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Genus Belbolla Andrássy, 1973 Diagnosis (Modified from Rho et al. 2020). Buccal cavity large and narrowly divided into two parts by a sclerotized transverse band; ocelli present or absent; presence of three teeth, of which one ventro-sublateral is the largest; amphids dorsally spiral; posterior section of pharynx with multiple bulbs (4–10); males usually with winged precloacal supplements (round shaped in B. gracilis Gagarin & Thanh, 2016 and long pocket-shaped in B. warwicki) or absent, spicules short and curved, gubernaculum absent or present; females didelphic—amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries., Published as part of Wang, Mengna, Guo, Wen & Wang, Chunming, 2022, Two new species, Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. and Belbolla sinica sp. nov (Nematoda: Enoplida), from Yangma Island of the Yellow Sea, China, pp. 344-354 in Zootaxa 5200 (4) on page 349, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7270698, {"references":["Andrassy, I. (1973) Uber vier homonyme Nematodengattungen. Nematologica, 19 (3), 403 - 404.","Rho, H. S., Lee, H., Lee, H. J. & Min, W. (2020) A new free-living marine nematode species of the genus Belbolla (Enoplida, Enchelidiidae) from a subtidal zone of the East Sea, Korea, with some ecological and biogeographical information. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology, 38 (4), 578 - 585. https: // doi. org / 10.11626 / KJEB. 2020.38.4.578"]}

Belbolla sinica sp. nov. (Figures 3–4, Table 2) Type material. One male and three females were measured and studied. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide 19YMD2-4-82; paratypes: ♀ 1, ♀ 2 and ♀ 3 on slides 19YMD2-2-49. Type locality and habitat. Specimens were collected from intertidal muddy sediment (0-2 cm) at Yangma Island, Shandong Province. 37º45′N, 121º61′E. Etymology. The species name means Chinese, the type locality. Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 2. Description. Males. Body comparatively short, 1405 μm in length, anterior and posterior body end tapered. Cuticle smooth. The anterior body end markedly tapered and body width at level of posterior pharynx end 3.8 times as wide as labial region. Buccal cavity separated into two chambers by a cuticularized ring without denticles, with one large right ventral sublateral tooth, one small left sublateral tooth and one small dorsal tooth. Buccal cavity deep and cuticularized, 9 μm in length (1 head diameter long). Inner labial sensilla papillae, outer labial setae and cephalic setae arranged in one circle, 7 μm in length. Ten cervical setae 34 μm from anterior end, 7 μm in length. Amphidial fovea not observed and ocelli absent. Pharyngeal region well developed, 361 μm in length, posterior region modified into seven bulbs (116 μm in length). Nerve ring situated 203 μm from anterior end. Cardia short, conoid. Testes paired, opposed and outstretched, both located on the left of the intestine. Spicules paired and straight, 36 μm in length (1.3 cloacal body diameter), tapered in proximal and distal end, thickened in the middle part. Gubernaculum short and without apophysis, 9 μm in length. Two winged precloacal supplements small and well developed, anterior precloacal supplement (beginning from center of supplements) 193 μm and posterior 134 μm from cloacal opening respectively. Tail conico-cylindrical in shape, 101 μm (3.6 anal body diameter) in length, and cylindrical part short (16% of tail length). Three caudal glands present in line. Tail with three terminal setae. Females. Similar to males in most characters. Reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic, with reflexed ovaries, 630–752 μm in length (38% of total body length). Anterior and posterior ovaries on the right of the intestine. Vulva located slightly posterior to the mid-body, 938–1064 μm (55%–56% from anterior end). Vagina short and sclerotized. Differential diagnosis and discussion. Belbolla sinica sp. nov. is characterized by comparatively short body length, posterior pharynx with seven bulbs, spicules straight with proximal and distal end tapered and middle part thickened, gubernaculum short without apophysis, two winged precloacal supplements small and well developed, tail conico-cylindrical with cylindrical portion short. By now, four species of Belbolla, B. asupplementata Juario, 1974; B. gracilis Gagarin & Thanh, 2016; B. heptabulba Timm, 1961 and B. warwicki present 7 pharyngeal bulbs. Belbolla sinica sp. nov. differs from B. asupplementata in the gubernaculum shape (without apophysis vs. with small apophysis), presence of precloacal supplements (two winged precloacal supplements vs. absence of precloacal supplements), and tail length (101–124 μm vs. 146–167 µm). The new species differs from B. gracilis in the spicules length and shape (36 μm, straight vs. 50 μm, slightly arched), gubernaculum shape (without apophysis vs. with long caudal apophysis), precloacal supplements shape (two winged precloacal supplements vs. two round shaped supplements) and tail shape (cylindrical portion short, 13%–16% of tail length vs. cylindrical portion short long, 81% of tail length). The new species differs from B. heptabulba in the spicules shape (straight, proximal end tapered vs. arcuate, proximal end cephalated), presence of gubernaculum (absent in B. heptabulba). The new species differs from B. warwicki in the gubernaculum shape (without apophysis vs. with small apophysis), precloacal supplements shape (two winged precloacal supplements vs. two pocket-shaped precloacal supplements).

Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. (Figures 1–2, Table 1) Type material. Three males and two females were measured and studied. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide 19YMD2-2-108; paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide 19YMD2-2-28, ♂ 3 on slide 19YMD2-2-46, ♀ 1 on slide 19YMD2-2-30, and ♀ 2 on slide 19YMD2-2-27. Type locality and habitat. Specimens were collected from intertidal muddy sediment (0-2 cm) at Yangma Island, Shandong Province. 37º45′N, 121º61′E. Etymology. Species name gracilis means graceful and slender. Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 1. Description. Males. Body cylindrical, 1882–1975 μm in length. Six short inner labial setae unjointed, 3 μm in length (0.13–0.14 head diameter long). Six outer labial setae three-jointed, 15–19 μm in length (0.7–0.8 head diameter long). Four cephalic setae unjointed, 6–8 μm in length (0.29–0.36 head diameter long), outer labial setae and cephalic setae in a same circle. Somatic setae (4–5 μm in length) scarcely present in pharynx and caudal region. Cuticle faintly striated. Amphidial fovea situated at middle of buccal cavity, unispiral with circular aperture, 6–7 μm in diameter (23%–28% corresponding body diameter), 19–20 μm from anterior body end. Three lips high and deeply incised. Buccal cavity cuticularized, cylindrical in shape and without teeth, 11–14 μm in width and 34–35 μm in length. Pharynx cylindrical, anterior end partly surrounding buccal cavity and posterior end slightly swollen, 343–357 μm in length. Nerve ring situated 143–161 μm from anterior end. Secretory-excretory system and cardia not observed. Reproductive system monorchic with anterior testis outstretched, 276 μm in length (14.2% of total body length), located on the left of the intestine. Spicules paired and slightly curved, 37–41 μm in length (1.1–1.2 cloacal body diameter). Gubernaculum kidney-like, distal end cuticularized with a short projection. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conical, rounded at posterior end, 130–140 μm (3.6–4.1 anal body diameter) in length, three caudal glands in line. Caudal setae present, long subterminal setae absent. Females. Similar to males in most characters. Reproductive system didelphic and amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries, 494 μm in length (25% of total body length).Anterior and posterior ovary on the right of the intestine. Vulva located near mid-body, 941–1019 μm from anterior end. Vagina short and sclerotized. Differential diagnosis and discussion. Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. is characterized by six outer labial setae three-jointed in males and females, cephalic setae and inner labial setae unjointed, amphidial fovea positioned at middle of buccal cavity, spicules slightly curved, gubernaculum kidney-like and distal end cuticularized with a pointed projection, tail conical without long subterminal setae. Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. is similar to P. jare, P. arthropappus, and P. denticaudatus in tail shape, but differs from P. arthropappus in the shorter body length (1882–1995 μm vs. 3100–3300 μm), inner and outer labial setae shape (inner unjointed, outer three-jointed vs. inner three-jointed, outer four-jointed), shorter outer labial setae and cephalic setae (15–19 μm, 6–8 μm vs. 47–52 μm, 18–19 μm), amphidial fovea position (at middle of buccal cavity vs. posterior to buccal cavity), spicules length and shape (37–41 μm, proximal end not cephalated vs. 50–57 μm, proximal end cephalated), and absence of long subterminal setae (present in P. arthropappus). The new species differs from P. denticaudatus in the shorter outer labial setae (15–19 μm vs. 25–30 μm), amphidial fovea position and diameter (at middle of buccal cavity, 23–28% corresponding body diameter vs. posterior to buccal cavity, 14% corresponding body diameter), outer labial setae shape (three-jointed vs. four-jointed), unjointed inner labial setae and cephalic setae (jointed in P. denticaudatus). The new species differs from P. jare in the shorter body length (1882–1995 μm vs. 2982–3492 μm), outer labial setae shape (three-jointed vs. three-jointed in male and two-jointed in female), amphidial fovea position (at the middle buccal cavity vs. posterior end at level of posterior buccal cavity), spicules shape (slightly curved vs. slightly curved, with heel-shaped projection), and gubernaculum shape (distal end swollen with one projection vs. distal end with two tooth-like projections).

Belbolla sinica sp. nov. (Figures 3–4, Table 2) Type material. One male and three females were measured and studied. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide 19YMD2-4-82; paratypes: ♀ 1, ♀ 2 and ♀ 3 on slides 19YMD2-2-49. Type locality and habitat. Specimens were collected from intertidal muddy sediment (0-2 cm) at Yangma Island, Shandong Province. 37º45′N, 121º61′E. Etymology. The species name means Chinese, the type locality. Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 2. Description. Males. Body comparatively short, 1405 μm in length, anterior and posterior body end tapered. Cuticle smooth. The anterior body end markedly tapered and body width at level of posterior pharynx end 3.8 times as wide as labial region. Buccal cavity separated into two chambers by a cuticularized ring without denticles, with one large right ventral sublateral tooth, one small left sublateral tooth and one small dorsal tooth. Buccal cavity deep and cuticularized, 9 μm in length (1 head diameter long). Inner labial sensilla papillae, outer labial setae and cephalic setae arranged in one circle, 7 μm in length. Ten cervical setae 34 μm from anterior end, 7 μm in length. Amphidial fovea not observed and ocelli absent. Pharyngeal region well developed, 361 μm in length, posterior region modified into seven bulbs (116 μm in length). Nerve ring situated 203 μm from anterior end. Cardia short, conoid. Testes paired, opposed and outstretched, both located on the left of the intestine. Spicules paired and straight, 36 μm in length (1.3 cloacal body diameter), tapered in proximal and distal end, thickened in the middle part. Gubernaculum short and without apophysis, 9 μm in length. Two winged precloacal supplements small and well developed, anterior precloacal supplement (beginning from center of supplements) 193 μm and posterior 134 μm from cloacal opening respectively. Tail conico-cylindrical in shape, 101 μm (3.6 anal body diameter) in length, and cylindrical part short (16% of tail length). Three caudal glands present in line. Tail with three terminal setae. Females. Similar to males in most characters. Reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic, with reflexed ovaries, 630–752 μm in length (38% of total body length). Anterior and posterior ovaries on the right of the intestine. Vulva located slightly posterior to the mid-body, 938–1064 μm (55%–56% from anterior end). Vagina short and sclerotized. Differential diagnosis and discussion. Belbolla sinica sp. nov. is characterized by comparatively short body length, posterior pharynx with seven bulbs, spicules straight with proximal and distal end tapered and middle part thickened, gubernaculum short without apophysis, two winged precloacal supplements small and well developed, tail conico-cylindrical with cylindrical portion short. By now, four species of Belbolla, B. asupplementata Juario, 1974; B. gracilis Gagarin & Thanh, 2016; B. heptabulba Timm, 1961 and B. warwicki present 7 pharyngeal bulbs. Belbolla sinica sp. nov. differs from B. asupplementata in the gubernaculum shape (without apophysis vs. with small apophysis), presence of precloacal supplements (two winged precloacal supplements vs. absence of precloacal supplements), and tail length (101–124 μm vs. 146–167 µm). The new species differs from B. gracilis in the spicules length and shape (36 μm, straight vs. 50 μm, slightly arched), gubernaculum shape (without apophysis vs. with long caudal apophysis), precloacal supplements shape (two winged precloacal supplements vs. two round shaped supplements) and tail shape (cylindrical portion short, 13%–16% of tail length vs. cylindrical portion short long, 81% of tail length). The new species differs from B. heptabulba in the spicules shape (straight, proximal end tapered vs. arcuate, proximal end cephalated), presence of gubernaculum (absent in B. heptabulba). The new species differs from B. warwicki in the gubernaculum shape (without apophysis vs. with small apophysis), precloacal supplements shape (two winged precloacal supplements vs. two pocket-shaped precloacal supplements)., Published as part of Wang, Mengna, Guo, Wen & Wang, Chunming, 2022, Two new species, Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. and Belbolla sinica sp. nov (Nematoda: Enoplida), from Yangma Island of the Yellow Sea, China, pp. 344-354 in Zootaxa 5200 (4) on pages 350-352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7270698, {"references":["Juario, J. V. (1974) Neue freilebende Nematoden aus dem Sublitoral der Deutschen Bucht. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fur Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven, 14, 275 - 303.","Timm, R. W. (1961) The Marine Nematodes of the Bay of Bengal. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Science, 1 (1), 25 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 1995082916010065"]}

Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. (Figures 1–2, Table 1) Type material. Three males and two females were measured and studied. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide 19YMD2-2-108; paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide 19YMD2-2-28, ♂ 3 on slide 19YMD2-2-46, ♀ 1 on slide 19YMD2-2-30, and ♀ 2 on slide 19YMD2-2-27. Type locality and habitat. Specimens were collected from intertidal muddy sediment (0-2 cm) at Yangma Island, Shandong Province. 37º45′N, 121º61′E. Etymology. Species name gracilis means graceful and slender. Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 1. Description. Males. Body cylindrical, 1882–1975 μm in length. Six short inner labial setae unjointed, 3 μm in length (0.13–0.14 head diameter long). Six outer labial setae three-jointed, 15–19 μm in length (0.7–0.8 head diameter long). Four cephalic setae unjointed, 6–8 μm in length (0.29–0.36 head diameter long), outer labial setae and cephalic setae in a same circle. Somatic setae (4–5 μm in length) scarcely present in pharynx and caudal region. Cuticle faintly striated. Amphidial fovea situated at middle of buccal cavity, unispiral with circular aperture, 6–7 μm in diameter (23%–28% corresponding body diameter), 19–20 μm from anterior body end. Three lips high and deeply incised. Buccal cavity cuticularized, cylindrical in shape and without teeth, 11–14 μm in width and 34–35 μm in length. Pharynx cylindrical, anterior end partly surrounding buccal cavity and posterior end slightly swollen, 343–357 μm in length. Nerve ring situated 143–161 μm from anterior end. Secretory-excretory system and cardia not observed. Reproductive system monorchic with anterior testis outstretched, 276 μm in length (14.2% of total body length), located on the left of the intestine. Spicules paired and slightly curved, 37–41 μm in length (1.1–1.2 cloacal body diameter). Gubernaculum kidney-like, distal end cuticularized with a short projection. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conical, rounded at posterior end, 130–140 μm (3.6–4.1 anal body diameter) in length, three caudal glands in line. Caudal setae present, long subterminal setae absent. Females. Similar to males in most characters. Reproductive system didelphic and amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries, 494 μm in length (25% of total body length).Anterior and posterior ovary on the right of the intestine. Vulva located near mid-body, 941–1019 μm from anterior end. Vagina short and sclerotized. Differential diagnosis and discussion. Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. is characterized by six outer labial setae three-jointed in males and females, cephalic setae and inner labial setae unjointed, amphidial fovea positioned at middle of buccal cavity, spicules slightly curved, gubernaculum kidney-like and distal end cuticularized with a pointed projection, tail conical without long subterminal setae. Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. is similar to P. jare, P. arthropappus, and P. denticaudatus in tail shape, but differs from P. arthropappus in the shorter body length (1882–1995 μm vs. 3100–3300 μm), inner and outer labial setae shape (inner unjointed, outer three-jointed vs. inner three-jointed, outer four-jointed), shorter outer labial setae and cephalic setae (15–19 μm, 6–8 μm vs. 47–52 μm, 18–19 μm), amphidial fovea position (at middle of buccal cavity vs. posterior to buccal cavity), spicules length and shape (37–41 μm, proximal end not cephalated vs. 50–57 μm, proximal end cephalated), and absence of long subterminal setae (present in P. arthropappus). The new species differs from P. denticaudatus in the shorter outer labial setae (15–19 μm vs. 25–30 μm), amphidial fovea position and diameter (at middle of buccal cavity, 23–28% corresponding body diameter vs. posterior to buccal cavity, 14% corresponding body diameter), outer labial setae shape (three-jointed vs. four-jointed), unjointed inner labial setae and cephalic setae (jointed in P. denticaudatus). The new species differs from P. jare in the shorter body length (1882–1995 μm vs. 2982–3492 μm), outer labial setae shape (three-jointed vs. three-jointed in male and two-jointed in female), amphidial fovea position (at the middle buccal cavity vs. posterior end at level of posterior buccal cavity), spicules shape (slightly curved vs. slightly curved, with heel-shaped projection), and gubernaculum shape (distal end swollen with one projection vs. distal end with two tooth-like projections)., Published as part of Wang, Mengna, Guo, Wen & Wang, Chunming, 2022, Two new species, Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. and Belbolla sinica sp. nov (Nematoda: Enoplida), from Yangma Island of the Yellow Sea, China, pp. 344-354 in Zootaxa 5200 (4) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7270698

Genus Parabathylaimus De Coninck & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933 Diagnosis (modified from Shimada et al. 2021). Cuticle smooth or striated; three lips high, deeply incised; anterior sensilla all setiform; inner labial and cephalic sensilla jointed or not; outer labial sensilla jointed; buccal cavity not divided; teeth absent; amphids unispiral; long subterminal setae on tail present or absent; spicules shorter than 2.0 cloacal body diameters; gubernaculum with projection(s) at distal end; male monorchic with anterior testis outstretched; female didelphic-amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries., Published as part of Wang, Mengna, Guo, Wen & Wang, Chunming, 2022, Two new species, Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. and Belbolla sinica sp. nov (Nematoda: Enoplida), from Yangma Island of the Yellow Sea, China, pp. 344-354 in Zootaxa 5200 (4) on page 345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7270698, {"references":["De Coninck, L. A. & Schuurmans Stekhoven, J. H. (1933) The free living marine nemas of the Belgian Coast. II With general remarks on the structure and the system of nemas. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 58, 3 - 163.","Shimada, D., Suzuki, A. C., Tsujimoto, M., Imura, S., Kakui, K. (2021) Two New Species of Free-living Marine Nematodes (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae and Tripyloididae) from the Coast of Antarctica. Species Diversity, 26 (1), 49 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 26.49"]}

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Characterization of cDex and DETA-Dex. Figure S2. Kinetic analysis of the RNA droplets induced by the cationic polymers. Figure S3. Quantification of the transcription levels of common markers by RNA-seq. Figure S4. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Figure S5. Evaluation of antitumor activity of the cationic polymers in the BALB/c mouse model and BALB/c nude mouse model. Figure S6. Examples of the gating strategies for intracellular staining flow cytometry analysis. Figure S7. Evaluation of the antitumor activity of the cationic polymer combined with an anti-PD-1 antibody. Table S1. GPC analysis of the cationic polymers. Table S2. Dextran standards for GPC analysis. Table S3. qPCR primers and probes. Table S4. Flow cytometry antibodies.

