two healthy volunteers were recruited for an open trial and received a single dose of 30 mg lansoprazole. Using a validated LC-MS/MS method, we measured the plasma concentrations of lansoprazole, 5-hydroxylansoprazole, and lansoprazole sulfone. The genotype of CYP2C19 was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Subjects were genotypically classified into the following three groups on the basis of PCR-SNP analysis for CYP2C19: homozygous EM (hmEM) group, heterozygous EM (htEM) group, and PM group. To test differences in pharmacokinetic parameters among the three groups, analysis of variance (ANOVA) after log-transformation of data was used.Our results indicated that there were significant differences (p0.001) between the hmEM and PM groups, between the htEM and PM groups, and between the hmEM and htEM groups in C(max), AUC(0-t), and AUC(0-inf) of lansoprazole and lansoprazole sulfone. There were also significant differences (p0.001) between the hmEM and PM groups, and between the htEM and PM groups in C(max) of 5-hydroxylansoprazole.

Background: Cross-study comparisons suggest that systemic exposure (AUC) to rosuvastatin calcium, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A-reductase inhibitor, may be ~2-fold higher in Asian subjects living in Asian countries than in white subjects living in Western countries. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetic characteristics of rosuvastatin and its metabolites after single and multiple doses of rosuvastatin in healthy Chinese subjects living in China. Methods: This was an open-label, ascending singleand multiple-dose study. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive rosuvastatin 5, 10, or 20 mg. Each subject received 1 tablet of the assigned treatment on day 1 and days 4 through 10. Plasma concentrations of rosuvastatin, N -desmethyl rosuvastatin, and rosuvastatin lactone were measured through 72 hours after administration of single doses and through 96 hours after administration of multiple doses. Blood samples were obtained within 30 minutes before dosing on days 7, 8, and 9 for the assessment of pharmacokinetic parameters at steady state. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to determine the C max and AUC 0∓t for rosuvastatin, N -desmethyl rosuvastatin, and rosuvastatin lactone after single and multiple doses of rosuvastatin. Tolerability assessments were conducted throughout the study. Results: Of the 36 enrolled subjects, only 1 was female. The mean age of subjects in the rosuvastatin 5-, 10-, and 20-mg groups was 22.4, 21.3, and 22.4 years, respectively. Weight and height ranged from 54 to 85 kg and from 161 to 189 cm, respectively. Geometric mean C max values for rosuvastatin after administration of single doses of rosuvastatin 5, 10, and 20 mg were 8.33, 10.76, and 19.17 ng/mL, respectively; the corresponding geometric mean AUC 0∓t values were 57.63, 88.89, and 163.87 ng · h/mL. At steady state, values for C max were 8.31, 8.41, and 20.73 ng/mL; the corresponding geometric mean AUC values were 64.87, 77.29, and 178.64 ng · h/mL. After administration of multiple doses of rosuvastatin 5, 10, and 20 mg, the accumulation ratios were 1.23, 0.95, and 1.23, respectively, indicating minimal accumulation of rosuvastatin. Circulating concentrations of N -desmethyl rosuvastatin and rosuvastatin lactone were well below those of rosuvastatin after administration of single and multiple doses of rosuvastatin. Conclusions: Increases in C max , AUC 0∓t , C max,ss , and AUC ss were observed with increasing single and multiple doses of rosuvastatin 5, 10, and 20 mg. The increase in exposure with increasing doses was lower than would be expected under conditions of strict proportionality. Rosuvastatin exhibited little accumulation on repeated administration. All rosuvastatin doses were well tolerated in these Chinese subjects.

