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Additional file 1.

Additional file 2.

Additional file 3.

Low back pain (LBP) is a very common disorder , and it causes significant pain, impairment of daily activities, and decreases quality of life.. With approximately 84% of adults experiencing an episode of LBP at some point during their lifetime and variable recurrence rates (5% to 60%). It is associated with more global disability than any other condition.Chronic low back pain (CLBP) refers to LBP has persisted for more than 3 months. CLBP carries an enormous economic burden from both direct (e.g. treatment) and indirect (e.g. lost work productivity) costs. In the United States, approximately $100 billion of medical expenses is spent annually for back pain with an additional $50 billion arising from indirect costs due to the lost in productivity and disability benefit payments. CLBP is also associated with impaired quality of life, mobility and daily function as well as social isolation, disability and depression. It is a major health problem leads to more years living with disability than any other musculoskeletal condition.Although financial burden and disability attributed to chronic low back pain is substantially different between countries, the incremental impact of the worldwide health care system is expected to be significant in the coming decades. According to 2017 global statistics, low back pain accounts for 7.3% point prevalence of activity-limiting illnesses, affecting 54 billion people at all ages.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as a subjective and objective decline in cognition and function greater than expected for an individual’s age and education level, which neither meets the criteria for diagnosis as dementia nor is severe enough to interfere with activities of daily living (ADL). MCI represents a significant risk factor for the development of dementia and is the primary target for early detection and management of dementia.A review of studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia estimated the overall prevalence of MCI at 6%–12%,but prevalence increases with age with 25.2% in people ages 80–84 years.People with MCI are at higher risk of progressing to dementia than age-matched controls.In the United States,it was estimated that 6.08 million people had MCI or AD and by 2060 this number is projected to reach 15.0 million.A number of clinical trials have assessed the effificacy of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), including donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine for MCI with some evidence of an effect. However, meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have found no signifificant improvements on the well-known cognitive measures, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–cognitivesection (ADAS-cog), or reductions in conversion to dementia at 1–3 years. Moreover, in the AChEI groups, there were increased risks of adverse events, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, muscle spasms or leg cramps, insomnia, headache, and abnormal dreams. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors for MCI treatment have concluded that there is no convincing evidence that cholinesterase inhibitors have an effect on cognitive test scores or the progression of MCI to Alzheimer’s disease . There is some evidence suggesting that nonpharmacological terventions such as Moxibustion, physical exercise, and acupuncture might be beneficial for patients with MCI. However, there is currently no established treatment method for MCI.

Low back pain (LBP) is a very common disorder , and it causes significant pain, impairment of daily activities, and decreases quality of life.. With approximately 84% of adults experiencing an episode of LBP at some point during their lifetime and variable recurrence rates (5% to 60%). It is associated with more global disability than any other condition.Chronic low back pain (CLBP) refers to LBP has persisted for more than 3 months. CLBP carries an enormous economic burden from both direct (e.g. treatment) and indirect (e.g. lost work productivity) costs. In the United States, approximately $100 billion of medical expenses is spent annually for back pain with an additional $50 billion arising from indirect costs due to the lost in productivity and disability benefit payments. CLBP is also associated with impaired quality of life, mobility and daily function as well as social isolation, disability and depression. It is a major health problem leads to more years living with disability than any other musculoskeletal condition.Although financial burden and disability attributed to chronic low back pain is substantially different between countries, the incremental impact of the worldwide health care system is expected to be significant in the coming decades. According to 2017 global statistics, low back pain accounts for 7.3% point prevalence of activity-limiting illnesses, affecting 54 billion people at all ages.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a degenerative disease, making a unique contribution to chronic pain, edema, and limited mobility of knee joint. This disease is an important factor affecting the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly people. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies have been have been used clinically to treat KOA;however, the selection strategies of different CAM interventions in clinical practice is still uncertain, and the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effificacy and acceptability of different CAM therapies using systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Supplemental Material for Effects of a Video-Based Intervention on Emotion Recognition for Children With Autism Who Have Limited Speech in China by Zhi Wang, Loh Sau Cheong, Jing Tian, Hai yan Wang, Yue Yuan, and Qian Zhang in Journal of Special Education Technology

Additional file 1: Table S1. Mean dose of drug during hospitalization in the study population. Table S2. Cause of death in the study population. Figure S1. Kaplan–Meier curves of stratified analysis showed the occurrence of the primary outcome in patients with and without liver injury. (A) age ≤ 50 years, (B) age > 50 years, (C) male, (D) female.

Understanding the relationship between soil erosion and the changes in landscape patterns is important for guiding the management and development of watersheds. The Nangou watershed in Ansai County, Shaanxi on the Loess Plateau, is an area with the implement of "Grain for Green", ecological agriculture, ecological tourism and the demonstration of science and technology for landscape management. We quantified the spatial and temporal variations of landscape pattern and soil erosion from 1981 to 2018 using the GIS and the universal soil loss equation (USLE). The relationship between the soil erosion modulus and nine landscape pattern indices in three categories was analyzed using the principal component analysis at both plot and landscape levels. The results showed that, among the five landscape types, the spatial and temporal changes of cultivated land and woodland dominated the evolution of landscape patterns, which affected the concentration and distribution degree of the whole watershed. Soil erosion in the Nangou watershed decreased annually, with erosion area, erosion modulus and soil erosion intensity decreasing by 29.7%, 61.2%, and 73.4% from 1981 to 2018, respectively. The variation of cultivated land and forest land areas determined the changes of soil erosion modulus of the whole watershed. The change trend of landscape pattern index was consistent with that of soil erosion. "Grain for Green" Project was the major dri-ving force for the changes in the landscape pattern and for the reduction of soil erosion. The characteristic development and management could weaken soil erosion intensity in parts of the study area. The rational configuration of landscape types could effectively control soil erosion in a watershed. The combination of rational configuration and characteristic management could help achieve the goals for sustainable and high quality development of the watershed.研究土壤侵蚀与景观格局变化的关系对小流域的治理开发具有重要的指导意义。本研究以实施退耕还林草、生态农业、生态旅游及科技示范的黄土高原安塞南沟特色治理小流域为研究对象,基于GIS平台和通用土壤流失方程,分析小流域1981—2018年景观格局和土壤侵蚀量的时空演化特征,并利用主成分回归法,从斑块类型水平和景观水平两个尺度分析土壤侵蚀模数与3类9个景观格局指标的关系。结果表明: 研究期间,在5种景观类型中,耕地和林地面积的时空变化主导了南沟小流域景观格局的演化,并且影响整个小流域的聚集分散程度;南沟小流域的土壤侵蚀量逐年减少,1981—2018年土壤侵蚀面积减少29.7%,侵蚀模数减少61.2%,且有73.4%的区域土壤侵蚀强度减轻;耕地和林地面积的变化决定了整个小流域土壤侵蚀模数的变化,其景观格局指数的变化方向与该景观类型土壤侵蚀的变化方向一致;退耕还林草工程是流域景观格局变化、土壤侵蚀减轻的主要原因,特色开发治理可以减弱局部地区土壤侵蚀强度。景观类型的合理化配置能有效地防治小流域土壤侵蚀,将其与特色治理开发相结合有助于实现小流域可持续高质量发展。.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms with a minor allele frequency ≥0.05 in the NF-κB-family genes in the Chinese Han population.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms identified within the NF-κB-family genes in the Chinese Han population.

