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The Las Minas area corresponds to an exhumed geothermal system considered a proxy for the deep part of the nearby Los Humeros active geothermal system. The stratigraphic succession is made up of: Palaeozoic-Miocene granitoids, a thick Jurassic- Cretaceous carbonate succession, Neogene lava flows and volcano-sedimentary deposits. Linked to a Miocene magma intrusion, marble and skarn rock-volumes developed by contact metamorphism and geothermal fluid flow. Faults are arranged in SW- and NNW-striking systems. These controlled the morphological evolution and favored Neogene-Quaternary dyke emplacement. Faulting gave rise to a tectonic depression where lacustrine sediments and pyroclastics deposited. Skarn rocks are mainly located at fault intersections and along pre-existing discontinuities, suggesting the role of bedding and/or fractures in channeling deep fluids. Results give inputs for exploration at depth of Los Humeros geothermal system.

Data gathered from two geothermal exploration wells in the Acoculco caldera, within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, indicated that temperature is high enough for economic utilization, but permeability is insufficient. Hence, heat exploitation at this location may only be possible by Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) technologies. To evaluate the potential for EGS development, a wide range of exploration work has been carried out in the framework of the international research project GEMex. In this manuscript, we present best estimates of the in-situ stress field conditions at the site - an important, yet highly uncertain, parameter for stimulation planning. The study is based on geological data, drilling parameters, geophysical logging, laboratory measurements on collected rock samples, and statistical analyses. The in-situ stress regime of the Acoculco geothermal area can be described as transtensional with a maximum horizontal stress striking in the NE-SW direction, a pore pressure gradient of 8.73 MPa·km-1, a minimum horizontal stress gradient of 22.8 ± 3.3 MPa·km-1, a vertical stress gradient of 24.3 ± 1.5 MPa·km-1, and a maximum horizontal stress gradient of 42.9 ± 28.5 MPa·km-1. Based on the predicted stress tensor, we estimate the maximum pressure required to enhance the rock permeability and discuss the potential EGS development options for the Acoculco geothermal area.

To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies (20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events42Mb in 97 (0.25%) women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases.

Introduction: Circadian disruption has been linked to carcinogenesis in animal models and to breast cancer in humans. However, the evidence for other types of cancer is inconclusive. Variations in genes involved in circadian rhythm provide a tool to investigate such associations. Methods: We examined associations of genetic variation in nine core circadian rhythm genes and six melatonin pathway genes with risk of colorectal, lung, ovarian and prostate cancers using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from GAME-ON. The major results for prostate cancer were replicated in PLCO, and for colorectal cancer in GECCO. The total number of cancer cases and controls was 15,838/18,159 for colorectal, 14,818/14,227 for prostate, 12,537/17,285 for lung and 4,369/9,123 for ovary. For each cancer site, we used the SNP summary statistics for the candidate gene regions imputed to 1000 Genomes. Gene-level and pathway-level analyses were conducted using the summary-based Adaptive Rank Truncated Product method (sARTP). Results: Aggregate genetic variation in circadian rhythm and melatonin pathways were significantly associated with the risk of prostate cancer in data combining GAME-ON and PLCO, after Bonferroni correction (Ppathway

Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 11 independent susceptibility loci associated with bladder cancer risk. To discover additional risk variants, we conducted a new GWAS of 2422 bladder cancer cases and 5751 controls, followed by a meta-analysis with two independently published bladder cancer GWAS, resulting in a combined analysis of 6911 cases and 11 814 controls of European descent. TaqMan genotyping of 13 promising single nucleotide polymorphisms with P < 1 x 10(-5) was pursued in a follow-up set of 801 cases and 1307 controls. Two new loci achieved genome-wide statistical significance: rs10936599 on 3q26.2 (P = 4.53 x 10(-9)) and rs907611 on 11p15.5 (P = 4.11 x 10(-8)). Two notable loci were also identified that approached genome-wide statistical significance: rs6104690 on 20p12.2 (P = 7.13 x 10(-7)) and rs4510656 on 6p22.3 (P = 6.98 x 10(-7)); these require further studies for confirmation. In conclusion, our study has identified new susceptibility alleles for bladder cancer risk that require fine-mapping and laboratory investigation, which could further understanding into the biological underpinnings of bladder carcinogenesis.

Interpretation of reflection seismic data integrated with existing crustal models provide an interpretation of the deeply buried Mesozoic extensional geometry of the Vøring and Møre margins in the Norwegian Sea. Whereas Late Paleozoic to Triassic basins are limited by high angle normal faults with NW and SE dips, the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Vøring and Møre basins are characterised by low-angle normal faults that dip towards the NW. Between the Vøring and Møre basins, at the SE end of the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone, a synthetic transfer zone is interpreted. Geometrical models based on basin and fault geometries show that the rift system detached near the upper crust-lower crust transition in the study area. This rift system accommodated between 110 and 140 km of post-Early Jurassic extension according to the geometry of the present-day pre-Cretaceous upper crust. A simple geometrical forward model suggests that a substantial part of this stretching occurred during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene, thinning the central and NW segments of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rift. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The three-dimensional (3-D) crustal structure of the Vøring Margin is investigated by integrating results from reflection and wide-angle seismic data, well log data, and 3-D gravity modeling. The reduced "crustal" Bouguer anomaly, obtained after computing the gravity effects of the water layer and Cenozoic and Cretaceous sedimentary cover, displays an arcuate-shaped gravity high that coincides with the Cretaceous subbasins. The Pre-Cretaceous layer varies in thickness from 7 to 8 km below the Vøring Marginal High to, This research has benefitted from a collaborative project between Norsk Hydro Oil Division and the Institute of Earth Sciences (ICTJACSIC).