Maize (Zea Mays L.) is one of the main crops in Ningxia Province, China, and stalk rot has become a serious disease of maize in this area. Infected plants showed softening of the stalks at lower internodes, which lodged easily and died prematurely during grain filling, and the pith tissue internally appeared to be disintegrating and slightly brown to reddish. In September 2018, symptomatic tissue was collected from seventeen locations in Ningxia. The incidence ranged from 5% to 40% in surveyed fields, reaching as high as 86% in certain plots. The discolored stalk pith tissues from the lesion region were cut into small pieces (approximately 0.5 × 0.2 cm), superficially disinfected with 75% ethanol for 1 min and rinsed three times with sterile water before plating on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium with chloromycetin. The purified strains were obtained by single-spore separation and transferred to PDA and carnation leaf agar (CLA) medium. Morphological and molecular characteristics confirmed the presence of nine Fusarium species in these samples, including Fusarium graminearum species complex and Fusarium verticillioides. Four isolates of Fusarium nelsonii were recovered from samples collected in Shizuishan and Wuzhong. On PDA plates, the floccose to powdery, white to rose-colored aerial mycelia were produced and covered plates after 8 days of incubation, producing abundant mesoconidia and chlamydospores. Mesoconidia were fusiform or lanceolate until slightly curved with 0-3 septa, and chlamydospores were initially smooth and transparent, and became verrucous and light brown. Macroconidia produced in CLA were straight or curved and falcate, usually having 3-5 septa, with beak-shaped strongly curved apical cells and foot-shaped basal cells. Two isolates (SS-1-7 and ZY-2-2) were selected for molecular identification, and the total DNA was extracted using a fungal genomic DNA separation kit (Sangon Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Sequence comparison of EF-1α (GenBank accession numbers MW294197 and MW294198) and RPB2 (Accession MW294176 and MW294177) genes showed 97% homology with the sequences of F. nelsonii reported in GenBank (accession MN120760 for TEF and accession MN120740 for RPB2). Pathogenicity tests with two isolates (SS-1-7 and ZY-2-2) were performed by individually inoculating five 10-leaf stage maize plants at between the 2nd and 3rd stem nodes from the soil level with 20 μl conidial suspension at a concentration of 106 conidia/ml as described by Zhang et al. (2016). Five maize plants inoculated with sterile water were used as controls. The inoculated plants were kept at 25 ± 0.5°C in the greenhouse with a photoperiod of 12 h. After 30 days, all plants inoculated with the conidial suspension formed an internal dark brown necrotic area around the inoculation site, whereas the control plants showed no symptoms. The pathogen was re-isolated from the necrotic tissue of the inoculated plants and identified by morphological characteristics as F. nelsonii. This species was first described by Marasas et al. (1998), and it is expanding its host range and has been isolated from sorghum, Medicago, wheat, and cucumber (Ahmad et al. 2020). The pathogen should be paid more attention owing to a serious risk of trichothecene and aflatoxin contamination (Astoreca et al. 2019; Lincy et al. 2011). To our knowledge, this is the first report of maize stalk rot caused by F. nelsonii in China. References: Ahmad, A., et al. 2020. Plant disease.1542 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-19-2511-PDN Astoreca, A. L., et al. 2019. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 155:381. Lincy, S. V., et al. 2011. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27:981. Marasas, W. F. O., et al. 1998. Mycologia 90:505. Zhang, Y., et al. 2016. PLoS Pathog. 12:e1005485. Funding: This research was financially supported by National R & D Plan of China (No.2019QZKK0303); Ningxia Agriculture and Forestry Academy Science and Technology Cooperation Project (DW-X-2018019).

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The planar structure of BBSKE. Figure S2. Effects of BBSKE on cellular proliferation. Figure S3. Pretreatment with GSH markedly attenuated the combined treatment-induced cell growth inhibition in gastric cancer cells. Figure S4. The inhibiting efficiencies of p-p38 and p-JNK by BMS-582949 and SP600125 respectively. Figure S5. Molecular docking of BBSKE with TrxR1 protein was carried out with the docking software. Figure S6. BBSKE reduced the toxicity of cisplatin in vivo. Figure S7. The morphology of 3 cases of successful established human gastric cancer organoids (hGCO1-3) under white field microscope.

Cyanobacteria are one of the major groups of algae causing algal blooms. In this study, we developed a rapid method for detecting Cyanobacteria using a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method coupled with lateral flow (LF) strips. After releasing cyanobacterial DNA from cells using a freeze-cracking method, DNA was amplified using the RPA method. Next, the RPA products were detected using the LF test. LF-RPA successfully amplified the DNA of eight cyanobacterial species and detected their presence in the sample with high specificity, distinguishing them from five non-cyanobacterial species. The method could detect cyanobacterial DNA in water samples containing as low as 0.01 cell/mL Cyanobacteria, making the method more sensitive than polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which required cell densities of at least 104 cell/mL. LF-RPA could amplify and detect cyanobacterial DNA at any temperature in the range 30–45 °C in just 30 min and without the need for a thermal cycler. The method developed in this study is simple, rapid, and effective for on-site testing of Cyanobacteria, which may become a routine measurement in efforts to detect and treat harmful algal blooms.

With the rapid construction of UHV AC-DC interconnected power grids, it is increasingly important to ensure the voltage stability of interconnected systems. In this paper, a continuous power flow algorithm for voltage-source converter (VSC) AC-DC system considering static load characteristics is proposed. It establishes an index for evaluating voltage stability based on the load margin and identified the weak region of the system. The effects of load model changes on voltage stability (VS) are analyzed in various scenarios. The relationship between DC control mode and system VS is further considered. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by an improved 10-node example.

In order to simulate the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) in the entire molten pool of Al–Cu alloy laser welding, a phase-field model was established by considering crystalline orientations and heterogeneous nucleation. Simulation results revealed that crystals initialized as planar ones from the molten pool edge and were then transformed into columnar dendrites during the solidification process. It was found that dendrites grew toward the center of the fusion zone irrespective of their crystalline orientations. Equiaxed grains grew ahead of columnar dendrites. They gradually formed a belt ahead of columnar dendrites and stopped columnar dendrites from growing. The highest number of equiaxed grains was found at the top edge of the cross-section of the molten pool due to the fastest pulling velocity. The variation of undercooling in the molten pool was analyzed to investigate CET during the solidification process. Heterogeneous nuclei were formed throughout the solidification process. They melted during the early stage of the solidification process and started to grow when the undercooling ahead of columnar dendrites was large enough. With the prolonged solidification, the number of heterogeneous nuclei gradually increased and the size of equiaxed grains decreased. Experimental results were consistent with simulations.

This paper considers a unicast multiuser multiple-input single-output (MISO) downlink system overheard by multiple single-antenna eavesdroppers. The objective is to jointly design the beamforming vectors and the artificial noise (AN) covariance matrix with imperfect channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, such that the total transmit power is minimized while satisfying probabilistic quality of service (QoS) constraints at legitimate users and the eavesdroppers. Using Bernstein-type inequalities and the S-procedure, we recast the non-convex power minimization problem as two different convex semidefinite programs (SDPs) which can be solved using interior-point methods. Simulation results show that the proposed methods outperform a nonrobust method and the ones using the isotropic AN.

