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In this study, the first cavernicolous stonefly of China is reported from Guizhou Province, southwestern China. The morphological characteristics show that this species is a member of the genus Rhopalopsole Klapálek, 1912 (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). The pale coloration and the reduced compound eyes indicate that this species could be an obligate troglobitic taxon. The mtDNA COI barcode fragment of this species supports its assignment to Rhopalopsole and suggests it a distant relative to Rhopalopsole longispina Yang & Yang, 1991.

This work deals with the noise generated from sawing processes of medium density fiberboard, where special attention was given to the changes in sawing noise at different cutting conditions when using circular saws with varied radial slots. The experimental results gave the following insights: The noise level in idling is positively related to the spindle speed. According to the noise power spectra, whistling noise is found during sawing processes, which is mainly caused by self-excited vibration of saw, and it had directivity. Furthermore, the radial slots have a different positive contribution to the noise reduction during idling, but has limited effect on the noise in cutting. In order to reduce the noise pollution induced by sawing, it was proposed to use circular saws with radial slots and copper plugged in its bottom for sawing of medium density fiberboard, in respect to low noise level and avoiding whistling noise.

This report aims to summarize key concerns regarding customized devices and conditional approval during the premarket evaluation of bone implants, and to explore the correlation between them. Based on the experience of approval of the first domestic custom-designed bone implant, we consider the process of gaining conditional approval for urgently-needed medical devices and medical devices for rare diseases, as well as the guidance available for clinical investigation. We also streamlined the scientifically administrative concept of this unique device, from the design and development of premarket technical evaluation to continuous post-market study. The present study found that those two aspects have certain connections, but they are not directly correlated to each other. In contrast to the USA, Canada, Australia and the EU, where regulations and guidelines have been established for the use of customized devices, in this regard, China is still it its infancy. Thus, there is considerable potential for China to develop and perfect the policies relating to customized devices and to develop relevant strategies to ensure their efficacy with the aid of conditional approval. Appropriate scientific conditional approval for mass production of individualized anatomy-matching bone implants could become a valuable approach for precision medicine.

Landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate after ultrafiltration was treated. The experiments were carried out in an electrolytic cell which had an anode chamber and a cathode chamber and could be separated by a proton exchange membrane. Different electrochemical processes combined with peroxydisulfate/Fe3+ (PS/Fe3+) were compared and the reactions in anode chamber and cathode chamber were discussed. The Anode/PS/Fe3+-Cathode/PS/Fe3+ process shows the best effect on COD removal and color removal. The 3D-EEMFS results indicate that Anode/PS/Fe3+-Cathode/PS/Fe3+ process has the best effect on the destruction of organics. In anode chamber, the total COD removal is ascribed to (1) the oxidation by SO4 − produced from PS activation by original metal ions in the target solution, (2) direct and indirect oxidations by anode, and (3) coagulation caused by Fe3+ after pH adjustment. In cathode chamber, the total COD removal is due to (1) the oxidation by SO4 − produced from PS activation by the regenerated Fe2+ from Fe3+ reduction on cathode, and (2) coagulation caused by Fe3+ after pH adjustment. An optimal experimental condition with current of 80 mA, Fe3+ dosage of 15 mM and PS dosage of 37.5 mM is obtained for Anode/PS/Fe3+-Cathode/PS/Fe3+ process. The energy consumption between Anode/PS/Fe3+-Cathode/PS/Fe3+ (4.42 kWh/kgCOD) and (Anode + Cathode)/PS/Fe3+ (4.57 kWh/kgCOD) is similar when 55% of COD is removed. However, the toxicity increase in Anode/PS/Fe3+-Cathode/PS/Fe3+ process is obviously less than that in (Anode + Cathode)/PS/Fe3+ process.

