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Risk management is undergoing a great change, as organizations shift from the traditional and compartmental to an enterprise wide approach. Consequently, enterprise risk management (ERM) is gaining global attention among risk management professionals and academics. The demand for the adoption of ERM has led to several companies embracing it, yet its implementation has become challenging. Research shows that ERM approach emphasizes a holistic approach for assessing and evaluating the risks that an organization faces as against the “silo” approach of the traditional methods. The extant literature shows that through the reduction of the risk that an organization faces, ERM is capable of improving the performance and value. The study used a non-experimental correlational approach to explore the relationship between the presence of a chief risk officer (CRO) and an audit committee (AC), and the support of top management (TM) in relation to the implementation of ERM. A survey instrument was provided to self-identified risk-management professionals who are members of Survey Monkey Audience Service database. The target sample frame requested for analysis using a power of .95 was (n = 119). However, the final number analyzed was (n = 134). Frequencies and percentages were conducted on the demographic survey items and regression and correlational analyses were also performed. The study findings show that there was a significant relationship between the role of a CRO, the presence of an AC, and the support of TM and the level of ERM deployment. The study also found significant correlations between management support level and CRO, and AC. In addition, a much strong positive correlation was noted between the presence of a CRO and an AC.

Apoptosis is induced in various tumor cell lines by vector-dependent overexpression of the conserved gene C1D that encodes a DNA-binding and DNA-PK-activating protein. C1D is physiologically expressed in 50 human tissues tested, which points to its basic cellular function. The expression of this gene must be tightly regulated because elevated levels of C1D protein, e.g. those induced by transient vector-dependent expression, result in apoptotic cell death. Cells transfected with C1D-expressing constructs show terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling of DNA ends. Transfections with constructs in which C1D is expressed in fusion with the (enhanced) green fluorescent protein from A. victoria (EGFP) allow the transfected cells to be identified and the morphological changes induced to be traced. Starting from intense nuclear spots, green fluorescence reflecting C1D expression increases dramatically at 12–24 hours post-transfection. Expression of C1D-EGFP protein is accompanied by morphological changes typical of apoptotic cell death, e.g. cytoplasmic vacuolation, membrane blebbing and nuclear disintegration. Cell shrinkage and detachment from extracellular matrix are observed in monolayer cultures while suspension cells become progressively flattened. The facility to differentiate between transfected and non-transfected cells reveals that non-transfected cells co-cultured with transfected cells also show the morphological changes of apoptosis, which points to a bystander effect. C1D-dependent apoptosis is not induced in cells with non-functional p53. Accordingly, C1D-induced apoptosis is discussed in relation to its potential to activate DNA-PK, which has been considered to act as an upstream activator of p53.

This handbook written for the campesinos of the Mexican province of Sinlao can be useful to all peasants living far away from a doctor. It is written in the simplest language comprehensible to people with little or no education. Beside giving advice on what to do when a doctor is not available the book clearly describes which illnesses and diseases absolutely require medical attention and what to do in case of emergency. A long chapter is dedicated to the traditional witchcraft practices of the peasants explaining their danger. Other chapters are dedicated to the importance of good nutrition vaccination cleanliness childrens diseases and problems related to old age. Simple measures of preventive medicine are explained as well as how to treat the most common skin diseases. Special chapters are dedicated to pregnancy complications and to delivery and to modern methods of contraception. This book which is illustrated with simple explicative drawings has an appendix on the use and dosages of the most common drugs and a very useful short dictionary which translates into the dialects of the campesinos the most difficult medical words.

