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Anoectochilus medogensis H.Z. Tian & Y. Jin sp. nov. FIGURE 2–3 Type:— CHINA. Tibet: Motuo, 1,700 m, 17 August 2019, Tian et al. 20190817003 (Holotype HSNU0079764). Paratypes: Tibet: Beibeng, 1,700 m, 17 August 2019, Tian et al. 20190817004 (CSH0180101); 1,600 m, 18 August 2019, Tian et al. 20190818006 (PE); 20190818017 (HSNU0079765); 1,530 m, 5 August 2018, H. Jiang et W. P. Zhang 07465 (YAF 07465). Diagnosis:— Anoectochilus medogensis is similar to A. albolineatus but can be differentiated on the basis of broad, semi-circular column wings (vs. narrow, straight column wings). It also shows a close morphological affinity to A. elatus, however, the spur of A. medogensis is ca. 4.5 mm, much shorter than that of A. elatus (over 8 mm long). Description:—Terrestrial herbs, plant 15–22 cm tall, stem ascending, 3–5-leaved. Leaves adaxially almost black with fine white to golden veins, abaxially tawny, ovate to orbicular, apiculate, apex acute, 3–6 × 3–4 cm; petiolelike base and tubular sheath, 1–1.5 cm long. Inflorescence pubescent, 15 cm long, 3–12-flowered, with 2 brown, ovate-lanceolate, caudate, abaxially pubescent, up to 1 cm long peduncle–scales; floral bracts similar to the pedunclescales, 0.6 cm long. Flowers resupinate, reddish-brown to green, ovary and pedicel twisted, fusiform, 1.5 cm; sepals concave, green with reddish-brown apex, pubescent on the outer surface; dorsal sepal 7 × 4.5 mm, ovate-orbicular, apex apiculate; lateral sepals obliquely elliptic, apex cuspidate, 12 × 4 mm; petals obliquely falcate, greenish-white, apex long acuminate, middle part widest, 2.5 × 5 mm, joined with dorsal sepals to form a hood; lip white, Y-shaped, 15 mm long, epichile ca. 5 mm long, longitudinally dilated, 2-lobed, lobes diverging at an acute angle, entire; mesochile 5 mm long, flange bearing 7 or 8, 8– 12 mm long hair-like filaments on each side, basal half near hypochile green; spur conical, 4.5 mm long, apex shallowly bilobed, parallel with ovary, containing 2 trapezoid calli. Column ca. 5 mm long, stout, ventrally with 2 broad, semicircular lamellae, not projecting into the spur. Stigma lobes 2, distinct, located to the sides of the rostellum. Anther cap ovate, brownish-yellow, 3–4 mm. Pollinia 2, shortly caudiculate, obliquely clavate, yellow, 3.5 mm long. Fl. Jul.–Aug. Vernacular name:—“mo tuo jin xian lan” “Ḇüżȗ兰”. Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to the name of the type locality, Medog County. Medog County is the English name of Motuo, belonging to Nyingchi Prefecture, in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Ecology:— Anoectochilus medogensis grows as a terrestrial herb in dense and humid broad-leaved forests at an elevation of 1,500 –1,700 m. (FIGURE 2) Distribution:— CHINA: Tibet, endemic. Conservation status:—During the survey in Motuo, the new species was only found at two separate sites, each containing a small sub-population comprising not more than 100 mature individuals. Plants are known to be collected for use in Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is a major threat to this species of the restricted distribution and a small population size. Considering that valuable ingredients in Anoectochilus have been identified (Cui et al. 2013, Yin et al. 2016, Li et al. 2018, Mei et al. 2018), the risk of collection remains high. Hence, there is an evidence of continuing decline in the number of mature individuals. Area of Occurrence was calculated using GeoCAT (Moat 2007) as 8 km 2. Fruit set was not observed. On the basis of available information on population size of less than 200 mature individuals and continuing decline in number of mature individuals, the species can be assessed according to IUCN guidelines (IUCN 2020) as Critically Endangered [CR: B2ab(v)]., Published as part of Jin, Yue, Sun, Mei, Jiang, Hong, Kumar, Pankaj, Liu, Zhen, Schuiteman, Andre, Wu, Jianyong & Tian, Huaizhen, 2021, Anoectochilus medogensis (Goodyerinae, Cranichideae, Orchidaceae), a new species from Tibet, China, pp. 213-227 in Phytotaxa 510 (3) on pages 216-219, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.510.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5426528, {"references":["Cui, S. C., Yu, J., Zhang, X. H., Yang, L. W. & Xu, J. Y. (2013) Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activity of water extract from Anoectochilus roxburghii in experimental diabetes. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 65: 485 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. etp. 2012.02.003","Yin, Z. N., Xu, K. X. & Fan, J. J. (2016) Research progress on chemical constituents of Anoectochilus and pharmacological activities. Global Traditional Chinese Medicine 9: 1153 - 1160.","Li, Q. J., Zheng, X. Y., Liu, G. J., Wang, N. N., Tao, Y. Z., Yin, H. Y. & Wang, X. P. (2018) Overview of the research on the medical herb of Fujian Province - Anoectochilus roxburghii. World Science and Technology / Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Materia Medica 20: 1364 - 1372.","Mei, Y., Qiu, D. S., Xiao, S. G., Peng, M. & Chen, D. (2018) Screening for DNA barcode sequence of Anoectochilus roxburhii germplasm resource and identification of adulterants. Molecular Plant Breeding 17: 5163 - 5170. https: // doi. org / 10.13271 / j. mpb. 017.005163","Moat, J. (2007) Conservation assessment tools extension for Arc View 3. x, version 1.2. GIS Unit, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http: // www. rbgkew. org. uk / gis / cats (accessed 12 August 2020)","IUCN (2020) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2020 - 2. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U. K. Available from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org / (accessed 9 July 2020)"]}

