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The purpose of knowledge-based question answering (KBQA) is to accurately answer the questions raised by users through knowledge triples. Traditional Chinese KBQA methods rely heavily on artificial features, resulting in unsatisfactory QA results. To solve the above problems, this paper divides Chinese KBQA into two parts: entity extraction and attribute mapping. In the entity extraction stage, the improved Bi-LSTM-CNN-CRF model is used to identify the entity of questions and the Levenshtein distance method is used to resolve the entity link error. In the attribute mapping stage, according to the characteristics of questions and candidate attributes, the MGBA-LSTM-CNN model is proposed to encode questions and candidate attributes from the semantic level and word level, respectively, and splice them into new semantic vectors. Finally, the cosine distance is used to measure the similarity of the two vectors to find candidate attributes most similar to questions. The experimental results show that the system achieves good results in the Chinese question and answer data set.

Rhynchophylline antagonizes Parkinson’s disease through alleviating neuroinflammation and regulating metabolic disorders.

This study investigated the mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fermentation of rape straw with biochar addition. The effects of biochar on the biogas yield, degradation of lignocellulose, bacterial community, and crystallinity were explored. The results showed that the biogas yield and methane content increased as the biochar concentration was increased. The biochar concentration of 5.0% resulted in a high biogas yield in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 142.2 mL/g and 193.5 mL/g, respectively, which were 40.5% and 21.0% improvements compared with the control. The corresponding methane contents were 59.4% and 57.0%, respectively. For the lignocellulose degradation, the cellulose content in the mesophilic AD decreased from 54.0% in the pretreated rape straw to between 18.7% and 25.0%. The microbial community results showed that as the biochar concentration was increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes initially increased before it decreased. Among the microbial community results, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in the biogas residue of the mesophilic anaerobic digestion were the highest in the biogas residue with the 5.0% biochar concentration sample in the mesophilic AD, at 27.06% and 39.20%, respectively. This result revealed the mechanism of biochar to improve the biogas production of rape straw in anaerobic fermentation.

Aiming at the problems of high mean square error, low peak signal-to-noise ratio, and long enhancement time of traditional industrial image enhancement methods, an industrial image enhancement method based on cloud edge fusion was proposed. Firstly, the industrial image is preprocessed and denoised by median filtering algorithm to detect the edge of denoised image. Then, the image is enhanced by top hat transform. Finally, the cloud edge fusion method is used to complete the task of industrial image enhancement to improve the efficiency of industrial image enhancement. The experimental results show that the mean square error of this method is kept at a low level, the peak signal-to-noise ratio is always above 53 dB, and the average industrial image enhancement time is 0.96 s. This method has good performance and can obtain a good industrial image enhancement effect, which has certain application value.

To increase the blast resistance of reinforced concrete or steel–concrete composite structures with long span, an innovative prestressed steel-grouting material composite beam with a hollow web is proposed. In the beam, the flange is filled with grouting material, and an I-type steel web is used to strengthen the shear capacity, and a prestressed tendon is placed in lower flange to improve the flexure resistance. The following three specimens were designed: a double hollow tube, a double tube filled with grouting material, and a prestressed double tube filled with grouting material. The specimens were tested against close-in blast, and overpressure, deformation, and strain were recorded. In order to further understand the blast-resistant performance of the beam, a finite element model was developed by commercial software LS-DYNA. A good agreement between the numerical predictions and test data was observed. It is indicated that the proposed prestressed steel-grouting material composite beam with hollow web exhibits excellent blast-resistant performance.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common aggressive malignant tumor in brain neuroepithelial tumors and remains incurable. A variety of treatment options are currently being explored to improve patient survival, including small molecule inhibitors, viral therapies, cancer vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Among them, the unique advantages of small molecule inhibitors have made them a focus of attention in the drug discovery of glioblastoma. Currently, the most used chemotherapeutic agents are small molecule inhibitors that target key dysregulated signaling pathways in glioblastoma, including receptor tyrosine kinase, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, DNA damage response, TP53 and cell cycle inhibitors. This review analyzes the therapeutic benefit and clinical development of novel small molecule inhibitors discovered as promising anti-glioblastoma agents by the related targets of these major pathways. Meanwhile, the recent advances in temozolomide resistance and drug combination are also reviewed. In the last part, due to the constant clinical failure of targeted therapies, this paper reviewed the research progress of other therapeutic methods for glioblastoma, to provide patients and readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment landscape of glioblastoma.