XXVII General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society (EGS), 22 Apr 2002, Nice, France

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Phrynoponera Wm. M. Wheeler Worker.-Allied to Bothroponera but distinguished by the following characters: body shorter and stouter; mandibles narrower, not triangular, their basal and external borders parallel, the apical border oblique, bluntly dentate, not forming a distinct angle with the basal border. Clypeus short, elevated in the middle, with a median furrow and a ridge on each side, the anterior border broadly rounded and entire or bluntly bidentate, posteriorly extending back between the frontal carinae as a narrow acute point. Frontal carinae expanded as lobes but the latter are not thickened as in Bothroponera, but depressed except at the edges which are smooth and slightly elevated, concealing the insertions of the antennae as in Bothroponera. Eyes rather large and convex, broadly elliptical, placed just in front of the middle of the head. Antennae stout, 12-jointed as in most Ponerinae. Thorax with broad pronotum; premesonotal suture distinct, arcuate; mesoepinotal and mesepisternal sutures obsolete. Epinotum with two stout spines. Petiole surmounted by a flattened scale which curves back over the postpetiole and terminates in a comb consisting of five acute, flattened teeth. Remainder of abdomen very short, oval, the postpetiole which forms nearly half of it, not truncated but rounded in front and not separated by a constriction from the first gastric segment, though the stridulatory surface is well developed as in Bothroponera. Sting very long; longer, more slender and more acute than in the latter genus. Legs rather long and stout; middle and hind tibia each with a long pectinated and a simple lateral spur; claws simple. Sculpture of body coarse; pilosity short, abundant, coarse and erect. Female winged, but wings unknown; in other respects very similar to the worker and scarcely larger. Ocelli small. Pronotum broad and exposed; mesonotum and scutellum flat, together nearly circular, each being broader than long. Male unknown. Genotype: Bothroponera gabonensis Em. André.

Pheidole megacephala, (Fabricius) Niangara, [[worker]]; Akenge, [[queen]]; Stanleyville, [[queen]]; Banana, [[soldier]], [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin); Zambi, [[soldier]], [[worker]], [[queen]] (Bequaert and Lang); Matadi, [[soldier]],[[worker]]; Thysville, [[worker]]; Boma, [[soldier]], [[worker]], [[queen]]; Malela, [[soldier]], [[worker]], [[queen]] (J. Bequaert). All these specimens belong to the typical form of this well-known tropicopolitan pest. I have been unable to recognize among it If Forel's subspecies nkomoana, originally described from the vicinity of Stanleyville. In the colony taken at Zambi by Lang and Bequaert there are several specimens of an interesting Microdon larva, which is figured and described in Part VI. The female specimens from Akenge and Stanleyville, five in number, were taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo polycercus) and a frog (Rana, mascareniensis)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 131

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Phasmomyrmex buchneri (Forel) Lukolela, [[worker]]; Avakubi, [[worker]]; Medje, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin); Lubutu, [[worker]] (J. Bequaert). Single specimens. Those from Avakubi and Lukolela were taken on fire-wood brought in from the forest., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 256

Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subspecies brutus variety lycurgus Emery Two major and four minor workers, taken at Leopoldville (Lang and Chapin), may be referred to this variety, which has the dark head and thorax of the typical subspecies solon., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 236

Crematogaster (Atopogyne) africana subspecies laurenti variety zeta (Forel) Many workers and a few females taken by Dr. Bequaert at Pale (Niembo, between Warikale and Lubutu) from the myrmecodomatia of Plectronia Laurentii (Part IV) and at Leopoldville in the rudimentary leaf pouches of Randia physophylla (Part IV); also by Lang and Chapin at Stanleyville in the stem cavities of Cuviera angolensis (Part IV.) The female of this form is black and striated as in the typical C. africana., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 157

Pheidole aurivillii Mayr variety attenuata Santschi Medje, [[soldier]], [[worker]]; Bafwabaka, [[soldier]], [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin); Walikale to Lubutu, [[worker]], [[worker]], [[queen]], "taken from a colony under bark of a fallen tree trunk" (J. Bequaert). I refer numerous specimens from these localities to Santschi's variety, because they are of very small size and dark color, the soldiers measuring only 3.5 to 4 mm., the workers 2 to 2.5 mm. The type of the species is considerably larger (soldier, 4.6 to 5 mm.; worker, 3 mm.). According to Santschi, the species varies much in stature and color. The females from Walikale measure 7 mm. and are dark brown, like the soldiers and workers, with dull yellowish brown wings. If I am correct in my interpretation, attenuata would more properly constitute a distinct subspecies., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 129-130

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Polyrhachis (Myrma) militaris subspecies cupreopubescens variety nkomoensis Forel A single worker from Akenge, taken from the stomach of a toad (Bufo polycercus). As Forel states, the epinotal teeth of this variety are very long, erect, and strongly recurved. The middle pair of petiolar spines are more erect and less inclined backward than in the typical cupreopubescens, and the lateral spines are much longer, more slender, and farther from the median pair. The pubescence seems to be dimmer and less golden, but this may be due to the action of the toad's gastric juices., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 261