In addition to the monographs which have been published recently by the working group "Drug Monitoring" of the Swiss Society of Clinical Chemistry (SSCC) [1, 2], new monographs have been written. The aim of these monographs is to provide an overview on the information which is important for the request and interpretation of the results. Therefore, the targeted readers are laboratory health professionals and the receivers of the reports. In this series, aminoglycoside as well as glycopeptide antibiotics are presented. In addition, two antimycotic drugs, which are regularly quantified in sera of intensive care patients, are described. Also, the monograph on mebendazole is shown. This drug is often used in high doses for the treatment of infections with Echinococcus multilocularis for which the measurement of drug concentrations in serum is recommended. Information on the indication for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), protein binding, metabolic pathways and enzymes involved, elimination half-life and elimination routes, and therapeutic or toxic concentrations is provided. Because pre-analytical considerations are of particular importance for therapeutic drug monitoring, there is also information given at which time the determination of the drug concentration is reasonable and when steady-state concentrations are reached after changing the dose. Furthermore, the stability of the drug and its metabolite(s) after blood sampling is described. For readers with a specific interest, references to important publications are provided. The number of the monographs will be continuously increased. The updated files are presented on the homepage of the SSCC (www.sscc.ch). We hope that these monographs are helpful for the better handling of therapeutic drug monitoring and we are looking forward to comments by the readers. In Ergänzung zu den in den letzten Jahren publizierten Arzneimittelmonographien der Arbeitsgruppe Medikamente der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Klinische Chemie (SGKC) [1, 2], sind nun weitere Monographien erstellt worden. Ziel dieser Monographien ist es, dem Labormediziner bzw. dem Empfänger der Befunde eine Übersicht über die wichtigsten Informationen zu geben, die für die Veranlassung einer Analyse bzw. für die Interpretation der Resultate hilfreich sind. In dieser Serie werden die Aminoglykosid- und Glykopeptidantibiotika präsentiert, wie auch zwei Antimykotika, bei denen vor allem bei Intensivpatienten immer häufiger Messungen im Serum durchgeführt werden. Zusätzlich wird die Monographie von Mebendazol präsentiert, das im Rahmen der Infektionen mit Echinococcus multilocularis (Fuchsbandwurm) in hohen Dosen verabreicht und im Serum bestimmt wird. In den einzelnen Monographien werden klinisch pharmakologische Angaben wie zum Beispiel Indikation für das Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), Proteinbindungen, Metabolisierungswege und daran beteiligte Enzyme, Halbwertszeiten und Eliminationswege der Muttersubstanz, sowie Informationen zu therapeutischen bzw. toxischen Bereichen, zur Verfügung gestellt. Da die Präanalytik gerade beim Therapeutic Drug Monitoring eine wichtige Rolle spielt werden auch hier Angaben gemacht zu welchem Zeitpunkt eine Bestimmung der Arzneimittelkonzentration sinnvoll ist und wann, nach einer Dosisänderung, der steady-state erreicht ist. Außerdem werden Angaben über die Stabilität der Medikamente bzw. ihrer Metaboliten nach der Blutentnahme gemacht. Für die interessierten Leser sind die verwendeten Referenzen als Zitate aufgeführt. Die Zahl der Monographien wird fortlaufend ergänzt. Die aktuellsten Versionen der Monographien sind auf der Homepage der SGKC abrufbar (www.sscc.ch). Wir hoffen, dass diese Monographien im Umgang mit dem Therapeutic Drug Monitoring hilfreich sein werden und freuen uns über Kommentare und Bemerkungen.

Between 1980 and 1988, 94 patients with AJCC Stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of all sites of the upper aero-digestive tract were treated with radiotherapy. We report here on 62 patients who are followed for a minimum of 2 years. Of these, 30 patients were treated with conventional once-a-day radiotherapy and 32 patients were irradiated using an accelerated superfractionation regimen during part of the treatment course. The altered fractionation schedule employed a concomitant boost technique with clinically demonstrable disease being irradiated twice-a-day during the first or second half of the treatment course. Daily radiation fractions were 1.8 Gy and the boost field was treated with 1.6 Gy after a 4- to 6-hr interval. No significant differences in acute treatment toxicity were observed in the two treatment groups. Patients treated with conventional and accelerated fractionation regimens experienced 36 months actuarial local tumor control rates of 40% and 67% (p = 0.03), respectively, which translated into an actuarial disease-free survival of 40% and 64% (p = 0.04). The increased locoregional control rates in patients treated with accelerated fractionation were associated with an adjusted and overall survival advantage at the p = 0.05 level. We conclude that our regimen of accelerated superfractionated irradiation with shortening of the treatment course resulted in improved control and survival rates at conventional doses of 68.4 to 73.8 Gy.

