Search

The goal of text generation is to make machines express in human language. It is one of the most important yet challenging tasks in natural language processing (NLP). Since 2014, various neural encoder-decoder models pioneered by Seq2Seq have been proposed to achieve the goal by learning to map input text to output text. However, the input text alone often provides limited knowledge to generate the desired output, so the performance of text generation is still far from satisfaction in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, researchers have considered incorporating various forms of knowledge beyond the input text into the generation models. This research direction is known as knowledge-enhanced text generation. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of the research on knowledge enhanced text generation over the past five years. The main content includes two parts: (i) general methods and architectures for integrating knowledge into text generation; (ii) specific techniques and applications according to different forms of knowledge data. This survey can have broad audiences, researchers and practitioners, in academia and industry., Comment: Accepted by ACM Computing Survey (CSUR) in Jan 2022

IntroductionThe dynamic reconfiguration of network oscillations is connected with cognitive processes. Changes in how neural networks and signaling pathways work are crucial to how epilepsy and related conditions develop. Specifically, there is evidence that prolonged or recurrent seizures may induce or exacerbate cognitive impairment. However, it still needs to be determined how the seizure brain configures its functional structure to shape the battle of strong local oscillations vs. slow global oscillations in the network to impair cognitive function.MethodsIn this paper, we aim to deduce the network mechanisms underlying seizure-induced cognitive impairment by comparing the evolution of strong local oscillations with slow global oscillations and their link to the resting state of healthy controls. Here, we construct a dynamically efficient network of pathological seizures by calculating the synchrony and directionality of information flow between nine patients’ SEEG signals. Then, using a pattern-based method, we found hierarchical modules in the brain’s functional network and measured the functional balance between the network’s local strong and slow global oscillations.Results and discussionAccording to the findings, a tremendous rise in strong local oscillations during seizures and an increase in slow global oscillations after seizures corresponded to the initiation and recovery of cognitive impairment. Specifically, during the interictal period, local strong and slow global oscillations are in metastable balance, which is the same as a normal cognitive process and can be switched easily. During the pre-ictal period, the two show a bimodal pattern of separate peaks that cannot be easily switched, and some flexibility is lost. During the seizure period, a single-peak pattern with negative peaks is showcased, and the network eventually transitions to a very intense strong local oscillation state. These results shed light on the mechanism behind network oscillations in epilepsy-induced cognitive impairment. On the other hand, the differential (similarity) of oscillatory reorganization between the local (non) epileptogenic network and the global network may be an emergency protective mechanism of the brain, preventing the spread of pathological information flow to more healthy brain regions.

Setostylus triumphus Qi, Huang et Wang sp. n. (Figs 3–4) Diagnosis. This new species resembles the type species of the genus, S. singularis (Lane) in the male adult appearance, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by the suboval and brown maxillary palpus of the male, and the gonocoxites having raised posteromesal part in the male terminalia. In S. singularis, the maxillary palpus is globose and black, and the gonocoxites have emarginated posteromesal part. Type material. Holotype. Male, CHINA: Zhejiang, Mt. Longwang (30.24° N, 119.26° E), 980 m, 27.VII.2018, coll. Caixia Liu, slide no. LWS-5-59. Paratype. Male, CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Dinghu (23.10° N, 112.32° E), 235 m, 12.VI.2020, coll. Lei Qi, slide no. DHS-8-67. DNA barcode. The DNA barcode sequences from holotype and paratype are deposited in BOLD and GenBank. The BIN number is AEJ 6195 in BOLD. The GenBank accession numbers for holotype and paratype are ON190027 and ON190028, respectively. Description Male (Fig. 3). Body length (without antennae) 5.0 mm. wing length 1.4 mm, width 3.0 mm. Head (Fig. 4a) pale brown, with width 1.2 times of its height. Vertex with numerous dark setae, frons and face bare. Three ocelli in approximately linear arrangement, medial ocellus about 1/3 diameter of lateral one. Compound eyes almost hemispheric, covered with pointed setae. Clypeus pale brown with 12–16 dark brown setae. Mouthparts reduced, maxillary palpus with two segments, segment 2 erecting forward, suboval, with 8–10 setae laterally. Antenna (Fig. 4c) brown and strongly compressed; scape and pedicel nearly funnel-shaped, bearing several subapical and apical setae; flagellum pectinate and 14-segmented, each flagellomere bearing 6–10 setae on dorsal edge, segments 1–8 with a few microtrichia ventrally, subtriangular apically. Thorax (Figs 4d–e) pale brown to brown. Scutum brown, bearing dense setae, with a V-shaped streak. Scutellum brown, with a row of marginal setae. Mediotergite pale brown, bare. Anepisternum dark brown, with several setae on top corner. Laterotergite pale brown and subrectangular, bare. Halter length 0.3 mm, stem translucent; knob dark brown, bearing sparse setae. Wing (Fig. 4b) brown, without pattern, bearing dense microtrichia on surface. Wing margin with short brown setae. R 1 and R 4+5 with dark setae arranged along the veins. Vein C stops at nearly middle of R 4+5 to M 1. Sc ends at basal 1/3 of C, about half length of R 1. Vein m-cu and R+M fusion subequal in length; Rs about twice of m-cu in length. CuA curved. CuP free, with end approaching to outer margin. Legs (Fig. 3) pale brown to dark brown. Fore coxa brown. Mid coxa with basal 2/3 pale brown and bare, distal 1/3 dark brown and setose. Hind coxa dorsally covered with sparse setae. Femur, tibia and tarsus brown, covered with numerous setae. Hind tibia with two combs apically, in linear arrangement. Abdomen (Fig. 3) pale brown to dark brown, bearing dense dark setae. Tergite 1 brown, tergites 2–4 somewhat transparent, tergites 5–8 dark brown. Terminalia (Figs 4f–h) brown. Tergite 9 subtrapezoidal, with abundant setae. Gonostylus curved, narrowed gradually from base to end; basal 1/2 bearing abundant dark brown setae on surface, 8–10 black spines on inner margin medially, and having a triangular projection distal-laterally; distal 1/2 hyaline, bare, with a dark brown apical bristle; hyaline part about twice length of bristle. Gonocoxites brown, bearing dense setae; posterior margin raised and divided medially, with 8–10 black strong spines posteriorly. Cercus thinly digitate, bearing setae. Female. Unknown. Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin word triumphus (victory), referring to the V-shaped streak on the scutum., Published as part of Qi, Lei, Huang, Junhao, Wu, Hong & Wang, Qingyun, 2022, Two new species of Setostylus Matile, 1990 (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from China, pp. 443-450 in Zootaxa 5165 (3) on pages 446-448, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6838620

Setostylus tridigitus Qi, Huang et Wang sp. n. (Figs 1–2) Diagnosis. This new species resembles S. abdominalis (Sasakawa & Tamu) in wing pattern and general appearance of the male terminalia, but it differs from the latter in the subtriangular terminal flagellomere in the male antennae, and gonocoxites having 18–20 black strong spines on each posteromesal lobiform part in the male terminalia. In S. abdominalis, the terminal flagellomere is suboval in the male antennae, and the gonocoxites have 23–25 short spines on each posteromesal lobiform part in the male terminalia. Type material. Holotype. Male, CHINA: Guangdong, Mt. Dinghu (23.92° N, 112.32° E), 72 m, 27.VIII.2020, coll. Lei Qi, slide no. DHS-8-85. Paratypes. Male, CHINA: Guizhou, Mt. Leigong (26.36° N, 108.16° E), 3.X.2019, coll. Changlie Yang, slide no. LGS-10-42; male, Guangdong, Chebaling National Nature Reserve (24.42° N, 114.15° E), 378 m, 12.VI.2020, coll. Lei Qi, slide no. CBL-8-39; male, Guangxi, Dayaoshan National Nature Reserve (24.14° N, 110.19° E), 1,520 m, 8.VI.2020, coll. Tao Li, slide no. DYS-10-70. DNA barcode. The DNA barcode sequence from holotype and paratypes are deposited in BOLD (https://boldsystems.org/) and GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), with the BIN number of AEI9998 and the GenBank accession number of ON190026. Description. Male (Fig. 1). Body length (without antennae) 4.5 mm. Wing length 1.3 mm, width 2.8 mm. Head (Fig. 2a) dark brown, with width 1.3 times of its height. Vertex with abundant dark setae, frons and face bare. Three ocelli arranged nearly in a line, lateral ocelli about three times of median one in diameter. Compound eyes almost hemispheric, covered with pointed setae. Clypeus brown with about 25–30 dark brown setae. Mouthparts reduced, maxillary palpus with two segments; segment 2 erecting forward, oval, with 6–8 setae laterally. Antenna (Fig. 2c) brown and strongly compressed; scape and pedicel funnel-shaped, covered with several subapical and apical setae; flagellum pectinate and 14-segmented, each flagellomere bearing 6–10 setae on dorsal edge, segments 1–8 with a few microtrichia ventrally, subtriangular apically. Thorax (Figs 2d–e) brown. Scutum brown, covered with bushy setae, three dark brown longitudinal stripes. Scutellum brown, with several setae. Mediotergite brown, bare. Anepisternum dark brown, subtriangular, with thick setae on top corner. Laterotergite pale brown and subelliptical, bare. Halter length 0.8 mm, stem translucent, bare; knob dark brown, bearing setae. Wing (Fig. 2b) brown, without pattern, veins distinct. Wing membrane covered with abundant brown microsetae. Wing margin with short brown setae. R 1 and R 4+5 with setae arranged along the veins. Vein C terminates at 1/2 of R 4+5 to M 1. Vein m-cu and R+M fusion subequal in length; Rs about twice length of m-cu. Vein M 1 and M 2 weaker than other veins. CuA slightly curved; CuP free terminally, approximates outer margin. Legs (Fig. 1) brown to dark brown. Fore coxa brown, covered with dense setae. Mid and hind coxae pale brown and bare on basal 2/3, dark brown and setose on distal 1/3. Femur, tibia and tarsus brown, covered with numerous setae. Hind tibia with two separated combs apically. Abdomen (Fig. 1) brown to dark brown, with tergite 1 brown, tergites 2–4 pale and 5-8 dark brown, covered with dense dark setae. Terminalia (Figs 2f–h) brown. Tergite 9 subpentagonal, with abundant setae. Gonostylus curved, narrowed gradually towards end; basal 2/3 covered with setae, 10–12 black spines on inner margin, and having a tiny projection distal-laterally; apical process bare and subtransparent, slightly raised at half of inner margin, with a dark brown bristle terminally, hyaline part about 1.5 times length of bristle. Gonocoxites brown, with narrow incision at middle posteriorly, bearing 18–20 black strong spines on each posteromesal lobiform part. Cercus pale brown, digitate, with numerous setae. Female. Unknown. Etymology. The name of this new species comes from the Latin tri (three) and digitus (finger), which refers to the three-toed streak on the scutum., Published as part of Qi, Lei, Huang, Junhao, Wu, Hong & Wang, Qingyun, 2022, Two new species of Setostylus Matile, 1990 (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from China, pp. 443-450 in Zootaxa 5165 (3) on pages 444-446, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6838620

