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1. Investigating Scientists’ Views of the Family Resemblance Approach to Nature of Science in Science Education

Author

Wu, J-Y and Erduran, S

Subjects
Education
Abstract

In this paper, we use the “Family Resemblance Approach” (FRA) as a framework to characterize how scientists view the nature of science (NOS). FRA presents NOS as a “system” that includes clusters or categories of ideas about the cognitive-epistemic and social-institutional aspects of science. For example, the cognitive-epistemic aspects include aims and values such as objectivity and scientific methods such as hypothesis testing. Social-institutional aspects refer to a range of components including social values such as honesty about evidence and institutional contexts of science such as research institutions. Characterized as such, NOS is thus a system of interacting components. The initial account of FRA was proposed by philosophers of science and subsequently adapted and extended for science education including through empirical studies. Yet, there is little understanding of the extent to which FRA coheres with scientists’ own depictions about NOS. Hence, an empirical study was conducted with scientists to investigate their views about FRA as well as their views of NOS using the FRA framework. In so doing, the research sought to explore the utility of FRA from scientists’ point of view. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of 17 Taiwanese scientists’ responses to a set of written questions indicates that scientists are in agreement with the FRA account of NOS, and they detail all aspects in their reference to NOS, although the social-institutional aspects are underrepresented in their depiction. Implications for further studies and science education are discussed.

Published
2022

2. Muon (g-2) Technical Design Report

Author

Grange, J., Guarino, V., Winter, P., Wood, K., Zhao, H., Carey, R. M., Gastler, D., Hazen, E., Kinnaird, N., Miller, J. P., Mott, J., Roberts, B. L., Benante, J., Crnkovic, J., Morse, W. M., Sayed, H., Tishchenko, V., Druzhinin, V. P., Khazin, B. I., Koop, I. A., Logashenko, I., Shatunov, Y. M., Solodov, E., Korostelev, M., Newton, D., Wolski, A., Chapelain, A., Bjorkquist, R., Eggert, N., Frankenthal, A., Gibbons, L., Kim, S., Mikhailichenko, A., Orlov, Y., Rubin, D., Sweigart, D., Allspach, D., Annala, G., Barzi, E., Bourland, K., Brown, G., Casey, B. C. K., Chappa, S., Convery, M. E., Drendel, B., Friedsam, H., Gadfort, T., Hardin, K., Hawke, S., Hayes, S., Jaskierny, W., Johnstone, C., Johnstone, J., Kashikhin, V., Kendziora, C., Kiburg, B., Klebaner, A., Kourbanis, I., Kyle, J., Larson, N., Leveling, A., Lyon, A. L., Markley, D., McArthur, D., Merritt, K. W., Mokhov, N., Morgan, J. P., Nguyen, H., Ostiguy, J-F., Para, A., Popovic, C. C. Polly M., Ramberg, E., Rominsky, M., Schoo, D., Schultz, R., Still, D., Soha, A. K., Strigonov, S., Tassotto, G., Turrioni, D., Villegas, E., Voirin, E., Velev, G., Welty-Rieger, L., Wolff, D., Worel, C., Wu, J-Y., Zifko, R., Jungmann, K., Onderwater, C. J. G., Debevec, P. T., Ganguly, S., Kasten, M., Leo, S., Pitts, K., Schlesier, C., Gaisser, M., Haciomeroglu, S., Kim, Y-I., Lee, S., Lee, M-J, Semertzidis, Y. K., Giovanetti, K., Baranov, V. A., Duginov, V. N., Khomutov, N. V., Krylov, V. A., Kuchinskiy, N. A., Volnykh, V. P., Crawford, C., Fatemi, R., Gohn, W. P., Gorringe, T. P., Korsch, W., Plaster, B., Anastasi, A., Babusci, D., Dabagov, S., Ferrari, C., Fioretti, A., Gabbanini, C., Hampai, D., Palladino, A., Venanzoni, G., Bowcock, T., Carroll, J., King, B., Maxfield, S., McCormick, K., Price, J., Sim, D., Smith, A., Teubner, T., Turner, W., Whitley, M., Wormald, M., Chislett, R., Kilani, S., Lancaster, M., Motuk, E., Stuttard, T., Warren, M., Flay, D., Kawall, D., Meadows, Z., Chupp, T., Raymond, R., Tewlsey-Booth, A., Syphers, M. J., Tarazona, D., Catalonotti, S., Di Stefano, R., Iacovacci, M., Mastroianni, S., Chattopadhyay, S., Eads, M., Fortner, M., Hedin, D., Pohlman, N., de Gouvea, A., Schellman, H., Azfar, F., Henry, S., Alkhazov, G. D., Golovtsov, V. L., Neustroev, P. V., Uvarov, L. N., Vasilyev, A. A., Vorobyov, A. A., Zhalov, M. B., Cerrito, L., Gray, F., Di Sciascio, G., Moricciani, D., Fu, C., Ji, X., Li, L., Yang, H., Stöckinger, D., Cantatore, G., Cauz, D., Karuza, M., Pauletta, G., Santi, L., Baeßler, S., Bychkov, M., Frlez, E., Pocanic, D., Alonzi, L. P., Fertl, M., Fienberg, A., Froemming, N., Garcia, A., Kaspar, D. W. Hertzog J., Kammel, P., Osofsky, R., Smith, M., Swanson, E., van Wechel, T., and Lynch, K.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Accelerator Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The Muon (g-2) Experiment, E989 at Fermilab, will measure the muon anomalous magnetic moment a factor-of-four more precisely than was done in E821 at the Brookhaven National Laboratory AGS. The E821 result appears to be greater than the Standard-Model prediction by more than three standard deviations. When combined with expected improvement in the Standard-Model hadronic contributions, E989 should be able to determine definitively whether or not the E821 result is evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model. After a review of the physics motivation and the basic technique, which will use the muon storage ring built at BNL and now relocated to Fermilab, the design of the new experiment is presented. This document was created in partial fulfillment of the requirements necessary to obtain DOE CD-2/3 approval., Comment: 666 pages