Additional file 1: Table S1 The primers of qRT-PCR. Table S2 Genotype of SNP site. Table S3 The primers of InDel markers. Table S4 The FPKM of 67 genes in CMS-D8 system.

Additional file 1.

Wild ruminants are at risk for zoonotic pathogen infection as a result of interactions with domestic animals and humans. One way to assess the level of a wild ruminant disease in a population is to determine the seroprevalence of the pathogen of interest. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of five zoonotic pathogens in wild ruminants in Xinjiang, Northwest China. In 2009 and 2011-2015, 258 wild ruminant sera samples were collected from various species. Samples were obtained from 30 Siberian ibexes, 94 goitered gazelles, 6 Tibetan antelopes, 32 argali sheep, 16 roe deer, 20 blue sheep, 56 red deer, and 4 wild yaks, in 10 regions of Xinjiang. Samples were tested using antibodies against

Additional file 19: Table S6. Number of co-expressed modules and genes for hybrids.

Additional file 21: Table S8. List of gene primers used for qRT-PCR.

Additional file 18: Table S5. Detailed information of already reported seed cotton yield QTLs used to map DEGs.

Additional file 14: Table S1. Mean of mid and better parent heterosis observed for yield traits in three locations and two-year field experimentation.

Additional file 15: Table S2. Summary of RNA sequencing and mapping for all 63 samples.

Additional file 21: Table S8. List of gene primers used for qRT-PCR.

The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in dairy animals is of great concern for livestock and public health. The aim of present study was to detect new trends of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) towards antibiotic susceptibility, resistance genes and molecular typing by methods of disc diffusion, multiplex PCR assay and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). A total of 219 S. aureus strains were isolated from bovine mastitis cases from six provinces of China, including 34 MRSA strains. The results revealed that more than 70% isolated strains showed resistance to various antibiotics, and multiple-drugs resistance to more than five categories of antibiotics was found more common. The ermC was the most prevalent resistance gene, followed by other genes; however, ermA was the least frequently detected gene. Twenty-eight mecA-negative MRSA and six mecA-positive MRSA strains were detected, and in which three strains were ST97-MRSA-IV, others were ST965-MRSA-IV, ST6-MRSA-IV and ST9-MRSA-SCCmec-NT. The mecA-negative MRSA strains were found resistant to most of the antibiotics, and harbored aac(6')/aph(2''), aph(3')-III and tetM genes higher than MSSA strains. The resistance to most of the antibiotics was significantly higher in MRSA than in MSSA strains. The MLST profiles showed that these strains mainly belonged to CC5, CC398, CC121 and CC50 lineage, especially within ST97 and ST398, while some novel sequence types (ST2154, ST2165 and ST2166) were identified and deposited in the MLST database. This indicates that the resistance of S. aureus is becoming more complicated by changes in multi-drug resistance mechanism and appearance of mecA-negative MRSA isolates, and importantly, MRSA-IV strains in different MLST types are emerging.