The present study was concerned with the question of whether tonic resting heart rate (HR) and testing spontaneous electrodermal activity account for the association between anticipatory HR deceleration and task performance in a choice reaction time (RT) task with a fixed foreperiod. The task employed (a varied mapping paradigm) differed from simple RT tasks especially with regard to processing and attention demands. Subjects were required to determine as quickly and accurately as possible whether a ‘complex’ probe, presented for 80 ms, was identical or not to one of two distinct memory items, presented at the onset of each trial. Reaction times as well as accuracy of responses were determined. Additionally, reaction time and error data were synthesized to obtain a joint measure of response behaviour. The results of the present study were indicative of a reliable anticipatory HR deceleration extended over the last seconds preceding the probe stimulus. In agreement with previous findings, the HR deceleration grew stronger over blocks of trials and was sensitive to detection requirements, i.e. probe complexity. Furthermore, HR deceleration was related to task performance. Subjects with stronger decelerations (below the median on mean deceleration) exhibited a more impulsive (fast–inaccurate) and subjects above the median a more reflective (slow–accurate) response style. The effect was mainly due to a significant difference in RT. Further results indicated that the relationship between anticipatory deceleration and RT performance was especially due to the response behaviour of one group of subjects. Subjects above the median of resting HR and resting spontaneous electrodermal activity behaved in a prominent reflective manner and also displayed the lowest foreperiod deceleration. Results were discussed in terms of differences in the regulation or control of attentional processes.

We report here on radiation effects on two amplifiers used in high energy experiments. These are standard devices that are produced by LeCroy. We describe each of the devices and the experimental techniques. Finally, we present and discuss the results of our measurements.

This paper presents detailed results from noise measurements on fast pre-amplifiers for wire chamber applications. Emitter followers and source followers are compared with the well-known and widely-used common base amplifiers. The measurements show that for detectors with small stray capacitance (≤ 20pF) emitter followers and source followers give better results than common base amplifiers. Equivalent input noise charges as low as 260 electrons rms have been achieved with a gallium arsenide transistor used as a source follower (shaping time 18 ns). This value is lower by about a factor of 5 than that for a common base amplifier. Also bipolar transistors as emitter followers give good results (600 to 800 electrons rms).

In the second article on pediatric otolaryngology, speed of diagnosis is stressed as vital to prevent permanent aftereffects such as deafness or facial paralysis. Aggressive education of parents in preventing emergencies is recommended.

This paper addresses the usefulness of an orbiting gravity gradiometer as a sensor for mapping the fine structure of the Earth gravity field. The exact knowledge of this field is essential for studies of the solid Earth and the dynamics of the oceans. Although the Earth gravity tensor, measured by a gradiometer assembly, has nine components, only five components are independent. This latter fact is as a consequence of the symmetry and conservative nature of the Earth's gravity field. The most dominant component is the radial one. The error analyses considered here are therefore based only upon a single axis gradiometer sensing this radial component. The expected global gravity and geoid errors for a 50 x 50-km (1/2° x 1/2°) area utilizing a space-borne gradiometer with a precision of 10-3 EU in a 160-km circular polar orbit are about 3 mGAL and 5 cm, respectively.

Twenty-three patients with advanced recurrent head and neck carcinoma were randomized to receive either high dose methotrexate with calcium leucovorin rescue (HDMTX) or HDMTX in combination with bacilli Calmette Guerin (HDMTX/BCG). An additional eight patients were treated with escalating doses of HDMTX ranging from 1 to 7 g of methotrexate. Of 12 patients receiving HDMTX, one complete response and two partial responses were noted. Of 11 patients in the HDMTX/BCG group, one complete response and two partial responses were observed. Only one partial response was noted in eight patients receiving escalating doses of the drug. Responses were brief and no significant difference in response duration was seen in any particular group. Toxicities in all groups were tolerable. BCG did not improve response rate, median duration of response, or median survival in these patients. Reported experiences with high dose methotrexate have been reviewed and again, responses to "high dose methotrexate" were found to be of brief duration. Despite acceptable toxicity, the brief duration of response and cost of such therapy raises serious question on the usefulness of chemoimmunotherapy utilizing high dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue and BCG in the management of advanced recurrent carcinomas of the head and neck region.

The Airborne Laser Ranging System (ALRS) is a proposed multibeam subnanosecond pulse laser ranging system on board an aircraft. It simultaneously measures the distances between the aircraft and six laser retroreflectors (targets) deployed on the Earth's surface with ±1cm precision. Depending on the host aircraft and terrain characteristics, the system can interrogate hundreds of small targets distributed over an area as large as 6×104 sq kilometers in a matter of hours. Potentially, a total of 1.3 million individual range measurements can be made in one six hour flight. Trilateration techniques are used to derive the intersite vectors between laser ground targets with precisions as high as one part in 107. Since all data is initiated, received, collected and processed in the aircraft via totally passive ground targets, there is no need for complex ground instrumentation or skilled personnel in the field. The high precision, speed, and large area coverage of the ALRS make it an attractive and highly cost e...