Published
2015
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3. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies eight new loci for type 2 diabetes in east Asians

Author

Cho, YS, Chen, C-H, Hu, C, Long, J, Hee Ong, RT, Sim, X, Takeuchi, F, Wu, Y, Go, MJ, Yamauchi, T, Chang, Y-C, Kwak, SH, Ma, RCW, Yamamoto, K, Adair, LS, Aung, T, Cai, Q, Chang, L-C, Chen, Y-T, Gao, Y, Hu, FB, Kim, H-L, Kim, S, Kim, YJ, Lee, JJ-M, Lee, NR, Li, Y, Liu, JJ, Lu, W, Nakamura, J, Nakashima, E, Ng, DP-K, Tay, WT, Tsai, F-J, Wong, TY, Yokota, M, Zheng, W, Zhang, R, Wang, C, So, WY, Ohnaka, K, Ikegami, H, Hara, K, Cho, YM, Cho, NH, Chang, T-J, Bao, Y, Hedman, AK, Morris, AP, McCarthy, MI, Takayanagi, R, Park, KS, Jia, W, Chuang, L-M, Chan, JCN, Maeda, S, Kadowaki, T, Lee, J-Y, Wu, J-Y, Teo, YY, Tai, ES, Shu, XO, Mohlke, KL, Kato, N, Han, B-G, and Seielstad, M

Published
2011

4. Use of particulate forms of protein antigens to increase the sensitivity of antigen-specific proliferation assays

Author

Wu J.-Y., M.S. Wyand, Mark Newman, B.H. Gardner, and K.J. Munroe

Subjects
Male, Immunology, Sf9, Lymphocyte proliferation, HIV Antibodies, Biology, Lymphocyte Activation, Sensitivity and Specificity, HIV Envelope Protein gp160, law.invention, Antigen, In vivo, law, Tetanus Toxoid, Animals, Immunology and Allergy, Antigens, Protein Precursors, AIDS Vaccines, Toxoid, Gene Products, env, T lymphocyte, Macaca mulatta, Molecular biology, Microspheres, In vitro, Recombinant DNA
Abstract