In this paper, we did a systematic comparative study on the accuracy of two computational methods of elastic constants combined with the density functional theory (DFT), the stress-strain method and the energy-strain method. We took metal Ru as a prototype to compare its high-pressure elastic constants calculated by our present stress-strain method with the previous energy-strain results by others. Although the two methods yielded almost the same accuracy of high-pressure elastic constants for Ru, our stress-strain method directly based on the Hooke's law of elasticity theory is much straightforward and simple to implement. However, the energy-strain method needs complicated pressure corrections because of the pressure effects on the total energy. Various crystal systems have various pressure correction methods. Hence, the stress-strain method is preferred to calculate the high-pressure elastic constants of materials. Furthermore, we analyzed the variations of the elastic moduli, elastic anisotropy, sound velocities, Debye temperature of Ru with pressure., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Detecting the underlying performance of hydrated electrons and hydroxyl radicals in the cationic water cluster can greatly help to understand the inter reaction mechanism in the liquid water and aqueous solutions. Based on our previous (H2O)10+ research, we have paid attention to more problems of larger cationic clusters in this work, including the existence of hemibonded type, long-range correction functions, and hydrogen-bonded site analyses. The lower-energy structures of the cationic water cluster (H2O)12+ have been comprehensively explored, and more experienced functions are introduced to check the ground state and vibration spectrum. Unlike the configuration regularity of neutral (H2O)12 clusters and small cationic water clusters, those new-found structures for (H2O)12+ are inclined to adopt three dimension (3D) cage-like structures and the H2O-OH2 structure appears in the higher energy isomer. The calculation reveals that the lowest stable isomer is the 3D cage structure W14 predicted at MP2 level, which has not been reported yet. In the thermal simulation, structure transition from the cage-like to the ring-like occurs at T > ≈256 K, and the two dimension (2D) ring-like structure occupies a dominant position at high temperature range. The infrared spectra explain that the difference of the spectra between the 2D net structures and 3D cage-structures is mainly caused by the weight fluctuation of single acceptor-single donor (AD), double acceptor-single donor (AAD), and single acceptor-double donor (ADD) sites in these isomers. This further gives a similarity relation between (H2O)12+ and H+(H2O)12 clusters in the shape of the network and spectral characteristics. By molecular orbitals and topological analysis, we find that the lone pair orbital on hydroxyl radical dominates the reactivity and stability of cationic system. The present research may be helpful for exploring the evolution law of the larger cationic water clusters in the future.

The solubility limit of elements plays a crucial role in alloy designing, as well as in the understanding of kinetic processes in alloys. Using first-principles calculations, we calculated the ground states of Fe-RE compound, and predicted the stable and metastable structures of Fe-Y and Fe-Ce. The results indicate that the stable structures for Fe-Y compounds are Fe12Y.tI26, Fe17Y2.hP38 and Fe2Y.cF24, and those for Fe-Ce binary are Fe17Ce2.hP38, Fe19Ce5.hR24 and Fe2Ce.cF24. Based on the statistical-thermodynamic theory of dilute lattice gas, we presented a systematic series of calculations of the solubility limits of RE in α-Fe as a function of temperature. It is found that the solubilities are sorted in the following order: SLa>SCe>SY, corresponding to the trend in the solubility formation enthalpies: Hsol(La)