Crematogaster castanea subspecies inversa variety flaviventris (Santschi) Many workers from Garamba (Lang and Chapin), without further data. Both this and the variety analis were originally described from the Belgian Congo. The varietv flaviventris has also been taken in Uganda (C. Alluaud)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 152

Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus subspecies solon Forel Bafwabaka. [[soldier]] [[worker]]; Niangara, [[soldier]]; Akenge, [[soldier]]; Medje, [[soldier]] (Lang and Chapin). All the specimens from the three former localities, twenty in number, were taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo regularis, funereus, and polycercus), the single specimen from Medje from the stomach of a frog (liana albolabris)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 235

Xiphomyrmex occidentalis Santschi subspecies akengensis, new subspecies Worker. - Length 1.8 to 2 mm. Smaller than the typical form, which measures 3.5 mm., with the mandibles red, the tarsi, middle and hind coxae and tips of fore coxae brownish yellow, and the remainder of the legs and the antennae reddish brown. The seventh funicular joint is as long as broad; the eyes smaller and more flattened than in the type, scarcely more than one-sixth as long as the side of the head, with the anterior orbits somewhat narrowed and bluntly pointed. The postpetiole is twice as broad as long, its node somewhat transverse and compressed anteroposteriorly, the petiolar nods also somewhat broader and more squamiform than in the type. In other respects agreeing very closely with Santschi's figure and description. Described from numerous specimens taken at Akenge (Lang and Chapin) from a single colony in "a dark brown paper nest." There is nothing to show that these specimens were not inhabiting the abandoned nest of some other ant. A single dealated female from Liberia in my collection belongs, in all probability, to this subspecies. It measures nearly 2.5 mm. and is very much like the worker. The larger eyes are not bluntly pointed in front, though rather flat. The thorax is small, with small mesonotum, bluntly pointed in front and not covering the pronotum, the epinotal spines are much stouter and further apart than in the worker, the petiolar node is broader, more squamiform and more transverse above, more sharply separated from the peduncle, and with its anterior surface decidedly concave. The color is the same as that of the worker, the body being brownish black with the appendages paler., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 194

Tetraponera mocquerysi subspecies emacerata (Santschi) Stanleyville, [[worker]]; Faradje, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin); Lubutu, [[worker]]; Kasonsero on the Semliki River, [[worker]] (J. Bequaert). In the narrow head and in coloration, the workers agree with Santschi's figure and description. The females, two in number, are dealated and have the head narrow as in the workers, but with the cheeks more concave, the anterior border more dilated, and the posterior corners more rectangular and less rounded. They measure 7 to 7.5 mm.; the workers about 5 to 6 mm., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 107

Rhoptromyrmex opacus Forel Numerous workers taken at Thysville by Bequaert. These were found nesting in sandy soil in the savannah., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 195