This study explores the effects of social psychological factors on suicidal intent among suicide attempters in rural China. Suicide attempters were identified by the county-level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) and interviewed by the research team. A path analysis was conducted with physical illness, social support, and negative life events as exogenous variables, and life satisfaction, depressive emotions, and suicidal intent as endogenous variables. Beginning with a saturation model, a best model was obtained after removing the paths that were not significant. In the final model, depressive emotions and life satisfaction were directly associated with suicidal intent, and the standardized effect estimates were 0.3007 (p < 0.001) and -0.1182 (p = 0.0368). Physical illness, social support, and negative life events did not directly affect suicidal intent but had indirect effect. Depressive emotions may be the most important and direct predictor of suicidal intent; physical illness, negative life events, and social support affect suicidal intent through life satisfaction and depressive emotions.

This report aims to summarize key concerns regarding customized devices and conditional approval during the premarket evaluation of bone implants, and to explore the correlation between them. Based on the experience of approval of the first domestic custom‐designed bone implant, we consider the process of gaining conditional approval for urgently‐needed medical devices and medical devices for rare diseases, as well as the guidance available for clinical investigation. We also streamlined the scientifically administrative concept of this unique device, from the design and development of premarket technical evaluation to continuous post‐market study. The present study found that those two aspects have certain connections, but they are not directly correlated to each other. In contrast to the USA, Canada, Australia and the EU, where regulations and guidelines have been established for the use of customized devices, in this regard, China is still it its infancy. Thus, there is considerable potential for China to develop and perfect the policies relating to customized devices and to develop relevant strategies to ensure their efficacy with the aid of conditional approval. Appropriate scientific conditional approval for mass production of individualized anatomy‐matching bone implants could become a valuable approach for precision medicine.

Through the Merlot wavelet periodic analysis and Mann-Kendall mutation analysis about the maximum wind speed of 14 weather station in Hexi corridor over the past 41 years,the evolution characteristic of the maximum wind speed can be gotten:the Hexi corridor has about 28-29 years main period and 8-12 years secondary period,presenting sinusoidal curve,and the transformation energy cycled from small to big to small to big;After 1980,there were abrupt changes and decline in Anxi,Jiuquan,Zhangye and Wuwei.The Hexi corridor is in the wind speed environment of same climate conditions,and the inter-annual change feature becomes balanced; but in internal local areas,due to the influence of environment, terrain and urban heat island effect,the secondary period is different,presenting abrupt changes and decreasing tendency in 1980s.

HESS J1640-465 is an extended TeV $\gamma$-ray source and its $\gamma$-ray emission whether from the shell of a supernova remnant (SNR) or a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) is still under debate. We reanalyze the GeV $\gamma$-ray data in the field of HESS J1640-465 using eight years of Pass 8 data recorded by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. An extended GeV $\gamma$-ray source positionally coincident with HESS J1640-465 is found. Its photon spectrum can be described by a power-law with an index of $1.42\pm0.19$ in the energy range of 10-500 GeV, and smoothly connects with the TeV spectrum of HESS J1640-465. The broadband spectrum of HESS J1640-465 can be well fit by a leptonic model with a broken power-law spectrum of electrons with an exponential cut-off at $\sim$ 300 TeV. The spectral properties of HESS J1640-465 are broadly consistent with the characteristics of other sources identified as PWNe, such as the correlations between high-energy luminosity ratios and the physical parameters of pulsar, including spin-down luminosity $\dot{E}$ and characteristic age $\tau_c$. All these pieces of evidence support that the $\gamma$-ray emission of HESS J1640-465 may originate from the PWN powered by PSR J1640-4631 rather than the shell of the SNR G338.3-0.0., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables. Accepted by ApJ

An electrochemical assistance (electrochemical/peroxydisulfate/Fe3+) was introduced into a heat-activated peroxydisulfate process to deal with a landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate after ultrafiltration. The introduction of electrochemical assistance greatly improved the efficiency of heat activation on the target solution treatment. The energy consumption was 91.9 kWh/kgCOD (with a COD removal of 87%) and 189.5 kWh/kgCOD (with a COD removal of 66%) with and without electrochemical assistance, respectively. The acute toxicity for V. Q67 of the target solution was completely eliminated by the electrochemically assisted heat activation process, while it was barely eliminated by heat activation alone. A COD residue of about 172 mg/L and a significant increase on biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio from nearly zero to 0.46) could be obtained in the effluent, suggesting that the electrochemically assisted heat-activated peroxydisulfate process might be an alternative to deal with this kind of concentrate and it would be friendly to the following biological treatment.