The theory of evolution is a body of concepts and relations that applies to social and cultural phenomena as well as to biological ones. The fundamental ideas of the theory-taxonomy, developmental relations, processes of change, and directionality-are shown to apply to human society and culture. Next it is argued that an evolutionary approach implies that the tension between "value-free" and value-biased research is essential to adaptation. Finally, it is suggested that the application of the theory to human affairs leads to recognition both of the enormous importance of traditions and of the growing utility of science, especially social science, for policy creation and evaluation.

The equations describing the noise performance of charge sensitive amplifiers have been reported in several papers. In this article, these equations are evaluated for several practical sets of amplifier parameters under a wide variety of operational conditions. These data are presented as a series of plots of noise versus amplifier shaping time. The results are compared with measurements made upon several versions of the LeCroy HQV810 amplifier hybrids.

Presentation of Case A 19-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of an aural polyp. Three months previously the patient noticed pain and a sensation of blockage in the left ear, with dim...

The Mark II Minitrack receives satellite signals at a frequency of 108 Mc/s. Observations give the times corresponding to zero and 180° difference in phase of the satellite signal as it is received at two separate antennas. The predicted positions of the satellite for these times are compared with the deduced positions of the satellite for the same times. From these comparisons, corrections to the observer's latitude and longitude (but not height above the reference ellipsoid) are obtained.

THE OTOLARYNGOLOGIST needs an adequate method of treatment for those patients who suffer with vasomotor rhinitis so severe that it defies conventional forms of therapy. It is frequently impossible to differentiate in a patient with a perennial problem, whether he suffers from true allergic vasomotor rhinitis. The diagnosis and management of seasonal allergic rhinitis is fairly satisfactory. The cause of perennial rhinitis is frequently elusive. If the physician and patient cooperatively discover the offending allergens or irritants, control of the disorder is possible. All too often, however, despite extensive allergic testing and food elimination tests no cause is found. In such instances one has to resort to less rational forms of therapy, such as the administration of drugs and performance of various intranasal procedures to produce a larger nasal airway. In this discussion we are concerned, then, with the patient who has chronic or frequently recurring nasal obstruction, watery rhinorrhea

Etude comparative du conflit cognitif interpersonel en Europe occidentale et aux Etats-Unis,—La recherche a ete menee conjointement dans divers pays europeens (Grande-Bretagne, France, Italic, RFA) et aux Etats-Unis, selon la měme procedure. On induit des differences cognitives detetminees entre les 2 membres d'un groupe, en les entra[icaron]nant differemment (ce dont ils ne sont pas conscients) dans une t[acaron]che d'apprentissage portant sur des problěmes politiques; il s'ensuit un conflit quand on reunit les deux sujets et qu'on leur demande d'aboutir a des solutions communes. Les resultats montrent que—a) les differences cognitives ne sont pas reduites en Europe alors qu'elles le sont, lentement, aux Etats-Unis;—b) les sujets europeens aboutissent moins souvent que les sujets americains a des solutions de compromis;—c) les europeens reagissent differemment a l'idee de ≪ Controle de l'Etat ≫. Ce type de recherche peut ětre utilise pour etudier le conflit cognitif sur une base interculturelle;...