Tetraponera F. Smith Worker.-Small, monomorphic or very rarely (in one South African species, T. ambigua Emery, according to Arnold) with the head dimorphic. Body long and slender. Head subrectangular, with large or very large, moderately convex eyes, onethird to two-fifths as long as the head; ocelli vestigial, often absent. Mandibles short and stout, with distinct basal and apical border, the latter with a small number of subequal teeth. Clypeus extremely short, steep, elevated in the middle but not extending back between the frontal carinae, the anterior border emarginate, dentate or crenulate. Frontal carinae small, short, closely approximated, lobular anteriorly, often slightly diverging behind. Maxillary palpi 5-jointed; labial palpi 4-jointed. Antennae short, 12-jointed, the funiculi somewhat thickened at their tips, without distinct clava. Thorax narrow, with well-developed premesonotal and mesoepinotal sutures and a distinct metanotal sclerite, often constricted in the mesoepinotal region. Epinotum large and rather high, always unarmed. Petiole and often also the postpetiole pedunculate, rather long and slender, both with low, rounded nodes, their ventral portions not swollen or with stout teeth. Gaster narrow and elongate oval, with well-developed, exserted sting. Middle and hind tibiae with pectinated median spurs; claws toothed. 1 Wheeler, W. M. and Bailey, I. W., 1920. ' The feeding habits of pseudomyrmine and other ants.' Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philadelphia, N. S., XXII, pt. 4, pp. 235-279, Pls. l-v. 2 1899, 'Intorno alle larve di alcune formiche.' Mem. Accad. Sc. Bologna, (5) VIII, pp. 3-10, 2 Pls. 3 Wheeler, W. M., 1919. ' The ants of the genus Metapone Forel.' Ann. Ent. Soc. America, XII, pp. 173-101, 7 figs. Female very similar to the worker and scarcely larger, winged; the wings short, the anterior pair with a discoidal, two closed cubital cells and a rather narrow, closed radial. Male scarcely smaller than the worker and very similar except for the wings. Head shorter. Eyes and ocelli well developed, convex. Mandibles well developed, with dentate apical borders. Antennae 12-jointed, the scape but little longer than the second funicular joint, the first joint much shorter than the second, not swollen. Mesonotum depressed, not overarching the pronotum, without Mayrian furrows and with very feeble parapsidal furrows. There is, at least in some species, a concavity in the pro- and mesosterna, extending dorsally nearly to the mesonotal scutum. External genitalia well developed, exserted. Cerci present. Wings as in the female. Larva hypocephalic, with papillary exudatoria on the three thoracic and first abdominal segments. Dorsal surface with long straight hairs, hooked at their tips. Donisthorpe (1916, Ent. Record, XXVIII, pp. 242-244) has shown that Sima Roger, the name used by most authors for this genus, must be sunk as an isonym of Tetraponera F. Smith, contrary to Emery's contention(1915, Zool. Anzeiger, XLV, p. 265). The case seems to be very clear, as Smith founded his genus Tetraponera (1852) on two species, atrata (= Eciton nigrum Jerdon) and testacea. The latter he afterwards (1855) placed in the genus Pseudomyrma. Roger founded his genus Sima in 1863 on S. compressa Roger (= Pseudomyrma? allaborans Walker). Later (1900) Emery separated the genus Sima into two subgenera, Sima, sensu stricto, and Tetraponera, the former with, the latter without ocelli in the worker and selected Eciton rufonigrum Jerdon as the type of Sima, sensu stricto. This was an improper procedure, since the worker of Roger's type species, S. allaborans has no ocelli. Examination of the males of several of the Indomalayan species of Tetraponera shows that they all have 12-jointed antennae. This is also true of the males of Pachysima, Viticicola, and even of Pseudomyrma and, hence, of the whole tribe Pseudomyrmini of Emery. Nevertheless, in his recent classification of the Myrmicinae (1914, Rend. Accad. Sc. Bologna, p. 34) he cites the males of this tribe as having 13-jointed antennae. Bingham and Arnold also give the same number for Tetraponera, and Santschi, who was the first to describe the male of Pachysima aethiops, failed to notice that it has 12-jointed antennae. The genus Tetraponera is distributed over the Ethiopian, Malagasy, Indomalayan, Papuan, and Australian Regions (Map 18), being best represented in the Ethiopian and Indomalayan. One species, T. bifoveolata, (Mayi"), was taken by Dr. W. M. Mann as far north as Palestine. The species all nest in plant cavities (dead wood, twigs, stems of lianas, acacia spines, etc.) and are very quick in their movements. Their habits throughout are very similar to those of the allied Neotropical genus Pseudomyrma. The species of the latter, however, are much more numerous and constitute an abundant and conspicuous part of the Neotropical ant-fauna, whereas the species of Tetraponera are comparatively rare ants.

Cataulacus erinaceus Stitz Text Figure 46 Stanleyville, [[worker]]; Risimu, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin). The collection contains many workers of this large and beautiful species, originally described and figured by Stitz from the Cameroon and Spanish Guinea. Forel many years ago gave me a specimen labelled " Cataulacus princeps Emery" and has himself referred to it under that name, winch seems to exist only in manuscript. Lang and Chapin found this ant running up and down large trees., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 197

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Pheidole kohli Mayr, variety A single imperfect soldier and five females, three of them winged, taken from the stomachs of a toad (Bufo regularis) and a frog (Rana ornatissima,) from Garamba (Lang and Chapin), appear to represent an undescribed variety or subspecies of kohli, the soldier being darker and having a distinctly narrower head. The pedicel, gaster and funiculi are, however, lacking in the single specimen of the soldier. It seems to be undesirable to base a new name on such defective material., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 131

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Polyrhachis (Myrma) schistacea subspecies atrociliata Santschi variety benguelensis Santschi Six workers from Yakuluku and one from Garamba (Lang and Chapin) run to this variety in Santschii table.1 The hairs on the body are black, short and sparse, whereas in the typical atrociliata they are long and abundant., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 261

Euponera (Mesoponera) subiridescens, new species Text. Figure 15 Worker,- Length 6,5 to 7 mm. Head longer than broad, as broad in front as behind, with feebly and broadly excised posterior border and feebly convex sides. Eyes rather large, feebly convex, placed with their posterior orbits just in front of the middle of the sides. Mandibles very long, narrow, with feebly concave external borders, the apical border very long, toothless except at the tip where there are four small, blunt, oblique teeth. Clypeus carinate, its anterior border broadly projecting, sinuate on each side of the middle and also more deeply at each mandibular insertion. Frontal carinae short, their upper surfaces rather concave. Antenna; slender, the scapes extending beyond the posterior border of the head a distance nearly equal to twice their greatest diameter; funicular joints 1 and 2 subequal, almost twice as long as broad; joints 3 to 5 somewhat shorter; remaining joints, except the last, little, if at all longer than broad. Pronotum rather convex and rounded, as long as broad; mesonotum transverse, semicircular, surrounded by an impressed suture. Mesoepinotal constriction distinct. Epinotum as long as the pro- and mesonotum together, the base rounded and convex, somewhat lower than the mesonotum, passing gradually into the somewhat longer, sloping declivity, which is flat, bluntly marginate on the sides. Petiolar scale shaped as in ingesta, but not so thick, with the anterior surface more flattened and the posterior not impressed in the middle. Gaster short and stout, convex above, the postpetiole truncated in front, the constriction between it and the succeeding segment very feeble. Legs moderately long. Shining; mandibles more so than the remainder of the body, smooth, with only a few large punctures along the apical margin. Remainder of body very finely but not deeply punctate and less densely than in ingesta. Hairs lacking, except on the mandibles, clypeus, pygidium, and hypopygium, where they are pale yellow and rather long; the pubescence, too, is yellowish and rather long and abundant on the body and appendages, longest on the gaster. Deep castaneous, almost black; the head and thorax with a more or less distinct blue iridescence as in some species of Lobopelta (iridescens, chinensis); inner borders of mandibles, the legs, antennae, and tip of gaster somewhat paler and more reddish. Described from six sDecimens, all from the stomachs of toads; four from Akenge (type locality) from the stomach of Bufo polycercus, one from Medje from the stomach of B. super ciliaris, and one from Ngayu from the stomach of B. tuberosus (Lang and Chapin). Both this and the preceding species seem to be very distinct from any of the previously described African species of Mesoponera., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 83-84