Tribological properties of ceramic cutting tool materials in contact with wood based materials were studied in this paper by examining how Al2O3-ceramics and Si3N4-ceramics behave in dry sliding experiment in contact with wood-based materials and by comparing their behavior with tungsten carbide material at the same time. It had been found that the ceramics exhibited much better tribological properties than tungsten carbide material, and Si3N4-ceramic performed better than Al2O3-ceramics. The Al2O3-ceramics with an addition of ZrO2 had better tribological performance than the common Al2O3-ceramics in contact with wood-based materials. The tungsten carbide had better tribological performance than ceramics in tribological contact with wood flour/PE material. A well-marked difference occurred in various cutting materials/MDF frictional pair, but the differences in various cutting materials/PB frictional pair were insignificant. An increase of the normal force didn’t result in any significant decrease of the friction coefficient. An addition of ZrO2 in the Al2O3-ceramics could inhabit corrosive wear.

The behavior of 3d electrons and microdefects in binary Ti-Al alloys with Al contents from 47at.% to 53at.% have been studied by coincidence Doppler broadening and positron lifetime techniques. It has been found that the 3d electron signals in the spectra of binary Ti-Al alloys increase with Ti content. In Al-rich Ti-Al alloys, on increasing Al content, the open volume of defect on grain boundary increases while the density of free electron decreases. On the contrary, in Ti-rich Ti-Al alloys, on increasing Ti content, the open volume of defect on grain boundary decreases, and the electron density of the grain boundary increases.

On the base of appraising synthetically of measuring and testing technique and the monitoring system of thickness, the article analyzed the demand of thickness deviation. It also determined the control core of single chip, and studied on the on-line monitoring system of the wood-based Panel thickness, which is measured by laser sensor and differential transformer sensor and based on the technique of wireless sensors in order to develop monitoring precision and automation standard of blank thickness in wood-based panel industry.

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) are the industrial products. It is made out of wood waste fibre and waste plastic glued together by heat and pressure. Nowadays WPCs products are preferred over solid wood in many applications due to certain comparative advantages. Sawing is the machining operation frequently used in manufacturing parts of WPCs. The aim of this article is to study the effect of cutting speed on surface roughness in different WPCs sawing. A plan of WPCs sawing experiments was preformed with prefixed cutting parameters. The objective was to establish correlation between rice hull flour/PE composite, rice hull flour/PP, rice hull flour/PVC and cutting speed with the surface roughness after sawing. The results show that the spindle speed had significant effects on the surface qualities of rice hull flour/PE composites, rice hull flour/PVC composites and rice hull flour/PP composites. The advantage of using a high cutting speed in WPCs sawing is evident. With appropriate cutting parameters, one can obtain surfaces with Ra＜6μm and to get surfaces qualities (dimensional precision) in workpiece of different WPCs.

Puppis A is a very famous and extensively studied supernova remnant (SNR) that shows strong evidence of shock-cloud interaction. We re-analyze the GeV $\gamma$-ray emission of it using seven years Pass 8 data recorded by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT). The morphology of the $\gamma$-ray emission is more compatible with that of the thermal X-ray and IR emissions than the radio image, which suggests a possible correlation between the gamma-ray emitting region and dense clouds. The $\gamma$-ray spectrum in the energy range of 1-500 GeV shows a break at $7.92\pm1.91$ GeV with the photon indices of $1.81\pm0.08$ below the break and $2.53\pm0.12$ above the break, which can naturally explain the lack of TeV $\gamma$-ray emission from Puppis A. The multi-wavelength observations favor a hadronic origin for the $\gamma$-ray emission.