Cobbia heterospicula sp. nov. (Figs 3-4) Type material. Four males and one female were measured and studied. Holotype male on slide DH12-387-5; female on slide DH12-332-1; additional males on slides DH12-434-2, DH12-433-2, DH12-513-2. Type locality and habitat. Sublittoral zone in the East China Sea. Holotype male comes from station DH3-8, 30° N, 126° E, water depth of 79 m. Muddy with a small fraction of sand sediment. Additional specimens come from station DH3-3, 30°N, 123°29´E, water depth 69 m; DH4-3, 29° 5´N, 123°47´E, water depth 79 m; DH5-1, 28° 27´N, 122°10.4´E, water depth 43 m. Muddy with a little sand sediment fraction. Etymology. The species name refers to the unequal size of the spicules. Measurements. Table 2. Description. Male. Body short and slender, 987–1094 µm long. Maximum diameter 16–19 µm. Anterior body slightly truncated and posterior body filiform. Buccal cavity funnel-shaped, with one slightly cuticularized dorsal tooth and two small subventral teeth. Head blunt, weakly set off. Six inner labial setae setiform. Six outer labial setae (7–9.4 µm) and four cephalic setae (4–4.5 µm) arranged in one circle. Somatic setae absent. Amphids circular, 4.7–6.5 µm in diameter (41–60% of corresponding body diameter), 21–29 µm (4.5–6.5 times the head diameter) from the anterior body end. Pharynx cylindrical, 142–152 µm long, posterior part widens but without forming a real bulb. Nerve ring 58–83 µm from the anterior body end, 40–54% of the pharynx length. Excretory glands and excretory pore unobserved. Cardia conical, 5 µm long. Tail conico-cylindrical, 227–307 µm long (13– 18 times the anal body diameter), cylindrical part filiform (167–245 µm, 74–80% of tail length). Gonads diorchic and opposed. Anterior testis to the left of the intestine and posterior testis to the right of the intestine. Spicules curved, paired but differing in length, right spicule 27–33 µm and left spicule 15–20 µm (measured along arc). Gubernaculums are parallel to the distal part of spicules, with tapering dorsal apophysis. Female. Similar to males in most respects, but with a longer tail. Reproductive system monodelphic, prodelphic. A single ovary, anteriorly outstretched, situated to the right of the intestine. Vagina short, bending anteriorly. Spermatheca not seen. Vulva a transverse slit-like structure, located at approximately the midbody, 603 µm (50.4%) from the anterior body end. Differentiation diagnosis and discussion. Cobbia heterospicula sp. nov. is characterized by a short and slender body, buccal cavity with one dorsal and two small subventral teeth, amphids located far from the anterior body end, conico-cylindrical tail with a long filiform portion, paired spicules of different sizes, and gubernaculums with dorsal apophysis. C. heterospicula sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from the other species by its unequally sized spicules and slender body. Anterior sensilla configuration and tooth composition are two diagnostic features in Cobbia (Lo Russo & Pastor de Ward 2012), and this new species belongs to the group of species that have anterior sensilla configuration of 6+10, one large dorsal tooth and two subventral teeth. C. heterospicula sp. nov. resembles C. caledonia in its body length, anterior sensilla configuration, large amphids (0.41–0.6 times the corresponding body diameter), and position of amphids (more than two times the head diameter from the anterior body end) but differs in its spicules without proximal cephalation, gubernaculums with dorsal apophysis and tail shape (conico-cylindrical with a long filiform portion vs. conical) (Warwick & Platt 1973). Gubernaculum apophysis was observed in C. heterospicula sp. nov., C. truncata and C. sinica. However, the apophysis in C. sinica is small, and in C. truncata, the distal end is blunt or slender (Huang & Zhang 2010, Wieser 1959). The new species differs from C. truncata in its shorter body length (1.06–1.19 mm vs. 1.45–1.59 mm), cuticle pattern (finely striated vs. coarsely annulated), anterior sensilla configuration (6+10 vs. 6+12), teeth composition (one dorsal and two small subventral teeth vs. three teeth of equal size), absence of cervical setae and somatic setae, and longer tail (17 anal body diameters long vs. 5.8 anal body diameters long) (Wieser 1959).

Cobbia heterospicula sp. nov. (Figs 3-4) Type material. Four males and one female were measured and studied. Holotype male on slide DH12-387-5; female on slide DH12-332-1; additional males on slides DH12-434-2, DH12-433-2, DH12-513-2. Type locality and habitat. Sublittoral zone in the East China Sea. Holotype male comes from station DH3-8, 30�� N, 126�� E, water depth of 79 m. Muddy with a small fraction of sand sediment. Additional specimens come from station DH3-3, 30��N, 123��29��E, water depth 69 m; DH4-3, 29�� 5��N, 123��47��E, water depth 79 m; DH5-1, 28�� 27��N, 122��10.4��E, water depth 43 m. Muddy with a little sand sediment fraction. Etymology. The species name refers to the unequal size of the spicules. Measurements. Table 2. Description. Male. Body short and slender, 987���1094 ��m long. Maximum diameter 16���19 ��m. Anterior body slightly truncated and posterior body filiform. Buccal cavity funnel-shaped, with one slightly cuticularized dorsal tooth and two small subventral teeth. Head blunt, weakly set off. Six inner labial setae setiform. Six outer labial setae (7���9.4 ��m) and four cephalic setae (4���4.5 ��m) arranged in one circle. Somatic setae absent. Amphids circular, 4.7���6.5 ��m in diameter (41���60% of corresponding body diameter), 21���29 ��m (4.5���6.5 times the head diameter) from the anterior body end. Pharynx cylindrical, 142���152 ��m long, posterior part widens but without forming a real bulb. Nerve ring 58���83 ��m from the anterior body end, 40���54% of the pharynx length. Excretory glands and excretory pore unobserved. Cardia conical, 5 ��m long. Tail conico-cylindrical, 227���307 ��m long (13��� 18 times the anal body diameter), cylindrical part filiform (167���245 ��m, 74���80% of tail length). Gonads diorchic and opposed. Anterior testis to the left of the intestine and posterior testis to the right of the intestine. Spicules curved, paired but differing in length, right spicule 27���33 ��m and left spicule 15���20 ��m (measured along arc). Gubernaculums are parallel to the distal part of spicules, with tapering dorsal apophysis. Female. Similar to males in most respects, but with a longer tail. Reproductive system monodelphic, prodelphic. A single ovary, anteriorly outstretched, situated to the right of the intestine. Vagina short, bending anteriorly. Spermatheca not seen. Vulva a transverse slit-like structure, located at approximately the midbody, 603 ��m (50.4%) from the anterior body end. Differentiation diagnosis and discussion. Cobbia heterospicula sp. nov. is characterized by a short and slender body, buccal cavity with one dorsal and two small subventral teeth, amphids located far from the anterior body end, conico-cylindrical tail with a long filiform portion, paired spicules of different sizes, and gubernaculums with dorsal apophysis. C. heterospicula sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from the other species by its unequally sized spicules and slender body. Anterior sensilla configuration and tooth composition are two diagnostic features in Cobbia (Lo Russo & Pastor de Ward 2012), and this new species belongs to the group of species that have anterior sensilla configuration of 6+10, one large dorsal tooth and two subventral teeth. C. heterospicula sp. nov. resembles C. caledonia in its body length, anterior sensilla configuration, large amphids (0.41���0.6 times the corresponding body diameter), and position of amphids (more than two times the head diameter from the anterior body end) but differs in its spicules without proximal cephalation, gubernaculums with dorsal apophysis and tail shape (conico-cylindrical with a long filiform portion vs. conical) (Warwick & Platt 1973). Gubernaculum apophysis was observed in C. heterospicula sp. nov., C. truncata and C. sinica. However, the apophysis in C. sinica is small, and in C. truncata, the distal end is blunt or slender (Huang & Zhang 2010, Wieser 1959). The new species differs from C. truncata in its shorter body length (1.06���1.19 mm vs. 1.45���1.59 mm), cuticle pattern (finely striated vs. coarsely annulated), anterior sensilla configuration (6+10 vs. 6+12), teeth composition (one dorsal and two small subventral teeth vs. three teeth of equal size), absence of cervical setae and somatic setae, and longer tail (17 anal body diameters long vs. 5.8 anal body diameters long) (Wieser 1959)., Published as part of Wang, Chunming, An, Liguo & Huang, Yong, 2018, Two new species of Xyalidae (Monhysterida, Nematoda) from the East China Sea, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 4514 (4) on pages 587-591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.11, http://zenodo.org/record/2609294, {"references":["Lo Russo, V. & Pastor de Ward, C. T. (2012) Neochromadora alejandroi sp. n. (Chromadorida: Chromadoridae) and Cobbia macrodentata sp. n. (Monhysterida: Xyalidae), two new species of free-living marine nematodes from the Patagonian coast. Nematology, 14 (7), 805 - 815. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 156854112 X 627327","Warwick, R. M. & Platt, H. M. (1973) New and little known marine nematodes from a Scottish sandy beach. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 14, 135 - 158.","Huang, Y. & Zhang, Z. N. (2010) Two new species of Xyalidae (Nematoda) from the Yellow Sea, China. Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK, 90, 391 - 397. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315409000794","Wieser, W. (1959) Free-living nematodes and other small invertebrates of Puget Sound beaches. University of Washington Publications in Biology, 19, 1 - 179."]}

