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Solute carrier 15 family (Slc15) are membrane proteins that utilize the proton gradient and negative membrane protential for the transmembrane transporter of di-/tripeptide and peptide-mimetic molecules, in addition, they also play important roles in immunoreaction. In this study, 10 Slc15 genes were identified in the common carp genome database. Comparative genomics analysis showed considerable expansion of the Slc15 genes and verified the four-round whole genome duplication (WGD) event in common carp. Phylogenetic analysis revealed all Slc15 genes of common carp were clustered into orthologous groups indicating the highly conservative during evolution. Besides, the tissues and temporal expression examined by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR showed that most of the Slc15 genes had a narrow tissue distribution and exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Expression divergences were observed between these copies proving function divergence after the WGD. Then, we investigated the dietary supplementation effects of three Lactococcus lactis strains on the expression of Slc15 genes in common carp infected by A. hydrophila to find an effective way to treat aquatic diseases. Almost all of the Slc15 genes had an increased expression trend in the early post-challenge stage, and reached the highest expression level at 12h post-challenge. Then, the expression level showed a bluff descent at the last two stages and the expression level reached the lowest at 48 h post-challenge. Slc15 genes expression is actively up-regulated when stimulated by inflammatory factors, which can “amplify” immune signals, and improve the body's defense against foreign invasion in the early stage of the inflammatory response. So activation of the Slc15 genes may be an effective way for infectious disease treatment. As expected, three strains improved the expression of Slc15 genes variously compared with the control/infection groups. The strain 3 of L. lactis had a better induction of Slc15 genes compared with strain 1 and strain 2. It might be applied as a potential activation of Slc15 genes for disease treatment and adding befitting L. lactis may be a good way to protect aquatilia from bacillosis.

A novel mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) yttrium(III) double-decker complex with a C-60 chromophore covalently linked at the porphyrin ligand by phenyl ether linkage has been designed and synthesized. The photophysical properties of this novel dyad containing the C-60 and mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) yttrium(III) double-decker components were investigated by steady-state and transient spectroscopic methods. Comparative studies over the electronic absorption spectra document that there is no considerable electronic interaction between the C-60 and mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) yttrium(III) double-decker components in the ground state. Time-resolved absorption spectra of this dyad reveal a photoinduced electron transfer from the (HY[Pc(alpha-OC4H9)(8)](Por)) moiety to the C-60 moiety upon irradiation at 400 nm, which excites both of the components, resulting in a charge-separated state with a lifetime longer than 1 ns. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Treatment of sandwich-type mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) metal complex [HEu III {Pc(α-3-OC 5 H 11 ) 4 }{TriBPP(NH 2 )}] ( 3 ) [Pc(α-3-OC 5 H 11 ) 4 = 1,8,15,22-tetrakis(3-pentyloxy)-phthalocyaninate, TriBPP(NH 2 ) = 5,10,15-tris(4- tert -butylphenyl)-20-(4-aminophenyl)porphyrinate] with N- n -butyl-1,6,7,12-tetra(4- tert -butylphenoxyl)perylene-3,4-dicarboxylate anhydride-9,10-dicarboxylate imide ( 2 ) in the presence of imidazole in toluene afforded the novel perylene diimide-appended mixed (phthalocyaninato)(porphyrinato) europium(III) double-decker complex ( 5 ). Porphyrin–PDI dyad 4 was also obtained by similar method. The electronic absorption spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of PDI-appended double-decker 5 and the model compounds 2 , 3 , and 4 were studied, the results indicated that there was no considerable ground-state interaction between the double-decker unit and the PDI unit in 5 . The fluorescence measurements revealed that the emission of PDI unit was effectively quenched by the double-decker unit, suggesting remarkable intramolecular interaction in 5 under excited state.

Unsymmetrical (phthalocyaninato)zinc complex 1 was synthesized by transesterification and self-assembled into ring-shaped nanostructures with J-type aggregation at the chloroform/water interface and into star-shaped nanostructures with H-type aggregation in the chloroform/methanol system, respectively. Its self-assembly properties have been studied by spectroscopic, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The star-shaped nanostructures were found to have better semiconducting properties than the ring-shaped nanostructures due to the more effective intermolecular π-electron delocalization. The results appear to represent the first example of nanostructures with J- and H-type molecular conformations self-assembled from the same phthalocyanine compound in different solvent systems with novel ring- and star-shaped morphologies, respectively.

Effects of the meso-substituents and central metals on the molecular structures, atomic charges, molecular orbital energy gaps, electronic absorption spectra, and infrared (IR) spectra of 12 meso-tetrasubstituted porphyrin complexes including metal-free porphyrins H2P or (Por = TPP, TFPP, TClPP, TPyP) (1–4) and their metal complexes MPor (M = Mg, Zn; Por = TPP, TFPP, TClPP, TPyP) (5–12) [TPP = meso-tetrakis(phenyl)porphyrinate; TFPP = meso-tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl)porphyrinate; TClPP = meso-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinate; TPyP = meso-tetrakis(4-pyridyl) porphyrinate] are systematically studied by density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Good consistency was found between the calculated molecular structures and the experimental X-ray crystallography ones for 1, 3, and 4, and between the simulated electronic absorption and IR spectra and the experimental ones for 1 and 4. The calculation results reveal that introducing substituents at the meso positions of porphyrin induces increasing change in the molecular structures, atomic charges distribution, HOMO and LUMO energy, electronic absorption spectra, and IR spectra along with the increase in the electron-withdrawing ability of substituents in the order of phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, and pyridyl group. Furthermore, the central metal in porphyrins displays much significant influence on the structure and spectroscopic properties of meso-substituted porphyrin complexes. The electronic absorption and IR spectra of 1–12 are compared and assigned in detail. The present work should be not only helpful towards understanding the meso-substitutional and central metallic effects on the structure and spectroscopic properties of meso-substituted porphyrin complexes, but also useful in correctly assigning electronic absorption and IR spectra for porphyrin complexes.