Key to the species of Setostylus (based on male adults) 1. Two ocelli.......................................................................................... 2 - Three ocelli......................................................................................... 3 2. Flagellomere 14 with an antennal apicule; gonocoxites with anterior margin not emarginated (Matile 1990: Fig. 919)............................................................................... S. singularis (Lane) [Neotropical] - Flagellomere 14 without an antennal apicule; gonocoxites with anterior margin distinctly emarginated (Matile 1990: Fig. 922)............................................................................ S. bifidus Matile [Neotropical] 3. Wing without pattern.................................................................................. 4 - Wing with distinct patterns............................................................................. 9 4. Scutellum without bristles.............................................................................. 5 - Scutellum covered with bristles.......................................................................... 6 5. Tergite 9 longer than wide (Matile 1990: Fig. 936); tarsus I 1.5 times longer than the tibia. S. rufobrunneus Matile [Oriental] - Tergite 9 wider than long (Matile 1990: Fig. 937); tarsus I 2.5 times longer than the tibia..... S. bispinosus Matile [Oriental] 6. Scutum with pattern................................................................................... 7 - Scutum without pattern; flagellomere 14 cordiform apically (Papp et al. 2006)................ S. alienus Papp [Oriental] 7. Scutum with two stripes............................................................................... 8 - Scutum with three stripes; tergite 9 subpentagonal (Fig. 2).............................. S. tridigitus sp. n. [Oriental] 8. Scape and pedicel dark brown; palpus brown; tergites 2–4 somewhat transparent (Fig. 4)...... S. triumphus sp. n [Oriental] - Scape and pedicel reddish brown; palpus reddish brown; tergites 2–4 with a large yellow basal spot on both sides (Matile 1990)......................................................................... S. stubbsi Matile [Oriental] 9. Posterior margin of tergite 9 emarginated................................................................. 10 - Posterior margin of tergite 9 rounded.................................................................... 11 10. R +M fusion longer than the stem of median fork; gonostylus dorsomedially with a small, semi-transparent, posterodorsallyprojecting tooth (Huerta & Fitzgerald, 2020: Figs 2, 3D)........................ S. xoxo Huerta & Fitzgerald [Nearctic] - R +M fusion equal to half the stem of median fork; gonostylus dorsomedially without tooth (Matile 1990: Fig. 921)................................................................................ S. pictipennis Matile [Neotropical] 11. Goncoxites with posterior margin emarginated............................................................. 12 - Goncoxites with posterior margin not emarginated, with two submedian tubercles (Ševčík et al. 2021: Fig. 14A)..................................................................... S. fangshuoi Ševčík, Hippa & Burdíková [Oriental] 12. Wing with light brown fumose along costal edge near apex (Huerta & Fitzgerald, 2020)..................................................................................................... S. bellulus (Williston) [Neotropical] - Wing with light brown fumose along costal edge near anterior apical portion of wing to distinctly marked with brown more broadly............................................................................................ 13 13. Palpus yellow....................................................................................... 14 - Palpus reddish brown; halteres with yellowish stem and black knob (Edwards 1931)...... S. innotatus (Edwards) [Oriental] 14. Costa reaching slightly beyond one-third distance from vein R 4+5 to M 1;gonostylus with a minute projection on dorsoapical part, arcuate projection ventrally (Sasakawa & Tamu 1961: Figs 1–2).......... S. abdominalis (Sasakawa & Tamu) [Palaearctic] - Costa reaching almost midway between R 4+5 to M1; gonostylus without projection (Xu et al. 2007: Figs 5 –6).......................................................................... S. chinensis Cao, Evenhuis & Zhou [Palaearctic], Published as part of Qi, Lei, Huang, Junhao, Wu, Hong & Wang, Qingyun, 2022, Two new species of Setostylus Matile, 1990 (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from China, pp. 443-450 in Zootaxa 5165 (3) on pages 448-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5165.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/6838620, {"references":["Matile, L. (1990) Recherches sur la systematique et l'evolution des Keroplatidae (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Series A, 148, 1 - 682.","Papp, L., Merz, B. & Foldvari, M. (2006) Diptera of Thailand. A summary of the families and genera with references to the species representations. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 52 (2), 97 - 269.","Huerta, H. & Fitzgerald, S. J. (2020) A new species of Setostylus Matile and new records of Setostylus bellulus (Williston) (Diptera: Keroplatidae). Zootaxa, 4722 (1), 84 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4722.1.8","Sevcik, J., Hippa, H. & Burdikova, N. (2021) Just a Fragment of Undescribed Diversity: Twenty New Oriental and Palearctic Species of Sciaroidea (Diptera), including DNA Sequence Data and Two New Fossil Genera. Insects, 13 (1), 19. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 13010019","Edwards, F. W. (1931) Fauna Sumatrensis. Mycetophilidae (Diptera). Tijdshrift voor Entomologie, 74, 262 - 278.","Sasakawa, M. & Tamu, N. (1961) Japanese Fungivoridae (Diptera) III: New or Little-known fungus gnats from the Tsushima Islands (Agriculture). The scientific reports of Kyoto Prefectural University. Agriculture, 13, 68 - 69.","Xu, H. C., Cao, J., Zhou, Z. J., Wu, H. & Huang, Z. W. (2007) First record of the tribe Keroplatini from China, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Keroplatidae). Zootaxa, 1497 (1), 35 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1497.1.3"]}

In this paper, the possibility of detecting topological variations by observing output trajectories from networked linear time-invariant systems is investigated, where the network topology can be general, but the nodes have identical higher-dimensional dynamics. A necessary and sufficient condition on the discernibility of topological variations is derived, in terms of the eigenspaces of the original and the modified network configuarations. By taking the specific network structures into consideration, some lower-dimensional conditions are derived, which reveal how the network topologies, sensor locations, node-system dynamics and output, as well as inner interactions altogether affect the discernibility. Furthermore, the output discernibility of topological changes for networked multi-agent systems is revisited, showing that some criterion reported in the literature does not hold. Consequently, a modified necessary and sufficient condition is established. The effectiveness of the results is demonstrated through several examples.

The mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi is a historically important aquaculture species in China and exhibits sexually dimorphic growth. However, sex determination of this fish remains unclear so far. In this study, we induced meiotic gynogenesis in S. chuatsi using irradiated heterologous sperm from spotted mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri) to uncover its mechanism of sex determination. Up to 7.52% diploid progeny were obtained among three gynogenetic families in this study. Molecular analysis of female and male donors and sampled young gynogens by seven microsatellite loci further confirmed no genetic contributions from the 'father' S. scherzeri. After 8 months of culture, external morphology of adult fish showed that all gynogens were cloned from their mothers. Gonads of the gynogenetic progeny were examined by histological observations and the sexing results showed that they were almost 100% females, strongly supporting an assumption of female homogamety in mandarin fish. By this study, we obtained pure lines of S. chuatsi and elucidated its genetic mechanism of sex determination, providing a basis for possible sex control breeding in this species.

A large number of experiments show that PtCu catalyst has a good catalytic effect on methanol decomposition. Therefore, density functional theory (DFT) was used to further study the dehydrogenation of methanol catalyzed by PtnCum (n = 1–3, m = 0–2). The energy diagrams of O-adsorption path and H-adsorption path were drawn. By calculation, the Pt is the active site of the whole reaction process, and the barrier energy of the rate-determining step is 11.09 kcal mol−1 by Pt2Cu, which is lower than that of Pt3 and PtCu2. However, the complete dehydrogenation product of methanol, CO, is easier to dissociate from PtCu2 clusters than from Pt3 and Pt2Cu clusters. Therefore, Cu doping can improve the catalytic activity and anti-CO toxicity of Pt to a certain extent.

Two new species of Heteroptera (Diptera: Keroplatidae: Keroplatinae), H. cuneata sp. n. and H. fanjingshana sp. n. are described from Guizhou, China. Key to adult males of Heteropterna from China is given. Habitus images of adults and morphological structures are provided.

Heteropterna (Heteropterna s. str.) cuneata Wang et Huang sp. n. (Figs 1���2) Diagnosis. This new species resembles H. annulipes (Colless) in appearance by having similar wing pattern, but can be recognized by the cercus tapering to the apex, the external lobe of gonostylus apically rounded in ventral view, and the gonocoxites with posterior 1/5 split into halves in the terminalia (Figs 2i���k). In H. annulipes, the cercus is reniform, the external lobe of gonostylus has a pointed end in ventral view, and the gonocoxites are fused posteriorly in the terminalia (Colless 1966: Figs 1a���c). Type material. Holotype. Male, CHINA: Guizhou Province, Mt. Fanjing (27.8�� N, 108.62�� E), 750 m, 5.VI��� 4.VII.2020, coll. Fanliang Liu, slide no. FJS-11-20. Description. Male (Fig. 1). Body length (without antennae) 5.5 mm. Wing length 3.2 mm. Length of terminalia 0.56 mm. Head dark brown. Compound eyes (Fig. 2a) hemispheric, occupying most area of head, bearing dense pubescence on surface. Three ocelli (Fig. 2b) lying between upper edges of eyes, arranged in an inverted triangle, with lateral ones about three times of median one in diameter. Mouthparts (Fig. 2a) reduced, palpus two-segmented and porrect, labrum subtriangular, labellum has bushy setae outside. Antenna (Fig. 2c) pectinate and laterally compressed, slightly longer than head width; scape and pedicel subtrapezoid, covered with dense microtrichia laterally, having setae in different length dorsally and ventrally; flagellum 14-segmented and comb-like, bearing dense microtrichia laterally, with a few setae dorsally and ventrally; flagellomeres 1���11 brown (except 7th and 11th segment partly yellowish white), flagellomeres 12���14 yellowish white, with last one somewhat dark apically. Thorax (Figs 2d���f) brown. Prothoracic spiracle membranous, elliptical. Anepisternum dark brown and subtriangular, with sparse setae. Mesonotum brown, middle streak dark brown and cuneiform, with yellowish brown stripes along lateral sides. Scutellum fuscous, subrectangular. Mediotergite yellowish brown and subtriangular, with medial membranous area inverted triangular. Laterotergite fuscous brown, suboval. Halter length 0.38 mm; stem translucent, with setae anteriorly; knob dark brown, with sparse setae anteriorly. Wing (Fig. 2g) pale brown, having dense microtrichia on surface, outer and posterior margin with short cilia. Fuscous stripe along costal margin, about 1/4 width of wing, extending from base to end of costa. Hyaline spots irregular, with a smaller medial spot from end of Sc obliquely outward to above middle of R, and a larger apical spot from end of R 2+3 obliquely outward to above bottom margin of stripe. Veins brown to dark brown, with two rows of microsetae on C, and a row of microsetae on R 1 and R 4+5. Vein C stops at 5/12 of R 4+5 -M 1. M 1 and M 2 weaker than other veins, with M 1 ending at outer margin and M 2 ending far from outer margin. CuA curved backward at middle. False vein close to CuA, with free end. Vein r-m degenerated and weakly sclerotized. Legs (Fig. 1) yellowish white to dark brown. Coxae dark brown, covered with setae densely. Femora yellowish brown, scattered with setae. Tibiae and tarsi light brown, bearing thick microtrichia. Abdomen (Fig. 2h) brown, covered with dense setae. Tergites light brown. Sternites dark brown, with paired subelliptical hyaline spots on sternites 2 to 4. Terminalia (Figs 2i���k) brown. Tergite 9 subtrapezoidal, concave both anteriorly and posteriorly, covered with setae densely. Cercus setose dorsally, wide basally, tapering to posterior end, with distal half slightly curved inward. Gonocoxites ventrally with anterior 4/5 fused, posterior 1/5 spilt into halves; posterior protuberance subtriangular, with stout setae ventrally. In ventral view external lobe of gonostylus thinly digitate, rounded terminally, slightly shorter than width of gonocoxite, having dense long bristles laterally; internal lobe of gonostylus corniform, about 2/3 length of external lobe, with short setae inside and long bristles outside. In lateral view dorsal lobe of gonostylus subtriangular, covered with dense setae. Female. Unknown. Etymology. The name of this species is from the Latin cuneatus (cuneiform), in reference to the cuneiform streak at middle of mesonotum; adjective in genitive case., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun, Qi, Lei, Wu, Hong & Huang, Junhao, 2021, Two new species of Heteropterna Skuse, 1888 (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from China, pp. 277-284 in Zootaxa 4985 (2) on pages 278-279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4985.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/5055074, {"references":["Colless, D. H. (1966) Diptera: Mycetophilidae. Insects of Micronesia, 12 (6), 637 - 667."]}