1. Bei dem Stamm M 2 von Cyclotella cryptica, der seit mehr als 5 Jahren in Kultur gehalten wird, traten bei einer Anzucht in hochgereinigtem Wasser mit suprapur und p. a. Nahrsalzen Wachstumshemmungen auf. Diese Hemmungen liesen sich nicht durch Zugabe von bisher bekannten biologisch wirksamen Spurenelementen und Vitaminen aufheben. 2. Diese Wachstumshemmung wird charakterisiert durch eine erst im Laufe von 1–2 Wochen bemerkbare Verlangerung der Generationszeit und druckt sich dann in einer Hemmung der Zellteilung aus. Die durchschnittliche Lange der Zellen (in Richtung der Pervalvarachse) ist mehr als verdoppelt. Der langsame Verlauf des Eintritts unterscheidet diese Wachstumshemmung eindeutig vom Si(OH)4-Mangel. 3. Durch Zusatz von Silicoboraten last sich diese Hemmung weitgehend aufheben. Borsaure und Kieselsaure, als einzelne Verbindungen gleichzeitig in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen zugesetzt, sind unwirksam. 4. Die Herstellung der Silicoborate aus Borsaure und Quarz durch Schmelzen mit Na(OH) oder Na2CO3 unter verschiedenen Bedingungen wird beschrieben. Verwendet wurden wasrige Losungen dieser Schmelzen. 5. Durch saure Hydrolyse verlieren die Praparate einen Teil ihrer biologischen Wirksamkeit. Chemisch last sich nachweisen, das durch Behandlung mit Saure die Menge an freier Orthokieselsaure im Praparat erheblich zunimmt. 6. Ein aus “Jenaer Glas G 20” hergestelltes Praparat (Zermorserung, Ultraschallbehandlung) erwies sich bereits in geringen Konzentrationen (unter 0,5 mg/l) ebenfalls als aktiv, wahrend ein auf gleiche Weise hergestelltes Praparat aus “Jenaer Glas Duran 50” unwirksam war. 7. Bei Navicula pelliculosa fordern zugesetzte Silicoborate das Wachstum signifikant gegenuber den Kontrollen. Bei der langsam wachsenden, groszelligen Art Surirella striatula ist die Wachstumsforderung nur noch sehr gering (in einem nicht vollsynthetischen Medium). Bei der in einem Meerwasser-Mineralsalzmedium kultivierten Art Coscinodiscus asteromphalus lies sich kein Effekt durch zugefugte Silicoborate feststellen. 8. Die Ergebnisse werden so interpretiert, das Silicoborate eine essentielle Verbindung im Siliciumstoffwechsel der Zellen darstellen. Die Eigensynthese aus Borsaure und Kieselsaure halt bei den schnell wachsenden Formen mit der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit nicht Schritt. Nach dem Eintritt einer Hemmung sind die Zellen zunachst nicht mehr zu dieser Synthese befahight, zugesetzte Silicoborate zeigen daher bei diesen Zellen eine wachstumsfordernde Wirkung gegenuber der zusammen zugesetzten Verbindungen Borsaure und Kieselsaure. 9. Die hier beschriebenen Silicoborate sind die ersten zusammengesetzten, physiologisch aktiven Verbindungen, bei denen kein Kohlenstoff beteilight ist.

Mark II Minitrack, a basic type of radio interferometer, is used to obtain observational data from artificial earth satellites. It is assumed that the antenna field pattern can be approximated by a family of coaxial cones whose common apex is the electrical center of the system. The mathematical theory of calibrating the system with stellar radio sources and the reduction of satellite observational data is given, with an error analysis of the system.

A general purpose FASTBUS development system and test station based on the IBM?, PC is described. Designed to facilitate the development, testing and monitoring of the latest generation of high energy physics detectors, this system provides the user with the flexibility, performance, and speed of FASTBUS in a compact transportable package. The commercially available key components are: 1) a FASTBUS mini-crate, (2) a programmable FASTBUS Master, (3) a DMA interface and (4) a PC-type personal computer. In addition, a gateway to VME exists.

Histologic and bacteriologic evaluations of tonsils removed at surgery from ten patients with a diagnosis of recurrent tonsillitis were performed. The bacteriology was complex, with an average of 6.3 aerobic bacteria and 3.3 anaerobic bacteria isolated from each patient. Histologic sections revealed chronic cryptitis, with intact tonsillar architecture. These findings provide a possible explanation for the failure of commonly used antibiotic regimens to eradicate recurrent infection from this site.

A variety of agents are used as premedication for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (U.G.E.). To our knowledge, no double blind studies have been performed to compare their value. In this study phenoperidine (2 mg i.v.) was compared with diazepam (5 mg i.v.) in 200 consecutive patients undergoing elective U.G.E. The study was randomized and double blind in regard to both endoscopists and patients. All patients were given atropine (0.4 mg i.v.) and a throat spray with 2% amethocaine. Patients who needed supplemental medication were given diazepam and excluded from final analysis. A graded questionnaire was recorded by endoscopists and patients after U.G.E., and a further anonymous questionnaire was returned by patients four days later. Statistical analysis revealed that phenoperidine was superior at facilitating intubation and providing more relaxation as judged by the endoscopist. Patient questionnaires, four days after U.G.E., indicated less distress during intubation and examination with phenoperidine. Nausea, vomiting, amnesia and phlebitis were uncommon after either phenoperidine or diazepam.