A novel dimeric supramolecular structure, {Zn[Pc(α-OC5H11)4]·H2O}2, formed from two molecules of 1,8,15,22-tetrakis(3-pentyloxy)phthalocyaninato zinc complex was revealed by X-ray single crystal analysis. With the help of the oxygen atom from the alkoxy substituent attached at the nonperipheral position of the phthalocyanine ring, each H2O forms two hydrogen bonds, connecting two phthalocyanine molecules to form a pseudo-double-decker supramolecular structure in the crystals with a ring-to-ring separation of 3.728 A. This, to the best of our knowledge, represents the first example of supramolecular structure formed from phthalocyanine complexes with transition metals via H2O-involved hydrogen bonding interaction. To enhance understanding of the existence of hydrogen bonds in the solid-state crystal structure of this compound, theoretical calculations on the stabilization energy in a system composed of two Zn[Pc(α-OC5H11)4] moieties as well as in the supramolecular structure {Zn[Pc(α-OC5H11)4]·H2O}2 have b...

A series of amphiphilic heteroleptic tris(phthalocyaninato) europium complexes with hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) heads and hydrophobic alkoxy tails {Pc[(OC2H4)2OCH3]8}Eu{Pc[(OC2H4)2OCH3]8}Eu[Pc(OCnH2n + 1)8] (n = 6, 8, 10,12) (1-4) were designed and prepared from the reaction between homoleptic bis(phthalocyaninato) europium compound {Pc[(OC2H4)2OCH3]8}Eu{Pc[(OC2H4)2OCH3]8} and metal-free 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(alkoxy)phthalocyanine H2Pc(OCnH2n + 1)8 (n = 6, 8, 10,12) in the presence of Eu(acac)3.H2O (Hacac = acetylacetone) in boiling 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB). These novel sandwich triple-decker complexes have been characterized by a wide range of spectroscopic methods and have been electrochemically studied. With the help of the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, these typical amphiphilic triple-decker complexes have been fabricated into organic field effect transistors (OFET) with an unusual bottom contact configuration. The devices display good OFET performance with the carrier mobility for holes in the direction parallel to the aromatic phthalocyanine rings, which shows dependence on the length of the hydrophobic alkoxy side chains, decreasing from 0.46 for 1 to 0.014 cm2 V(-1) s(-1) for 4 along with the increase in the carbon number in the hydrophobic alkoxy side chains.

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of three isomeric tetrapyrrole triads, i.e. mixed (porphyrinato)(phthalocyaninato) yttrium double-decker complexes appended with one metal free porphyrin chromophore at the para , meta , and ortho position, respectively, of one meso-phenyl group of the porphyrin ligand in the double-decker unit through ester linkage, 3-5, were comparatively investigated along with the model compounds metal free meso-tetrakis(4- tert -butylphenyl) porphyrin H 2 TBPP (1) and mixed [meso-tetrakis(4- tert -butylphenyl)porphyrinato] [1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(butyloxyl)phthalocyaninato] yttrium double-decker complex Y III H(TBPP) [Pc(α-OC 4 H 9 ) 8 ] (2) by using Z-scan technique with the fundamental (800 nm) laser emission from a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser system. Strong reverse saturable absorption (RSA) properties of complexes 2-5 were observed. Interestingly, under highly intense irradiation, an RSA-SA-RSA-SA-RSA switch behavior was evolved in the tight focal intensity regime on the Z-scan profiles of complexes 3-5. Under the laser irradiation with focal intensity of 7.48-8.39 GW.cm -2 , the triads 3 and 4 with the metal free porphyrin chromophore appended at the para or meta positions of the meso-phenyl group of the porphyrin ligand in the double-decker unit retained a characteristic response of RSA. In contrast, the triad 5 with the metal free porphyrin chromophore appended at the ortho position has already shown a trend of SA peaks at the same intensity range, revealing the effect of the position of porphyrin-substituent on the nonlinear optical properties of the triads.

The synthesis of peripherally octa-substituted phthalocyanine compounds with eight strong electron-withdrawing hexylsulfonyl groups was systematically studied. Three new phthalocyanines M[Pc(SO2C6H13)8] [Pc(SO2C6H13)8 = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(hexylsulfonyl)phthalocyaninate; M = 2H (1), Cu (2), Zn (3)] were synthesized via direct cyclic tetramerization of 4,5-di(hexylsulfonyl)phthalonitrile or through a diiminoisoindoline intermediate. Compounds 1–3 could alternatively be prepared by oxidation of the hexylthio substituents in corresponding 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(hexylthio)phthalocyanine compounds M[Pc(SC6H13)8] (M = 2H, Cu, Zn) with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. They were fully characterized by elemental analysis and a series of spectroscopic methods. Their electrochemistry was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Density function theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to study the effect of the strong electron-withdrawing groups on the electronic structure of the phthalocyanine molecules. Particularly, the first reduction potentials in the range −0.30∼−0.04 V vs. the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for 1–3 reveal their n-type semiconducting nature. The current–voltage characteristics of their aggregates demonstrate the good semiconducting properties especially for 1 and 2 with the conductivity value of 5.24 × 10−4 and 2.73 × 10−4 S m−1, respectively.