Chao Zhuo,1 Yijiang Huang,2 Wenyuan Liu,3 Jin-Fu Xu,4 Wei Yun Zhu,5 Gregory G Stone,6 Jean Li Yan,7 Naglaa Mohamed8 1State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Respiratory Clinical Medical Center, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Hainan, People’s Republic of China; 3Respiratory Department, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 5Medical Department, Pfizer Investment Co. Ltd., Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 6Biopharmaceuticals Group, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA; 7Biopharmaceuticals Group, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA; 8Biopharmaceuticals Group, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USACorrespondence: Chao Zhuo, Email chaosheep@sina.comBackground: Ceftaroline fosamil has demonstrated superior clinical efficacy versus ceftriaxone for hospitalized adults with moderate-to-severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in a Phase 3 trial in Asia and in a meta-analysis of three trials in Asia, North America, and Europe. Efficacy and safety outcomes for the subset of patients in China in the ASIA CAP trial were analyzed to determine if the same conclusions hold in the China subpopulation.Methods: Hospitalized adults with Pneumonia Outcomes Research Team risk class III–IV CAP were randomized (1:1) to receive either intravenous ceftaroline fosamil 600 mg every 12 h or ceftriaxone 2 g every 24 h for 5– 7 days. The primary efficacy variable was clinical response at test-of-cure (TOC) in the clinically evaluable (CE) population. Secondary endpoints included microbiological responses and safety.Results: Of 302 patients randomized in China, 205 were included in the CE population. Clinical cure rates at TOC were 80/105 (76.2%) for ceftaroline fosamil and 61/100 (61.0%) for ceftriaxone (difference 15.2%, 95% CI 2.5, 27.6), thereby meeting predefined non-inferiority and superiority criteria for the overall study. Subgroup analyses of the primary endpoint demonstrated consistency of favourable efficacy of ceftaroline fosamil across age groups, Pneumonia Outcomes Research Team risk classes and CURB-65 scores. Microbiological responses were presumed from clinical outcomes. Adverse events were consistent with the study treatments’ known safety profiles.Conclusion: The China subset results are consistent with the overall study population, despite the smaller sample size. Ceftaroline fosamil was both non-inferior and superior to ceftriaxone for empiric treatment of Chinese patients with moderate-to-severe CAP.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01371838.Keywords: ceftriaxone, CURB-65, treatment outcomes, clinical trial

Among the members of the rapidly growing nanozyme family, plasmonic nanozymes stand out because of their unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristics and tunable catalytic activity. We prepared a plasmonic nanozyme of Au gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Cu metal-organic framework nanosheets (Cu-MOFNs). The Cu-MOFNs have peroxidase-like activity, while AuNPs present unique LSPR characteristics. We found that the as-prepared AuNPs/Cu-MOFNs composite presents 1.6-fold faster reaction kinetics under LSPR excitation compared to that in the dark. Investigations of energy levels, radical capture, and dark-field scattering spectroscopy revealed that LSPR of AuNPs as well as matched energy levels can facilitate efficient hot electron transfer, which could readily cleave the chemical bond of the substrate and accelerate the reaction kinetics. On the basis of these results, we achieved enhanced antibacterial therapy and wound healing using plasmonic AuNPs/Cu-MOFNs. This study spotlights the superiority of plasmonic nanozymes in improving the enzyme-like performance of nanozymes.