To study the anti-alcohol mechanism of soybean peptide.The effect of soybean peptide on sleep latency (disappear of righting reflex)and sleep time on drunkenness (Polysomnography)mice induced by alcohol was observed. The concentration of ethanol in serum was measured by GC, and the content of GSH, MDA and ADH in liver homogenate were also determined.The latency was increased significantly and the drunken sleep time was reduced significantly in drunkenness experiment(Polysomnography) models of alcohol with high-dose group of soybean peptide. Besides,the concentration of ethanol in serum was reduced significantly. At the same time, the content of GSH and ADH in liver were increased markedly, but the content of MDA increasing was inhibited on high-dose group mice of soybean peptide.The soybean peptide can markedly dispel the effect of alcohol,which may be attributable to the antioxidation such as increasing the content of GSH and ADH in liver as well as inhibiting the content increasing of MDA.

Zilong LU, Liuxia YAN, Jixiang MA, Xiaolei GUO, Jiyu ZHANG, Junli TANG, Huicheng WANG, Xiaoning CAI Background: Moderate population salt reduction could reduce blood pressure and the cardiovascular and stroke mortality in the long-term. In 2002, China’s national average dietary salt intake is twice of the recommendation sodium intake limit by Chinese Nutrition Association. To tackle the health burden of excessive salt intake, the former Ministry of Health has chosen Shandong province as national pilot and launched the Shandong & Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH, 2011[[Unable to Display Character: –]]2015) project. Objective: To develop and target intervention priority, a cross-sectional population survey was conducted to collect baseline data on sodium intake and sources in Shandong adults in 2011. Methods: We used multi-stage clustering sampling method to select the provincial representative sample for Shandong adults aged 18~69 years old. The selected adults were invited to participate the questionnaire survey and consecutive three-round 24-hour dietary recall. The Chinese 24-hour dietary recall includes two parts, cooking condiment weighting and the food (exclude the condiment) intake diary. The sodium contents in the condiments and food were calculated by using reference values from China Food Composition 2004. Results: Overall, 2140 community adult residents were included in the data analysis. The total average dietary sodium intake estimated by 24-hour dietary recall was 5745mg (95%CI: 5428-6063). Men (6147mg/d, 5824-6471) consumed higher sodium than women (5339 mg/d, 5006-5673) (P Conclusion: The Shandong adults consume excessive sodium than the recommendation intake and most is from the condiments added at cooking.

To identify the status of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in adult population in Shandong province in China.A total of 15 350 representative subjects aged 18 to 69 in Shandong province were selected with multistage stratified and clustered sampling design. Questionnaire investigation and physical examination including measurement of blood pressure, height and weight, were taken for all of them. The prevalence was estimated by weighted SURVEYFREQ model.In Shandong province, 34.5% of the hypertensive patients were aware of their high blood pressure (31.1% in male, 38.5% in female), 27.5% of them were taking antihypertensive medications (24.1% in male, 31.7% in female), and 14.9% of them (13.7% in male, 16.4% in female) were under control for their blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg).The rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in adult hypertensive population in Shandong province, China were low, and it is urgently needed to take steps for intervention and control for hypertension prevention, particularly in rural areas.

Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in 2 140 adults aged 18-69 years were analyzed. The mean daily sodium intake was 5745.0 (5427.6-6062.5) mg per day, which was higher in males than in females (P0.01). After having been adjusted for gender, age and urban/city areas, the mean daily sodium intake was significantly higher in participants with a lower education level, drinkers and smokers than in those with a higher education level, nondrinkers and nonsmokers (P0.01). The dietary sodium intake in adults of Shandong Province is higher than the recommended standards.