Background: Flurbiprofen, an NSAID, is used for the treatment of inflammation and pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis as well as soft-tissue injuries. A new orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) of flurbiprofen has recently been developed; this study was conducted to provide support for this drug to obtain marketing authorization in China. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of flur-biprofen 50-mg ODT (test) with a conventional flur-biprofen 50-mg tablet (reference) under fasting conditions in healthy volunteers. Methods: This was a single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, 2-period crossover study. Healthy, nonsmoking Chinese male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive 150 mg (administered as three 50-mg tablets) of either the test or reference formulation of flurbiprofen, followed by a 7-day washout period and administration of the alternate formulation. Study drugs were administered after a 12-hour overnight fast. Blood samples were collected before dosing and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after dosing. Serum flurbiprofen concentrations were analyzed using a validated nonstereospe-cific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrome-try method. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, AUC0–24, and AUC0-∞, were calculated and analyzed statistically. Cmax, AUC0–24, and AUC0-∞ were used to test for bioequivalence after natural logarithm (ln)-transformation. Tolerability was evaluated throughout the study by clinical assessments, vital sign monitoring, physical examinations, 12-lead ECG, clinical laboratory tests, and questioning subjects about adverse events (AEs). Results: A total of 20 Chinese males (mean [SD] age, 21.4 [2.5] years [range, 19–28 years]; height, 174.4 [4.2] cm [range, 169–183 cm]; weight, 63.2 [5.1] kg [range, 56–78 kg]; body mass index, 20.8 [1.4] kg/m2 [range, 19–24 kg/m2]) completed the study. No period or sequence effect was observed. The 90% CIs for the ln-transformed ratios of Cmax, AUC0–24, and AUC0-∞ were 99.9% to 115.9%, 97.8% to 107.9%, and 100.3% to 110.9%, respectively, meeting the predetermined criteria for bioequivalence. Two subjects (10.0%) experienced 1 of 2 mild AEs (increase in total bilirubin and dizziness), which were not considered to be associated with study drug administration. Conclusions: This single-dose 150-mg (three 50-mg tablets) study of each formulation of flurbiprofen found that the test and reference products met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence in these fasting healthy Chinese male volunteers. Both formulations were generally well tolerated. State Food and Drug Administration of China study registration number: 2005L04356.

A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of matrine in human plasma extracted by isopropanol:ethyl acetate (v/v, 5:95). Rapid chromatographic separation was achieved in the mobile phase composition of 5-mM aqueous ammonium acetate and acetonitrile (v/v, 70:30) with a flow rate of 0.20ml/min. Detection was carried out using positive-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry on a Sciex API3000. The method was accurate, specific and sensitive for the analysis of matrine in human plasma in the concentration range of 5-2000ng/ml, when huperzine A was used as internal standard. The method facilitated a clinical pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a single dose of matrine soft gelatin capsules (100, 200 and 400mg) in a three-period crossover design. Dose-related linear trends were observed for the AUC(0-t) and the C(max) of matrine. The t(1/2) and the T(max) of matrine were independent of the administered doses.

A rapid and simple liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of desloratadine and its active metabolite 3-hydroxydesloratadine concentrations in human plasma. After liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl ether for sample preparation, the chromatographic separation was achieved on a CAPCELL PAK C18 column (50 mm × 2.0 mm, 5 μm, Shiseido). [ 2 H 4 ]desloratadine and [ 2 H 4 ]3-OH desloratadine were used as internal standards. A mobile phase consisted of 5 mM ammonium formate in water, methanol and acetonitrile (50:30:20). Detection was by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry on a Sciex API3000. A quadratic regression (weighted 1/concentration) gave the best fit for calibration curves over the concentration range 0.05–10 ng/mL for both desloratadine and 3-OH desloratadine. The method was shown to be accurate, rapid and sufficiently sensitive to be successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic and bioequivalent study.

A protein precipitation, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of eprosartan in human plasma and urine. The solvent system also served as a protein precipitation reagent. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a CAPCELL PAK C18 column (50 mmx2.0 mm, 5 microm, Shiseido). A mobile phase was consisted of 0.5% formic acid in water and 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile (72:28). Detection was by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry on a Sciex API3000. The standard curves, which ranged from 5 to 2000 ng/mL in human plasma and from 0.25 to 50 microg/mL in urine, were fitted to a 1/x weighted quadratic regression model. The method proved to be accurate, specific and sensitive enough to be successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study.

A protein precipitation, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of valganciclovir and its active metabolite ganciclovir in human plasma. The solvent system also served as a protein precipitation reagent. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Aquasil C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm). A linear gradient mobile phase between 0.02% formic acid and methanol was used. Detection was by positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry on a Sciex API3000. The standard curves, which ranged from 4 to 512 ng/mL for valganciclovir and from 0.1 to 12.8 μg/mL for ganciclovir, were fitted to a 1/ x weighted quadratic regression model. The method was proved to be accurate, specific and sensitive enough and was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study.

In the present work, we greatly and predictively extend the mesoporous materials family by introducing a new concept “acid-base pairs”. This concept takes a different perspective in enabling inorganic/organic self-assembly in mesostructured materials. Using this approach we have successfully obtained a wide range of ordered composites, including metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, metal phosphates and metal borates. The “acid-base pairs” not only self-generate sufficient acids to restrain the polymerization of inorganic species, but also facilitate the formation of homogeneous multi-component inorganic walls that are thermally stable.