Different forms of recombinant HIV-1 gp160 and tetanus toxoid were adsorbed onto latex microspheres and this particulate form of the proteins was used to measure antigen-specific proliferation in vaccinated rhesus macaques. Proliferative responses to proteins bound to microspheres were significantly greater and allowed for the detection of antigen-specific responses that were not detected using soluble proteins. The responses were antigen-specific and required prior immunization of the animals. Additionally, the presence and magnitude of the proliferative responses was associated with antibody responses to the same proteins suggesting the results were representative of in vivo responses and that the assay format did not induce in vitro artifacts.

Published
1993

5. Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine

Author

Wu, J. -Y, Gardner, B. H., Murphy, C. I., Seals, J. R., Kensil, C. R., Recchia, J., Beltz, G. A., Gale Newman, and Newman, M. J.

Subjects
Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Abstract

The adjuvant activity of a single highly purified saponin from the soap bark tree Quillaja saponaria was evaluated by using it as a component in an experimental vaccine containing rHIV-1 envelope protein (HIV-1 160D) adsorbed to alum. BALB/c mice immunized with experimental vaccine formulations containing the saponin adjuvant QS-21 produced significantly higher titers of antibodies than mice vaccinated with only the alum-adsorbed HIV-1 160D. Potent amnestic antibody responses to HIV-1 viral proteins were also induced. Ag-specific proliferative responses to recombinant proteins and to three variants of HIV-1 were significantly increased using QS-21 as an adjuvant. Alum-adsorbed HIV-1 160D failed to induce measurable proliferative responses to inactivated HIV-1 viruses, but group-specific proliferative responses were raised when the QS-21 adjuvant was used in the vaccine formulation. MHC class I restricted CTL specific for the immunodominant V-3 loop were induced but only when the QS-21 adjuvant was included in the vaccine formulation. The production of serine esterase by Ag-activated splenic mononuclear cells, indicating the maturation of precursor CTL, was used as a secondary measure of CTL activity, and this response was also increased. The specificity of antibody responses was not significantly broadened using QS-21; the adjuvant increased the immune recognition of epitopes throughout the HIV-1 glycoprotein 160. However, the specificity of the proliferation and serine esterase responses was broadened, suggesting that the QS-21 augmented cell-mediated immune responses specific for epitopes outside of the V-3 loop. Additionally, the QS-21 adjuvant appeared to induce recognition of weakly immunogenic epitopes that were not recognized using only alum-adsorbed HIV-1 160D. The ability of QS-21 to augment both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses suggests that this adjuvant could be a valuable component in subunit vaccines.

Published
1992

7. Nuclear Transparency in 90 Degree c.m. Quasielastic A(p,2p) Reactions

Author

Aclander, J., Alster, J., Asryan, G., Averiche, Y., Barton, D. S., Baturin, V., Buktoyarova, N., Bunce, G., Carroll, A. S., Christensen, N., Courant, H., Durrant, S., Fang, G., Gabriel, K., Gushue, S., Heller, K. J., Heppelmann, S., Kosonovsky, I., Leksanov, A., Makdisi, Y. I., Malki, A., Mardor, I., Mardor, Y., Marshak, M. L., Martel, D., Minina, E., Minor, E., Navon, I., Nicholson, H., Ogawa, A., Panebratsev, Y., Piasetzky, E., Roser, T., Russell, J. J., Schetkovsky, A., Shimanskiy, S., Shupe, M. A., Sutton, S., Tanaka, M., Tang, A., Tsetkov, I., Watson, J., White, C., Wu, J-Y., and Zhalov, D.