Daptonema donghaiensis sp. nov. (Figs 1-2) Type material. Five males and two females were measured and studied. Holotype male and paratype male on slide DH12-422-13; paratype females on slides DH12-422-8, DH12-422-11; additional males on slides DH12-413-2, DH12-418-4, DH12-418-5. Type locality and habitat. Sublittoral in the East China Sea. Holotype and paratype specimens comes from Station DH4-2: 29��18��N, 123�� 22��E, water depth 70 m. Muddy with a little sand sediment fraction. Additional specimens come from station DH4-1: 29�� 28��N, 123�� 6��E, water depth 61 m. Muddy with a little sand sediment fraction. Etymology. This name refers to the East China Sea, where the species was collected. ���Donghai��� means ���East China Sea��� in Chinese. Measurements. Table 1. Description. Male. Body short, 836���972 ��m long. Maximum diameter 27���34 ��m. Cuticle finely striated. Epidermal chords consisting of transparent cells present in dorsal, ventral and lateral sides of anterior and middle body parts, especially in pharyngeal region. Buccal cavity funnel-shaped, 5.2���5.7 ��m wide and 4.1���4.5 ��m deep. Six inner labial papilliform sensilla. Six outer labial setae (9 ��m) and four cephalic setae (6.4���7.2 ��m) arranged in one circle. Somatic setae absent. Amphids circular, 6.6���6.9 ��m in diameter (43.5���47.1% of corresponding body diameter) and 13���15.8 ��m (1.7���2.2 times the head diameter) from the anterior body end. Pharynx muscular and cylindrical, 144���172 ��m long, 16���20% of body length. Nerve ring 66���94 ��m from the anterior body end. Cardia conical, 5.8���6 ��m long. Tail conico-cylindrical, 113���136 ��m long (5���6.5 times the anal body diameter), cylindrical part long (46-54% of tail length). Three caudal glands in line. Two terminal setae, 6.5���7.5 ��m long. Gonads diorchic and opposed. Anterior testis to the left of the intestine. Posterior testis to the right of the intestine. Spicules L-shaped, 26���31 ��m along arc (1.33���1.48 times the anal body diameter), cephalated at proximal end. Gubernaculums tubular, parallel to the distal part of spicules, 9.5 ��m long. Female. Similar to males in most respects. Reproductive system monodelphic, prodelphic. Ovary outstretched, situated to the right of the intestine. Spermatheca oval in shape (43 ��m long, 22 ��m wide). Vagina short, bending anteriorly. Vulva a transverse slit-like structure, located slightly posterior to midbody, 544 ��m (63.6%) from anterior end. Differentiation diagnosis and discussion. Daptonema donghaiensis sp. nov. is characterized by a short body, finely striated cuticle, six outer labial setae and four cephalic setae in one circle, absence of somatic setae, epidermal chords of transparent cells in anterior and middle body parts, spicules L-shaped and cephalated at proximal end, gubernaculums tubular, tail conico-cylindrical with a long cylindrical part. Daptonema possesses the highest number of valid species in Xyalidae and is taxonomically one of the most difficult genera. The presence of transparent cells in epidermal chords is considered one of the diagnostic features by Aryuthaka & Kito (2012). To date, four species of Daptonema possessing transparent cells have been reported: D. trabeculosum G. Schneider, 1906; D. conicum Filipjev, 1922; D. hyalocella Aryuthaka & Kito, 2012 and D. setihyalocella Aryuthaka & Kito, 2012 (Aryuthaka & Kito 2012). D. donghaiensis sp. nov. mostly resembles D. hyalocella in its similar body length, finely striated cuticle, tail with a long cylindrical part and two terminal setae. However, it differs in its slender body (maximum diameter 27��� 35 ��m vs. 36���48 ��m), anterior sensilla configuration (6+10 vs. 6+12), narrower head diameter (6.5���9.5 ��m vs. 13.5���15.3 ��m), larger amphids (35���47% of corresponding body diameter vs. 25���33% of corresponding body diameter), position of amphids (1.7���2.2 times the head diameter vs. 0.5���0.9 times the head diameter, from anterior end), shape of spicules (L-shaped with cephalated proximal end vs. loosely S-shaped without proximal cephalation) and distinct tubular gubernaculums (indistinct in D. hyalocella) (Aryuthaka & Kito 2012). D. donghaiensis sp. nov. differs from D. setihyalocella in its body length (786���972 ��m vs. 1124���1347 ��m), absence of somatic setae, anterior sensilla configuration (6+10 vs. 6+12), position of amphids (1.7���2.2 times the head diameter vs. 0.6���0.9 times the head diameter, from anterior end), tail length (5���6.5 times the anal body diameter vs. 3.6���4.1 times the anal body diameter), length of spicules (26���31 ��m vs. 48���57 ��m), and gubernaculums without apophysis (Aryuthaka & Kito 2012). D. donghaiensis sp. nov. differs from D. trabeculosum in its shorter body (786���972 ��m vs. 880���1100 ��m), anterior sensilla configuration (6+10 vs. 6+12), position of amphids (1.7���2.2 times the head diameter vs. 0.9 times the head diameter), shorter spicules (26���31 ��m vs. 34���36 ��m), gubernaculum shape (tubular vs. gubernaculum with lateral piece) and absence of somatic setae. D. donghaiensis sp. nov. resembles D. conicum in its similar body length, cephalic setae configuration and similar values of de Man���s c ratios. However, it differs in its slender body (maximum diameter 27���35 ��m vs. 36���43 ��m), longer cephalic setae (6.4 ��m vs. 2 ��m), larger amphids (6���7.7 ��m vs. 4 ��m), position of amphids (1.7���2.2 times head diameter vs. 1.4 times the head diameter, from anterior end) and shorter gubernaculums (9.5 ��m vs. 17 ��m) (Lorenzen 1977)., Published as part of Wang, Chunming, An, Liguo & Huang, Yong, 2018, Two new species of Xyalidae (Monhysterida, Nematoda) from the East China Sea, pp. 583-592 in Zootaxa 4514 (4) on pages 584-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.11, http://zenodo.org/record/2609294, {"references":["Aryuthaka, C. & Kito, K. (2012) Two new species of the genus Daptonema Cobb, 1920 (Nematoda: Xyalidae) found in the monospecific Halophila ovalis patches within an intertidal mixed-species seagrass bed on the coast of the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Zootaxa, 3350, 34 - 46.","Lorenzen, S. (1977) Revision der Xyalidae (freilebende Nematoden) auf der Grundlage einer kritischen Analyse von 56 Arten aus Nord-und Ostsee. Leroffentlichungen Instituts fur Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven, 16, 197 - 261."]}