Heteropterna (Heteropterna s. str.) fanjingshana Wang et Huang sp. n. (Figs 3���4) Diagnosis. This new species is similar to H. septemtrionalis (Okada) by having similar antennae with the last four flagellomeres yellowish white. It can be recognized by the wing having medial hyaline spot oblique outward, and the internal lobe of gonostylus apically straight in ventral view (Figs 4g, i���k). In H. septemtrionalis, the wing has a medial hyaline spot oblique inward, and the internal lobe of gonostylus apically hooked in ventral view (Matile, 1990: Figs 586���587). Type material. Holotype. Male, CHINA: Guizhou Province, Mt. Fanjing (27.95�� N, 108.77�� E), 840 m, 5.VI.2020, coll. Zhenghai Yang, slide no. FJS-10-28. Description. Male (Fig. 3). Body length (without antennae) 5.3 mm. Wing length 3.4 mm. Length of terminalia 0.5 mm. Head (Figs 4a���b) dark brown. Compound eyes (Fig. 4a) hemispheric, making up most area of head, covered with dense pubescence superficially. Three ocelli (Fig. 4b) lying between upper edges of eyes, arranged in an inverted triangle, with median ocellus at a slightly lower position, lateral ocelli about three times as median one in diameter. Mouthparts (Fig. 4a) reduced, palpus two-segmented and setose, labrum ligulate, labellum has bushy setae laterally.Antenna (Fig. 4c) pectinate and laterally compressed, about 1.5 times length of head width; scape and pedicel subtrapezoid, with setae dorsally and ventrally; flagellum 14-segmented and comb-like, covered with serried microtrichia laterally, with countable setae dorsally and ventrally; flagellomeres 1���10 brown (except 7th segment yellowish white laterally), flagellomeres 11���14 yellowish white, with last segment pale brown terminally. Thorax (Figs 4d���f) brown. Anepisternum dark brown and subtriangular, bare. Mesonotum brown; medial stripe dark brown, narrowly bandlike, reaching to posterior 2/5. Scutellum dark brown, subrectangular. Mediotergite yellowish brown and subtriangular, medial membrane inverted triangular. Laterotergite brown and subelliptical. Halter length 0.5 mm; stem translucent, with distal half bearing setae anteriorly; knob dark brown, oval. Wing (Fig. 4g) pale brown, covered with thick microtrichia superficially, outer and posterior margin with short cilia. Fuscous stripe along costa, approaching to 2/7 width of wing, stretching from base to end of costa. Medial hyaline spot irregular extending from end of Sc outward to middle of R, apical hyaline spot extending from end of R 2+3 obliquely inward to bottom margin of stripe. Veins brown to dark brown, with two rows of microsetae on C, and a row of microsetae on R 1, R 2+3 and R 4+5. Vein C terminate at 2/5 of R 4+5 -M 1. M 1 and M 2 weaker than other veins, with M 1 ending at outer margin, and M 2 ending far from outer margin. CuA curved backward at midpoint. False vein next to CuA, with free end. Vein r-m degenerated. Legs (Fig. 3) yellowish white to dark brown. Hind leg dark brown, except femora yellowish white interiorly, with thick setae. Fore and mid legs damaged, only with fuscous coxae left. Abdomen (Fig. 4h) brown, with dense setae dorso-ventrally. Tergites pale brown. Sternites dark brown, with paired suboval hyaline spots from sternites 2 to 4 on each segment. Terminalia (Figs 4i���k) brown. Tergite 9 subtrapezoidal, shallowly concave at posterior margin. Cercus subtriangular, setose dorsally. Gonocoxites with posterior 1/3 weakly sclerotized along median line; posterior protuberance horn-shaped, covered with intensive setae ventrally. In ventral view external lobe of gonostylus finely digitate, obtuse terminally, slightly shorter than width of gonocoxite, with dense bristles outside; internal lobe of gonostylus horn-like, about 2/3 length of external lobe, with setae inside and long bristles outside. In lateral view dorsal lobe of gonostylus enlarged dorsad at middle, with thick setae superficially. Female. Unknown. Etymology. This species is named after Mt. Fanjing, the collection site of type specimen; noun in genitive case., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun, Qi, Lei, Wu, Hong & Huang, Junhao, 2021, Two new species of Heteropterna Skuse, 1888 (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from China, pp. 277-284 in Zootaxa 4985 (2) on pages 281-283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4985.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/5055074, {"references":["Matile, L. (1990) Recherches sur la systematique et l'evolution des Keroplatidae (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, (A), 148, 1 - 682."]}

Heteropterna Skuse, 1888 Heteroptera Skuse, 1888. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Proc. 3: 166; Edwards, 1929. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Proc. 54: 174. Type species: Heteropterna macleayi Skuse, 1888, by monotypy. Key to the species of Heteropterna in China (based on male adults) 1 Antenna with flagellomeres 11���14 yellowish white.......................................................... 2 - Antenna with flagellomere 11 mainly brown, flagellomeres 12���14 yellowish white, mesonotum with a cuneiform medial streak................................................................................. H. cuneata sp. n. 2 Medial hyaline wing spot with posterior side curving toward wing tip, mesonotum with a band-like medial stripe, internal lobe of gonostylus apically straight in ventral view............................................. H. fanjingshana sp. n. - Medial hyaline wing spot with posterior end curving toward base of wing, mesonotum with a cuneiform medial stripe, internal lobe of gonostylus apically hooked in ventral view..................................... H. septemtrionalis (Okada), Published as part of Wang, Qingyun, Qi, Lei, Wu, Hong & Huang, Junhao, 2021, Two new species of Heteropterna Skuse, 1888 (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from China, pp. 277-284 in Zootaxa 4985 (2) on page 278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4985.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/5055074, {"references":["Skuse, R. A. A. (1888) Diptera of Australia. Part III. The Mycetophilidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Series 2, 3, 1123 - 1222.","Edwards, F. W. (1929) Notes on the Ceroplatinae, with descriptions of new Australian species (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 54 (3), 162 - 175."]}

Additional file 1. Supplementary figures.

The interactions between plants and nanomaterials (NMs) can shed light on the environmental consequences of nanotechnology. We used the major crop plant rice (Oryza sativa L.) to investigate the uptake of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) coated with either negatively or positively charged ligands, over a 5-day period, in the absence or presence of one of two amino acids, aspartic acid (Asp) or lysine (Lys), acting as components of rice root exudates. The presence of Asp or Lys influenced the uptake and distribution of GNPs in rice, which depended on the electrical interaction between the coated GNPs and each amino acid. When the electrical charge of the amino acid was the same as that of the surface ligand coated onto the GNPs, the GNPs could disperse well in nutrient solution, resulting in increased uptake of GNPs into rice tissue. The opposite was true where the charge on the surface ligand was different from that on the amino acid, resulting in agglomeration and reduced Au uptake into rice tissue. The behavior of GNPs in the hydroponic nutrient solution was monitored in terms of agglomeration, particle size distribution, and surface charge in the presence and absence of Asp or Lys, which depended strongly on the electrostatic interaction. Results from this study indicated that the species of root exudates must be taken into account in assessing the bioavailability of nanomaterials to plants.

Clay is an active component in the mechanical composition of soil. The quantitative study of the spatial distribution of soil clay content is crucial to soil microecological research and agricultural or environmental management. The main purpose of the paper was to simulate soil clay content in three dimensions and reveal its response to sampling density based on sequential Gaussian simulation. The results showed the following: (1) With a reduction in samples, especially in the A horizon, spatial correlation was relatively enhanced and randomness weakened. (2) The spatial distribution of soil clay showed soil had high clay content in the mid-eastern region of the Haidian District, Beijing, and clay content was generally low in the other areas; (3) With a decrease of sampling density, the simulated spatial distribution of clay became gradually more homogeneous. The stochastic simulation results for two kinds of sampling densities, i.e., SD1 and SD4 were closer to the original measured values; the general distribution was discrete and could more accurately reflect the local volatility of the original data distribution; (4) Considering the root mean square error (RMSE), accurate plot, standard error map, and quartile deviation map, SD1 had the best effect of three-dimensional stochastic simulation, followed by SD4; (5) For soil clay, three-dimensional sampling can be applicable to reduce samples required in the lower horizon in order to reduce the sampling workload.

Based on the DFT, the adsorption and dehydrogenation reactions of methanol over PtCo@SV have been extensively investigated. When PtCo binary metal is adsorbed on the defect of single vacancy graphene (SV) by Co atom, its stability is obviously stronger than that of pure platinum on defect of SV. Both the H-adsorption and O-adsorption on Pt and Co sites are considered as initial reaction steps. Compared with Cu site, methanol is more likely to dehydrogenate at Pt site. Although the H-adsorption on the Pt site is weaker than the O-adsorption, the dehydrogenation by the H-adsorption path has much lower energy barrier than that by the O-adsorption path. Generally, for the H-adsorption path, the adsorption is rate determining step because of the rather low dehydrogenation barrier for the H-adsorption complex (thermodynamic control), whereas the O-adsorption path is determined by its dehydrogenation step (kinetic control). Among all the PtCo@SV investigated, PtCo-2 and PtCo-3 are found to enhance the activity of catalytic dehydrogenation by the H-adsorption path on the Pt site as compared with that on Pt2@SV, which explains why PtCo catalyst has become the focus of fuel cell research in recent years.