Copidosoma heinitane Li & Wang, sp. nov. Figs 1���12 Type material. Holotype. ♀ [No. E 1306-01, on slide, NEFU], CHINA, Yunnan Province, Tengchong County, Heinitan, 1���2.VI.2013, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Guo-Hao Zu, Chao Zhang, YPT. Paratypes. 1 ♀ [No. E1306-02, on slide, NEFU], 1♂ [No. E 1306-03, on slide, NEFU], same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Female. Body brown to blackish brown; wings hyaline except for a small brown spot around marginal vein of fore wing; frontovertex 0.48���0.51�� head width; malar space about 0.69���0.75�� as long as eye height; mouth cavity 0.69���0.73�� as broad as frontovertex; mandible with 3 sharp teeth, inner tooth shortest and outer tooth longest; pedicel about as long as F1 and F2 combined; funicle 6-segmented, F1���F3 longer than broad, F4 quadrate, F5 slightly broader than long and F6 distinctly transverse; clava 1-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated at apex, truncated part about 0.76���0.78�� length of clava; mesoscutum and scutellum with polygonalrounded reticulate sculpture; marginal vein of fore wing 0.75���0.84�� as long as stigmal vein, postmarginal vein 0.5���0.6�� as long as stigmal vein, base of fore wing with a small triangular speculum, linea calva open posteriorly; metasoma slightly longer than mesosoma. Ovipositor barely exerted, 0.46���0.48�� as long as metasoma and 0.64���0.66�� as long as mesotibia, third valvula fused to second valvifer; hypopygium not reaching the apex of metasoma. Male. Similar to female except for minor differences in color, antennae with all funicular segments nearly quadrate. Description. Female. Holotype. Length, 1.67 mm. Head mostly blackish brown, frontovertex with metallic golden blue reflection and gena with metallic golden yellow reflection. Antenna with radicle brown, scape dark brown except distal third, paler, pedicel dark brown except apex, yellowish brown. Flagellomeres from F1 (brown) to clava (dark brown) gradually darker distad. Mesosoma, including tegula, brown to dark brown except posterior third of scutellum, blackish brown; mesoscutum with blue reflection, scutellum with golden reflection anteriorly and mesopleurum with golden blue reflection. Wings hyaline except for a small brown spot around marginal vein of fore wing, venation brown. Legs with all coxae dark brown and all trochanters brown; profemur dark brown except distal 1/4, yellow; protibia yellow except dorsal margin, brown; mesofemur and mesotibia, including mesotibial spur, entirely yellow; metafemur dark brown except extreme apex, yellowish; metatibia brown except basal part, yellow; all tarsi yellow except apical tarsomere of all legs, brown. Metasoma brown with metallic yellowish golden reflection, ovipositor stylet dark yellow. Head (Fig. 1), in frontal view, frontovertex at the point of anterior ocellus 0.51�� head width. Ocelli forming an obtuse triangle, posterior ocellus closer to eye margin than to occipital margin. OOL subequal to OD, OCL about 2�� OD. Occipital margin round. Lower face and malar space with longitudinally lineolate-reticulate sculpture. Malar space about 0.69�� as long as eye height, mouth cavity 0.73�� as broad as frontovertex. Mandible with three sharp teeth, inner tooth shortest and outer tooth longest, maxillary palp 3-segmented. Antennae (Fig. 2) with scape long and slender, narrower on distal 2/5, and 6.4�� as long as broad; pedicel 2.26�� as long as broad, about as long as F1 and F2 combined. Funicle 6-segmented and gradually widening distad, F1 0.4�� as long as pedicel, F1-F3 longer than broad, F4 quadrate, F5 a little broader than long and F6 distinctly transverse; clava 2.62�� as long as broad and 0.92�� as long as scape, about as long as five preceding funicular segments combined and distinctly broader than preceding funicular segment. Clava 1-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated at apex, truncated part about 0.78�� length of clava. Relative measurements: HW, 48; FVW, 24.5; MS, 17.94; MCW, 17.89; EH, 26; length (width): scape, 23.5 (3.67); pedicel, 12 (5.3); F1, 4.8 (2.67); F2, 3.7 (3.2); F3, 3.7 (3.47); F4, 4.3 (4.3); F5, 4 (4.3); F6, 3.74 (4.8); clava, 21.62 (8.25). Mesosoma (Fig. 3) with pronotum short; mesoscutum relatively flat with polygonal-rounded reticulate sculpture, 0.72�� as long as broad, axilla with similar sculpture, but much smaller and shallower, their inner corners slightly separated from each other; scutellum with sculpture similar to that of mesoscutum, 1.2�� as long as broad, and distinctly shorter than mesoscutum. Propodeum relatively flat, 0.39�� as long as scutellum. Fore wing (Fig. 4) 2.35�� as long as broad. Submarginal vein with an indistinct hyaline break at distal end; marginal vein 0.84�� as long as stigmal vein; postmarginal vein 0.6�� as long as stigmal vein, the latter straight and slightly swollen at apex; base of fore wing with a small triangular speculum, linea calva open posteriorly, filum spinosum present; marginal fringe short. Mesotibial spur (Fig. 5) 0.28�� as long as mesotibia, slightly shorter than the longer side of corresponding basitarsus. Relative length (width): fore wing, 149 (63.4); MV, 6.7; PMV, 4.8; SV, 8; hind wing, 102.5 (32); mesotibia, 61; mesotibial spur, 17. Metasoma (Fig. 6) slightly longer than mesosoma (1.07��). Ovipositor starting under base of T5 and barely exerted at apex of metasoma, 0.48�� as long as metasoma and 0.66�� as long as mesotibia, third valvula fused to second valvifer. Cerci situated mid-length, a slightly closer to apex than to the base of metasoma. Hypopygium not reaching the apex of metasoma. Relative lengths: metasoma, 84; ovipositor, 40. Male (Figs 7���12). Length, 1.1���1.5 mm. Similar to the female except for antennal structure and minor differences in coloration. Mandible yellow; mid leg mostly brown. Antennae with all funicular segments nearly quadrate, clava 1-segmented, a little shorter than preceding 4 funicular segments combined, and about as broad as preceding funicular segment, strongly obliquely truncated at apex. Genitalia (Fig. 12) 0.49�� as long as mesotibia. Relative length (width): scape, 18 (3.2); pedicel, 8 (3.4); F1, 3.4 (2.4); clava, 13.5 (4.2); mesotibia, 46.9; genitalia, 23 (6.6). Host. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Variation. The female paratype differ from holotype for the brown mesofemur and scape 6.75�� as long as broad. No other significant differences were found in available material. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the field collection locality name. Comments. This new species is most similar to C. sosares (Walker) and C. thebe (Walker) due to the antenna with clava 1-segmented and apex strongly obliquely truncated, mesoscutum and scutellum with polygonal-rounded reticulate sculpture, postmarginal vein about half length of stigmal vein, F1 distinctly longer than broad, and similar body coloration, but can be distinguished from these two species by the following combination of characters: from C. sosares, truncated part of clava about 0.78�� length of clava (vs slightly more than 2/5); clava about as long as five preceding funicular segments combined (vs about 3.5 preceding funicular segments combined); third valvula fused to second valvifer (vs separated); all funicular segments nearly quadrate in male (vs distinctly longer than broad), and the shape of male genitalia (cf. fig. 45 of Guerrieri & Noyes 2005); from C. thebe, F1 distinctly longer than broad (vs quadrate); clava slightly shorter than scape (vs distinctly longer); third valvula fused to second valvifer (vs separated); and the shape of male antenna and genitalia (cf. figs 33 and 34 of Guerrieri & Noyes 2005). In the key to Palearctic species of Copidosoma (Trjapitzin 1989), the new species runs to C. truncatellum (Dalman), but can be separated from the latter by the antenna with F1��� F3 longer than broad and F1 longer than F2 (vs all funicular segments transverse, at most F1 quadrate and shorter than F2), third valvula fused to second valvifer (vs separated), legs with at least pro- and mesotibia mostly yellow (vs all legs black with joints brown), and the shape of male genitalia (cf. fig. 55 in Guerrieri & Noyes 2005)., Published as part of Wang, Hai-Yan & Li, Cheng-De, 2018, Key to Chinese species of Copidosoma (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), with new records and three new species, pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 4418 (4) on pages 356-359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4418.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1244904