This paper used DIDSON to get information of underwater fish and carried out the real-time multiple-target tracking, particularly the targets were dense. Analysis of fishery resources was also done through the data post-processing. Realtime data processing mainly included DIDSON image building/enhancement/filter, target detection and multiple-target tracking. Nearest neighbor clustering algorithm combined with Extended Kalman Filter was applied to the multiple-target tracking. Data post-processing mainly implemented the statistics of fish duration, swimming speed, swimming direction, trajectory length, which will provide strong technical support for the fishery resources assessment.

Ocean has always intrigued mankind. Presently, ocean inspection, monitoring and exploitation has been achieved with the development of ocean technology. The seafloor observatory network, a mature and all-weather fixed observatory platform, makes it possible to monitor ocean environment in long term and in real time, while its range of observation is limited by cable. A compact Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) namely "Xuanwu-1" was designed for mobile observatory, which can charge and transfer data by non-contract power supply and data transfer system via docking station, setting up at the Zhejiang University seafloor observatory node. The combination of the two improves the underwater continuous operation time and data transmission efficiency of a typical AUV. This paper uncovers and introduces solutions for the design and implementation of "Xuanwu-1" under limited conditions. One major effort is the overall design of this AUV, including mechanical design and control system design. Through the use of mathematical modeling and simulation, "Xuanwu-1" realized several typical motions under ideal conditions. The implementation of this AUV is time-consuming and finally it was tested under lab conditions. As the first generation of "Xuanwu" series, this open-frame compact AUV is used for oceanographic surveys from close to the surface of the sea. In the near future, this AUV can dock with the integrated docking system and to be the complement of cabled seafloor observatory network. With time, the AUV design will have to change in order to optimize its performance as the engineering technology progress.

Underwater vehicle controller design proves difficult for time varying, nonlinear dynamics, coupled model and uncertain flow. Also it is hard to construct the nonlinear coupled uncertain model. Fortunately, we find a simple method to deal with that problem. Variable universe fuzzy control algorithm is superior in model-independent and nonlinear control. Also it is a simple and universal method. It indeed suits for AUV controller design. In this paper, variable universe fuzzy controller, control system and nonlinear dynamic model of AUV are presented. Then we test that controller in simulation to examine its performance.

This system is an underwater integrated navigation system based on Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS)/Global Positioning System (GPS)/ Doppler Velocity Log (DVL). It is built on STM32F103 equipped with the uCOS-II system, which has perfect real-time character, low cost and high-performance. The present hardware includes singer board computer, AHRS, DVL, depth gauge, and GPS receiver. Kalman filter is applied in the sensors data process and dead-reckoning algorithm of navigation system. This paper describes hardware and software design as well as results of simulation. The performance analysis is carried out based on the position and velocity errors. It shows that the system is viable and can be used in the "XUANWU" Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV).

OBJECTIVE To determine the diagnostic and clinical significance of C4d accumulation in renal allografts followed by acute rejection. METHODS A total of 158 graft biopsies performed from December 1997 to December 2002 were classified, according to the Banff-97 criteria, into hyperacute rejection (HAR, three cases), acute vascular rejection (AVR, 27), acute cellular rejection (ACR, 24), borderline rejection (BR, 38), acute tubular necrosis (ATN, five), stable graft function (SGF, 30) and baseline kidney (31). Immunohistochemical technique was used to determine the C4d deposition level. RESULTS The percentages of C4d positive in HAR, AVR, ACR, BR, ATN, SGF and baseline kidney groups were 100% (3/3), 77.8% (21/27), 37.5% (9/24), 23.7% (9/38), 0% (0/5), 3.3% (1/30), 0% (0/31), respectively. In acute rejection patients, the peak serum creatinine (sCr) level in C4d(ptc)-positive group (41 cases) was 334.82 +/- 238.37 micromol/L, with that of C4d(ptc)-negative group (47 cases) being 220.20 +/- 176.94 micromol/L (p < 0.01). After treatment, the trough sCr level in C4d(ptc)-positive group and C4d(ptc)-negative group were 176.87 +/- 111.80 and 121.75 +/- 34.59 micromol/L (p < 0.01), respectively. In each AVR, ACR and BR subgroups, the peak sCr level, the trough sCr level, after 3 or 6 months of AR, the sCr level in C4d(ptc)-positive subgroup was higher than that of C4d(ptc)-negative subgroup. There were more resistance against steroid therapy [65.9% (27/41) vs. 36.2% (17/47), p = 0.005] and a higher rate of graft loss [29.3% (12/41) vs. 6.4% (3/47), p = 0.001] in C4d(ptc)-positive group than those of C4d(ptc)-negative group. In each C4d(ptc)-positive subgroup of AVR, ACR and BR the complete reversion was 57.1, 56 and 66.7%, respectively, it is almost same. CONCLUSION The C4d deposition level is of great value in diagnosis of acute rejection caused by humoral immune components. It is a significant predictor of graft survival and will be of great help when treating acute rejection.