Scythropiodes atonopa (Meyrick, 1918) Odites atonopa Meyrick, 1918: 197. TL: India. TD: BMNH. Distribution. India., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1918) Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough), 2 (7), 197 - 224."]}

Scythropiodes jiulianae Park et Wu, 1997 Figs 7, 22, 36 Scythropiodes jiulianae Park et Wu, 1997: 37. TL: China (Jiangxi: Dayu). TD: IZCAS. Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 7) with wingspan 14.0���19.0 mm. Scythropiodes jiulianae is characterized by its transtilla with lateral lobes bearing a long slender spine anteriorly and a stout triangular spine posteriorly. It is superficially similar to S. hamatellus, and the differences between them are stated under S. hamatellus. Material examined. CHINA: Zhejiang Province: 1 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 350 m, 15.VIII. 1999, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 2 ♀, Mt. Jiulong, 400 m, 4���6.VIII. 2011, coll. Lingling Yang and Na Chen; Hubei Province: 1 ��, Maoba District, Lichuan City, 700 m, 30.VII. 1999, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 2 ��, 1 ♀, Yingshan County, 635 m, 23��� 26.VI. 2014, coll. Wei Guan and Meiqing Yang; 1 ��, 2 ♀, Luotian County, 570 m, 2���4.VII. 2014, coll. Wei Guan and Meiqing Yang; Hunan Province: 1 ♀, Taojiang County, 26.VII. 2004, coll. Yunli Xiao; 1 ♀, Xiangtan City, 29.VII. 2004, coll. Yunli Xiao; 4 ��, 1 ♀, Xinhua County, 3.VIII. 2004, coll. Yunli Xiao; 2 ��, Xinhua County, 6.VIII. 2004, coll. Yunli Xiao; 1 ��, Xinhua County, 10.VIII. 2004, coll. Yunli Xiao; Sichuan Province: 1 ��, Wenchuan County, 1557 m, 11.VII. 2014, coll. Kaijian Teng et al.; Guizhou Province: 8 ��, Chishui Alsophila Nature Reserves, 390 m, 27���30.V. 2000, coll. Yanli Du; 1 ��, Chishui Alsophila Nature Reserves, 240 m, 22.IX. 2000, coll. Haili Yu; 1 ♀, Xishui County, 500 m, 25.IX. 2000, coll. Haili Yu; 1 ��, Mt. Fanjing, 530 m, 3.VI. 2002, coll. Xinpu Wang; 3 ��, Daozhen Gelaozu Miaozu Autonomous County, 600 m, 28���29.V. 2004, coll. Shulian Hao; 1 ♀, Suiyang County, 15.VIII. 2010, coll. Lingling Yang. Distribution. China (Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang)., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42."]}

Scythropiodes approximans (Caradja, 1927) Figs 4, 19, 34 Odites approximans Caradja, 1927: 33. TL: China (Beijing). TD: MGAB. Odites choricopa Meyrick, 1931: 74. Scythropiodes choricopa (Meyrick): Lvovsky, 1996: 650. Scythropiodes approximans (Caradja): Park & Wu, 1997: 35. Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 4) with wingspan 17.5���24.0 mm. Scythropiodes approximans is similar to S. tribula in appearance by having a similar forewing pattern. It can be separated from the latter by the valva that is suddenly produced from distal 1 / 3 to a slender finger-like process in the male genitalia (Fig. 19), and by the gear-like signum with 8���11 radiated arms but without any denticles in the female genitalia (Figs 34 a���c). In S. tribula, the valva is slightly narrowed from distal 1 / 3 and has a short apical spine in the male genitalia (Fig. 20); and the ovate signum has denticles but lacks radiated arms in the female genitalia (Park & Wu 1997: 49 ��� 49 a). Material examined. CHINA: Tianjin: 14 ��, 1 ♀, Ji County, 450���550 m, 23���25.VI. 2001, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 1 ��, Ji County, 150 m, 5���7.IX. 2001, coll. Houhun Li; 27 ��, 3 ♀, Ji County, 200 m, 26���28.VI. 2004, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 1 ��, Ji County, 170 m, 20.VII. 2004, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 8 ♀, Ji County, 560 m, 12��� 15.VII. 2005, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 2 ��, Mt. Baxian, 600 m, 18.VI��� 1.VII. 2010, coll. Mingrui Zhang and Shurong Liu; 1 ��, 3 ♀, Mt. Baxian, 600 m, 4���24.VII. 2010, coll. Yinhui Mou and Shurong Liu; 11 ��, 16 ♀, Mt. Baxian, 560 m, 9���19.VII. 2011, coll. Shurong Liu and Yinhui Sun; Hebei Province: 2 ��, Xinglong County, 800 m, 3.VII. 2009, coll. Jinqing et al.; 23 ��, 7 ♀, Xinglong County, 800 m, 15���28.VII. 2011, coll. Houhun Li and Yanpeng Cai; Shanxi Province: 1 ♀, Lingchuan County, 900 m, 14.VII. 2010, coll. Haiyan Bai and Lingling Yang; 1 ♀, Zhongtiaoshan Nature Reserves, 11.VII. 2012, coll. Qiang Gao and Na Chen; 1 ��, 1 ♀, Dahe forest farm, 1340 m, 12���14.VII. 2012, coll. Qiang Gao and Na Chen; 2 ��, 6 ♀, Yangcheng County, 594 m, 14���17.VII. 2012, coll. Wei Guan and Xiuchun Wang; 1 ��, Lingchuan County, 773 m, 19.VII. 2012, coll. Wei Guan and Xiuchun Wang; Liaoning Province: 1 ♀, Haicheng City, 14.VII. 2010, coll. Jiayu Liu and Yanpeng Cai; Henan Province: 1 ♀, Xixia County, 890 m, 17.VII. 1998, coll. Houhun Li; 1 ��, Jiyuan City, 700 m, 4.VI. 2000, coll. Haili Yu; 1 ��, 1 ♀, Luoshan County, 350 m, 21.V. 2000, coll. Haili Yu; 1 ��, Xinyang City, 700 m, 14.VII. 2001, coll. Dandan Zhang; Hubei Province: 1 ♀, Lichuan City, 1100 m, 2.VIII. 1999, coll. Houhun Li et al. Distribution. China (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin, Zhejiang), Korea, Russia., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on pages 306-307, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Caradja, A. (1927) Die Kleinfalter der Stotzner'schen Ausbeute, nebst Zutrage aus meiner Sammlung. Memoriile Sectiunii Stiintifice Academia Romana Bucharest, 4, 1 - 68.","Meyrick, E. (1931) Second contribution to our knowledge about the Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of Kwanhsien (Micro- Lepidoptera). In: Caradja, A. (Ed.), Bulletin de la Section Scientifique de l'Academie Roumaine, 14, 62 - 75.","Lvovsky, A. L. (1996) Composition of the genus Odites Wlsm. and its position in the classification of the Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 75, 650 - 659.","Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42."]}

Scythropiodes leucostola (Meyrick, 1921) Protobathra leucostola Meyrick, 1921: 436. TL: Japan. TD: BMNH. Scythropiodes seriatopunctata, Matsumura, 1931: 1099. Distribution. China (Fujian? Jiangxi? Zhejiang?), Korea, Japan. Remarks. This species might not be distributed in China based on our present study., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1921) Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough), 2 (14), 417 - 448.","Matsumura, S. (1931) 6000 Illustrated Insects of Japan-Empire. Toko-Shoi, Tokyo, 1497 + 191 pp., 10 pls."]}

Scythropiodes pancyclia (Meyrick, 1928) Odites pancyclia Meyrick, 1928: 434. TL: Philippines. TD: BMNH. Distribution. Philippines., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1928) Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough), 3 (14), 417 - 448."]}

Scythropiodes lividula (Meyrick, 1932) Odites lividula Meyrick, 1932: 286. TL: Japan. TD: BMNH. Distribution. China (?), Korea, Japan. Remarks. Sakamaki (2013) mentioned the distribution of this species in China, but he did not specify its locality and we failed to find it in this study., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1932) Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough), 4 (9), 257 - 288.","Sakamaki, Y. (2013) Lecithoceridae. In: Hirowatari, T., Nasu, Y., Sakamaki, Y. & Kishida, Y. (Eds.), The standard of moths in Japan. Vol. 3. Gakken Education Publishing, Tokyo, pp. 219 - 224."]}

Scythropiodes procellosa (Meyrick, 1908) Odites procellosa Meyrick, 1908 b: 729. TL: S. Nigeria. TD: BMNH. Distribution. South Nigeria., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1908 b) Descriptions of African Mircro-Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 716 - 756."]}

Scythropiodes glaphyra (Meyrick, 1908) Odites glaphyra Meyrick, 1908 a: 632. TL: Sikkim. TD: BMNH. Distribution. India., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1908 a) Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. Part VII. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 18, 613 - 638."]}

Scythropiodes gnophus Park et Wu, 1997 Figs 10, 25, 38 Scythropiodes gnophus Park et Wu, 1997: 40. TL: China (Sichuan: Mt. Emei). TD: IZCAS. Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 10) with wingspan 11.5���13.0 mm. This species is characterized by its valva that is bifurcated from distal 1 / 4 in the male genitalia. It is similar to S. barbellatus in appearance, and the differences between them are stated under the latter species. Material examined. CHINA: Zhejiang Province: 1 ��, Mt. Jiulong, 623 m, 5.VII. 2013, coll. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 5 ��, Grand Canyon Maoershan, 1.VII. 2001, Collector Unknown; 1 ��, Nanning City, 1200 m, 7.VIII. 2011, coll. Shulian Hao and Yinhui Sun; Sichuan Province: 1 ♀, Mt. Qingcheng, 14.VIII. 1990, Academia Sinica; Guizhou Province: 1 ♀, Daozhen Gelaozu Miaozu Autonomous County, 1350 m, 24.VIII. 2004, coll. Yunli Xiao. Distribution. China (Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Zhejiang)., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42."]}

Scythropiodes paracyrta (Meyrick, 1905) Xylorycta paracyrta Meyrick, 1905: 602. TL: Sri Lanka. TD: BMNH. Distribution. Sri Lanka., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1905) Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16, 580 - 619."]}