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Paltothyreus Mayr Worker.-Large black ants, with monomorphic workers. Clypeus in the middle with an elevated lobe, which is truncated anteriorly and projecting over the anterior clypeal border, marginate on the sides, excavated in the middle and extending back like a spearhead between the frontal carinae which are moderately dilated and subtriangularly lobate. Mandibles elongate, triangular, their apical borders finely denticulate. Antennal funiculi slightly thickened distally. Eyes situated in front of the middle of the head. Thorax unarmed, not impressed dorsally; promesonotal suture distinct, mesoepinotal suture obsolete dorsally. Petiole surmounted by an erect scale. Constriction between the postpetiole and the gaster feeble; gaster rather long. Claws with a tooth in the middle. Female very similar to the worker but considerably larger and winged; thorax depressed, pronotum broadly exposed. Male with triangular clypeus furnished near its anterior border with a small conical tubercle; its posterior portion not prolonged backward between the antennal insertions. Antennae long, scape much shorter than the second funicular joint. Pronotum above largely exposed; mesonotum with traces of Mayrian furrows. Petiole surmounted by a thick node, its ventral surface convex, but not toothed. Postpetiole; anteriorly with a strong tooth. Pygidium acutely pointed but not prolonged into a spine. This genus is monotypic, the single species P. tarsatus ranging over the whole of the Ethiopian Region (Map 8) as one of its most conspicuous and characteristic ants., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 60-61

Pachysima Emery Worker.-Closely related to Tetraponera but larger and more robust, with smaller eyes but distinct ocelli and the Frontal carina; decidedly longer and farther apart. Maxillary palpi 5-jointed; labial palpi 4-jointed. Both the petiole and postpetiole armed beneath with stout teeth. Claws toothed as in Tetraponera, Female.-Much like the worker. Wings very long, with venation like that of Tetraponera; radial cell long and narrow. Male.-Resembling the female and with very similar wings. Antennae 12- jointed; scapes only a little longer than the Second funicular joint; first funicular joint not swollen, much shorter than the second. Mesonotum without Mayrian furrows. Pro- and mesosterna not separated by a deep concavity. Petiole and postpetiole not dentate beneath. External genital valves large and stout, strongly geniculate, with inturncd points. Larva without hooked dorsal hairs; the exudatoria on the three thoracic segments and first abdominal segment in the youngest stage (trophidium) long and digitiform. This genus comprises only two known species and was originally described by Emery as a subgenus. It is confined to West Central Africa (Map 19), its limited range being due to the fact that it lives in the hollow stems of Barteria, a genus of plants confined to the area marked on the accompanying map., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 112-113

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Var. minor Forel., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1923, Ants of the genera Myopias and Acanthoponera., pp. 175-192 in Psyche 30 on page 189

Plectroctena cristata Emery Text Figure 16 Medje, [[worker]]; Akenge, [[worker]] (Lang and Chapin). Eight specimens, all taken from the stomachs of toads (Bufo superciliaris, polycercus, and funereus)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 88

Xiphomyrmex Forel This genus is very closely related to Tetramorium, differing only in having the antennae of the worker and female 11- instead of 12-jointed. The scrobes of the antennae are well developed in all the species known to me. The genus is widely distributed, being represented by a number of species in tropical Africa, Madagascar, the Indomalayan and Australian Regions and by one species, X. spinosus (Pergande), with several subspecies, in the Sonoran Province of North America. The various species nest in the ground, like Tetramorium, often in very populous colonies., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 193

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Pheidole caflra subspecies senilifrons, new subspecies Text Figure 32 Soldier.-Length 4 mm. Differing from the typical form and the subspecies bayeri in the sculpture of the head, the sharp longitudinal rugae between the prolonged frontal carinae being surrounded by the rugae from the sides of the head, which run up to the posterior corners, then turn at a right angle and run transversely on the occipital lobes to the occipital furrow. These rugae are quite as strong as those on the front, but denser. The head is a little longer and a little more depressed posteriorly than in the variety thysvillensis, the transverse welt of the mesonotum less pronounced; the blunt epinotal spines distinctly shorter. The sculpture of the thorax and pedicel and the color and pilosity are much as in that variety. Worker.-Length 1.8 mm. Very similar to the worker thysvillensis but the pronotum is smooth and shining and the epinotal spines are shorter, less obtuse, and more erect. Four soldiers and a single worker from Yakuhiku, where they were found "nesting in a small mushroom-shaped termitarium" (Lang and Chapin)., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 130-131

