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Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Multiple sequence alignment and amino acid conservation of MdCYP proteins. Supplementary Figure 2. All protein domains of MdCYPs. Supplementary Figure 3. Amino acid sequences and conservation of 15 motifs. Supplementary Figure 4. Secondary structure statistics of MdCYP proteins. Supplementary Figure 5. Collinearity analysis of MdCYPs in the apple genome-wide context. Supplementary Figure 6. Protein domains of 5 CYPs in CladeIII. Supplementary Table 1. Information of CYPs in Malus (M. sieversii, M. sylvestris, M. baccata and M. prunifolia). Supplementary Table 2. Information statistics of MdCYP family protein homology modeling. Supplementary Table 3. Segmental duplication genes in colinear gene pairs of MdCYPs. Supplementary Table 4. The intergenomic duplications between. Supplementary Table 5. The qRT-PCR primer sequences of MdCYPs. Supplementary Table 6. Primer of coding sequence and promoter sequence of MdCYP16.

Additional file 2: Table S1–4. The data of hypocotyl length and anthocyanin content presented in this study.

Additional file 4. The original gel/blot images presented in this study.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers used in this study.

Additional file 3. The coding and protein sequences of MdCIP1, MdCOP1, AtCIP1 and AtCOP1.

Aiming at tactics demand of coordination operation of MAV/UAV formation for maritime target, a coordination control strategy of MAV/UAV based on route detection was proposed, which could satisfy requirements of attack position, entering angle and launching opportunity of MAV/UAV formation. The coordination control strategy adopts remaining time as control parameter and terminal entering angle as constraint conditions, which could realize synchronization coordination attack of MAV/UAV formation. Simulation results show effectiveness of the coordination control strategy, which could be referred by coordination operation of MAV/UAV for maritime targets.

The aim of this article was to study the extraction technology and basic composition of blueberry anthocyanins (BA). In this experiment, Baldwin blueberry was used as a raw material to extract anthocyanins using a combination of ultrasound extraction and ethanol extraction. The process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM), and the basic composition was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the optimum extraction parameters for BA were ethanol concentration 45%, liquid-to-material ratio 20:1, ultrasound amplitude 60%, ultrasound time 29 min, and the anthocyanin content 281.79 mg/100 g. Chromatographic detection showed that Baldwin BA was mainly composed of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin. The study can provide a theoretical basis for the further development of BA and also provide a reference for the comprehensive utilization of blueberry resources.

Spiral waves have been controlled by generating target waves with a localized inhomogeneity in the oscillatory medium. The competition between the spiral waves and target waves is discussed. The effect of the localized inhomogeneity size has also been studied.

Currently, a natural speech-picking mode is badly needed in speech communication and in human-computer interaction systems. However, speech is usually corrupted by attenuation, multi-path propagation, and various interferences before it is received, especially when there exist several speech systems and users. It is important for practical speech systems to pick the correct speech signal within complex environments. In this paper, the mechanism of auditory attention ability is simulated through a target speech-picking system in which the a priori knowledge of the target speech and interference of sound sources are used carefully to detect and improve the target speech. The technologies of microphone arrays, wake-up-words, target speech detection, speech enhancement, and dereverberation are combined in this strategy to ful ll the task of robust target speech-picking.

The representation of electromagnetic situation (EMS) is a key step in spectrum management and decision support in battlefield. In the past, 2-D and 3-D visualization methods were the only options for electromagnetic environment representation, but the complexity of electromagnetic environment of modern battlefield demands for a higher level of visualization of mass-information. Thus, we propose a new method to visualize electromagnetic situation based on multi-dimension information visualization technology. To achieve this, we represent several key factors of electromagnetic field in a multi-dimensional coordinate system, and the corresponding domains are visually presented by the introduced parallel coordinates and radial coordinates. Simulation results show that this method can illustrate the electromagnetic situation in a single coordinate effectively, which could provide excellent decision supporting and planaiding for users.

In this paper, the refractive index of GdTaO4 crystal is measured by the auto-collimation method. GdTaO4 crystal is processed into three rectangular prisms, their planes with longer right angle side are planes a, b and c of the crystal, respectively, and their normal directions are the directions of crystal plane axes a, b and c, respectively. with a side by angle . Plane enclosed by hypotenuse and the longer right angle side is subjected to fine polishing, while the surface plating for the latter is subjected to Al reflectance coating, so that the light is incident along the hypotenuse plane with minimum angle of deviation (), reflects on the plane with longer right angle and returns along the original path. The rectangular prisms processed by GdTaO4 crystal are placed on the platform of 32 J goniometer with an accuracy of arc seconds. The 473, 532 nm YAG double frequency laser, 633 nm He-Ne laser and 1064 nm YAG laser with stable light intensity are used as a measuring light source, light will refract into the light perpendicular to the longer right angle side when the laser of measuring light source shoots towards the bevel of a prism with a minimum angle of deviation (). The refractive indexes nx, ny, and nz of a crystallographic axis directions can be measured by , and the relationship between refractive index ellipsoid section and prism refraction of light. The constants Ai, Bi, Ci, and Di (i=x, y, z) are given in Sellmeier's equation ni2 =Ai+Bi/(2-Ci)-Di2, and the values of angle Vz included between light axis and refractive index at wavelengths of 473, 532, 632.8 and 1064 nm are calculated to be 22.5, 22.5, 21.9 and 22.0, respectively. It is proved that GdTaO4 crystal is optically positive biaxial crystal.