The L-arabinose resistance forward mutation test (ara test), together with Ames test, was performed for evaluation of mutagenicity of the surface water samples collected from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake in winter. The five of the nine surface water samples were detected as mutagen positive by ara test, most of them were collected from the estuary which flow into the lake or from the edge of shore area. The same tendency was observed with the involvement of mammalian S9 metabolic activation system. The roughly, coincident results were confirmed by Ames test when the sample doses applied were enhanced to two and a half times compared with that of ara test. The data suggest that detection sensitivity of ara test is higher if intricate environmental samples are concerned. Thus, prospect for ara test to be the primary choice is prompted when the genotoxicity screening of environmental mixtures is required.

Aims. We estimated the future heat wave mortality in the eastern United States (~ 1,700 counties) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and analyzed the sources of uncertainties. M...

1. 1. Insect cell culture may be employed for producing many recombinant protein products as well as viral insecticides. 2. 2. The sensitivity of the cells to aeration damage, however, has made it difficult to scale-up the culture system. 3. 3. This problem may be reduced or even eliminated through the use of media additives, such as serum and neutral polymers. 4. 4. In this paper we present a brief review on recent studies which have increased our understanding of the mechanisms of cell damage and the protective effects of media additives in agitated and aerated culture systems.

This study proposes a new vehicle integrated robust model matching controller (R-MMC) that cooperates four wheel steering and direct yaw moment control to improve the vehicle handling performance and stability. The design frame work of the R-MMC is based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) in this study. Since vehicle sideslip angle measurement is difficult to achieve in practice, a LMI-based sliding mode observer (SMO) that requires only vehicle yaw rate as the measured input is also developed. The performance and robustness of the SMO and the integrated controller are demonstrated under critical steering maneuvers and road surface conditions. Simulation results reveal the satisfactory tracking ability of the SMO, and the superior improved vehicle handling performance, stability and robustness of the integrated control vehicle.

To determine the diagnostic and clinical significance of C4d accumulation in renal allografts followed by acute rejection.A total of 158 graft biopsies performed from December 1997 to December 2002 were classified, according to the Banff-97 criteria, into hyperacute rejection (HAR, three cases), acute vascular rejection (AVR, 27), acute cellular rejection (ACR, 24), borderline rejection (BR, 38), acute tubular necrosis (ATN, five), stable graft function (SGF, 30) and baseline kidney (31). Immunohistochemical technique was used to determine the C4d deposition level.The percentages of C4d positive in HAR, AVR, ACR, BR, ATN, SGF and baseline kidney groups were 100% (3/3), 77.8% (21/27), 37.5% (9/24), 23.7% (9/38), 0% (0/5), 3.3% (1/30), 0% (0/31), respectively. In acute rejection patients, the peak serum creatinine (sCr) level in C4d(ptc)-positive group (41 cases) was 334.82 +/- 238.37 micromol/L, with that of C4d(ptc)-negative group (47 cases) being 220.20 +/- 176.94 micromol/L (p0.01). After treatment, the trough sCr level in C4d(ptc)-positive group and C4d(ptc)-negative group were 176.87 +/- 111.80 and 121.75 +/- 34.59 micromol/L (p0.01), respectively. In each AVR, ACR and BR subgroups, the peak sCr level, the trough sCr level, after 3 or 6 months of AR, the sCr level in C4d(ptc)-positive subgroup was higher than that of C4d(ptc)-negative subgroup. There were more resistance against steroid therapy [65.9% (27/41) vs. 36.2% (17/47), p = 0.005] and a higher rate of graft loss [29.3% (12/41) vs. 6.4% (3/47), p = 0.001] in C4d(ptc)-positive group than those of C4d(ptc)-negative group. In each C4d(ptc)-positive subgroup of AVR, ACR and BR the complete reversion was 57.1, 56 and 66.7%, respectively, it is almost same.The C4d deposition level is of great value in diagnosis of acute rejection caused by humoral immune components. It is a significant predictor of graft survival and will be of great help when treating acute rejection.