The ferroelectric hysteresis loops of sodium bismuth titanate Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 bulk ceramics were measured under periodical electric field in range of frequency from 0.01Hz to 100Hz and field from 10kV/cm to 150kV/cm. The three-stage scaling behavior of dynamic hysteresis was investigated in Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 bulk ceramics. The scaling behavior at low amplitude of electric field is described as is proportional to f^(-0.122)E0^3.30 for low frequency and is proportional to f^(-0.122)E0^3.15 for high frequency. , f and E0 represent the area of hysteresis loop, frequency and amplitude of periodic electric field, respectively. At E0 around coercive field, scaling behavior takes the form of is proportional to f^(-0.11)E0^4.28 for low frequency and is proportional to f^(-0.11)E0^4.17 for high frequency. At high E0, we obtained is proportional to f^(-0.04)E0^2.90 for low frequency and is proportional to f^(-0.06)E0^2.75 for high frequency. The contribution to scaling relation mainly results from reversible of ferroelectric domain switching at low E0, the velocity of domain wall motion at E0 around coercive field and simultaneously reversible and irreversible domain switching at high E0., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

In view of the interference of complicated electromagnetic environment and the unrobustness of traditional method in the weighted fusion of multi-source electronic measurement data, with robust statistics theory as a guide, this paper proposed a robust filter method based on real-time median estimation and constant velocity model, and applied the filter residual error scale to the dynamic fusion weights calculation under the optimal weight assignment principle, then obtained a new distributed robust weighted fusion method. With typical experimental data, the weighted fusion was tested, and the filtering method was compared with Kalman filter. The results showed that the methods proposed, which less affected by gross error, were effective and robust in practical engineering application, and achieved the adaptation to measurement noise.

There are lots of theoretical research results related to kilowatt-scale Dual-redundancy electromechanical servo system, but the gender gap from the engineering application still remains, and the 10 kw level Dual-redundancy electromechanical servo system belongs to the new technique, which is lack of theoretical and applied research, and the redundancy management technology is one of the key technology in the engineering application. This paper conducts a study on the redundancy management technology based on the 10kw level dual redundancy electromechanical servo system, In this paper, The fault handling mechanism is determined through the fault point, and the system dynamics of the fault process is analyzed, This article also puts forward a new “steady-state compensation technology” redundancy management idea, which has been verified by test. At last, a dual redundancy electromechanical servo system with reliable switching, effective redundancy management and excellent dynamic characteristics is obtained.

We introduce a novel method to compute a rank $m$ approximation of the inverse of the Hessian matrix in the distributed regime. By leveraging the differences in gradients and parameters of multiple Workers, we are able to efficiently implement a distributed approximation of the Newton-Raphson method. We also present preliminary results which underline advantages and challenges of second-order methods for large stochastic optimization problems. In particular, our work suggests that novel strategies for combining gradients provide further information on the loss surface., ICLR17 Workshop Track

Two new free-living nematode species of the genus Terschellingia De Man, 1888, found in the East China Sea, are described. Terschellingia filicaudata sp. nov. is characterized by large body with short cephalic seta, small buccal cavity cup-shaped, absence of pharyngeal posterior bulb, tail elongated with long filiform portion, spicules slender with hooked cephalate proximally. Terschellingia stenocephala sp. nov. is characterized by middle size body with a strongly tapered anterior end, minute buccal cavity funnel-shaped, absence of labial sensillae and subcephalic setae, circular amphidial fovea situated comparatively far from anterior end, pharynx with a distinctly rounded posterior bulb, large ventral gland, tail elongated with a long filiform portion up to 70-80%. An identification key to valid species of genus Terschellingia is given.