The resonant quadrifilar helix antennas have been widely applied to space communication links due to its relatively small volume and wide beam elevation pattern coverage over the upper hemisphere. According to the requirements of GPS and BD receiving antenna, a dual-frequency enclosed antenna is designed in this paper with two 3/4 wavelength quadrifilar helix antennas and a novel feed structure combined feed network with infinite microstrip balun. The feed structure provides excellent phase performance and better impedance match, which make the antenna achieve wider angle circular polarization. The actual antenna is simulated by Ansoft HFSS software based on the finite element method. The simulation results have well agreement to the measured data.

In this paper, Nd3+-doped GdTaO4 laser crystal for scintillator with high density is successfully grown by the Czochralski method, and the absorption spectra are measured along the a, b and c directions in a wide wavelength range of 260-2000 nm. The experimental energy levels for Nd3+ are analyzed and identified. The free-ions and crystal-field parameters are fitted by the experimental energy levels with the root mean square deviation of 12.66 cm-1, and 102 Stark energy levels for Nd3+ in GdTaO4 host crystal are assigned. The fitting results of free-ions and crystal-field parameters are compared with those already reported for Nd3+:GdxLu1-xTaO4 (x=0.85) crystal. It indicates that the fitting results of Stark energy levels agree well with the experimental spectra.

According to the advantages of nonuniformly sampled bivariate empirical mode decomposition and the characteristics of noise after it, an adaptive chaotic signal denoising method is proposed based on the noise-assisted nonuniformly sampled bivariate empirical mode decomposition. Firstly, a complex signal is constructed for the noise-assisted nonuniformly sampled bivariate empirical mode decomposition, by using noisy chaotic signal and gaussian white noise as the real part and imaginary part respectively; secondly, the noise energy of each intrinsic mode function in the real part is estimated according to the energy of each intrinsic mode function in the imaginary part; and finally, from the above results, each intrinsic mode function in the real part is denoised by using the singular value decomposition. Noise energy estimate numerical experiment validates the feasibility of this method, and the denoising tests for Lorenz signal and monthly sunspot data indicate that our method shows advantages in both noise reduction and chaotic attractor topological configuration reversion.

The ensemble empirical mode decomposition has been proposed in order to alleviate mode mixing in empirical mode decomposition, but the ensemble average in it can always result in new mode mixing, spectrum losing, and computational cost increasing, which can affect the analysis and extraction of signal physical characteristics. To tackle these problems, a noise-assisted signal decomposition method based on complex empirical mode decomposition is proposed, in which the mode mixing is reduced by taking the projection of intrinsic mode functions decomposed from white noise as basis functions for signal extrema extraction. While the problems result from ensemble average are reduced because the effects of noise projection are eliminated in the process of calculating the envelope barycenter. Simulation results show that our method has further reduced mode mixing, and speeded up the operation rate visibly and alleviated spectrum losing to a certain degree.

In this paper, the DV-X method of ab-initio calculations and the effective Hamiltonian model are introduced to calculate the crystal-field and spin-orbit parameters of rare earth ions doped in various crystals, especially for the crystal with low-symmetry. For the low-symmetry crystal, the number of parameters is more than that of energy levels, thus experimental energy levels fitting cannot determine all parameters, while ab-initio calculations can determine all crystal-field and spin-orbit parameters accurately. Firstly, the crystal-field and spin-orbit parameters of Yb3+ doped in GdTaO4 crystal are calculated by this model, and then the energy level structure of Yb3+:GdTaO4 is given and the continuous emission band of Yb3+:GdTaO4 emission spectrum is analyzed, which is conducive to the laser tunable and laser mode-locking output, so Yb3+:GdTaO4 is a potential laser medium for high efficiency laser operation and new ultrashort pulse output. Also, the crystal-field and spin-orbit parameters of Yb3+ doped in YTaO4 and ScTaO4 are calculated by this model, and the energy level structures of Yb3+:YTaO4 and Yb3+ :ScTaO4 are given, which leads to a conclusion similar to that drawn from the Yb3+:GdTaO4 crystal.

The absolute differential cross sections of e-Ar scattering in laser field are calculated employing the second Born approximation with the static screen potential including polarization potential and the single static screen potential in the special scattering geometry that the incident electron beam is parallel to the polarization direction of laser field. The second Born approximation gives better results than the low-frequency whem formula when compared with the experimental data, and it is found that the electron-atom polarization potential plays an important role in laser-assisted electron-atom scattering.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involves multiple factors, which result in the breakdown of self-tolerance and development of autoimmunity with organ damage. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) from the patients with SLE showed an impaired proliferative capacity compared with that from normal controls. In this study, we isolated BMMSCs from the patients with SLE and found that Vitamin D analog EB1089 could induce BMMSCs proliferation and mineralization deposition. Furthermore, we found that the expression of p-Smad 1/5/8 was promoted in BMMSCs with EB1089 treatment. In conclusion, our results support the notion that EB1089 promoted proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs by Smad 1/5/8 signaling pathway.