Key to the species of Scythropiodes in China 1 Forewing ground color yellowish brown or brown.......................................................... 2 - Forewing ground color pale yellow or white or greyish white................................................ 10 2 Forewing with discal or discocellular spot................................................................. 3 - Forewing with neither discal nor discocellular spot.......................................................... 9 3 Valvae asymmetrical; juxta with two short lobes posteriorly (Fig. 32)........................ S. asymmetricus sp. nov. - Valvae symmetrical.................................................................................. 4 4 Phallus torch-shaped (Fig. 33)............................................................. S. taedus sp. nov. - Phallus not torch-shaped.............................................................................. 5 5 Valva with a thumbed process in dorsal surface (Fig. 26)................................. S. dorsoprocessus sp. nov. - Valva without thumbed process in dorsal surface........................................................... 6 6 Transtilla with a pair of thin digitate lateral lobes (Clarke 1955: Pl. 235, Fig. 3 b)........................... S. lividula - Transtilla with a pair of oval or subtriangular lateral lobes.................................................... 7 7 Transtilla with oval lateral lobes; phallus with a hook-shaped process distally (Fig. 28)...................... S. oncinius - Transtilla with subtriangular lateral lobes; phallus without process distally....................................... 8 8 Valva with a digitate apical process (Fig. 29)...................................................... S. malivora - Valva with a thorn-shaped apical process (Fig. 27)................................................. S. elasmatus 9 Valva bifurcated from distal 1 / 4, juxta inverted triangular; transtilla without lateral lobe (Fig. 25).............. S. gnophus - Valva not bifurcated distally, juxta trapezoidal; transtilla with lateral lobes (Fig. 24)...................... S. barbellatus 10 Forewing ground color pale yellow; juxta with paired horn-shaped lateral lobes and a median forked process posteriorly (Figs 16, 31).................................................................................... S. triangulus - Forewing ground color white or greyish white............................................................ 11 11 Forewing without spots in cell; valva with two digitate processes and an oval process distally (Moriuti 1977: Figs 7, 15)................................................................................................ S. venusta - Forewing with spots in cell........................................................................... 12 12 Phallus without cornutus; valva subquadrate (Fig. 21).............................................. S. hamatellus - Phallus with one to five cornuti........................................................................ 13 13 Valva without apical process.......................................................................... 14 - Valva with an apical process.......................................................................... 15 14 Phallus with two cornuti, transtilla with subrectangular lateral lobes bearing two spines (Fig. 22)............. S. jiulianae - Phallus with four to five cornuti, transtilla with semioval lateral lobes bearing no spines (Fig. 30)................ S. issikii 15 Phallus with three cornuti............................................................................. 16 - Phallus with one cornutus............................................................................ 17 16 Valva gradually narrowed from distal 1 / 3, with a short apical spine (Fig. 20).............................. S. tribula - Valva suddenly produced from distal 1 / 3 to a finger-like apical process (Fig. 19)...................... S. approximans 17 Cornutus curved (Clarke 1955: Pl. 235, Fig. 2 b)................................................... S. leucostola - Cornutus straight................................................................................... 18 18 Valva with a spine-like apical process (Fig. 23)........................................... S. aculeiformus sp. nov. - Valva with a digitate apical process (Clarke 1955: Pl. 240, Fig. 3 b).................................... S. velipotens, Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 306, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Clarke, J. F. G. (1955) Xyloryctidae. In: Clarke, J. F. G. (Ed.), Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick. Vol. 2. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 397 - 506.","Moriuti, S. (1977) New and unrecorded Gelechioid moths from Japan taken by Mr Watanabe in the island of Yakusima. Tinea, 10, 119 - 129."]}

Scythropiodes velipotens (Meyrick, 1935) Odites velipotens Meyrick, 1935 a: 572. TL: China (Sichuan). TD: BMNH. Distribution. China (Sichuan)., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1935 a) Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough), 4 (18), 545 - 576."]}

Scythropiodes practoria (Meyrick, 1908) Odites practoria Meyrick, 1908 a: 631. TL: India. TD: BMNH. Distribution. India., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 327, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1908 a) Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. Part VII. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 18, 613 - 638."]}

Scythropiodes venusta (Moriuti, 1977) Odites venusta Moriuti, 1977: 126. TL: Japan. TD: UOP. Distribution. China (?), Korea, Japan. Remarks. Sakamaki (2013) reported the distribution of this species in China, but he did not give the specific locality and we have not collected it so far., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Moriuti, S. (1977) New and unrecorded Gelechioid moths from Japan taken by Mr Watanabe in the island of Yakusima. Tinea, 10, 119 - 129.","Sakamaki, Y. (2013) Lecithoceridae. In: Hirowatari, T., Nasu, Y., Sakamaki, Y. & Kishida, Y. (Eds.), The standard of moths in Japan. Vol. 3. Gakken Education Publishing, Tokyo, pp. 219 - 224."]}

Scythropiodes aspasta (Meyrick, 1908) Odites aspasta Meyrick, 1908 a: 632. TL: India. TD: BMNH. Distribution. India., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1908 a) Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. Part VII. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 18, 613 - 638."]}

Scythropiodes heptasticta (Meyrick, 1914) Odites heptasticta Meyrick, 1914: 281. TL: Nyassaland. TD: BMNH. Distribution. Malawi., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1914) Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough), 1 (9), 257 - 288."]}

Scythropiodes citrantha (Meyrick, 1908) Odites citrantha Meyrick, 1908 b: 729. TL: South Africa. TD: BMNH. Distribution. South Africa., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1908 b) Descriptions of African Mircro-Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 716 - 756."]}

Scythropiodes ussuriella Lvovsky, 1996 Scythropiodes ussuriella Lvovsky, 1996: 653. TL: Russian Far-East. TD: ZIRAS. Distribution. Korea, Russia., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 328, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Lvovsky, A. L. (1996) Composition of the genus Odites Wlsm. and its position in the classification of the Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 75, 650 - 659."]}

Scythropiodes taedus Wang et Li, sp. nov. Figs 18, 33, 44 Diagnosis. This new species can be separated from congeners by having a torch-shaped phallus. It is similar to S. asymmetricus sp. nov. in appearance, and the differences between them are stated under the latter species. Type material. CHINA: Yunnan Province: Holotype ��, Weishan County (24 �� 31 'N, 98 �� 50 'E), 2200 m, 20.VII. 2001, coll. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang, genitalia slide no. WQY 13023. Paratypes: 1 ��, same data as for holotype; 1 ��, Weishan County, 2244 m, 23.VII. 2013, coll. Shurong Liu; 23 ��, 4 ♀, Taiyang River, 1450 m, 16.V��� 11.VI. 2014, coll. Zhenguo Zhang; 2 ��, 1 ♀, Dali, 2205 m, 31.VII. 2014, coll. Kaijian Teng et al. Adult (Fig. 18). Wingspan 14.0���17.0 mm. Head yellowish white on frons, yellowish brown on vertex. Antenna with scape pale yellowish brown; flagellum yellowish white at base, deepening to dark brown toward tip. Labial palpus with second palpomere yellowish white, dark brown from basal 1 / 5 to distal 1 / 5 on outer surface; third palpomere slightly shorter than second, pointed terminally, yellowish white on outer surface, dark brown on inner surface, with a black ring at base. Thorax and tegula dark brown. Forewing with costal margin straight; apex protruded; termen obliquely truncate, slightly concave below apex; ground color greyish brown, paler or darker in some individuals, distal half scattered with dark brown scales; costal margin orange-yellow, forming a narrow streak; discal spot rounded, black; discocellular spot ill-defined, black; fold with a black spot at middle; broad black streak from below discocellular spot diffused to end of fold on dorsum; ill-defined black dots along distal part of costal margins and termen; cilia pale yellow, tinged with dark brown. Hindwing grey; cilia grey, basal line yellowish white. Fore leg greyish brown; mid leg pale yellow, mixed with yellowish brown; hind leg yellowish white. MAP 2. Distribution of Scythropiodes spp. in China. �� S. aculeiformus sp. nov.; ��� S. asymmetricus sp. nov.; ��� S. barbellatus Park et Wu; * S. gnophus Park et Wu; ��� S. taedus sp. nov. Male genitalia (Fig. 33). Gnathos sickle-shaped in lateral view, acute apically. Valva broad at base, narrowed to 3 / 4, broadened gradually from 3 / 4 to apex, rounded dorso-apically, with short setae; apex roundly produced antero-apically, slightly concave medially, with a short ventro-apical spine. Transtilla with lateral lobes strongly digitate, bearing short hairs on distal half, more than 1 / 3 length of valva. Sacculus broad basally, narrowed gradually toward end, with dense fine hairs. Saccus semicircular. Juxta trapezoidal, weakly sclerotized, slightly concave medially on anterior margin, deeply concave in V shape medially on posterior margin. Phallus torchshaped, about 3 / 4 length of valva, expanded from base to end, distal half more sclerotized. Female genitalia (Fig. 44). Papillae anales rectangular, setose. Apophyses posteriores about 2.5 times length of apophysis anteriores. Eighth tergum with anterior margin protruded rhombically, heavily sclerotized. Seventh tergum and sternum with dense microtrichia on both sides, with two circular areas bearing dense microtrichia posteriorly. Antrum funnel-shaped, with dense spinules on inner surface. Ductus bursae membranous, shorter than corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis arising from anterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae, dilated distally as an oval sac. Corpus bursae large, pyriform, with dense granules on inner surface. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Etymology. The name of this species is from the Latin taeda (torch), referring to the torch-shaped phallus in the male genitalia. MAP 3. Distribution of Scythropiodes spp. in China. * S. elasmatus Park et Wu; ��� S. issikii (Takahashi); * S. malivora (Meyrick); �� S. oncinius Park et Wu; �� S. triangulus Park et Wu; □ S. velipotens (Meyrick)., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on pages 323-325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365

Scythropiodes triangulus Park et Wu, 1997 Figs 16, 31 Scythropiodes triangulus Park et Wu, 1997: 41. TL: China (Hainan: Jianfengling). TD: IZCAS. Diagnosis. This species can be separated from its congeners by the valva with a horn-shaped process at the base of costa and the juxta with a median forked process posteriorly (Fig. 31). Scythropiodes triangulus is similar to Myriopleura psilotis (Meyrick, 1905) in both appearance and male genitalia. The generic status of Myriopleura Meyrick remains to be further studied. Material examined. CHINA: Hunan Province: 1 ��, Xinhua County, 3.VIII. 2004, coll. Yunli Xiao; 2 ��, Xinhua County, 6.VIII. 2004, coll. Yunli Xiao; Guangdong Province: 3 ��, Heshan City, 9���10.X. 2002, coll. Guilin Liu and Binglan Zhang; 1 ��, Heshan City, 6.XI. 2002, coll. Guilin Liu; Yunnan Province: 1 ��, Menglun Tropical Botanical Garden, 570 m, 15.VIII. 2005, coll. Yingdang Ren. Host plants. Rutaceae: Citrus reticulata; Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis; Theaceae: Camellia sinensis. Huang et al. (2003) reported that its larvae were leaf-rollers on Citrus reticulata. Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan)., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42.","Meyrick, E. (1905) Descriptions of Indian Micro-Lepidoptera. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16, 580 - 619.","Huang, J., Zheng M. D. & Luo, X. N. (2003) Nomination and biology of Scythropiodes triangulus Park et Wu (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae). Entomological Journal of East China, 12 (1), 111 - 112."]}