Key to Chinese species of Copidosoma Ratzeburg (females) [Partly (funicle 5-segmented species) adapted from Yu et al. 2010] 1 Antenna with funicle 5-segmented....................................................................... 2 - Antenna with funicle 6-segmented....................................................................... 6 2 Clava 3-segmented.................................................................... C. trisegmentis (Xu) - Clava 1-segmented................................................................................... 3 3 Basal cell of fore wing with relatively dense setae and postmarginal vein almost absent......... C. orientale (Yu & Zhang) - Basal cell of fore wing with sparse setae and postmarginal vein present.......................................... 4 4 Scape completely yellow................................................................ C. nacoleiae (Eady) - Scape dark brown or generally dark brown except about apical 1/4 sometimes yellow............................... 5 5 Scape generally dark brown except about apical 1/4 yellow; truncated part of clava about half clava length.................................................................................................. C. bohemicum (Hoffer) - Scape completely dark brown; truncated part of clava about 2/3 clava length............. C. meridionale (Kazmi & Hayat) 6 Clava obliquely truncated; truncated part not less than 1/3 length of clava (Figs 2, 14, 20, 26)........................ 7 - Clava not truncated or transversely truncated; if slightly obliquely truncated, then truncated part not longer than 1/5 length of clava............................................................................................. 18 7 Clava 3-segmented, sutures always complete............................................................... 8 - Clava 1-segmented, rarely (primulum) with 1 or 2 incomplete sutures.......................................... 10 8 Scutellum with longitudinally lineolate sculpture (Fig. 21); F1 not more than 1.5�� as long as broad (Fig. 20); third valvula fused to second valvifer (Fig. 24); postmarginal vein about half as long as stigmal vein (Fig. 22); mesofemur and mesotibia completely yellow (Fig. 23)................................................. C. longchuane Li & Wang, sp. nov. - Scutellum with small, polygonally reticulate sculpture (cf. Figs 3, 15, 33); F1 at least 2�� as long as broad; third valvula sepa- rated from second valvifer; postmarginal vein about as long as or slightly shorter than stigmal vein; mesofemur and mesotibia mostly dark......................................................................................... 9 9 Truncated part of clava about half as long as clava; OOL less than OD (2/3)?OOL: OCL=1; F1 shorter than pedicel........................................................................................ C. chalconotum (Dalman) - Truncated part of clava about 2/3 as long as clava; OOL distinctly larger than OD (1.67��); OOL: OCL=2.5; F1 as long as or longer than pedicel.................................................................. C. serricorne (Dalman) 10 Scutellum with longitudinally lineolate sculpture........................................................... 11 - Scutellum with more or less round, polygonally reticulate sculpture............................................ 12 11 F1 quadrate; fore wing about 2.1�� as long as broad; ovipositor slightly longer than mesotibia (1.18��); legs mainly brown; metasoma brown.................................................................. C. agrotis (Fonscolombe) - F1 distinctly longer than broad (Fig. 26); fore wing (Fig. 28) 2.6�� as long as broad; ovipositor distinctly shorter than mesotibia (0.75��); legs (Fig. 30) mainly pale, except tarsomeres 1���4, yellowish brown, fifth tarsomere and mesocoxa dark brown; meta- soma (Fig. 27) light brown except for the flanks of T1 and ventral half pale yellow........ C. longiclavatum Kazmi & Hayat 12 Clava longer than scape (Fig. 14); fore wing (Fig. 16) 2.7�� as long as broad; postmarginal vein only slightly shorter than stig- mal vein.................................................................. C. linzhiensis Li & Wang, sp. nov. - Clava shorter than scape; fore wing relatively broader, not more than 2.4�� as long as broad; postmarginal vein at most about half as long as stigmal vein........................................................................... 13 13 Scape 4�� as long as broad; eye height 2�� malar space.............................. C. hanzhongenum Dang & Wang - Scape at least 5.5�� as long as broad; eye height usually distinctly less than 2�� malar space......................... 14 14 Third valvula fused to second valvifer (Fig. 6)..................................... C. heinitane Li & Wang, sp. nov. - Third valvula separated from second valvifer............................................................. 15 15 Ovipositor at least slightly longer than mesotibia; OOL longer than OCL........................................ 16 - Ovipositor shorter than mesotibia; OOL equal or shorter than OCL............................................. 17 16 Mouth cavity 1.2�� as broad as frontovertex; ovipositor distinctly longer than mesotibia (1.3��)....... C. primulum (Mercet) - Mouth cavity not more than 0.7�� as broad as frontovertex; ovipositor about as long as mesotibia.. C. truncatellum (Dalman) 17 F1 0.7�� as long as broad; truncated part of clava 2/3 length of clava; fore wing with marginal vein as long as stigmal vein.................................................................................... C. floridanum (Ashmead) - F1 1.5�� as long as broad; truncated part of clava 2/5 length of clava; fore wing with marginal vein distinctly shorter than stig- mal vein.............................................................................. C. sosares (Walker) 18 Clava 1-segmented, rarely (peticus) with incomplete sutures................................................. 1 9 - Clava 3-segmented, sutures always complete.............................................................. 20 19 Tegula yellow with apex transparent; OOL=OCL; fore wing 2.2�� as long as broad................... C. peticus (Walker) - Tegula dark brown; OOL 1.67�� OCL; fore wing 2.5�� as long as broad.................... C. phaloniae Zhang & Huang 20 Funicle with white, pale yellow or yellow segments, contrasting with other segments............................. 21 - Funicle without pale segments, usually dark and more or less concolorous, at most with several dark yellowish brown or pale brown segments which may slightly paler than other segments................................................ 24 21 Scutellum with shallow reticulate sculpture; legs mainly yellow, meso- and metacoxa and metafemur brown, with metallic lus- tre, base of metatibia brown........................................................... C. albipes (Westwood) - Scutellum with longitudinally lineolate sculpture; legs mostly dark............................................ 22 22 Funicle with at least F5 and F6 dark brown................................................. C. varicorne (Nees) - Funicle with at most F6 brown or dark brown............................................................. 23 23 Scape about 4.5�� as long as broad; ovipositor distinctly exserted at apex of metasoma; fore wing without marginal vein...................................................................................... C. amarginalia Li & Ma - Scape about 7�� as long as broad; ovipositor not exserted at apex of metasoma; fore wing with distinct marginal vein....................................................................................... C. subalbicorne (Hoffer) 24 Postmarginal vein as long as stigmal vein; malar space as long as eye height; ocelli forming an angle of 130��........................................................................................... C. dioryctria Dang & Wang - Postmarginal vein usually about half length of stigmal vein, if distinctly longer (about 2/ 3 in baii), then ocelli forming an angle of about 90�� and apex of clava transversely truncated....................................................... 25 25 Ventral surface of clava with sensory area which at least extending to half length of clava, clava usually with apex rounded and ventrally concave.................................................................................... 26 - Ventral surface of clava without sensory area and not concave, apex of clava not truncated, or truncated transversely, if slightly obliquely truncated, then truncated part not longer than 1/5 length of clava...................................... 33 26 Tegula entirely brown to dark brown.................................................................... 27 - Tegula pale, or mostly pale with apex dark................................................................. 29 27 Ovipositor 1.13�� as long as mesotibia, exerted part of ovipositor 0.3�� as long as mesotibia; clava about as long as funicle; mesofemur mostly brown.............................................................. C. ancharus (Walker) - Ovipositor at least 1.64�� as long as mesotibia, exerted part of ovipositor about 0.6�� as long as mesotibia; clava distinctly shorter than funicle; mesofemur yellow.................................................................. 28 28 F1 about 3��, F6 about 2��, as long as broad; ocelli forming an angle of about 80��; legs yellow except metafemur and metatibia largely brown........................................................................... C. tibiale Hoffer - Both F1 and F6 only slightly longer than broad (Fig. 32); ocelli forming an obtuse triangle; legs (Fig. 35) mostly dark, mid leg with femur, tibia and tarsomeres yellow................................................. C. recurvariae Sharkov 29 Ovipositor at least 2.73�� as long as mesotibia, and exerted part at least about as long as mesotibia; metafemur yellow; fore wing 2.7�� as long as broad............................................................................ 30 - Ovipositor not more than 1.5�� as long as mesotibia, and exerted part at most about as long as mesotibial spur; metafemur mainly brown; fore wing at most 2.4�� as long as broad...................................................... 31 30 F1 about 2�� as long as pedicel; ovipositor 2.73�� as long as mesotibia; mesotibia brown........ C. boucheanum Ratzeburg - F1 about as long as pedicel; ovipositor 3.17�� as long as mesotibia; mesotibia yellow................. C. terebrator Mayr 31 Scutellum with sculpture of striate appearance, composed of elongate cells; pro- and mesofemur brown; OOL=OCL........................................................................................... C. filicorne (Dalman) - Scutellum with sculpture of dotted appearance, composed of more or less rounded cells; pro- and mesofemur yellow; OOL dis- tinctly less than OCL.................................................................................. 32 32 Scape 1.25���1.4�� as long as eye height; pedicel very slightly to slightly longer than F1, F1 2.5���3.0��, F6 1.6���1.65��, as long as broad............................................................................. C. flagellare (Dalman) - Scape 1.55���1.7�� as long as eye height; pedicel approximately as long as F1, F1 3.5���4.2��, F6 1.75���2.0��, as long as broad.... ..................................................................................... C. anceus (Walker) 33 Apex of clava not truncated; ocelli forming an angle of 60��; OOL 1/4 OCL................ C. malacosoma Dang & Wang - Apex of clava truncated; ocelli forming an angle of 90�� or obtuse triangle; OOL at least 2/3 OCL.................... 34 34 Legs yellow with meso- and metacoxa, metafemur and base of metatibia dark brown; first clavomere clearly separated from the second, thus funicle appearing 7-segmented........................................... C. baii Zhang & Huang - Legs generally brown to dark brown except joints, tarsomeres and occasionally mesotibiae yellowish; antenna not as in above................................................................................................... 35 35 F1 about 2.6�� as long as broad, and about as long as pedicel; scutellum with a shallow, but distinct median ridge in basal half; ocelli forming an angle of about 90��................................................. C. fuscisquama (Thomson) - F1 about 1.6�� as long as broad, and about 0.7�� as long as pedicel; scutellum without a distinct median ridge in basal half; ocelli forming an angle of 120��............................................................ C. aretas (Walker), Published as part of Wang, Hai-Yan & Li, Cheng-De, 2018, Key to Chinese species of Copidosoma (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), with new records and three new species, pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 4418 (4) on pages 354-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4418.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1244904