HighlightsStudied mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fermentation of wheat straw with nano-magnetite (Fe3O4) and ethanol.The maximum biogas yield of 421.5 mL/g in mesophilic AD was 60.8% higher than control.Revealed the mechanism of nano-Fe3O4 and ethanol addition to promote biogas production.Abstract. This study investigated the mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic fermentation of wheat straw with nano-magnetite (Fe3O4) and ethanol addition. The effects of ethanol addition on the biogas yield, the degradation of lignocellulose, and the bacterial community were explored. The results showed that the biogas yield and methane content increased as the ethanol concentration increased. The ethanol concentration of 4 g/L resulted in highest biogas yield in mesophilic anaerobic fermentation at 421.5 mL/g, which was a 60.8% improvement compared to the control. The corresponding methane content was 66.2%. For the lignocellulose degradation, the cellulose and hemicellulose contents in mesophilic anaerobic fermentation were reduced from 55.42% and 17.19% of the pretreated wheat straw to between 22.88% and 25.98% and 11.60% and 13.05%, respectively. The microbial community results showed that as the ethanol content increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes initially increased before it decreased. Among the microbial community results, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroides in the biogas residue of the mesophilic anaerobic fermentation with the addition of 3 g/L of ethanol were the highest, at 31.26% and 30.94%, respectively. Keywords: Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Ethanol, Nano-Fe3O4, Wheat Straw.

Nearest close friend query (k?NCF) in geo-social networks, aims to find the k nearest user objects from among the ?-hop friends of the query user. Existing efforts on k?-NCF find the user objects in the Euclidean space. In this paper, we study the problem of nearest close friend query in road-social networks.We propose two methods. One is based on Dijkstra algorithm, and the other is based on ISLabel. For the Dijkstra-based method, Dijkstra algorithm is used to traverse the user objects needed. For the label-based method, we make use of IS-Label to calculate the distance between two vertices to avoid traversing the edges that do not contain the desired user object. For each method, we propose effective termination conditon to terminate the query process early. Finally, we conduct a variety of experiments on real and synthetic datasets to verify the efficiency of the proposed methods.

Scientific research is an essential stage of the innovation process. However, it remains unclear how a scientific idea becomes applied knowledge and, after that, a commercial product. This paper describes a hypothesis of innovation based on the emergence of new research fields from more mature research fields after interactions between the latter. We focus on graphene, a rising field in materials science, as a case study. First, we used a coclustering method on titles and abstracts of graphene papers to organize them into four meaningful and robust topics (theory and experimental tests, synthesis and functionalization, sensors, and supercapacitors and electrocatalysts). We also demonstrated that they emerged in the order listed. We then tested all topics against the literature on nanotubes and batteries, and the possible parent fields of theory and experimental tests, as well as supercapacitors and electrocatalysts. We found incubation signatures for all topics in the nanotube papers collection and weaker incubation signatures for supercapacitors and electrocatalysts in the battery papers collection. Surprisingly, we found and confirmed that the 2004 breakthrough in graphene created a stir in both the nanotube and battery fields. Our findings open the door for a better understanding of how and why new research fields coalesce. Ministry of Education (MOE) Published version This research is supported by the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund, under the grant number MOE2017-T2-2-075.

Efficient H 2 harvesting from wastewater instead of pure water can minimize fresh water consumption, which is expected to solve the problem of water shortage in H 2 production process and contribute to carbon neutrality in the environmental remediation, but the inevitable electron depletion caused by electron-consuming pollutants will result in an exhausted H 2 evolution reaction (HER) performance. In this paper, by coupling piezocatalysis and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) by a MoS 2 /Fe 0 /peroxymonosulfate (PMS) ternary system, extensive types of wastewater achieved considerable H 2 generation, which exceeded the yield in pure water with synchronous advanced degradation of organic pollutants. In addition, profiting from the crucial bridging role of PMS, the H 2 yield in nitrobenzene wastewater after the introduction of PMS-based AOPs increased 3.37-fold from 267.7 μmol·g −1 ·h −1 to 901.0 μmol·g −1 ·h −1 because the presence of PMS both thermodynamically benefited MoS 2 piezocatalytic H 2 evolution and eliminated the electron depletion caused by organic pollutants. By this way, the original repressed H 2 evolution performance in substrate of wastewater not only was regained but even showed a significant enhancement than that in pure water (505.7 μmol·g −1 ·h −1 ). Additionally, the cyclonic piezoelectric reactor was preliminarily designed for future industrialization. This strategy provided a valuable path for the recycling of actual wastewater by fuel production and synchronous advanced treatment.