To study the changes of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 mRNA expressions in endotoxemia-induced rat diaphragm injury and analyze the related apoptosis mechanism.Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8): control group (saline 0.5 ml ip), endotoxin 24 h, 48 h and 96 h group (endotoxin 12 mg/kg ip, animals were killed either 24, 48 or 96 h after injections). Body weight were measured, the ratio between diaphragm weight and body weight, activities of constitutive nitric oxide syntheses (cNOS), iNOS and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were also measured. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR analysis.Endotoxin induced significant reductions in diaphragm mass in endotoxin 96 h group (P0.05). Endotoxin increased diaphragm cNOS or iNOS activities, and they were significantly higher in endotoxin 96 h group than those in endotoxin 24 h and 48 h groups, diaphragm SDH activity was reduced, and it was lower in endotoxin 96 h group than that in endotoxin 24 h and 48 h groups (P0.01). Endotoxin significantly increased Bax and caspase-3 mRNA expressions, and they were higher in endotoxin 48 h and 96 h groups than those in endotoxin 24 h group (P0.01). Endotoxin significantly reduced Bcl-2 mRNA expression and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and they were lower in endotoxin 48 h and 96 h groups than those in endotoxin 24 h group (P0.01).iNOS is activated in endotoxemia-induced rat diaphragm injury. It damages mitochondria, upregulates Bax expression and downregulates Bcl-2 expression, then induces caspase-3 related apoptotic pathway. These changes may cause diaphragm injury and atrophy.

To investigate the effect of commercial low-sodium and high-potassium salt substitutes on blood pressure in the rural community-based population in China.We conducted a quasi-experiment on 411 adults, who were 30 to 60 years of age, in 2 rural communities from Laiwu city in Shandong province of China on data from blood pressure screening. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: high blood pressure (HBP) and non-HBP (NHBP). Both groups and their family members took a low-sodium and high-potassium salt substitute for 3 months to replace the normal salt in their bodies. Blood pressure (BP) and 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium were measured regularly in the 2 groups.There was a continuously decreasing trend for BP at the end of the first month. Three months later, the mean BP decreased by 7.4 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa, t = 10.096, P = 0.000) for SBP and 3.8 mm Hg (t = 8.017, P = 0.000) for DBP in the HBP group, when compared to a 1.2 mm Hg (t = 2.507, P = 0.007) decrease on SBP and 1.0 mm Hg (t = 2.987, P = 0.002) on DBP in the NHBP group. The mean urinary sodium had a decrease of 15.5 mmol/24 h (t = 1.803, P = 0.037), but the urinary potassium increased by 4.2 mmol/24 h (t' = 2.132, P = 0.018). The result of urinary sodium appeared to be as follows: potassium ratio (Na(+)/K(+)) decreased by 1.2 (t = 2.786, P = 0.003) in the HBP group. However, in NHBP group, the mean urinary sodium decreased by 1.7 mmol/24 h (t = 0.211, P = 0.417) and urinary potassium increased by 3.7 mmol/24 h (t' = 2.207, P = 0.015), together with the decrease of Na(+)/K(+) by 0.7 (t = 1.818, P = 0.036).Results from our study clearly demonstrated that the intake of low-sodium and high-potassium salt substitute could effectively reduce the BP with good compliance among adults in the rural community-based population in China. This was an effective but non-medical method to prevent and control the high blood pressure.