Copidosoma longiclavatum Kazmi & Hayat Figs 25–30 Copidosoma longiclavatum Kazmi and Hayat, 1998: 306. Holotype ♀ India-Tamil Nadu (BMNH, not examined). Material examined. CHINA: 1♀ [No. E1505-01, on slide, NEFU], Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), Linzhi City, Xiachayu Town, 15–16.V.2015, Ye Chen, Chao Zhang, YPT. Diagnosis. Female. Body mostly dark brown, with some metallic lustre reflection, metasoma with T1 except flanks, and ventral half pale yellow. Fore wing (Fig. 28) infuscate, hyaline from base to proximal margin of linea calva; hind wing hyaline (Fig. 29). Legs mainly yellowish except mesocoxa and a broad ring on metatibia, dark brown. Head with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 25); antenna (Fig. 26) with pedicel shorter than F1 and F2 combined, clava 1-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated, truncated part about 0.85× length of clava. Mesoscutum (Fig. 27) with shallow reticulate sculpture, scutellum with longitudinally lineolate reticulate sculpture. Fore wing with marginal vein about 0.88× as long as stigmal vein, postmarginal vein about 0.5× as long as stigmal vein. Metasoma (Fig. 27) about as long as mesosoma; ovipositor 0.43× as long as metasoma, very slightly exerted at apex of metasoma in slide specimen; third valvula fused to second valvifer. Host. Unknown. Distribution. China (Xizang) [new record], India (Noyes 2017). Comments. Our specimens agree well with the original description except for slight differences on coloration of hind leg. In original description, hind leg pale except for tarsomeres, whereas in our specimen, hind leg with basal part of coxa, distal part of femur dorsally, and a broad ring on tibia brown to dark brown. This is the first record from outside the type locality.