Anochetus Mayr Worker.-Small ants with monomorphic workers. Head irregularly hexagonal. Mandibles inserted close together at the middle of its anterior border, linear, flattened, with three large terminal teeth bent inward at a right angle and with the inner border toothless or furnished with a row of minute denticles. Eyes usually well developed, rarely vestigial, in front of the middle of the sides of the head. Clypeus small, subtriangular, anteriorly projecting over the insertions of the mandibles and extending backward as a narrow process between the short frontal carinae, which are lobularly expended in front and more or less convergent posteriorly. Antennal foveae not confluent behind; head without an oblique welt or swelling on each side starting from the eye and bounding the antennal fovea; sides of head without a marked impression behind the antennal fovea. Antennae slender, 12-jointed; funiculi long, filiform, not enlarged apically. Thorax long and narrow, with distinct premesonotal and sometimes also mesoepinotal sutures; epinotum usually dentate. Petiole with a node or scale which may be conical and may terminate in a spine, or in two teeth or spines. Gaster oval, convex above, without a constriction between the postpetiole and the succeeding segment. Legs slender; middle and hind tibia; each with a single pectinated spur; claws simple. Female very similar to the worker; usually winged, but in some species wingless am. ergatoid. Male with the head of the usual shape, large eyes and ocelli and very small mandibles; antenna: very long; scape short, first funicular joint, broader than long. Petiole above more or less pointed or bidentate. No constriction between the postpetiole and the succeeding segment. Pygidium usually not terminating in a spine. Map 16. Distribution of the genus Anochetus. The genus comprises numerous species which form small colonies that nest in the ground under stones or in vegetable mould. Little is known of their habits. They range over the tropics of both hemispheres(Map 1G), one species, A. ghilianii (Spinola), even entering Spain from Morocco. The subgenus Stenomyrmex, of which only two species are known, is confined to the Neotropical Region., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 96-97