To evaluate the intervention effect of health education on hypertension knowledge in mid-western rural area of Shandong province.A project was launched on chronic disease control in mid-western rural area of Shandong province from 2007 to 2010. The baseline survey was performed using multi-stage random sampling method in 8 counties of mid-western rural area of Shandong province in April, 2007. A total of 20 087 participants aged 25 and above were recruited in the survey to study the relationship between awareness of hypertension and diet, smoking, obesity. Health education focusing on balance diet, physical activity promotion and tobacco control was performed among intervention population. The final evaluation survey using same questionnaire was performed in 2010, classified in intervention (4071 participants) and control (2145 participants) group. Control group was selected from non-intervention town in same county. Intervention and control group shared the same baseline data in 2007 for evaluation. By comparing the changes of hypertension knowledge before and after intervention, the intervention effect was evaluated.Awareness of the relationship between hypertension and diet rose from 34.0% (6830/20 087) at baseline in 2007 to 69.3% (2821/4071) (χ(2) = 1757.30, P0.01) of intervention group and 44.8% (961/2145) (χ(2) = 99.30, P0.01) of control group in 2010. Awareness of hypertension associated to smoking rose from 25.6% (5142/20 087) at baseline in 2007 to 55.2% (2247/4071) (χ(2) = 1396.59, P0.01) in intervention group, 30.9% (662/2145) (χ(2) = 27.83, P0.01) in control group in 2010. Awareness of hypertension related to obesity rose from 37.2% (7472/20 087) of the baseline in 2007 to 68.3% (2780/4071) (χ(2) = 1339.27, P0.01) in intervention group, 45.1% (967/2145) (χ(2) = 51.14, P0.01) in control group in 2010.Community comprehensive intervention showed significant effects on hypertension related knowledge improvement in mid-western rural area of Shandong province.

Cartilage injury has a very poor capacity for intrinsic regeneration. The cell-based treatment strategy for the cartilage repair using differentiated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is, however, a promising approach to the chondral repair. This study was aimed to explore the chondrogenic potential of the goat BMSCs in the Transwell co-culture system and the poly-laetide-co-glycolide (PLGA) scaffolds.The BMSCs were isolated from the goat iliac crest while the chondrocytes were obtained from the goat's last costal cartilage. In the Transwell co-culture system, the BMSCs co-cultured with chondrocytes were designed as group A, whereas the goat's BMSCs induced with the chondrogenic medium were group B. Both groups A and B were the experimental groups, while group C that only contained BMSCs was the control group. In the PLGA scaffolds co-culture system, BMSCs were seeded into the PLGA scaffolds, which were suspended in the 24-well plate, and the control group was established by presence or absence of chondrocytes at the bottom of the 24-well plate. Toluidine blue staining, Alcian blue staining, collagen II immunofluoresence, collagen II immunochemical staining, collagen I, collagen II, COL2a Q-PCR and osteopontin Q-PCR were used to examine the chondrogenic conditions as well as the expressions of chondrogenic and osteogenic genes.Cells isolated from the aspirates of the goat bone marrow proliferated rapidly and gained characteristics of stem cells in Passage 4. However, the differentiations of chondrocytes were not apparent in Passage 3. The results from Toluidine blue staining, collagen II immunofluoresence and PCR showed the transformation of BMSCs to chondrocytes in the Transwell co-culture system and PLGA scaffolds. Although the cartilage gene expressions were upgraded in both chondrogenesis group and co-culture system, the osteopontin gene expression, which represents osteogenic level, was also up-regulated.The Transwell co-culture system and the PLGA scaffolds co-culture system can promote the chondrogenic differentiation of the goat's BMSCs, while up-regulated osteopontin gene expression in the Transwell co-culture system implies the osteogenic potential of BMSCs.

To evaluate the burden of road traffic injury (RTI) from perspectives both on the health of population and on social economic status so as to provide scientific evidence for policy making.The status of mortality and disability caused by traffic accident in Penglai county was estimated, based on data from death registration and a sampling survey from 2006 to 2007. Together with the disability weights gained from global burden of disease (GBD), health burden (DALY) was measured with GBD formula. The economic burden of RTI was evaluated.Average loss of the health life years (HLY) related to RTI was 31 373.04 per year. 70.59 HLY were lost per 1000 persons. Loss among the males was higher than females. The loss of DALY among the age group 15 - 44 years ranked the first place (39 209.71 HLY) which accounted for 62.42% of the total DALY. 79.45% of the total DALY were caused by disability. In 2006 and 2007, the economic loss caused by RTI was as high as 2.19 billion RMB, which accounted for 4.89% of the total amount of GDP while the indirect economic costs (2.15 billion RMB) accounted for 98.45% of the total costs in Penglai city. The economic loss of the males was obviously higher than the females and the loss by the group aged 15 - 59 years old accounted for 97.65% of the total.RTI had severely influenced the health of the residents in Penglai city and brought heavy burden to the individuals, families as well as the society.