Copidosoma longiclavatum Kazmi & Hayat Figs 25���30 Copidosoma longiclavatum Kazmi and Hayat, 1998: 306. Holotype ♀ India-Tamil Nadu (BMNH, not examined). Material examined. CHINA: 1♀ [No. E1505-01, on slide, NEFU], Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), Linzhi City, Xiachayu Town, 15���16.V.2015, Ye Chen, Chao Zhang, YPT. Diagnosis. Female. Body mostly dark brown, with some metallic lustre reflection, metasoma with T1 except flanks, and ventral half pale yellow. Fore wing (Fig. 28) infuscate, hyaline from base to proximal margin of linea calva; hind wing hyaline (Fig. 29). Legs mainly yellowish except mesocoxa and a broad ring on metatibia, dark brown. Head with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 25); antenna (Fig. 26) with pedicel shorter than F1 and F2 combined, clava 1-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated, truncated part about 0.85�� length of clava. Mesoscutum (Fig. 27) with shallow reticulate sculpture, scutellum with longitudinally lineolate reticulate sculpture. Fore wing with marginal vein about 0.88�� as long as stigmal vein, postmarginal vein about 0.5�� as long as stigmal vein. Metasoma (Fig. 27) about as long as mesosoma; ovipositor 0.43�� as long as metasoma, very slightly exerted at apex of metasoma in slide specimen; third valvula fused to second valvifer. Host. Unknown. Distribution. China (Xizang) [new record], India (Noyes 2017). Comments. Our specimens agree well with the original description except for slight differences on coloration of hind leg. In original description, hind leg pale except for tarsomeres, whereas in our specimen, hind leg with basal part of coxa, distal part of femur dorsally, and a broad ring on tibia brown to dark brown. This is the first record from outside the type locality., Published as part of Wang, Hai-Yan & Li, Cheng-De, 2018, Key to Chinese species of Copidosoma (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), with new records and three new species, pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 4418 (4) on page 364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4418.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1244904

Copidosoma recurvariae Sharkov Figs 31���36 Copidosoma recurvariae Sharkov, 1988: 840. Holotype ♀, Russia-Primor'ye Kray (ZISP, not examined). Material examined. CHINA: 3♀ [No. E1308-01, E1308-02, E1308-03, on slides, NEFU], Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), Linzhi City, Linzhi Park, 5.VII.2013, Hui-lin Han, Zhi-guang Wu, YPT. Diagnosis. Female. Body mostly dark brown to black, with some metallic golden green reflection. Wings hyaline except for a small brown spot around marginal and stigmal veins of fore wing. Head in frontal view as in Fig. 31, mandible with three sharp teeth and the middle tooth longest. Antenna (Fig. 32) with scape long and slender, with reticulate sculpture; pedicel nearly as long as F1 and F2 combined, all funicular segments longer than broad, clava 3-segmented and concave ventrally, slightly shorter than scape, and nearly as long as 5 preceding funicular segments combined; sensorial part extending about 0.83�� length of clava. Mesoscutum (Fig. 33) with shallow polygonal-rounded reticulate sculpture, sculpture on scutellum similar to that of mesoscutum, but slightly smaller. Fore wing (Fig. 34) with marginal vein about as long as postmarginal vein, both about 0.33�� as long as stigmal vein. Linea calva closed by 2 lines of setae posteriorly. Mesotibial spur (Fig. 35) 0.41�� as long as mesotibia, nearly as long as two corresponding basal tarsi combined. Metasoma (Fig. 36) 1.73�� as long as mesosoma, slightly flattened laterally and prone to collapsing; ovipositor 0.95�� as long as metasoma, 1.7�� as long as mesotibia and distinctly exerted at apex of metasoma; exerted part of ovipositor about 0.25�� as long as metasoma, 0.66�� as long as mesotibia, and longer than mesotibial spur; third valvula about 0.33�� as long as second valvifer. Host. Unknown from China, but recorded as parasitoid of Recurvaria sp. (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) (Noyes 2017). Distribution. China (Xizang) [new record], Russia (Primor'ye Kray) (Noyes 2017). Comments. Our specimens agree quite well with the original description except for the relatively short portion exerted of the ovipositor. In the original description, the exerted part of ovipositor is described as 0.42���0.48�� as long as metasoma (in dry specimens), whereas in our specimens it is only about 1/4 as long as the metasoma (slide mounted specimens). We consider this difference must have been caused by the conditions of specimens. This species is most similar to C. remotum Sharkov due to having the antenna long and slender, clava 3- segmented and concave ventrally, mesoscutun and scuellum with polygonal-rounded reticulate sculpture, ovipositor distinctly exerted at apex of metasoma, and similar body coloration, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following combination of characters: ovipositor 1.7�� as long as mesotibia (vs 0.98��), scape 6.25�� as long as broad (vs 9.4��), basal and apical part of clava subequal in width, rounded at apex (vs clava gradually narrower distad, pointed at apex), clava with second suture distinctly oblique (vs nearly transverse). This is the first record from outside the type locality., Published as part of Wang, Hai-Yan & Li, Cheng-De, 2018, Key to Chinese species of Copidosoma (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), with new records and three new species, pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 4418 (4) on pages 364-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4418.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1244904