Subjects
FOS: Physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We summarize the results of two experimental programs at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron of BNL to measure the nuclear transparency of nuclei measured in the A(p,2p) quasielastic scattering process near 90 Deg .in the pp center of mass. The incident momenta varied from 5.9 to 14.4 GeV/c, corresponding to 4.8 < Q^2 < 12.7 (GeV/c)^2. First, we describe the measurements with the newer experiment, E850, which had more complete kinematic definition of quasielastic events. In E850 the angular dependence of the nuclear transparency near 90 Deg. c.m., and the nuclear transparency for deuterons was studied. Second, we review the techniques used in an earlier experiment, E834, and show that the two experiments are consistent for the Carbon data. E834 also determines the nuclear transparencies for Li, Al, Cu, and Pb nuclei as well as for C. We find for both E850 and E834 that the A(p,2p) nuclear transparency, unlike that for A(e,e'p) nuclear transparency, is incompatible with a constant value versus energy as predicted by Glauber calculations. The A(p,2p) nuclear transparency for C and Al increases by a factor of two between 5.9 and 9.5 GeV/c incident proton momentum. At its peak the A(p,2p) nuclear transparency is about 80% of the constant A(e,e'p) nuclear transparency. Then the nuclear transparency falls back to the Glauber level again. This oscillating behavior is generally interpreted as an interplay between two components of the pN scattering amplitude; one short ranged and perturbative, and the other long ranged and strongly absorbed in the nuclear medium. We suggest a number of experiments for further studies of nuclear transparency effects., 24 pages and 22 figures submitted to Phys. Rev. C

Published
2004
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8. A direct measurement of short range NN correlations in nuclei via the reaction C(p,2p+n)

Author

Aclander, J., Alster, J., Barton, D., Bunce, G., Carroll, A., Christensen, N., Courant, H., Durrant, S., Gushue, S., Heppelmann, S., Kosonovsky, E., Mardor, I., Mardor, Y., Marshak, M., Makdisi, Y., Minor, E. D., Navon, I., Nicholson, H., Piasetzky, E., Roser, T., Russell, J., Sutton, C. S., Tanaka, M., White, C., and Wu, J-Y

Subjects
Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The reaction 12C(p,2p+n) was measured at beam momenta of 5.9 and 7.5 GeV/c.. We established the quasi-elastic character of the reaction C(p,2p) at $\theta_{cm}\simeq 90^o$, in a kinematically complete measurement. The neutron momentum was measured in triple coincidence with the two emerging high momentum protons. We present the correlation between the momenta of the struck target proton and the neutron. The events are associated with the high momentum components of the nuclear wave function. We conclude that two-nucleon short range correlations have been seen experimentally. The conclusion is based on kinematical correlations and is not based on specific theoretical models., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures

Published
1998
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9. Measurement of quasi-elastic 12C(p,2p) scattering at high momentum transfer

Author

Mardor, Y., Aclander, J., Alster, J., Barton, D., Bunce, G., Carroll, A., Christensen, N., Courant, H., Durrant, S., Gushue, S., Heppelmann, S., Kosonovsky, E., Mardor, I., Marshak, M., Makdisi, Y., Minor, E. D., Navon, I., Nicholson, H., Piasetzky, E., Roser, T., Russell, J., Sutton, C. S., Tanaka, M., White, C., and Wu, J-Y

Subjects
Nuclear Theory, Physics::Accelerator Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We measured the high-momentum quasi-elastic 12C(p,2p) reaction (at center of mass angle near 90 degrees) for 6 and 7.5 GeV/c incident protons. The three-momentum components of both final state protons were measured and the missing energy and momentum of the target proton in the nucleus were determined. The validity of the quasi-elastic picture was verified up to Fermi momenta of about 450 MeV/c, where it might be questionable. Transverse and longitudinal Fermi momentum distributions of the target proton were measured and compared to independent particle models which do not reproduce the large momentum tails. We also observed that the transverse Fermi distribution gets wider as the longitudinal component increases in the beam direction, in contrast to a simple Fermi gas model., Comment: 4 pages including 3 figures

Published
1997
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48. Muon (g-2) Technical Design Report

