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This report presents 100 research questions that have been identified by scientific experts as key priorities for Social Science and Humanities (SSH) research on renewables, in order to inform and support EU-funded research and innovation leading to achieve climate-neutrality by 2050. The questions together aim: To promote SSH research that contributes to better understanding the meaning and conditions of just transitions to renewables-based energy systems, by recognising the social conditions and consequences of using and further implementing renewable energy technologies. These 100 priority questions are grouped into the following 11 themes. Note that the order of these themes does not indicate a ranking of themes and that overlaps may exist between the themes. 1. Transformative governance Questions address the aspects of guiding and navigating the fundamental changes from the existing fossil-dominated energy regime to a renewables- based energy system. 2. Culture, imaginaries, narratives Questions explore various cultural aspects of a transition towards a renewables-based energy system, such as the role of socio-technical imaginaries, learning and media discourses. 3. Social acceptance Questions address the factors shaping social acceptance for different renewable energy technologies and emphasise aspects of trust-building and citizen empowerment. 4. Energy democracy Questions consider aspects of democratising the energy system, relating to the potential of energy initiatives and structural conditions to foster transparency and participation. 5. Energy justice Questions deal with justice, equity and societal inclusion in the context of energy systems, addressing the facets of a fair transition process to renewables-based energy systems. 6. Financial and organisational structure Questions address the financial mechanisms, as well as the organisational conditions and dynamics, that influence the transition to a renewables-based energy system. 7. Socio-ecological effects Questions critically touch upon the impacts of socio-technical change towards a renewables- based energy system on ecosystems, biodiversity and landscapes. 8. Renewables policy Questions focus on public policy design, implementation and evaluation and look for evidence guiding multi-level policy-processes and decision-making on renewable energy. 9. Renewables system design and integration across sectors Questions focus on specific features of renewables system design and the integration of socio-technical configurations, as well as policies, across sectors and implementation contexts. 10. Geography of renewables Questions relate to the geographical differences of emerging energy transitions and address aspects related to localities of renewable energy systems in different contexts. 11. Power dynamics & conflicts Questions reflect the role of power dynamics and conflicts within energy transitions towards renewables, and also consider power relations between different types of actors. All 100 presented research questions were identified using a Horizon Scanning exercise, conducted between August 2019 – October 2020. We identified 30 SSH renewable energy experts from across Europe, encompassing diverse SSH disciplines, interdisciplinary experiences, genders, geographies, research interests and career stages, and involved them in a Working Group. The horizon scan surveys of this Group, and further affiliated experts (85 respondents in total), generated a list of 280 research questions. After an initial editing process, 279 revised questions were presented to the Working Group in a second survey, in order to be ranked according to their research priorities. The results of this second survey were discussed and reviewed during two virtual workshops among the Working Group members. This deliberative process led to creating a final list of 100 priority questions for SSH research on renewables, organised in 11 themes. This list is not intended to be exhaustive or exclusive, instead it aims towards opening up new perspectives for further discussions between policymakers, funders and researchers on how SSH evidence on renewables can best support transitions towards climate-neutrality and towards more just and equal societies.

Die Avulsionsverletzungen des jugendlichen Sportlers werden in der taglichen Praxis nicht immer zeitgerecht diagnostiziert und einheitlich therapiert. Durch Aufarbeitung aktueller Literatur und Einbringung der eigenen Erfahrung werden die diagnostischen Zusammenhange und die geeigneten Therapieverfahren gewichtet und auf die Bedurfnisse der jugendlichen Sportler ausgerichtet. Die Apophysenausrisse der Huftregion im Jugendalter werden in die Region des Beckens und proximalen Femurs getrennt. Sie werden in Einklang mit der gangigen aktuellen Literatur nach Haufigkeit und Bedeutung erlautert. Die Therapievorschlage orientieren sich an Dislokationsgrad und Sportniveau. Die Haufigkeiten der Avulsionsverletzungen des Beckens verteilen sich in absteigender Reihung auf den Abriss des Tuber ischiadicum, die Spina iliaca anterior inferior, die Spina iliaca anterior superior und den Beckenkamm. Am proximalen Femur ist am haufigsten der Trochanter minor und selten der Trochanter major betroffen. Der Ausloser der Verletzung ist jeweils eine sehr spezifische typische akute Anspannung der an der jeweiligen Apophyse inserierenden Muskulatur in unterschiedlichen Sportarten. Die Therapie am Becken ist nur bei Leistungssportlern und grober Dislokation operativ, am Femur praktisch immer konservativ. Trotz moderner und effizienter Osteosynthesemethoden bleibt die Avulsionsverletzung der Apophysen der Huftregion die Domane der konservativen Therapie, auch beim Sportler. Durch konsequente Diagnostik und Therapie kann die Entstehung von Pseudarthrosen und heterotopen Ossifikationen reduziert werden.