Copidosoma linzhiensis Li & Wang, sp. nov. Figs 13���18 Type material. Holotype. ♀ [No. E 1408-01, on slide, NEFU], CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), Linzhi City, Lulang Town, 17���19.VIII.2014, Hui-lin Han, YPT. Paratypes. 2 ♀ [No. E 1408-02, E1408-03, on slides, NEFU], same data as holotype; 1 ♀ [No. E 1307-01, on slide, NEFU], CHINA, Xizang Autonomous Region (= Tibet), Mt. Sejila, 3500 m, 30.VII���4.VIII.2013, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Guo-Hao Zu, Chao Zhang, YPT. Diagnosis. Female. Head and mesosoma dark brown, metasoma yellow at base and gradually becoming yellowish brown to brown distad. Wings hyaline except for a small brown spot around marginal and stigmal veins of fore wing, frontovertex 0.44���0.53�� head width; malar space about 0.64���0.76�� as long as eye height; mandible with three teeth, pedicel shorter than F1 and F2 combined; funicle 6-segmented, F1 0.67���0.7�� as long as pedicel; clava 1-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated at apex, truncated part 0.7 8���0.92�� length of clava; mesoscutum and scutellum with shallow polygonal-rounded reticulate sculpture; marginal vein 0.9�� as long as stigmal vein, postmarginal vein 0.6�� as long as stigmal vein, linea calva completely open posteriorly; metasoma slightly longer than mesosoma. Ovipositor 0.31���0.39�� as long as metasoma and 0.36���0.42�� as long as mesotibia, barely exerted, third valvula separate from second valvifer and 0.9�� as long as the latter; hypopygium not reaching the apex of metasoma. Description. Female. Holotype. Length, 1.56mm. Head mostly black with maxillary pales yellow, frontovertex with metallic golden yellow reflection. Antenna dark brown with a narrow yellow ring at extreme base of scape. Mesosoma including tegula dark brown, mesoscutum and scutellum with golden reflection. Wings hyaline except for a small brown spot around marginal and stigmal veins of fore wing. Legs with all tarsi dark brown; fore leg mostly yellow except basal half of ventral margin of femur, brown; mid leg with coxa and trochanters dark brown, femur yellow and tibia yellowish brown, tibial spur yellow; hind leg mostly blackish brown except coxa, trochanters, basal half of femur and extreme base of tibia, yellowish. Metasoma yellow at base and gradually becoming yellowish brown to brown distad. Head (Fig. 13), in frontal view, frontovertex at the point of anterior ocellus 0.53�� head width. Ocelli forming an obtuse triangle. OOL 2�� as long as OD, OCL 0.67�� as long as OD. Lower face and malar space with longitudinally lineolate-reticulate sculpture. Malar space about 0.64�� as long as eye height. Mandible with three teeth. Antenna (Fig. 14) relatively slender, scape 4.9�� as long as broad; pedicel 2.5�� as long as broad, shorter than F1 and F2 combined; funicle 6-segmented and gradually widening distad, F1 0.67�� as long as pedicel; clava 4�� as long as broad and 1.2�� as long as scape, about as long as 4.5 preceding funicular segments combined and distinctly broader than preceding funicular segment; clava 1-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated at apex, truncated part about 0.92�� length of clava. Relative measurements: HW, 49; FVW, 26; MS, 18.3; EH, 28.6; length (width): scape, 29 (5.9); pedicel, 12 (4.8); F1, 8 (3); F2, 7 (3); F3, 7.4 (3.6); F4, 7.6 (4.5); F5, 7.5 (5); F6, 6 (5.5); clava, 34.8 (8.7). Mesosoma (Fig. 15) with pronotum short; mesoscutum relatively flat with shallow polygonal-rounded reticulate sculpture, 0.69�� as long as broad; scutellum 1.1�� as long as broad, distinctly shorter than mesoscutum, sculpture on scutellum similar to that of mesoscutum but a little larger and shallower. Fore wing (Fig. 16) 2.5�� as long as broad, submarginal vein with an indistinct hyaline break at distal end, marginal vein 0.9�� as long as stigmal vein, postmarginal vein 0.6�� as long as stigmal vein; base of fore wing with a small triangular speculum; linea calva completely open posteriorly, filum spinosum present. Mesotibial spur (Fig. 17) 0.33�� as long as mesotibia, longer than the longer side of corresponding basitarsus and shorter than two corresponding basal tarsi combined. Relative length (width): fore wing, 171.4 (68.5); MV, 7.2; PMV, 4.8; SV,8; hind wing, 110 (35.5); mesotibia, 71; mesotibial spur, 23.4. Metasoma (Fig. 18) slightly longer than mesosoma (1.1��). Cerci situated in the distal third of metasoma. Hypopygium not reaching the apex of metasoma. Ovipositor starting under medial portion of T5, barely exerted at apex, 0.32�� as long as metasoma and 0.38�� as long as mesotibia; third valvula separated from second valvifer and 0.9�� as long as the latter. Relative lengths: metasoma, 84; ovipositor, 27. Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. China (Xizang). Variation. No significant differences were found in available material. Comments. This species is very similar to C. oreinos due to the mesoscutum and scutellum with similar reticulate sculpture; antenna with scape shorter than clava, F1 distinctly longer than broad and shorter than pedicel, clava 1-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated at apex, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following combination of characters: metasoma yellow at base and gradually becoming yellowish brown to brown distad (vs dark brown with slight violet bronzy lustre); ovipositor relatively short, 0.36���0.42�� as long as mesotibia (vs 0.51��); truncated part of clava 0.78���0.92�� length of clava (vs 0.5���0.75��); and differences on leg coloration., Published as part of Wang, Hai-Yan & Li, Cheng-De, 2018, Key to Chinese species of Copidosoma (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), with new records and three new species, pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 4418 (4) on pages 359-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4418.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1244904