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Megaponera foetens (Fabricius) Plate VI, Figure 2 Zambi, [[worker]]; Niangara, [[worker]], [[queen]]; Rungu, [[worker]]; Avakubi, [[worker]]; Faradje, [[worker]]; Panga to Banalia, [[male]]; Boyulu, [[worker]]; Niapu, [[worker]]; Garamba, [[worker]]; Akenge, [[worker]]; Gamangui, [[worker]] (Langand Chapin); Malela, [[worker]] (J. Bequaert). Seventeen of the specimens from Boyulu, Niapu, Garamba, Akenge, and Gamangui were taken from the stomachs of four species of toads (Bufo funereus, superciliaris, regularis, and polycercus) and a male from Faradje was taken from the stomach of a frog (Rana occipitalis). The smaller individuals have the vertex and pronotum very shining, the mandibles toothless, and the funicular joints of the antenna; much shorter and more transverse than in the larger workers (Fig. la and b) and were therefore formerly regarded as a distinct species (M. crassicornis Gerstaecker). A worker media was also described by Emeiy as a distinct species, M., dohrni. At one time he interpreted the smaller individuals as the true workers and the larger as ergatomorphic females. Arnold, who found this view improbable for the reason that the large are about four times as numerous as the small individuals in the colony, has recently discovered the true female.1 It is of the ergatomorphic type, with a slender wingless thorax like the large worker and measures 18.5 mm. The petiole, however, is squamiform and not cuboidal as in the worker and the gaster is much more voluminous. It therefore resembles the females of Leptogenys (subgen. Lobopelta) and Onychomyrmex which I have described in former papers. Armies of Megaponera were frequently observed by Mr. Lang preying on termites or carrying the larvae and pupae in files, sometimes of 300 or more individuals. In the literature there are some interesting accounts of the habits of this ant.2 Wellman observed it in Benguela and informed Forel of its habit of marching in populous columns.3 In a later paper4 Forel published some observations of Prell on the same ant in German East Africa. He found it running in single file on the road. Most of the larger individuals were carrying worker and soldier termites in their jaws and Prell was struck both by the sonorous stridulation of the army and by its strong odor, which resembled that of oil of bitter almonds and was imparted to the alcohol of the vial in which the specimens were preserved. Similar observations were made by Bequaert in the Katanga.5 A more detailed, though incomplete, account of a raid on termites is given by Alluaud and Jeannel in Santschi's paper on the ants they collected in East Africa: When they are disturbed and run away the Megaponera foetens stridulate, and the noise made by a troop of them can be heard at a distance of several meters. We noticed this on several occasions, particularly at Fort Hall and New Moschi. At the latter station on the morning of April 10, 1912, in a corner of the forest at the edge of the Rau River, we encountered a troop of several hundred Megaponera marching in a column several abreast, apparently moving with decision to a predetermined goal. They descended the bank of the stream, stridulating loudly. We were unfortunately busily occupied at this spot collecting a lot of large Papilio which came down to the river to drink, so that we did not think of following the Megaponera army. An hour later these ants returned in good order in the reverse direction, each of them carrying in its mandibles a whitish pellet consisting of dead termites glued together with saliva. Some of them carried as many as ten to twelve termite workers thus agglutinated, others only two or three soldiers; one carried a dealated male, possibly the king of the plundered termitarium. The number of termites in a pellet varied with its size, but not an ant returned without something. While collecting a number of these Megaponera fcetens with their booty we experienced the effect of their sting, which is lancinating and very painful but very transitory. 1 1915. Ann. South African Mus., XIV, p. 48, footnote, fig. 2 Livingstone in his celebrated 'Missionary travels and researches in South Africa,' 1859, pp. 576- 577, has given what is apparently the earliest account of the termite hunting Ponerinae of Central Africa. His description of their foraging parties is remarkably accurate; he even mentions that "when disturbed, they utter a distinct hissing or chirping sound." 3 1909, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, LIII, p. 64. In Entomological News, XIX, 1908, p. 33, F. C. Wellman gives an account of what is evidently a raiding party of Megaponera foetens, but unfortunately calls the ant " Polyrhachis militaris cupreopubescens." 4 1911, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sc.Nat.,(5) XLVII, p. 361. See also Prell, H., 1911, 'Biologische Beo bachtungen an Termiten und Ameisen,' Zool. Anzeiger, XXXVIII, pp. 243-253. 5 1913, Rev. Zool. Afr., II, p. 422. In his monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa (loco citato, p. 47) Arnold says: It is a common ant in Rhodesia and lives almost exclusively on termites, which are carried off by means of carefully arranged raids in which the ants march in double file. This is the species which is popularly called the "Matabele" ant, and like its cousin Paltothyreus, it is also endowed with a very offensive odor. They stridulate very loudly when disturbed, and their sting is exceedingly painful. The entrance to the nest consists of one or more simple holes without any mounds of earth around them. In the Proceedings of the Rhodesian Scientific Association, XIII, 1914, p. 26 et seq., Arnold has recently published a fascinating description of the extraordinary way in which the Matabele ant changes its nesting site and is followed by its numerous guests. I quote the greater part of his account, as the journal in which it appeared may not be accessible to my readers: This is eminently a termitophagous species, and it is likely that it changes the site of its nest more often than is the case with the majority of our ants. When we bear in mind how continuous their assaults are on the colonies of termites, it seems very probable that the supply of the latter insects may be so diminished within the practical range of the camp of the raiders that the latter may find it advantageous to move their quarters from time to time to new and more fruitful country. The migration of this ant which I am about to describe is of particular interest, apart from the behavior of the guest insects, because it was the occasion of the discovery of the true queen of the species. * * * My attention was attracted to this migration by seeing a mass of these ants assembled together with their larvae and pupae, in the open. On one side, many workers were to be seen bringing along the larvae in their jaws, on the other side of this mass a few workers were moving in the other direction, in a somewhat hesitating manner. Following the track backwards, I came to the site of the old nest, situated about 15 feet away. Returning to the camp, it was seen that some workers had started to pick up the larvae again, and were carrying them yet further away from the original nest, only to be laid down again at about another 15 feet further away. Subsequent observations showed that the migration was carried out in three stages, three temporary camps being formed between the old and the new nests, which were about 60 feet apart. The method adopted by the insects was as follows. First of all, the eggs, larvae, pupae and males were taken from the old nest and put down at the first camp, from which many workers were to be seen hurrying back to fetch away the rest of their charges. In the meantime, a few workers were to be seen pacing up and down on the other side of the camp. They did not carry any larvae and it would almost seem as though they had some idea of the numerical composition of the colony, and of what the volume of the first camp should be, before the old nest could be considered to have been emptied by its inhabitants, and the proper moment to have arrived for another start to be made. However, after about six or seven minutes, the march recommenced; and within a short time the second camp had been made at a distance of about 15 feet from the first. Similarly a third and last camp was formed further on. It was while the first camp was about to break up that I saw an insect then much larger than the largest worker, and which, when captured in the third camp, proved, to my surprise, to be the queen. The entrance to the old nest was a hole about 1 inch