Die Patellaluxation ist ein haufiges Ereignis im Kindes- und Jugendalter und kommt als traumatische, rezidivierende, habituelle und chronische Form vor. Es gibt eine Reihe luxationsbegunstigender anatomischer Faktoren. Die Therapie der traumatischen Erstluxation ist generell konservativ. Nur bei Vorliegen osteochondraler Fragmente oder sehr schweren Weichteilverletzungen kommt eine primare operative Behandlung in Frage. Fur die rezidivierende, habituelle und chronische Luxation sind operative Therapiemasnahmen uberlegen. Es kommt die Versetzung des M. vastus medialis, die Rekonstruktion des Lig. patellofemorale mediale, die Doppelung des medialen Retinakulums in Kombination mit einem lateralen Release und Zugelungen der Patella oder Versetzungen des Ansatzes des Lig. patellae zum Einsatz. Ein anderer Ansatz ist die Verbesserung des femoropatellaren Gleitlagers durch die Trochleaplastik. Alle Langzeitergebnisse, v. a. die mit knochernen Eingriffen am Patellarsehnenansatz oder der Trochlea, weisen gute Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die Verhinderung weiterer Luxationsereignisse aber mittelmasige im Hinblick auf die Entstehung einer Femoropatellargelenkarthrose auf.

A slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) is the most common disease of the hip among adolescents. In the light of our current knowledge on the development of coxarthrosis, it represents a first line model case that has led to a series of novel ideas in the therapy for SUFE. The development of coxarthrosis from a cam impingement, i.e., the loss of offset of the neck of the femur and degenerative damage to the acetabular lip as its early form, is seen again in the clinical picture of slipped upper femoral epiphysis. Depending on the degree of slippage, we see a varying severity of the loss of offset and thus also different extents of the potential damage to the hip joint. This knowledge is by no means new. The questions of reorientation of the epiphysis of the humeral head and thus restoration of the anatomy of the coxal end of the femur have been addressed by renowned surgeons and answered with the development of widely varying procedures for surgical correction. However, within the framework of the surgical techniques introduced for treatment of impingement syndromes of the hip, these therapeutic options have been supplemented and broadened. The current discussion about the best therapeutic strategies emphasizes the fascination of the clinical entity of upper femoral epiphysis and constitutes a central component of this article.

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Single cell studies aimed at clarifying the nature and clonality of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin's disease (HD) have so far produced conflicting results. Using an improved single cell procedure, the HRS cells of 25 patients with nodular sclerosing HD lacking B- and T-cell antigens, with and without Epstein-Barr virus infection, were analyzed for the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangements. One patient with HD developed follicular lymphoma 2 years later. Both lymphomas originated from a common precursor identified as a germinal center B cell. The data show that all but one of the investigated cases harbored rearranged Ig genes, which were clonal in all instances and carried a high load of somatic mutations. The Ig coding capacity was preserved in 18 of the 24 cases (75%) with rearrangements. However, expression of Ig messenger RNA was not detectable in the HRS cells with the exception of Ig kappa light chain expression in some tumor cells of 1 case. The lack of Ig gene transcription in HRS cells was confirmed by analyzing the HD cell lines L428 and KM-H2 in transient transfection experiments. An Ig promoter/enhancer reporter construct showed virtually no activity in these cells compared to 5 control B-cell lines. We conclude that (1) classical HD is a B-cell lymphoma in most instances, (2) HRS cells are clonal without any exception, (3) they are derived from germinal center B-cells that (4) mostly lack crippling mutations but (5) have consistently lost their Ig gene transcription ability, due to functional defects in the Ig gene regulatory elements. (Blood. 2000;95:1443-1450)

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Death-inducing ligands (DILs) such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) or the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin have been shown to activate a nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB)-dependent program that may rescue cells from apoptosis induction. We demonstrate here that TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), a recently identified DIL, also activates NFkappaB in lymphoid cell lines in a kinetic similar to TNFalpha. NFkappaB activity is independent from FADD, caspases, and apoptosis induction. To study the influence of NFkappaB activity on apoptosis mediated by TRAIL, CD95, TNFalpha, or doxorubicin, NFkappaB activation was inhibited using the proteasome inhibitor N-acetyl-L-leucinyl-L-leucinyl-L-norleucinal or transient overexpression of mutant IkappaBalpha. Sensitivity for induction of apoptosis was markedly increased by these treatments in apoptosis sensitive cell lines. Moreover, both in cell lines and in primary leukemia cells that are resistant towards induction of apoptosis by DILs and doxorubicin, antagonization of NFkappaB activity partially restored apoptosis sensitivity. These data suggest that inhibition of NFkappaB activation may provide a molecular approach to increase apoptosis sensitivity in anticancer treatment.