Author

Grange, J., Guarino, V., Winter, P., Wood, K., Zhao, H., Carey, R. M., Gastler, D., Hazen, E., Kinnaird, N., Miller, J. P., Mott, J., Roberts, B. L., Benante, J., Crnkovic, J., Morse, W. M., Sayed, H., Tishchenko, V., Druzhinin, V. P., Khazin, B. I., Koop, I. A., Logashenko, I., Shatunov, Y. M., Solodov, E., Korostelev, M., Newton, D., Wolski, A., Bjorkquist, R., Eggert, N., Frankenthal, A., Gibbons, L., Kim, S., Mikhailichenko, A., Orlov, Y., Rubin, D., Sweigart, D., Allspach, D., Annala, G., Barzi, E., Bourland, K., Brown, G., Casey, B. C. K., Chappa, S., Convery, M. E., Drendel, B., Friedsam, H., Gadfort, T., Hardin, K., Hawke, S., Hayes, S., Jaskierny, W., Johnstone, C., Johnstone, J., Kashikhin, V., Kendziora, C., Kiburg, B., Klebaner, A., Kourbanis, I., Kyle, J., Larson, N., Leveling, A., Lyon, A. L., Markley, D., Mcarthur, D., Merritt, K. W., Mokhov, N., Morgan, J. P., Nguyen, H., Ostiguy, J-F, Para, A., Polly, C. C., Popovic, M., Ramberg, E., Rominsky, M., Schoo, D., Schultz, R., Still, D., Soha, A. K., Strigonov, S., Tassotto, G., Turrioni, D., Villegas, E., Voirin, E., Velev, G., Wolff, D., Worel, C., Wu, J-Y, Zifko, R., Jungmann, K., Onderwater, C. J. G., Debevec, P. T., Ganguly, S., Kasten, M., Leo, S., Pitts, K., Schlesier, C., Giovanetti, K., Baranov, V. A., Duginov, V. N., Khomutov, N. V., Krylov, V. A., Kuchinskiy, N. A., Volnykh, V. P., Gaisser, M., Haciomeroglu, S., Kim, Y-I, Lee, S., Lee, M-J, Semertzidis, Y. K., Won, E., Crawford, C., Fatemi, R., Gohn, W. P., Gorringe, T. P., Korsch, W., Plaster, B., Anastasi, A., Babusci, D., Dabagov, S., Ferrari, C., Fioretti, A., Gabbanini, C., Hampai, D., Palladino, A., Venanzoni, G., Bowcock, T., Carroll, J., King, B., Maxfield, S., Mccormick, K., Smith, A., Teubner, T., Whitley, M., Wormald, M., Chislett, R., Kilani, S., Lancaster, M., Motuk, E., Stuttard, T., Warren, M., Flay, D., Kawall, D., Meadows, Z., Chupp, T., Raymond, R., Tewlsey-Booth, A., Syphers, M. J., Tarazona, D., Ankenbrandt, C., Cummings, M. A., Rolland Johnson, Yoshikawa, C., Catalonotti, S., Di Stefano, R., Iacovacci, M., Mastroianni, S., Chattopadhyay, S., Eads, M., Fortner, M., Hedin, D., Pohlman, N., Gouvea, A., Schellman, H., Welty-Rieger, L., Itahashi, T., Kuno, Y., Yai, K., Azfar, F., Henry, S., Alkhazov, G. D., Golovtsov, V. L., Neustroev, P. V., Uvarov, L. N., Vasilyev, A. A., Vorobyov, A. A., Zhalov, M. B., Cerrito, L., Gray, F., Di Sciascio, G., Moricciani, D., Fu, C., Ji, X., Li, L., Yang, H., Stockinger, D., Cantatore, G., Cauz, D., Karuza, M., Pauletta, G., Santi, L., Baess, S., Bychkov, M., Frlez, E., Pocanic, D., Alonzi, L. P., Fertl, M., Fienberg, A., Froemming, N., Garcia, A., Hertzog, D. W., Kaspar, J., Kammel, P., Osofsky, R., Smith, M., Swanson, E., Wechel, T., and Lynch, K.

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