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Mesozoic granitic plutons are found throughout the Indochina terrane of eastern Cambodia and southern Vietnam. The granitic rocks range in age from Early Triassic (240 Ma) to Late Cretaceous (80 Ma) and record distinct tectonomagmatic periods associated with subduction of the Paleotethys and Paleo-Pacific oceans. Samples collected from the Snoul pluton, eastern Cambodia are composed of silicic and intermediate dioritic rocks, and basalt. The quartz diorites and diorites are magnesian, metaluminous, calcic to calc-alkalic, and similar to volcanic-arc granitoids whereas the basaltic rocks are compositionally similar to within-plate basalt. Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopes and whole rock Sr-Nd isotopes show that the silicic rocks are Albian and isotopically juvenile (107.5 ± 0.3 Ma, 109.1 ± 0.4 Ma; εHf(t) = +7.0–+17.0; 87Sr/86Sri = 0.704313–0.707681; εNd(t) = +3.1–+4.9). Fractional crystallization modeling using a dioritic composition as the parental magma demonstrates that it is possible to generate the quartz diorite compositions under oxidizing (ΔFMQ +1) and hydrous (H2O = 2 wt%) conditions suggesting that they are consanguineous. The isotopically juvenile nature of the dioritic rocks and their compositional similarity (SiO2 ≥ 56 wt%, Al2O3 ≥ 15 wt%, Sr ≥ 400 ppm, Y ≤ 18 ppm, Yb ≤ 1.9 ppm) to adakitic rocks indicates that the parental magmas of the Snoul pluton were likely derived by partial melting of juvenile mafic basement rocks of the Indochina terrane. Moreover, Early Cretaceous plutonic rocks of Cambodia are isotopically distinct from plutonic rocks of similar age and tectonic setting from Vietnam suggesting that there could be a lithotectonic domain boundary within the Southern Indochina terrane. In contrast, the basaltic rocks likely record a temporally distinct period of magmatism associated with Late Cenozoic tensional plate stress.

Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. It is estimated to reach 152 million by the year 2050. AD is the fifth leading cause of death among Americans age 65 and older. In spite of the significant burden the disease imposes upon patients, their families, our society, and our healthcare system, there is currently no cure for AD. The existing approved therapies only temporarily alleviate some of the disease’s symptoms, but are unable to modulate the onset and/or progression of the disease. Our failure in developing a cure for AD is attributable, in part, to the multifactorial complexity underlying AD pathophysiology. Nonetheless, the lack of successful pharmacological approaches has led to the consideration of alternative strategies that may help delay the onset and progression of AD. There is increasing recognition that certain dietary and nutrition factors may play important roles in protecting against select key AD pathologies. Consistent with this, select nutraceuticals and phytochemical compounds have demonstrated anti-amyloidogenic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic properties and as such, could serve as lead candidates for further novel AD therapeutic developments. Here we summarize some of the more promising dietary phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols that have been shown to positively modulate some of the important AD pathogenesis aspects, such as reducing β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formation, AD-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and synapse loss. We also discuss the recent development of potential contribution of gut microbiome in dietary polyphenol function.

PurposeIn this Continuing Professional Development module, we review the practical pharmacology of tranexamic acid and its clinical use in trauma, obstetrics, and major orthopedic surgery.Principal findingsTranexamic acid is a synthetic drug that inhibits fibrinolysis. Multiple clinical trials in various clinical settings have shown that it can reduce blood loss, transfusion rates, and bleeding-associated mortality. In trauma and obstetrical bleeding, early tranexamic acid administration (< three hours) may have greater clinical benefits. Overall, tranexamic acid use appears safe with no significant increase of thromboembolic or seizure events. Nevertheless, current evidence has limitations related to wide heterogeneity in dose, route, and timing of drug administration, as well as generalizability of the large-scale trial findings to higher income nations.ConclusionsTranexamic acid is an efficacious and safe pharmacological-based blood conservation technique in the management of clinically significant hemorrhage. All anesthesiologists should have a good understanding of the pharmacotherapeutic properties and perioperative role of tranexamic acid therapy both inside and outside of the operating room. The use of tranexamic acid is likely to continue to rise with endorsement by various clinical guidelines and healthcare organizations. Further quantitative research is needed to evaluate optimal dosing and drug efficacy in these clinical scenarios.

Additional file 2. PRISMA checklist.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Cochrane Risk of Bias assessment for RCTs. Supplementary Table 2. Study quality assessment and risk of bias for non-RCTs. Supplementary Table 3. Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for non-RCTs. Supplementary Table 4. GRADE evaluation of evidence quality. Supplementary Table 5. Summary of postoperative outcome results. File format (three-letter file extension) -PDF (Adobe Acrobat) (.pdf). Data description - Risk of bias assessment, quality assessment, NOS, GRADE analysis, and postoperative outcome results of delirium, LOS, 30-days readmission rate and 30-days mortality. (All these files are attached in one PDF).

Additional file 1.

Additional file 1: S1: Search Strategy.

Additional file 3: Table S-3: Characteristics of Subjective Cognitive Complaint Questionnaire. Abbreviations: AD8: Alzheimer Disease 8; A-MIC, abbreviated memory inventory for the Chinese; CFQ, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire; IADLs - Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; IQCODE, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly; KDSQ-C, Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire-Cognition; NR, Not Reported; PRMQ, Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; SCC, subjective cognitive complaint; subjective cognitive decline, subjective cognitive decline; SIRQD, Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia; SMA, subjective memory assessment; SMC, subjective memory complaint; SMCQ, Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire; MMQ, Meta-Memory Questionnaire.

Additional file 2: Table S-2: List of Subjective Cognitive Complaint Questions.

Additional file 3. Search strategy.

PRISMA Checklist. (PDF 398 kb)

Search strategy. (DOCX 129 kb)

Supplementary Table S1. QUIPS Risk of bias assessment.. (DOCX 88 kb)

Medline (Ovid) Search Terms and Strategy. (DOCX 122 kb)

Survey on Participant Preference. (DOCX 28 kb)

Background: In Caucasian populations, adult height is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and positively related to some cancers. However, there are few data from Asian populations and from women. We sought to determine the sex- and region-specific associations between height and cardiovascular outcomes, and deaths due to cancer, respiratory and injury in populations from the Asia-Pacific region. Methods: Thirty-nine studies from the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration database were included. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to estimate the associations between height and pre-specified outcomes. Results: A total of 510 800 participants with 21 623 deaths were included. Amongst men, inverse linear associations were observed between height and coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, CVD, injury and total mortality. The hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals, (CI)] for a 1-SD (= 6 cm) increment in height ranged from 0.85 (0.80-0.91) for injury to 0.97 (0.95-0.98) for total mortality. Similar trends were found between height and CHD, haemorrhagic stroke and CVD in women. A positive linear association was observed between height and cancer mortality. For each standard deviation greater height, the risk of cancer was increased by 5% (2-8%) and 9% (5-14%) in men and women, respectively. No regional difference was observed between Asian and Australasian cohorts. Adjusting for markers of education did not alter the results. Conclusions: The opposing relationships of height with CVD and cancer suggest that care is required in setting national policies on childhood nutrition lest they have unintended consequences on the incidence of major non-communicable diseases. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association