across, which ran down vertically for about 5 inches and then branched off at an angle. Looking down this hole, the various guests and parasites could be seen climbing up the walls in an almost continuous stream, hastening to join their hosts in their new home. These insects comprised a Lepisma, two species of staphylinid beetles, a histerid beetle and an onthophagous beetle; there was also a spider. The Lepismas as usual were very plentiful; of the larger staphylinid I saw only one specimen, but of the smaller sort and of the other beetles very many examples occurred, and during the half hour or so through which I watched the procession, about two dozen specimens of the spider were counted. Had it been possible to have cinematographed the scene, it would have furnished us with a film of surpassing interest. Here, as in the case of Myrmicaria, the myrmecophiles were able to follow the tracks of their hosts without any delay or uncertainty. Occasionally one of the smaller staphylinids would leave the beaten track for a short distance and then return to it again a little further on, but to the majority of these commensals, the odour of their hosts had laid down a path as clearly marked as a macadamized road would be to our eyes, so that with the above exception, it was rare to see any of these insects swerve from the line of march by as much as an inch. This motley crew of cringers, thieves, murderers and body-snatchers did not appear to attract the slightest attention from their victims the ants, which were too busy with the work in hand to waste any time on the rabble following in their wake. Of all this crowd, the spiders alone were able to keep pace all the time with the ants, but the slowest, the very small histerid, even at its most feverish pace, did not succeed in covering more than 2 inches per minute, so that it would have arrived at the new nest about six hours after leaving the old. Those beetles which managed to reach the different camps, while these were still intact, buried themselves in the heap of larvae and cocoons, where they remained until the gradual depletion of the mass made it clear that they had not arrived at the site of the real nest and that another wearisome journey had to be made to attain their goal. The spiders moved about in the camps in a very easy and unconcerned manner, making no attempts to hide under the piles of cocoons. They ran over the backs of the ants, mingling in a friendly way with the crowd; yet even in the hurry and bustle of this march, it was not possible for these animals to conceal entirely their method of earning a living. A worker ant, carrying a larva in its jaws, was seen just about to pass a spider standing on the edge of the camp. The spider ran up to the worker, stroked it with its front pair of legs for a second or two, and then plunged its fangs into the larva. The latter was released by the ant after a little hesitation, and within five minutes had been sucked dry by the spider. We know that there are many ant parasites which live chiefly on the young of their hosts; but usually these insects offer, on various parts of their bodies, those bribes in the shape of trichomes which make the ants careless of, or oblivious to the true nature of their guests. On the other hand, there are the synceketes, or indifferently tolerated guests, with which perhaps the histerid and onthophagous beetles found on this occasion should be classed, which do not usually bear trichomes. They owe their immunity from attack on the part of the ants, either to their insignificant size, or to their awkward shape, which prevents the ants from seizing hold of them. But it is difficult to understand how the spiders can live unmolested in the nests of such a powerful and vicious ant as Megaponera foetens and be allowed to feed on the larva;, without apparently the mildest protest. They do not possess trichomes, nor are they so constructed, by smoothness or hardness of texture, as to prevent the ants from seizing hold of them. The staphylinids arc probably to be placed in the category of synechthrans, or inimically persecuted intruders, which includes a number of insects which skulk about ants' nests, and get a living by rummaging about in the refuse heaps or kitchenmiddens, or by attacking solitary workers in the lonely corners and by-ways of the settlement. * * * In conclusion, it should be pointed out that in these latitudes, migrations of ants can be expected to take place only after sunset, or if earlier, only on dull and cloudy days, as was the case with Megaponera, since the delicate larvae cannot bear a lengthy exposure to the rays of the sun. Two of the viah of Megaponera collected by Mr. Lang contained a number of cocoons and larvae in various stages, so that, on reading Arnold's account, it seemed probable that the brood might show adaptations to being carried about and exposed to the sunlight. A study of the material shows that such adaptations can be detected. The larvae (Fig. 8a and b) arc grayish white, long and subcylindrical, and only slightly curved, with strongly marked segments and with smooth, remarkably tough integument, which is quite hairless in all stages, a condition I have never observed in any other ant larva. The head is very large, rounded, strongly chitinized, and terminal, with long, acute, falcate, edentate mandibles, minute vestiges of antennae, and very prominent tactile sensillae on the maxillae and labium. The size of the head and mandibles shows that the larvae are fed on pieces of termites and not with regurgitated liquid food, and the strong integument is evidently an adaptation to exposure to the air and light and to the exigencies of frequent and protracted transportation in the powerful denticulate jaws of the workers. The nudity of the integument indicates that even the very young larvae are carried singly and not in bunches held together by interlocking hairs as in most other species of ants. The cocoons are black and remarkably tough, characters which I have observed in certain Australian Ponerinae of the genera Diacamma and Rhytidoponera as adaptations to exposure to sunlight.1 This interpretation is confirmed by Mr. Lang, who, without knowing of my observations, informed me that he was surprised to find Megaponera often exposing its dark cocoons in heaps to the sunlight. Recently, in a letter to Prof. Poulton,2 G. D. H. Carpenter records some additional observations which he was able to make on M. foetens southwest of Lake Victoria: I see a good deal of the ant Megaponera foetens here: one is always coming across their long, solemn, slowly marching, black processions -of any number from 50 to 500 or so. I have never seen them carrying any other booty but the species of termite which abounds here -the one I have alluded to before. It lives underground and makes no hills -coming out of little holes and running about, uncovered, in the open, to get bits of live or dead grass which it carries down the holes. Presumably in correlation with its open-air habits, its color is much darker than the large termite whose hills I used to destroy on the islands, and which devoured my house. This one does not attack wooden posts nor does it make covered runs. Curiously enough, I have never seen an}' soldiers, which is perhaps why Megaponera wages such ceaseless war against it. This ant, when it goes out in column, wanders about looking for the termite holes. Immediately one is found there is great excitement. The little bits of grass which sometimes plug the entrance are dragged out, and the ants scramble down the hole very shortly reappearing with termites, feebly struggling in their jaws. Sometimes there seems evidence of an underground barricade, as ants come up to the surface with bits of dead grass, etc., as if they were breaking down hastily erected barricades! One can almost picture the termites hastily throwing up partitions of grass and earth to keep back the invaders. It would be interesting to know if the reason why Megaponera is absent from some parts, is because this particularly defenceless termite is absent also., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on pages 64-69

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Macromischoides aculeatus variety wasmanni Forel Numerous workers from Zambi (Lang and Chapin); one female from Stanleyville. This variety is smaller than the typical aculeatus, with somewhat shorter epinotal spines, less regularly sculptured and somewhat paler., Published as part of Wheeler, W. M., 1922, The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition., pp. 39-269 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 45 on page 190