The Au@POM nanoparticles were facilely synthesized using a one-step method. The as-prepared Au@POMs have excellent GOx-like and HRP-like activities, allowing for fast cascade reactions and sensitive bacterial detections.

Autism is characterized by impaired social communication and interaction, repetitive and restricted behaviours and interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Living with autism not only impacts child development, but also places parents at risk of compromised psychological wellbeing. Child behaviour problems have been identified as a robust predictor of parental psychological wellbeing over and beyond other child, parent and context characteristics such as severity of core autism symptoms (Yorke et al., 2018). However, this has not been adequately established in parents native to mainland China. Social support has been documented as a most important coping resource in improving parental psychological wellbeing. In the light of the stress-buffering model, social support is conceptualized to be able to protect parental psychological wellbeing from the impacts of child behaviour problems as a stressor (Cohen & Wills, 1985). However, little is known about the buffering role of perceived social support in the relationship between child behaviours problems and parental psychological wellbeing in Chinese parents of children with autism. Cultural values are increasingly considered in understanding how parents cope with challenges in raising their children with autism. Individualism and collectivism are one of the most used ways to conceptualize cultural values. Individualism refers to the extent to which individuals consider themselves as independent from their culture group, and collectivism can be defined as the extent to which individuals consider themselves being related to others in their culture group (Hofstede, 1984). Individualism and collectivism may also co-exist in one given culture. They have been used to explain how parents living in individualistic and collectivistic societies adapt to their children with autism differently (e.g., Chao et al., 2018). In the proposed research we plan to disentangle the relationships between individualism and collectivism, and parental perceived social support and psychological wellbeing. An intracultural approach (rather than an intercultural comparison) will be adopted, given the value in describing individual variations within one culture.

This code identifies autistic cohort children from sweeps three to six of the Millennium Cohort Study using the following questions: (1) Has a doctor or health professional ever told you that [cohort child] had Autism? (2) What are the reasons for [cohort member’s] special educational needs? (3) What are the reasons for [cohort member’s] additional support needs?

The traditional Chinese medicine of fermented medicine may be under the involvement of multiple strains and the interaction between these microorganisms. Liu Shenqu (Massa Medicata Fermentata, MMF) is one of the most widely used fermented medicines, whose potential processing mechanism is still unclear. In this work, UPLC/MS and GNPS methods were employed to rapidly predict chemical compositions in MMF. Moreover, the dynamic changes of strains, chemical compositions and anti-inflammatory activity of MMF during fermentation process were investigated, and subsequently strains-chemical compositions-efficacy interactions were revealed by Pearson correlation analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. As a result, 24 components were identified, and the potential strains including Bacillus, Burkholderia_Caballeronia_Paraburkholderia, Enterobacter, Aspergillus heterocaryoticus, Rhizopus arrhizus, Kazachstania bulderi, which related to the production of anti-inflammatory active ingredients were exposed. These results demonstrated chemical compositions-strains-efficacy interactions during fermentation of MMF, and provide reference for the exploration of the processing mechanism of MMF.

Reverse top-k keyword-based location query (RTkKL), aims to find the maximum spatial region such that the query object is contained in the result of any top-k spatial keyword query with users’ queried keywords and any location in the region as arguments. Existing efforts on RTkKL find the objects in the Euclidean space. In this paper, we study the problem of reverse top-k keyword-based location query on road networks. We propose two methods. One is based on mark vertex, and the other is based on bisector. For the mark vertex based method, we identify the mark vertex according to the definition of RTkKL on road networks. Based on the mark vertex, we will get the mark segments in the result. For the bisector-based method, we find the border points for the query q and some objects. With Dijkstra algorithm, we start from the query point q. For each closed edge, whose two adjacent vertices have been extracted from the min heap, we would search the border points on the edge, and count the border points for the adjacent vertex. For each method, we propose effective pruning strategy to reduce the search range and computation cost. Finally, experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