The health risks of As exposure due to the installation of millions of shallow tubewells in the Bengal Basin are known, but fecal contamination of shallow aquifers has not systematically been examined. This could be a source of concern in densely populated areas with poor sanitation because the hydraulic travel time from surface water bodies to shallow wells that are low in As was previously shown to be considerably shorter than for shallow wells that are high in As. In this study, 125 tubewells 6-36 m deep were sampled in duplicate for 18 months to quantify the presence of the fecal indicator Escherichia coli. On any given month, E. coli was detected at levels exceeding 1 most probable number per 100 mL in 19-64% of all shallow tubewells, with a higher proportion typically following periods of heavy rainfall. The frequency of E. coli detection averaged over a year was found to increase with population surrounding a well and decrease with the As content of a well, most likely because of downward transport of E. coli associated with local recharge. The health implications of higher fecal contamination of shallow tubewells, to which millions of households in Bangladesh have switched in order to reduce their exposure to As, need to be evaluated.

Background: Millions of households throughout Bangladesh have been exposed to high levels of arsenic (As) causing various deadly diseases by drinking groundwater from shallow tubewells for the past 30 years. Well testing has been the most effective form of mitigation because it has induced massive switching from tubewells that are high (>50 µg/L) in As to neighboring wells that are low in As. A recent study has shown, however, that shallow low-As wells are more likely to be contaminated with the fecal indicator E. coli than shallow high-As wells, suggesting that well switching might lead to an increase in diarrheal disease. Methods: Approximately 60,000 episodes of childhood diarrhea were collected monthly by community health workers between 2000 and 2006 in 142 villages of Matlab, Bangladesh. In this cross-sectional study, associations between childhood diarrhea and As levels in tubewell water were evaluated using logistic regression models. Results: Adjusting for wealth, population density, and flood control by multivariate logistic regression, the model indicates an 11% (95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 4–19%) increase in the likelihood of diarrhea in children drinking from shallow wells with 10–50 µg/L As compared to shallow wells with >50 µg/L As. The same model indicates a 26% (95%CI: 9–42%) increase in diarrhea for children drinking from shallow wells with ≤10 µg/L As compared to shallow wells with >50 µg/L As. Conclusion: Children drinking water from shallow low As wells had a higher prevalence of diarrhea than children drinking water from high As wells. This suggests that the health benefits of reducing As exposure may to some extent be countered by an increase in childhood diarrhea.

During the past three decades in Bangladesh, millions of tubewells have been installed to reduce the prevalence of diarrheal disease. This study evaluates the impacts of tubewell access and tubewell depth on childhood diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. A total of 59,796 cases of diarrhea in children under 5 were recorded in 142 villages of Matlab, Bangladesh during monthly community health surveys between 2000 and 2006. The location and depth of 12,018 tubewells were surveyed in 2002-04 and integrated with diarrhea and other data in a geographic information system. A proxy for tubewell access was developed by calculating the local density of tubewells around households. Logistic regression models were built to examine the relationship between childhood diarrhea, tubewell density and tubewell depth. Wealth, adult female education, flood control, population density and the child's age were considered as potential confounders. Baris (patrilineally-related clusters of households) with greater tubewell density were associated with significantly less diarrhea (OR (odds ratio) = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-0.89). Tubewell density had a greater influence on childhood diarrhea in areas that were not protected from flooding. Baris using intermediate depth tubewells (140-300 feet) were associated with more childhood diarrhea (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.19-1.29) than those using shallow wells (10-140 feet). Baris using deep wells (300-990 feet) had less diarrheal disease than those using shallow wells, however, the difference was significant only when population density was low (< 1000 person/km2) or children were at the age of 13-24 months. Increased access to tubewells is associated with a lower risk of childhood diarrhea. Intermediate- depth wells are associated with more childhood diarrhea compared to shallower or deeper wells. These findings may have implications for on-going efforts to reduce exposure to elevated levels of arsenic contained in groundwater that is pumped in this study area primarily from shallow tubewells.