Mindestens mehrere zehntausend Jahre durfte es gedauert haben, bis der Urmensch den aufrechten Gang erlernt und beherrscht hat. Ganz langsam anderte sich dann die Form der einzelnen Wirbelkorper, wurden Knochen, Muskeln und Gelenke den veranderten statischen Bedingungen angepast. Doch jetzt haben wir es geschafft! Wir sind vom Vierbeiner uber die vielumstrittene Stufe des Affen zum Zweibeiner gelangt. Vielleicht sind wir aber auch nur ein Zufallsprodukt der Entwicklung, eine Mutation, die lediglich ein wenig besser als der eben zitierte Stammvater die Lebensbedingungen zu beherrschen gelernt hat. Leider ist diese Fahigkeit inzwischen derart perfekt, das der Kurzschlus eines einzigen derartigen Zweibeiners durch den Druck auf einen roten Knopf alles wieder kaputt machen kann. Wozu dann erst diese muhsame „Entwicklungsgeschichte“, wozu die Sprache, die allein uns vom Affen wirklich unterscheidet, wenn wir uns nicht untereinander verstandigen konnen. Nun, wir werden ja sehen, was die Zukunft noch alles bringt. Doch waren wir nicht eben beim Stehen? Im Gegensatz zum Sitzen gibt es kein falsches Stehen mehr, nur ein entspanntes und gespanntes. Die Wirbelsaule wird im Stehen in ihrer normalen Stellung belastet. Treten Ermundungserscheinungen auf, so sind sie durch Haltungswechsel oder Bewegung zu bessern. Stehen ist also eine normale, wie wir sagen, physiologische Korperhaltung neben Liegen und Hocken. Das Sitzen dagegen ist, von der „Konstruktion“ des Menschen her gesehen, ausgesprochen unnormal. Erst im Mittelalter wurden auch die Europaer „seshaft“. Das Sitzen als Haltung fur bestimmte Tatigkeiten, beim Essen und in geselliger Runde setzte sich durch. Bis dahin gab es eigentlich nur das Hocken. Viele Tatigkeiten, die wir selbstverstandlich sitzend ausfuhren, wurden und werden heute noch in vielen Landern der dritten und vierten Welt in hockender oder kauernder Stellung vollzogen. Das uns als Normalhaltung bei vielen Tatigkeiten und als Ruhehaltung vertraute Sitzen ist gar nicht die naturliche Korperhaltung, als die es uns erscheint. In der Fruhzeit der Menschheitsgeschichte war das Sitzen im wesentlichen ein Statussymbol. Der Herrscher nahm den „Vorsitz“ ein, indem er sich auf eine erhohte Stelle setzte, sei es ein Baumstumpf oder ein Steinbrocken (noch heute kennen wir den Vorsitzenden im Vorstand). Aus dem Baumstumpf entwickelte sich der Hocker, aus dem Steinklotz der thronartige Kastensitz. Schon in der Antike gab es die Faltstuhle, spater erfand man den Dreibeinstuhl, den Urtyp eines Bauern-und Wirtshausstuhles. Erst 1930 wurden von dem danischen Arzt Dr. Akerblom Untersuchungen uber die richtige Sitzflachenhohe von Stuhlen durchgefuhrt. Zur Unterstutzung der Lendenwirbel bekamen die Ruckenlehnen seiner Stuhle den nach ihm benannten „Akerblom-Knick“ im Lendenbereich, ein erster Beginn von Anpassung des Sitzes an den Menschen und/oder von Ergometrie am Arbeitsplatz.

Wie kommt man vom Tabak weg? Ist Rauchen eine Sucht oder nur eine dumme Angewohnheit9 Sollte es besser in die Drogenszene eingeordnet werden oder „gehort es sich“ sogar, das man raucht? In den Medien wird sehr viel uber die sogenannte Szene berichtet, insbesondere Herointote finden groses Interesse. Deutlich weniger und zuruckhaltender hingegen wird uber den Alkoholismus und dessen Folgen berichtet, obwohl wir in der Bevolkerung mit 2–3 Prozent Alkoholabhangigen rechnen mussen, wovon in zunehmendem Mase auch Frauen und Jugendliche betroffen sind. Gibt es analog zum Alkohol auch Nikotinsuchtige und wenn ja, wieviele? Sicher ist die Zahl der Raucher noch schwerer zu erfassen. Laut statistischer Befragung rauchen etwa 40 Prozent der erwachsenen Bevolkerung. Von diesen konsumieren wiederum etwa 40 Prozent, das sind rund 15 Prozent aller Erwachsenen, taglich 20 Zigaretten oder mehr.