Orychophragmus violaceus (February orchid) is an annual or perennial cruciferous herbaceous plant that is widely cultivated and used as an ornamental plant or as a green manure in China. In September 2017, a new leaf blight disease was observed on O. violaceus plants with 80 to 100% disease incidence in a field located in Huanghua County, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, in northern China. Symptoms on affected leaves began as pinpoint spots that enlarged to form irregular to circular black spots with an obvious wheel striatum, approximately 12 mm in diameter, after 14 days. After 7 days lesions became necrotic and occupied 30 to 70% of the leaf surface. Approximately 5- × 5-mm pieces from the margin of necrotic leaves were surface disinfested with 75% ethanol and 10% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, and placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). After 2 days of incubation at 25°C in the dark, newly grown-out mycelia were transferred onto fresh PDA and purified by the single-spore method. On PDA, olive-green mycelium developed after 2 days of incubation at 25°C, turned dark green, and covered the Petri dish 10 days later. Primary conidiophores were mostly simple with a single conidiogenous site. Conidia formed long, branched chains 12 to 125 μm in length. The youngest conidia in a chain were ovoid, 8.7 to 26.1 × 4.4 to 6.2 μm. Older conidia were larger, ellipsoid to ovoid with dimensions 25.8 to 35.2 × 10.9 to 11.8 μm. Conidia had 0 to 8 transverse septa, usually without longitudinal septa. A very small conidial beak or no beak was observed on each conidium. On the basis of these morphological characteristics the fungus was identified as Alternaria brassicicola (Wiltshire 1947). For molecular identification, the translation elongation factor-1α (TEF-1α) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA were amplified and sequenced from four isolates (GS1-1, GS1-2, HH2-1, and HH3-1) (Carbone and Kohn 1999, White et al. 1990). Partial TEF-1α gene sequences (EF1-986R/EF1-728F) and ITS (ITS1/ITS2) of isolates GS1-1, GS1-2, HH2-1, and HH3-1 were generated (GenBank accession nos. MH424919, MK249721, MK249722, MK249723; MH424918, MK249724, MK257127, MK257128). BLASTn analysis revealed 100% sequence identity to A. brassicicola (KT895946, KF889266, JX213350, KF889266; MH102059, MF462311, MF462313, JF439458). Pathogenicity testing with four single-conidium isolates (GS1-1, GS1-2, HH2-1, HH3-1) were conducted by inoculating leaves with a conidial suspension of the individual isolates (diluted with distilled water, approximately 1 × 10⁶ conidia/ml) on 20 plants at the three-leaf stage and placing them in a humidity chamber at 25°C for 24 h. The 20 plants at the three-leaf stage were mock inoculated with distilled water as a control. Initial symptoms developed after 3 days and the typical symptoms 5 days after inoculation with A. brassicicola and were similar to those observed in the field. The pathogen was reisolated and confirmed to be A. brassicicola, completing Koch’s postulates. No symptoms were observed on control leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. brassicicola causing leaf blight on O. violaceus in northern China. The summer in Hebei Province is hot and wet with an average temperature and precipitation in July of 26°C and 627 mm, respectively. Because of the suitable climatic conditions for leaf blight, strategies for managing A. brassicicola on O. violaceus in this region should be developed.

In an interconnection, frequency error and interchange power errors on tie lines are two sorts of important indices reflecting the control performance. However, these two indices may be impacted when a DC transmission line is put into operation, or an AC tie line fault occurs. In this paper, a method for evaluating the impacts is proposed, based on the theory of Area Control Error (ACE). First, the impact in the worst situation is figured. Then, we propose a model for simulating the ACE in the case when a DC tie line is put into operation, or an AC tie line fault occurs, using which we can evaluate the long-term effect. Finally, a numerical simulation is done. Compared with the real data, it shows that the method has a good performance for evaluating the impact of DC interconnecting or AC tie line fault.

This paper for the first time successfully demonstrates a Logic-compatible, highly reliable, automotive-grade 16Mb flash macro with self- aligned, split-gate FG-based flash cell embedded into a 40nm Low Power CMOS with copper low-K interconnects. Key Features of the flash macro: Dual power supply with operation temperature from -40 to 150oC; Random Read access 10ns @ worst case condition; Low active and standby power; High raw endurance and data retention lifetime before using ECC. This technology provides large read current window which is compatible with both automotive MCU markets and low power mode tailored for smart card/industrial applications. The 16Mb Design test chip (DTC) with industry-leading cell size has demonstrated functionality with tight cell Vt and read current distributions. The SG NVM cell and erase gate are processed with self-alignment to gate spacer and polysilicon CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) that can be easily integrated in a modular way to the standard logic process.

The effect of Cu additions on the magnetic properties and thermal stability of Nd-Ce-Fe-Co-B system ribbons has been investigated. The results show that the Cu additions can optimize grain boundary phase continuity, which decreases the exchange coupling effect and increases the coercivity from 1386.23 to 1511.97 kA m−1. Cu also facilitates the enrichment of Co at the grain boundary in magnets containing Ce, reduces the content of Co in the RE2Fe14B, and increases the remanence from 0.71 to 0.79 T, showing different results from the addition of Cu in the Nd-Fe-B system. In addition, Cu does not have a noticeable effect on the Curie temperature or the remanence temperature coefficient but does reduce the coercivity temperature coefficient to 0.3449%/K in the range of 303–493 K. The ribbons of Nd-Ce-Fe-Co-Cu-B exhibit better thermal stability.

A new species of free-living marine nematodes, Ptycholaimellus longibulbus sp. nov., is described from the East China Sea. Ptycholaimellus longibulbus sp. nov. is characterized by having body length of about 1100-1400 μm, cephalic seta 9 µm long (half a head diameter), a relatively long double posterior pharyngeal bulb occupying 44-49% of pharyngeal length, a voluminous ventral gland with a large ampulla, cuticle with transverse rows of punctations and lateral differentiation with two longitudinal rows of thick dots, relatively long spicules 45-55 μm long, an arcuate gubernaculum 25 µm long, and a conico-cylindrical tail with a distinct long finger-like spinneret. A key to species of Ptycholaimellus is given.

The process of laser butt welding of zinc-coated steel (SGCD3 and WLZn) blanks was presented, whose edges were prepared by laser cutting. The properties of the butt joints, such as tensile strength, bending, stamping, weld shape, and corrosion-resistant were tested. The experiments of laser cutting and welding were carried out on a custom-made system designed, which is a set of equipment for wide sheet butt welding based on a laser cutting-welding combination process. The experiments proved the technological feasibility of laser butt welding for thin zinc coated steel sheets whose edges were prepared by laser cutting on the same equipment.

Three-dimensional simulation of cold-front rain-band (NCFR) associated with a straight cold front has been studied by use of a non-hydrostatic, full compressible storm-scale model (ARPS) including multi-phase microphysical parameterization. The dynamical and physical features of the frontal cloud de-velopment have been well simulated and analyzed. It is in evidence that the frontal cloud is triggered by the updraft of the secondary frontal circulation. However, the long persistence of diabatic frontogenesis only can be attributed to positive feedback between the frontal baroclinicity and the prefrontal latent heat release. The simulations indeed demonstrate that the potential temperature gradient enhancement in front zone is strongly related with the re-distribution of cloud moisture, by the action of tilted updraft. In conse-quence, the splice of cooling and heating pool that is respectively created from the evaporation of cloud wat-er and condensing J freezing of water vapor J rain droplet, wich is in favor of the strong contrast of cool and warm air mass across the frontal zone to diabatic frontogenesis.