To comprehensively measure the burden of hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer in Shandong province, using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to estimate the disease burden attribute to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.Based on the mortality data of hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer derived from the third National Sampling Retrospective Survey for Causes of Death during 2004 and 2005, the incidence data of hepatitis B and the prevalence and the disability weights of liver cancer gained from the Shandong Cancer Prevalence Sampling Survey in 2007, we calculated the years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and DALYs of three diseases following the procedures developed for the global burden of disease (GBD) study to ensure the comparability.The total burden for hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer were 211,616 (39,377 YLLs and 172,239 YLDs), 16,783 (13,497 YLLs and 3286 YLDs) and 247,795 (240,236 YLLs and 7559 YLDs) DALYs in 2005 respectively, and men were 2.19, 2.36 and 3.16 times as that for women, respectively in Shandong province. The burden for hepatitis B was mainly because of disability (81.39%). However, most burden on liver cirrhosis and liver cancer were due to premature death (80.42% and 96.95%). The burden of each patient related to hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer were 4.8, 13.73 and 11.11 respectively.Hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer caused considerable burden to the people living in Shandong province, indicating that the control of hepatitis B virus infection would bring huge potential benefits.

To compare the dissolution of Rb1 from the micropowder and common powder of Radix Panacis Quinquefolii in vitro.The contents of Ginsenoside Rb1 in micropowder (99% over 0-30 microm) and common powder (180 microm) with and without the barrier of dialytic membrane were determined at different time by HPLC.The speed and degree of dissolution of Ginsenoside Rb1 in micropowder were better than those in common powder (15-45 min, P0.05; 45-60 min, P0.01).The dissolution of effective components in Radix Panacis Quinquefolii can be improved by SFCT.

To determine the major health related risk factors and provide evidence for policy-making, using health burden analysis on selected factors among general population from Shandong province.Based on data derived from the Third Death of Cause Sampling Survey in Shandong, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated according to the GBD methodology. Deaths and DALYs attributed to the selected risk factors were than estimated together with the PAF data from GBD 2001 study. The indirect method was employed to estimate the YLDs.51.09% of the total deaths and 31.83% of the total DALYs from the Shandong population were resulted from the 19 selected risk factors. High blood pressure, smoking, low fruit and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, indoor smoke from solid fuels, high cholesterol, urban air pollution, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity and unsafe injections in health care settings were identified as the top 10 risk factors for mortality which together caused 50.21% of the total deaths. Alcohol use, smoking, high blood pressure, low fruit and vegetable intake, indoor smoke from solid fuels, overweight and obesity, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, urban air pollution and iron-deficiency anemia were proved as the top 10 risk factors related to disease burden and were responsible for 29.04% of the total DALYs.Alcohol use, smoking and high blood pressure were determined as the major risk factors which influencing the health of residents in Shandong. The mortality and burden of disease could be reduced significantly if these major factors were effectively under control.