The colored non-toxic near-infrared (NIR) reflective and infrared radiative pigments are desired in reducing the energy consumption of buildings. In this work, yttrium ferrite (YFeO3) pigments with controllable crystalline structure were successfully synthesized via the method of solid-state reaction at low-heating temperature. The effects of the crystalline structure and microstructure, especially charge state distribution, on the bandgap, chromatic properties, infrared reflection and radiation performance of YFeO3 pigments were investigated for the first time. With the calcining temperature increased, the structure of obtained pigments changed from hexagonal to orthorhombic, and the bandgap was obviously widened. The black hexagonal YFeO3 pigments possessed small particle size, and their intensive optical absorption in the NIR range was related to the noticeable multiple reflections induced by the grain boundary. While, the brown orthorhombic YFeO3 powdered pigments, as well as the corresponding pigmented coatings, possessed good NIR reflection characteristics, and the high solar reflectance values clearly highlight the potential of these pigments as cool pigments. In addition, the obtained YFeO3 pigmented coatings showed high emissivity in 8–14 μm waveband (atmospheric window), indicating their potential applications in energy saving of buildings by combining NIR shielding and space cooling. The larger amount of Fe2+-Fe3+ ions pairs in the orthorhombic pigments led to the enhancement of free carrier absorption, which enhanced infrared emission and contributed to the slightly decreased NIR reflectance.

Low intracellular delivery efficiency and multidrug resistance are among major barriers to effective cancer therapy. Herein, we report a novel, virus-mimicking, endosomolytic liposomal drug-delivery platform to address these two key challenges. The pH-responsive, comb-like pseudopeptides were prepared by grafting relatively long alkyl side chains onto a polyamide, poly(L-lysine isophthalamide), to mimic fusogenic peptides in viral spikes. The cholesterol-containing liposome, which mimics the viral envelope, was readily coated with these pseudopeptides due to their hydrophobic side chains acting as membrane anchors. These endosomolytic pseudopeptides displayed high adsorption onto the liposomal membrane and enabled the significantly higher cellular uptake. The virus-mimicking system showed a pH-triggered content-release profile which could be manipulated by varying the structure and concentration of the adsorbed polymers. The endosomolytic ability of the multifunctional liposome and its use for efficient intracellular delivery of the widely used anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) were demonstrated. The virus-mimicking liposomal system with DOX encapsulation exhibited considerably higher potency against HeLa cervical cancer cells, A549 lung cancer cells, MES-SA uterus cancer cells, and MES-SA/DX5 multidrug-resistant cancer cells than DOX-loaded bare liposomes and free DOX. These results suggest its potential applications for enhanced cytoplasmic delivery and cancer treatment.

The aim of this study is to overcome the obstacle of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in therapeutic drugs of Parkinson's disease (PD), like rhynchophylline (RIN) entry by intranasal administration and to solve the problem of short residence time of drugs in the nasal cavity by the dosage form design of thermosensitive gel. We first conducted a study of the screening of absorption enhancers and 3% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was effective to improve the nasal mucosal permeability of RIN. By adjusting the ratio of different components in order to make the gel with adhesion and rapid gelation which were determined to be Poloxamer 407 (P407) 20%, Poloxamer 188 (P188) 1%, polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) 1% and HP-β-CD 3%. In addition, the characterization showed that the thermosensitive gel was network cross-linked, rapidly gelation upon entry into the nasal cavity and was stable as semi-solid state with adhesion as well as sustained release properties. Moreover, pharmacokinetic study was performed to evaluate the bioavailability and brain targeting of RIN thermosensitive gel and which were 1.6 times and 2.1 times higher than those of oral administration. We also evaluated the anti-PD effects of RIN thermosensitive gel in-vitro as well as in-vivo. The results showed that RIN thermosensitive gel was effective in repairing the motor function impairment, dysregulated expression levels of oxidative stress factors, and positive neuronal damage within the substantia nigra and dopamine caused by PD. The constructed intranasal drug administration strategy through thermosensitive gel provided a new choice for targeted treatment of PD together with other central nervous system diseases.

Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is overexpressed in multiple hormone related cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer, and is correlated with tumor development and aggressiveness. As a phase I biotransformation enzyme, AKR1C3 catalyzes the metabolic processes that lead to resistance to anthracyclines, the "gold standard" for breast cancer treatment. Novel approaches to restore the chemotherapy sensitivity of breast cancer are urgently required. Herein, we developed a new class of AKR1C3 inhibitors that demonstrated potent inhibitory activity and exquisite selectivity for closely related isoforms. The best derivative 27 (S19-1035) exhibits an IC

Although neural networks have been applied in many fields since they were first introduced, the feasibility of applying it to predict the solution of Maxwell's equations remains open. In this letter, we investigate the feasibility of utilizing the long- and short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to solve the time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) forward problems. With ground truth datasets being generated from the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, a novel LSTM-TDEM model structure is proposed, and trained by a new feasible algorithm specifically designed for time-domain simulation. The strong approximation ability of the LSTM-TDEM method can accurately predict the electromagnetic field distributions for topologies of different geometries, materials, and excitations at different locations. The effectiveness of the proposed LSTM-TDEM method has been validated by several numerical experiments. The average relative error can be as small as 0.63% for 2-D case and 0.35% for 3-D case. It is worth noting that the training data are only 5% (198/4087) and 30% (660/2189) in 2-D and 3-D cases, respectively. Meanwhile, compared with the traditional FDTD method, the proposed method greatly reduces the calculation time, with its speedup ratio more than 1800 and 44 000 times over the FDTD method in 2-D and 3-D cases, respectively.

Nitrosamine compounds, represented by N-nitrosodimethylamine, are regarded as potentially genotoxic impurities (PGIs) due to their hazard warning structure, which has attracted great attention of pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities. At present, great research gaps exist in genotoxicity assessment and carcinogenicity comparison of nitrosamine compounds. In this work, a collection of GFP-fused yeast cells representing DNA damage repair pathways were used to evaluate the genotoxicity of eight nitrosamine compounds (10−6–105 μg/mL). The high-resolution expression profiles of GFP-fused protein revealed the details of the DNA damage repair of nitrosamines. Studies have shown that nitrosamine compounds can cause extensive DNA damage and activate multiple repair pathways. The evaluation criteria based on the total expression level of protein show a good correlation with the mammalian carcinogenicity data TD50, and the yeast cell collection can be used as a potential reliable criterion for evaluating the carcinogenicity of compounds. The assay based on DNA damage pathway integration has high sensitivity and can be used as a supplementary method for the evaluation of trace PGIs in actual production. • The genotoxicity mechanism of nitrosamines was systematically studied. • The influence of compound structure on the efficacy of genotoxicity was explored. • GFP-fused yeast cells have the potential to evaluate impurities in production.

Extensive studies have shown that oxidative stress is a crucial pathogenic factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master cytoprotective regulator against oxidative stress, and thus represents an attractive therapeutic target in AD. The goal of our study is to investigate the contribution of Nrf2 in Rhynchophylline (Rhy)-induced neuroprotection in AD. The data showed that intraperitoneal administration of Rhy (10 or 20 mg/kg) could ameliorate Aβ1–42-induced cognitive impairment, evidenced by performance improvement in memory tests. The result of Antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase activity assay indicated that Rhy treatment improved ARE promoter activity. The results of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) assessment in the frontal cortex and hippocampus showed that Rhy treatment could attenuate Aβ1–42-induced oxidative stress to some extent, evidenced by reversion of these cytokines compared to Aβ1–42 + Veh group. Rhy treatment also restored expression of Nrf2 and its downstream protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H/quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NOQ1), and recombinant glutamate cysteine ligase, modifier subunit (GCLM) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of Aβ1–42-treated mice. In addition, to investigate whether activation of Nrf2-mediated pathway is responsible for the neuroprotection of Rhy, Nrf2 siRNA was used in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Interestingly, the results showed that the protective effects of Rhy, including anti-oxidative, anti-apoptosis and elevation of Nrf2 and its downstream proteins, were abolished in Nrf2 siRNA-transfected cells. These findings indicate that Rhynchophylline is protective against Aβ1–42-induced neurotoxicity via Nrf2–ARE activation, and suggest that Rhy may serve as a potential candidate and promising Nrf2 activator for management of AD.