Scythropiodes elasmatus Park et Wu, 1997 Figs 12, 27, 39 Scythropiodes elasmatus Park et Wu, 1997: 34. TL: China (Sichuan: Mt. Emei). TD: IZCAS. Diagnosis. This species is similar to S. lividula in the forewing pattern. Scythropiodes elasmatus can be separated in the male genitalia by the transtilla with a pair of subtriangular lateral lobes and the juxta with two horn-shaped lateral lobes posteriorly (Fig. 27). In S. lividula, the transtilla has a pair of slender digitate lateral lobes, and the juxta possesses two rod-shaped lateral lobes posteriorly (Clarke 1955: Pl. 235, Figs 3 ��� 3 b). Female genitalia (Fig. 39). Papillae anales rectangular, setose. Apophyses posteriores about twice length of apophyses anteriores, anterior apophyses curved at 2 / 3. Antrum weakly sclerotized, subtrapezoidal, with dense granules on inner surface. Ductus bursae membranous, about 1.5 times length of corpus bursae, weakly sclerotized from anterior 1 / 3 to 5 / 12. Corpus bursae elliptical; with two subelliptical signa bearing dense denticles. Material examined. CHINA: Hubei Province: 2 ��, 1 ♀, Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County, 1000 m, 10��� 12.VII. 1999, coll. Houhun Li et al.. Distribution. China (Hubei, Sichuan). Notes. The female of this species is described for the first time., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 311, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42.","Clarke, J. F. G. (1955) Xyloryctidae. In: Clarke, J. F. G. (Ed.), Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick. Vol. 2. Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 397 - 506."]}

Wang, Qingyun, Li, Houhun (2016): Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world. Zootaxa 4132 (3): 301-329, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1

Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931: 1099. Type species: Scythropiodes seriatopunctata Matsumura, 1931 = Protobathra leucostola Meyrick, 1921. Generic characters. Adult (Figs 1���2). Head with appressed scales on frons, with raised scales on vertex (Fig. 1 a); compound eye developed, almost as wide as frons (Fig. 1 b). Antenna (Fig. 1 c) filiform, with short cilia ventrally in males of some species, about three-fourths length of forewing. Labial palpus upturned, third palpomere as long as or slightly shorter than second, acute terminally (Fig. 1 d). Thorax with tergum slightly raised. Forewing (Fig. 2) subrectangular, R 4 and R 5 stalked basally, R 5 to termen, M 1 parallel with M 2, M 2 and M 3 proximate at base, basal fork 1 / 3 ��� 1 / 2 length of 1 A+ 2 A. Hindwing (Fig. 2) subtrapezoidal, Rs and M 1 stalked basally, M 2 parallel with M 3, M 3 connate or coincident with CuA 1 basally. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 a). Tegumen subrectangular. Uncus absent. Gnathos hooked. Valva variable in shape. Transtilla and juxta often with lateral lobes. Female genitalia (Fig. 3 b). Papillae anales elongate rectangular. Apophysis posteriores about two to three times length of apophysis anteriores. Ostium bursae situated between seventh and eighth sterna. Corpus bursae membranous; signum usually present. Diagnosis. Scythropiodes is similar to Odites, but can be separated from it by the well-developed, hooked gnathos in the male genitalia. In Odites, the gnathos is reduced or absent., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on pages 302-306, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Matsumura, S. (1931) 6000 Illustrated Insects of Japan-Empire. Toko-Shoi, Tokyo, 1497 + 191 pp., 10 pls.","Meyrick, E. (1921) Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough), 2 (14), 417 - 448."]}

Scythropiodes malivora (Meyrick, 1930) Figs 14, 29, 41 Odites malivora Meyrick, 1930: 555. TL: China (Heilongjiang: Manchuria). TD: BMNH. Odites xenophaea Meyrick, 1931: 74. Scythropiodes xenophaea (Meyrick): Lvovsky, 1996: 650. Scythropiodes malivora (Meyrick): Park & Wu, 1997: 32. Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 14) with wingspan 19.0���28.0 mm. This species is similar to S. ussuriella Lvovsky, 1996, but differs from the latter in the male genitalia by the apical process of the valva being deeply concave at the base of the outer margin, and by the phallus having neither a process at distal 1 / 5 nor denticles preapically (Fig. 29). In S. ussuriella, the valva has an apical process shallowly concave at the base of the outer margin, and the phallus has a thorn-shaped process at distal 1 / 5 and two small preapical denticles (Park & Wu 1997: Figs 17���18). Material examined. CHINA: Tianjin: 1 ��, Ji County, 170 m, 20.VII. 2004, coll. Houhun Li et al.; Hebei Province: 1 ♀, Suanzaoping, 670 m, 28.VII. 2000, coll. Haili Yu; 1 ��, She County, 700 m, 31.VII. 2000, coll. Haili Yu; Zhejiang Province: 1 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 500 m, 16.VIII. 1999, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 2 ��, Xianrending, 1500 m, 18.VIII. 1999, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 8 ��, Mt. Tianmu, 1140 m, 17.VIII. 1999, coll. Houhun Li et al.; 7 ��, 4 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 400 m, 24.VII��� 1.VIII. 2011, coll. Lingling Yang and Na Chen; 3 ��, 2 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 1000 m, 28��� 29.VII. 2011, coll. Lingling Yang and Na Chen; 2 ��, 2 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 566 m, 18.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 1 ��, Mt. Tianmu, 789 m, 11.VIII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 3 ��, 3 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 866 m, 12���15.VIII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 2 ��, Mt. Tianmu, 555 m, 16.VIII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 1 ��, Mt. Longxu, 754 m, 22.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 1 ♀, Mt. Longxu, 778 m, 20.VIII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 1 ♀, Mt. Longxu, 754 m, 23.VIII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 3 ��, Mt. Longtang, 520 m, 25���26.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; Anhui Province: 1 ��, 1 ♀, Mt. Jiuhua, 9.VIII. 2004, coll. Jiasheng Xu and Jialiang Zhang; Fujian Province: 1 ��, Mt. Wuyi, 740 m, 27.VII. 2008, coll. Weichun Li et al.; Shandong Province: 4 ��, Linyi City, 29.VII. 2009, coll. Qing Jin; Henan Province: 2 ��, Xinyang City, 700 m, 13.VII. 2001, coll. Dandan Zhang; 2 ��, Lushi County, 1100 m, 7.VIII. 2006, coll. Hui Zhen and Denghui Kuang; Hunan Province: 2 ��, Sangzhi County, 1250 m, 12��� 13.VIII. 2001, coll. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang; 1 ♀, Zhangjiajie, 650 m, 8.VIII. 2001, coll. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang; Sichuan Province: 1 ��, Mabian Yizu Autonomous County, 900 m, 21.VII. 2004, coll. Yingdang Ren; Chongqing City: 1 ��, Mt. Simian, 1280 m, 14.VII. 2012, coll. Yinhui Sun and Aihui Yin; 1 ♀, Mt. Simian, 900 m, 18.VII. 2012, coll. Yinhui Sun and Aihui Yin; 1 ♀, Youyang County, 660 m, 26.VII. 2012, coll. Yinhui Sun and Aihui Yin; Guizhou Province: 2 ��, Jiangkou County, 600 m, 27.VII. 2001, coll. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang; 1 ♀, Mt. Fanjing, 2100 m, 30.VII. 2001, coll. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang; 1 ♀, Daozhen Gelaozu Miaozu Autonomous County, 1350 m, 25.V. 2004, coll. Shulian Hao; Gansu Province: 1 ♀, Bifenggou, 860 m, 12.VII. 2005, coll. Haili Yu. Host plants. Euphorbiaceae: Sapium sebiferum; Fagaceae: Castanea crenata; Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica; Rosaceae: Malus pumila (Park & Wu 1997; Sakamaki 2013). Moriuti (1982) mentioned that the larvae of this species were leaf-rollers. Distribution. China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Shandong, Sichuan, Tianjin, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea, Japan, Russia., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on page 312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Meyrick, E. (1930) Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough), 3 (18), 545 - 555.","Meyrick, E. (1931) Second contribution to our knowledge about the Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of Kwanhsien (Micro- Lepidoptera). In: Caradja, A. (Ed.), Bulletin de la Section Scientifique de l'Academie Roumaine, 14, 62 - 75.","Lvovsky, A. L. (1996) Composition of the genus Odites Wlsm. and its position in the classification of the Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 75, 650 - 659.","Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42.","Sakamaki, Y. (2013) Lecithoceridae. In: Hirowatari, T., Nasu, Y., Sakamaki, Y. & Kishida, Y. (Eds.), The standard of moths in Japan. Vol. 3. Gakken Education Publishing, Tokyo, pp. 219 - 224.","Moriuti, S. (1982) Lecithoceridae. In: Inoue, H., Sugi, S., Kuroko, H., Moriuti, S., Kawabe, A. & Owada, M. (Eds.), Moth of Japan. Vol. 1. Text. Kodansha, Tokyo, pp. 272 - 275. [in Japanese]"]}