To determine stage-specific and average disability weights (DWs) of malignant neoplasm and provide support and evidence for study on burden of cancer and policy development in Shandong province.Health status of each cancer patient identified during the cancer prevalence survey in Shandong, 2007 was investigated. In line with the GBD methodology in estimating DWs, the disability extent of every case was classified and evaluated according to the Six-class Disability Classification version and then the stage-specific weights and average DWs with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated, using SAS software.A total of 11 757 cancer cases were investigated and evaluated. DWs of specific stage of therapy, remission, metastasis and terminal of all cancers were 0.310, 0.218, 0.450 and 0.653 respectively. The average DW of all cancers was 0.317 (95%CI: 0.312 - 0.321). Weights of different stage and different cancer varied significantly, while no significant differences were found between males and females. DWs were found higher (0.4) for liver cancer, bone cancer, lymphoma and pancreas cancer. Lower DWs (0.3) were found for breast cancer, cervix uteri, corpus uteri, ovarian cancer, larynx cancer, mouth and oropharynx cancer.Stage-specific and average DWs for various cancers were estimated based on a large sample size survey. The average DWs of 0.317 for all cancers indicated that 1/3 healthy year lost for each survived life year of them. The difference of DWs between different cancer and stage provide scientific evidence for cancer prevention strategy development.

We reported a rare case of protoplasmic astrocytoma presenting small muscle atrophy of the right hand as an initial sign. A 39-year-old male was admitted to hospital complaining of chronic muscle atrophy and subtle headache. Electromyography (EMG) showed brief small denervation and no signs of sensory-motor conduction impairment. CT and MRI revealed multiply expansive intracranial lesion in left hemisphere, which was highly suspected of cerebral echinococcus or Balo disease. The patient underwent surgical excision and pathological report was protoplasmic astrocytoma, with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, +++) of immunohistochemical method. We reviewed clinical features, radiological manifestations and pathology of protoplasmic astrocytoma with medical literature documents.

To investigate the expression of the integrin alpha6beta4 in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) and the relationship of the integrin alpha6beta4 with functional states of Schwann cells (Sc) as well as the injury and repair of the myelin during EAN.EAN was induced in Lewis rats and sciatic nerves were resected in 18 EAN and 3 normal rats. The expression of tissue integrin alpha6beta4 was analyzed during the course of EAN induction and in controls by in situ hybridization and semi-quantitative RT-PCR.The detection of integrin alpha6 and beta4 subunit by hybridization in situ demonstrated that expression of alpha6 subunit present no significant changes during the course of EAN, while expression of beta4 declined in the early phase, showing less positive signals than those of the control, and restored its expression in the later or recovery phase. The changes of expression of integrin alpha6 and beta4 in EAN were confirmed by semi-quantitative PT-PCR, using GAPDH as the internal standard.The degeneration and injury of Sc caused by inflammation affect the expression of integrin, which shows similar changes in Sc during embryogenesis, indicating alpha6beta4 may be a marker of Sc differentiation and at least an important molecule to mark the course of EAN. The expression of alpha6beta4 correlate with the injury and repair of myelin during EAN.

The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) has been accepted by the CCITT as the multiplexing and switching technique for the future B-ISDN. Flow control algorithms in high-speed networks are resources sharing policies implemented in a distributed manner. The open-loop control is too conservative, and may result in poor utilization of resources. On the other hand, the credit-based close-loop control would be too expensive to implement in practice. A simple rate-based flow control algorithm is proposed. The aim of flow control is to maximize the network utilization for achieving high throughput and tolerable delay for each virtual circuit (VC). In a resource sharing environment, this objective may also create network congestion when a cluster of aggressive VCs is contending for the same resource at a particular node. The basic idea of our flow control algorithm is to adjust the service rate of each node along the VC according to backlog discrepancies between neighboring nodes. The hand shaking procedure between any two consecutive nodes is carried out by a link-by-link feedback protocol. Each node will update its service rate periodically with a linear projection model on the flow dynamics and binary feedback information from downstream. Since the rate updating algorithm is designed to reduce the backlog discrepancy, it is expected that a nearly balanced backlog distribution throughout the VC can be achieved over the long run time. Furthermore, the problem of network congestion can be alleviated or totally avoided if all VCs in the network agree to comply with the some set of rules.