Scythropiodes barbellatus Park et Wu, 1997 Figs 9, 24, 37 Scythropiodes barbellatus Park et Wu, 1997: 39. TL: China (Jiangxi). TD: IZCAS. Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 9) with wingspan 13.0���15.5 mm. Scythropiodes barbellatus is similar to S. gnophus in appearance by having a uniformly dark brown forewing with a narrow yellow costal band. It can be separated from the latter in the male genitalia by the valva not being bifurcated distally, the costa having a long leaf-like process at distal 1 / 4, the transtilla with paired lateral lobes, and the trapezoidal juxta (Fig. 24); and in the female genitalia by the absence of a signum (Fig. 37). In S. gnophus, the valva is bifurcated into two lobes from distal 1 / 4, the costa lacks a process, the transtilla lacks lateral lobes, and the juxta is inverted triangular in the male genitalia (Fig. 25); and the corpus bursae has a pair of pyriform signa in the female genitalia (Fig. 38). Female genitalia (Fig. 37). Papillae anales rectangular, setose. Apophyses posteriores about three times length of apophysis anteriores. Eighth tergum with anterior margin protruded rhombically, heavily sclerotized. Seventh tergum and sternum weakly sclerotized posteriorly, with dense microtrichia on lateral sides of distal half, concave on posterior margin. Lamella antevaginalis heavily sclerotized, trapezoidal. Ductus bursae membranous, with dense minute denticles on inner surface, about 1.2 times length of corpus bursae. Ductus seminalis arising from posterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae, dilated distally. Corpus bursae ovate, with scattered minute granules on inner surface except two rounded areas bearing dense minute denticles. Material examined. CHINA: Zhejiang Province: 1 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 800 m, 19.VIII. 1999, coll. Houhun Li; 1 ��, Mt. Tianmu, 1000 m, 29.VII. 2011, coll. Lingling Yang and Na Chen; 2 ��, 1 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 365 m, 26��� 27.VI. 2013, coll. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; 6 ��, Tianmushan Administration, 325 m, 28���30.VI. 2013, coll. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; 5 ��, Mt. Tianmu, 335 m, 1.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 43 ��, 16 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 555 m, 3���6.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 20 ��, 2 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 866 m, 7���10.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 2 ��, Mt. Tianmu, 804 m, 11.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 3 ��, 2 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 789 m, 14���15.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 27 ��, 12 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 566 m, 16���19.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 7 ��, Mt. Longxu, 754 m, 20���21.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 4 ��, 1 ♀, Mt. Tianmu, 789 m, 9���11.VIII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 1 ��, Qingliangfeng Town, 500 m, 21.V. 2012, coll. Lingling Yang and Zhenguo Zhang; 2 ��, 3 ♀, Mt. Longtang, 623 m, 5.VII. 2013, coll. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; 2 ��, 6 ♀, Mt. Longtang, 520 m, 25���26.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 5 ��, Qingliangfeng Town, 1059 m, 28���29.VII. 2014, coll. Aihui Yin et al.; 7 ��, 3 ♀, Mt. Jiulong, 467 m, 3��� 9.VII. 2013, coll. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; 1 ��, 2 ♀, Mt. Jiulong, 530 m, 5.VII. 2013, coll. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; 1 ♀, Mt. Jiulong, 430 m, 7.VII. 2013, coll. Aihui Yin and Xiuchun Wang; 1 ♀, Anji County, 26.VII. 1996, coll. Hong Wu; 1 ��, Taishun County, 680 m, 28.VII. 2005, coll. Yunli Xiao; 1 ♀, Longquan City, 1470 m, 26.VII. 2007, coll. Qing Jin; Fujian Province: 1 ��, 1 ♀, Mt. Wuyi, 1100 m, 28.VII. 2008, coll. Weichun Li et al.; Jiangxi Province: 1 ♀, Yushan County, 1120 m, 19.VIII. 1985, coll. Guangpu Shen; 1 ♀, Mt. Jiulian, 21.VII. 2006, coll. Jiasheng Xu and Weichun Li; Henan Province: 69 ��, 35 ♀, Xinyang City, 700 m, 9��� 13.VIII. 1997, coll. Houhun Li; 1 ��, 1 ♀, Xinyang City, 700 m, 13���14.VIII. 2001, coll. Dandan Zhang; Hubei Province: 27 ��, 2 ♀, Yingshan County, 635 m, 23���26.VI. 2014, coll. Wei Guan and Meiqing Yang; 8 ��, 1 ♀, Yingshan County, 880m, 30.VI. 2014, coll. Wei Guan and Meiqing Yang; 17 ��, 11 ♀, Luotian County, 570 m, 2��� 4.VII. 2014, coll. Wei Guan and Meiqing Yang; Guangdong Province: 2 ��, Lianzhou City, 650 m, 21.VI. 2004, coll. Dandan Zhang; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 3 ��, 4 ♀, Nanning City, 1200 m, 5���8.VIII. 2011, coll. Shulian Hao and Yinhui Sun; Hainan Province: 2 ��, Jianfengling, 940 m, 4���6.VI. 2007, Zhiwei Zhang and Weichun Li; 1 ��, Qiongzhong County, 640���700 m, 4.V. 2014, coll. Tengteng Liu et al.; 1 ♀, Wuzhishan Nature Reserves, 742 m, 5.VII. 2014, coll. Peixin Cong et al.; Sichuan Province: 4 ��, 5 ♀, Mt. Emei, 830 m, 13��� 14.VII. 2014, coll. Kaijian Teng et al.; Chongqing: 3 ��, 1 ♀, Mt. Simian, 1000 m, 18���19.VII. 2010, coll. Xicui Du and Lifang Song; 1 ��, Mt. Simian, 1280 m, 13.VII. 2012, coll. Yinhui Sun and Aihui Yin; 7 ��, Mt. Simian, 1200 m, 15���17.VII. 2012, coll. Yinhui Sun and Aihui Yin; 1 ��, Mt. Laosimian, 1280 m, 11.VIII. 2012, coll. Xiaofei Yang and Tengteng Liu; Guizhou Province: 1 ��, 1 ♀, Mayang River, 430 m, 5.VI. 2007, coll. Xicui Du. Distribution. China (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang). Notes. The female of this species is described for the first time., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on pages 309-310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42."]}

Scythropiodes dorsoprocessus Wang et Li, sp. nov. Figs 11, 26 Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the valva bearing a stout thumbed process dorsally. It is similar to S. gnophus and S. barbellatus in the ground color of the forewing, but can be separated by the forewing having a discocellular spot and a streak at the end of the cell (Fig. 11), and in the male genitalia by the transtilla bearing papillary lateral lobes, and the phallus having a curved cornutus (Fig. 26). In S. gnophus and S. barbellatus, the forewing has neither a discocellular spot nor a streak (Figs 9, 10); in the male genitalia the transtilla bears no lateral lobes and the phallus lacks a cornutus in S. gnophus (Fig. 25); and the transtilla has a pair of leaf-like lateral lobes and the phallus has two cornuti in S. barbellatus (Fig. 24). Type material. CHINA: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Holotype ��, Nanping Town, Yizhou City (24 �� 22 'N, 108 �� 53 'E), 450 m, 17.VIII. 2011, coll. Shulian Hao and Yinhui Sun, genitalia slide no. WQY 13028. Paratypes: 1 ��, same data as for holotype; 1 ��, Shangsi County, 260 m, 2.IV. 2002, coll. Shulian Hao and Huaijun Xue; 1 ��, Xiangbei Town, Yizhou City, 169 m, 18.VIII. 2011, coll. Shulian Hao and Yinhui Sun; 1 ��, Liusanjie Town, Yizhou City, 169 m, 19.VIII. 2011, coll. Shulian Hao and Yinhui Sun. Adult (Fig. 11). Wingspan 12.0���14.0 mm. Head with frons greyish white, vertex dark brown. Antenna greyish white on scape and on base of flagellum, gradually deepening to yellowish brown toward end. Labial palpus with second palpomere greyish white except distal 1 / 2 dark brown on outer surface; third palpomere about same length as second, pointed terminally, yellowish white on outer surface, dark brown on inner surface, with a black ring at base. Thorax and tegula dark brown. Forewing with costal margin slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely truncate; ground color dark brown, costal margin pale orange; discocellular spot black; black streak from below discocellular spot to distal 1 / 4 of dorsum; several black dots along termen; cilia greyish white, speckled with dark brown. Hindwing pale grey; cilia grey, pale orange and scale-like from base to tornus, basal line yellowish white. Foreleg dark brown; midleg with femur yellowish white, tibia and tarsus yellowish brown; hindleg with femur yellowish white, tibia and tarsus pale yellowish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 26). Ventral plate of gnathos as long as basal arm, heavily sclerotized, tapering to pointed apex. Valva with basal 3 / 4 subparallel, distal 1 / 4 narrowed gradually to apex, with a tiny spine apically; stout thumbed process beyond 2 / 3 in dorsal surface near ventral margin, with a tuft of long scales, about half width of valva; costa narrow, sclerotized, distal 1 / 3 extending obliquely ventrad to above ventral margin near apex, membranous beyond distal 1 / 3. Transtilla broad, narrowed medially; lateral lobes papillary, with short hairs. Sacculus dorso-medially with clustered long hairs and protruded triangularly toward costa. Juxta membranous, with a pair of triangular lateral processes. Vinculum U-shaped. Phallus gently narrowed toward apex, about 1 / 2 length of valva; cornutus S-shaped, extending from base to before apex. Female unknown. Distribution. China (Guangxi). Etymology. The name of this species is derived from the Latin dorso- (dorsal) and processus (process), referring to the valva with a thumbed process dorsally in the male genitalia., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on pages 310-311, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365

Scythropiodes oncinius Park et Wu, 1997 Figs 13, 28, 40 Scythropiodes oncinius Park et Wu, 1997: 33. TL: China (Hainan: Tianchi Lake). TD: IZCAS. Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 13) with wingspan 14.0���21.0 mm. This species can be separated from its congeners in the male genitalia by the valva having two spinelike processes of different length at basal 1 / 3 of the costa and the phallus with a hook-shaped process distally (Fig. 28); and in the female genitalia by the crescent-shaped signa with strong denticles along anterior margin (Fig. 40). Material examined. CHINA: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 1 ♀, Jinxiu County, 650 m, 28.IV. 2008, coll. Hui Zhen and Li Zhang; Hainan Province: 1 ♀, Bawangling, 600 m, 10.VI. 2007, coll. Zhiwei Zhang and Weichun Li; 3 ♀, Qiongzhong County, 2���4.V. 2014, coll. Tengteng Liu et al.; 3 ��, 6 ♀, Limushan forest park, 607 m, 24���25.VII. 2014, coll. Peixin Cong et al.; 1 ♀, Jianfengling, 940 m, 6.VI. 2007, coll. Zhiwei Zhang and Weichun Li; 1 ♀, Jianfengling, 21.IV. 2010, coll. Bingbing Hu and Jing Zhang; 2 ♀, Ledong Yizu Autonomous County, 1050 m, 29���30.IV. 2013, coll. Yinhui Sun et al.; 1 ��, 5 ♀, Ledong Yizu Autonomous County, 770 m, 13��� 17.VII. 2014, coll. Peixin Cong et al.; 1 ♀, Mt. Diaoluo, 940 m, 31.V. 2007, coll. Zhiwei Zhang and Weichun Li; 2 ♀, Lingshui Yizu Autonomous County, 24.IV. 2014, coll. Tengteng Liu et al.; 1 ��, Wuzhishan City, 20.IV. 2014, coll. Tengteng Liu et al.. Distribution. China (Guangxi, Hainan)., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on pages 311-312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42."]}

Key to the species of Scythropiodes in China 1 Forewing ground color yellowish brown or brown.......................................................... 2 - Forewing ground color pale yellow or white or greyish white................................................ 10 2 Forewing with discal or discocellular spot................................................................. 3 - Forewing with neither discal nor discocellular spot.......................................................... 9 3 Valvae asymmetrical; juxta with two short lobes posteriorly (Fig. 32)........................ S. asymmetricus sp. nov. - Valvae symmetrical.................................................................................. 4 4 Phallus torch-shaped (Fig. 33)............................................................. S. taedus sp. nov. - Phallus not torch-shaped.............................................................................. 5 5 Valva with a thumbed process in dorsal surface (Fig. 26)................................. S. dorsoprocessus sp. nov. - Valva without thumbed process in dorsal surface........................................................... 6 6 Transtilla with a pair of thin digitate lateral lobes (Clarke 1955: Pl. 235, Fig. 3 b)........................... S. lividula - Transtilla with a pair of oval or subtriangular lateral lobes.................................................... 7 7 Transtilla with oval lateral lobes; phallus with a hook-shaped process distally (Fig. 28)...................... S. oncinius - Transtilla with subtriangular lateral lobes; phallus without process distally....................................... 8 8 Valva with a digitate apical process (Fig. 29)...................................................... S. malivora - Valva with a thorn-shaped apical process (Fig. 27)................................................. S. elasmatus 9 Valva bifurcated from distal 1 / 4, juxta inverted triangular; transtilla without lateral lobe (Fig. 25).............. S. gnophus - Valva not bifurcated distally, juxta trapezoidal; transtilla with lateral lobes (Fig. 24)...................... S. barbellatus 10 Forewing ground color pale yellow; juxta with paired horn-shaped lateral lobes and a median forked process posteriorly (Figs 16, 31).................................................................................... S. triangulus - Forewing ground color white or greyish white............................................................ 11 11 Forewing without spots in cell; valva with two digitate processes and an oval process distally (Moriuti 1977: Figs 7, 15)................................................................................................ S. venusta - Forewing with spots in cell........................................................................... 12 12 Phallus without cornutus; valva subquadrate (Fig. 21).............................................. S. hamatellus - Phallus with one to five cornuti........................................................................ 13 13 Valva without apical process.......................................................................... 14 - Valva with an apical process.......................................................................... 15 14 Phallus with two cornuti, transtilla with subrectangular lateral lobes bearing two spines (Fig. 22)............. S. jiulianae - Phallus with four to five cornuti, transtilla with semioval lateral lobes bearing no spines (Fig. 30)................ S. issikii 15 Phallus with three cornuti............................................................................. 16 - Phallus with one cornutus............................................................................ 17 16 Valva gradually narrowed from distal 1 / 3, with a short apical spine (Fig. 20).............................. S. tribula - Valva suddenly produced from distal 1 / 3 to a finger-like apical process (Fig. 19)...................... S. approximans 17 Cornutus curved (Clarke 1955: Pl. 235, Fig. 2 b)................................................... S. leucostola - Cornutus straight................................................................................... 18 18 Valva with a spine-like apical process (Fig. 23)........................................... S. aculeiformus sp. nov. - Valva with a digitate apical process (Clarke 1955: Pl. 240, Fig. 3 b).................................... S. velipotens

Scythropiodes aculeiformus Wang et Li, sp. nov. Figs 8, 23 Diagnosis. This new species resembles S. jiulianae and S. hamatellus in appearance by having a similar forewing pattern, but can be recognized by the valva with an apical spine, the transtilla with lateral lobes bearing no spines, the juxta with a pair of rod-shaped lateral lobes, and the phallus with a cornutus in the male genitalia (Fig. 23). In S. jiulianae, the valva lacks a spine apically, the lateral lobes of the transtilla bear a long slender spine anteriorly and a stout triangular spine posteriorly, the juxta has a pair of papillary lateral lobes, and the phallus has two cornuti in the male genitalia (Fig. 22); in S. hamatellus, the valva has a hooked apical process, the lateral lobes of the transtilla bear an apical spine, the juxta has a pair of digitate lateral processes, and the phallus lacks a cornutus in the male genitalia (Fig. 21). Type material. CHINA: Sichuan Province: Holotype ��, Mt. Emei (29 �� 35 'N, 103 �� 23 'E), 830 m, 13.VII. 2014, coll. Kaijian Teng et al., genitalia slide no. WQY 14226. Paratype: 1 ��, same data as for holotype except dated 14.VII. 2014. Adult (Fig. 8). Wingspan 17.0���17.5 mm. Head white. Antenna with scape white; flagellum white, with pale brown annulations, with dense short cilia ventrally. Labial palpus with second palpomere white except basal 3 / 4 dark brown on outer surface; third palpomere slightly shorter than second, pointed terminally, white, with a black ring at base. Thorax and tegula white, speckled with pale brown. Forewing with costal margin slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly concave below apex; ground color white, with dense brown scales; costal margin with a dark brown strip from base extending obliquely outward to anterior 1 / 3; discal and discocellular spots black, subrounded; fold with a smaller black spot at distal 1 / 4; sub-terminal fascia from below distal 1 / 3 of costal margin to tornus, greatly arched outwards, consisting of numbers of loosely connected dark brown spots; dark brown dots along termen; cilia white, speckled with brown. Hindwing yellowish white, speckled with pale brown; cilia yellowish white. Foreleg dark brown; midleg yellowish white, except femur brown on outer surface and tarsus speckled with brown; hindleg white, tibia with long hairs. Male genitalia (Fig. 23). Ventral plate of gnathos about three times length of basal arm, heavily sclerotized, pointed terminally. Valva subtriangular, broad at base, narrowed toward apex, produced to an apical spine. Transtilla with lateral lobes stout digitate, about 1 / 2 length of valva, swollen semiovally at middle. Sacculus broad, about 2 / 3 width of valva at base, slightly narrowed distally. Juxta membranous, deeply concave medially on posterior margin; lateral lobes long, rod-shaped, about 2 / 3 length of valva, with setae on distal 1 / 3. Vinculum narrowly banded, rounded anteriorly. Phallus about 1.5 times longer than valva, basal 4 / 9 weakly sclerotized, distal 5 / 9 heavily sclerotized, subparallel from base to 2 / 3, with a wrinkled endophallus extending from basal 1 / 4 to 2 / 3, with a sword-shaped process from distal 1 / 3 to apex; cornutus needlelike, about half length of phallus, extending from middle exceeding apex of phallus, acute apically. Female unknown. Distribution. China (Sichuan). Etymology. The name of this species comes from the Latin aculeiformis (needlelike), referring to the needlelike cornutus of the phallus in the male genitalia. Notes. Park & Wu (1997) identified this species as S. velipotens (Meyrick, 1935). We find it different from its congeners in characters of male genitalia., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on pages 308-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365, {"references":["Park, K. T. & Wu, C. S. (1997) Genus Scythropiodes Matsumura in China and Korea (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae), with description of seven new species. Insecta Koreana, 14, 29 - 42."]}

Scythropiodes asymmetricus Wang et Li, sp. nov. Figs 17, 32, 43 Diagnosis. This new species can be separated from its congeneric species by having asymmetrical valvae. It is similar to S. taedus sp. nov. in appearance by having a similar forewing pattern, but can be separated in the male genitalia by the transtilla with paired semioval lateral lobes, the subelliptical juxta, and the phallus with a weak elongate plate (Fig. 32); and in the female genitalia by having one to five differently sized signa (Fig. 43 a���c). In S. taedus sp. nov., the transtilla has stout digitate lateral lobes, the juxta is trapezoidal, and the phallus has no plate in the male genitalia (Fig. 33); and the signum is absent in the female genitalia (Fig. 44). Type material. CHINA: Yunnan Province: Holotype ��, Mengla County (21 �� 35 ���N, 101 �� 35 ���E), 652 m, 11.VII. 2013, coll. Shurong Liu et al., genitalia slide no. WQY 13019. Paratypes: 5 ��, 6 ♀, same data as for holotype except dated 11���15.VII. 2013; 2 ��, 1 ♀, Ruili City, 1000 m, 5���8.VIII. 2005, coll. Yingdang Ren; 1 ♀, Jingdong County, 1140 m, 20.VI. 2013, coll. Zhenguo Zhang; 4 ��, 3 ♀, Xishuangbanna, 762 m, 17���20.VII. 2014, coll. Kaijian Teng et al. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 1 ��, Pingxiang City, 280 m, 19.IV. 2012, coll. Xiaofei Yang. THAILAND: 1 ��, 1 ♀, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 700 m, 7.I. 1998, coll. W. Mey, deposited in MNHU. Adult (Fig. 17). Wingspan 12.0���15.0 mm. Head with vertex dark brown, frons yellowish white. Antenna with scape yellowish white; flagellum yellowish white at base, gradually deepening to dark brown toward tip. Labial palpus with second palpomere yellowish white except distal half dark brown on outer surface; third palpomere slightly shorter than second, pointed terminally, dark brown on inner surface, yellowish white on outer surface, with a black ring at base. Thorax and tegula dark brown. Forewing with costal margin almost straight; apex obtuse; termen obliquely truncate, slightly concave below apex; ground color dark brown; costal margin orange-yellow, forming a long streak; discal spot subelliptical, black; discocellular spot ill-defined, black; fold with a black spot set at middle; ill-defined black streak from below discocellular spot diffused to end of fold on dorsum; round black dots along distal part of costal margin and termen; cilia yellowish white, speckled with grey, grey at tornus. Hindwing grey; cilia grey, basal line yellowish white. Fore leg dark brown, with yellowish white rings on tarsus; mid leg with femur yellowish white, tibia and tarsus pale yellowish brown; hind leg yellowish white, tibia and tarsus bearing long yellowish white hairs. Male genitalia (Fig. 32). Gnathos heavily sclerotized, hooked, pointed apically. Valva elongate, with a semicircular process at middle directing ventrad, bearing short hairs distally; valvae asymmetrical. Left valva subparallel, dorsal margin bluntly arched, distal 1 / 5 bifurcated into two stout digitate lobes equal in length (Fig. 32 a), or ventral lobe shorter (Fig. 32 b) or longer than dorsal one (Fig. 32 c), ventral lobe bearing short strong setae distally; sacculus broad basally, narrowed toward apex, with dense fine hairs. Right valva with dorsal margin roundly arched medially, distal 1 / 5 bifurcated into two lobes of different length, ventral lobe with distal 2 / 3 dilated elliptically, bearing short strong setae distally, dorsal lobe subtriangular, about 1 / 3 length of ventral lobe; sacculus broad basally, narrowed to middle, distal half uniform. Transtilla with a pair of semioval lateral lobes bearing short setae distally. Juxta elliptical, anterior margin concave medially, posterior margin with two short lobes. Saccus semicircular. Phallus about 2 / 3 length of valva, curved; basal half semioval, with a weak elongate plate of numerous teeth, apex protruded dorsally. Female genitalia (Figs 43). Papillae anales rectangular, setose. Apophyses posteriores about 2.5 times length of apophysis anteriores. Eighth tergum with anterior margin protruded rhombically, heavily sclerotized. Seventh sternum enfolded laterally, with dense microtrichia on both sides; seventh sternum and tergum with dense microtrichia on both sides of anterior 1 / 3, about 2 / 3 width of seventh abdominal segment. Antrum cup-shaped, with dense spinules on inner surface. Ductus bursae membranous, about 1.2 times length of corpus bursae, curved at posterior 2 / 5; anterior 3 / 5 wide, posterior 2 / 5 narrow. Ductus seminalis arising from anterior 3 / 5 of ductus bursae, dilated and pyriform distally. Corpus bursae spherical, membranous; signa consisting of one to five differently sized small plates bearing denticles (Figs 43 a���c). Distribution. China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Thailand. Etymology. The name of this species is derived from the Latin asymmetricus (asymmetrical), in reference to the asymmetrical male genitalia. Remarks. Variations exist in the left valva of the male genitalia and in both number and shape of the components of the signum of the female genitalia in this new species, but other genital structures are constant. Hence, we consider these minor variations conspecific. MAP 1. Distribution of Scythropiodes spp. in China. ��� S. approximans (Caradja); ��� S. dorsoprocessus sp. nov.; �� S. hamatellatus Park et Wu; # S. jiulianae Park et Wu; ��� S. tribula (Wu)., Published as part of Wang, Qingyun & Li, Houhun, 2016, Review of the genus Scythropiodes Matsumura, 1931 (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae, Oditinae) from China, with a checklist of the world, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 4132 (3) on pages 321-323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4132.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/258365

An integrated frequency lowering algorithm is proposed to increase the audibility of high frequency signal and alleviate the spectral masking associated with sensorineural hearing loss, thus increase the intelligibility of the speech. Firstly, the input signal is transformed into frequency domain by FFT algorithm. Secondly, the energy of the low frequency band and high frequency band is calculated to determine whether frequency shifting is required to increase the audibility of consonants. Thirdly, the spectral samples in each bark-scale channel are compressed towards the band center by a constant factor to reduce the effect of spectral masking. Finally, frequency envelope shaping is utilized to increase the audibility of the whole frequency band. Five subjects with moderate sensorineural hearing loss participate the test. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm out perform the conventional frequency lowering methods.