Copidosoma longchuane Li & Wang, sp. nov. Figs 19���24 Type material. Holotype ♀ [No. E 1304-01, on slide, NEFU], CHINA, Yunnan Province, Longchuan County, Longba Town, 26���29.IV.2013, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Guo-Hao Zu, Chao Zhang, YPT. Paratype. 1♀ [No. E 1304-02, on slide, NEFU], same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Female. Body brown to blackish brown; wings hyaline except for a small brown spot around marginal vein of fore wing; frontovertex 0.43���0.47�� head width, malar space 0.65���0.72�� as long as eye height, mouth cavity as broad as frontovertex; mandible with three sharp and subequal teeth; pedicel longer than F1 and F2 combined; funicle 6-segmented; clava 3-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated at apex, truncated part about 0.70���0.79�� length of clava; mesoscutum with polygonal-rounded reticulate sculpture, scutellum with longitudinally lineolate sculpture; marginal vein 0.74���0.82�� as long as stigmal vein, postmarginal vein 0.50���0.54�� as long as stigmal vein, linea calva open posteriorly; metasoma slightly longer than mesosoma; ovipositor very slightly exerted, 0.58���0.66�� as long as metasoma and 0.55���0.73�� as long as mesotibia, third valvula fused to second valvifer. Description. Female. Holotype. Length, 1.31 mm. Head mostly blackish brown, mouth parts yellowish brown. Antenna dark brown. Mesosoma including tegula brown to dark brown, mesopleurum yellowish brown. Wings hyaline except a small brown spot around marginal vein of fore wing. Legs with all coxae dark brown, pro- and metatrochanters brown, basal mesotrochanter brown and distal mesotrochanter yellow; profemur brown except distal one third yellow, protibia yellow with dorsal margin brown; mesofemur and mesotibia yellow; metafemur brown except extremities, yellowish, metatibia mostly brown except bout basal 1/5 yellow, all tarsi yellow to yellowish brown except fifth tarsomeres, darker. Metasoma yellowish brown. Head (Fig. 19), in frontal view, frontovertex at the point of anterior ocellus 0.43�� head width. Ocelli forming an obtuse triangle. OOL subequal to OCL. OOL 0.5�� as long as OD. Lower face and malar space with some longitudinally reticulate sculpture. Malar space 0.65�� as long as eye height, mouth cavity as broad as frontovertex. Mandible with 3 sharp, subequal teeth; maxillary palp 2-segmented. Antennae (Fig. 20) with scape nearly cylindrical, 6.82�� as long as broad; pedicel 2.5�� as long as broad, and longer than F1 and F2 combined; F1 0.32�� as long as pedicel; clava 2.82�� as long as broad and 0.81�� as long as scape, slightly shorter than funicle and distinctly broader than preceding funicular segment; clava 3-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated at apex, truncated part about 0.79�� length of clava. Relative measurements: HW, 45; FVW, 19.35; MS, 17; MCW,19.35; EH, 26; length (width): scape, 28 (4.1); pedicel, 11.2 (4.4); F1, 3.6 (3.58); F2, 4 (3.6); F3, 4 (4); F4, 4.6 (4.3); F5, 4.7 (4.7); F6, 4 (4.7); clava, 22.6 (8). Mesosoma (Fig. 21) with pronotum short; mesoscutum relatively flat with polygonal-rounded reticulate sculpture; scutellum slightly shorter than mesoscutum with longitudinally lineolate sculpture. Fore wing 2.0�� as long as broad; submarginal vein with a hyaline break at distal end, marginal vein 0.82�� as long as stigmal vein, postmarginal vein 0.54�� as long as stigmal vein, the latter nearly straight and slightly swollen at apex; linea calva open posteriorly, filum spinosum present. Mesotibial spur (Fig. 23) 0.36�� as long as mesotibia, longer than the longer side of corresponding basitarsus and shorter than two corresponding basal tarsi combined. Relative length (width): fore wing, 146 (73); hind wing, 108 (30); MV, 5.75; PMV, 3.75; SV, 7; mesotibia, 62.3; mesotibial spur, 22.4. Metasoma (Fig. 24) slightly longer than mesosoma (1.04��). Ovipositor starting under distal margin of T4, 0.66�� as long as metasoma and 0.73�� as long as mesotibia, very slightly exerted at apex; third valvula fused to second valvifer. Cerci situated near the middle of metasoma. Relative length: metasoma, 69; ovipositor, 45.5. Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Distribution. China (Yunnan). Variation. No significant differences were found in available material. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the field collection locality name. Comments. This new species is similar to C. lucidum Kazmi & Hayat in having clava 3-segmented and strongly obliquely truncated at apex, scutellum with longitudinally lineolate sculpture, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following combination of characters: mandible with three subequal teeth (vs ventral tooth distinctly longer than other teeth), clava shorter than funicle (vs longer than funicle), mid leg with femur and tibia completely yellow (vs mostly dark brown or infuscate brown), metasoma yellowish brown (vs T1 greenish, rest of metasoma with a slight bronzy violet shine), third valvula fused to second valvifer (vs separated)., Published as part of Wang, Hai-Yan & Li, Cheng-De, 2018, Key to Chinese species of Copidosoma (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), with new records and three new species, pp. 353-369 in Zootaxa 4418 (4) on page 362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4418.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1244904

A novel organic/inorganic hybrid which consisted of N,N-diphenyl-4-(2,2':6′,2″-tepyridin-4-yl)aniline (abbreviated as TPPA) and CdS nanoparticles (NPs) had been prepared through interfacial coordination effect according to soft-hard-acid-base principle. The interfacial coupling coordination was analyzed by XRD, far-IR, FT-IR and HRTEM, which resulted in changeable morphology and tunable linear/nonlinear optical properties. Upon interfacial coordination, the hybrid showed a red-shifted (55 nm) UV–vis absorption band, weakened single photon fluorescence emission (84% decrease), and enhanced two-photon absorption cross-section (13 folds). Due to excellent two-photon absorbing character, the hybrid had good application in the field of optical power limiting with 43 W⋅cm−2 limiting threshold. The regulation mechanism of optical properties was thoroughly discussed upon single crystal structure of the interfacial coordination complex and quantum calculation, as well as the growing mechanism of the hybrid.

The effects of antimony (Sb) on the deformation behaviour of high-grade non-oriented silicon steel at a low temperature were studied by using a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator and the field-emission scanning-electron microscope. The tensile strength of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel without Sb was significantly lower than that of the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel with Sb within the tensile temperature range of 25 °C–240 °C. It is possible for Sb atoms near the grain boundary to diffuse at hundreds of atoms through dislocations as a rapid diffusion channel, which is driven by thermal activation with an increase in temperature. Atomic diffusion can weaken the damage to bonding forces on the grain boundary and crack propagation along the grain boundary under load action. The segregation of Sb atoms at the grain boundary decreased gradually, which weakened the cleavage characteristics of the fracture morphology and enhanced its dimple characteristics. For a stretching temperature of 80 °C, the fracture dimple of high-grade non-oriented silicon steel without Sb was significantly more than the high-grade non-oriented silicon steel with Sb. Because of the weakening effect of Sb segregation at the grain boundary, the suitable low-temperature deformation range for high-grade non-oriented silicon steel with Sb was 120 °C–160 °C.

Raspberry subcultured tissue seedlings were used as test materials for the effect of different concentrations of graphene on the growth of raspberry seedlings and the development of adventitious roots. The graphene was characterized by a laser particle size analyzer, STEM, TEM, XPS and Raman spectroscopy. A root analysis system and SEM were used to systematically characterize the seedling height, root length, root specific surface area, number of branches, number of root tips and root micromorphology, thus determining the optimum concentration of graphene for the growth of raspberry tissue culture seedlings. The results showed that with increasing graphene concentration, the seedling height, root length, root tip number and root specific surface area of the seedlings all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The optimum concentration of graphene was 2 mg·L-1, the seedling height of tissue culture seedlings was 1.46 times that of the control group, and the root length, specific surface area, number of root tips and their bifurcation number were about twice that of the control group.

Primers used for real-time PCR. (DOCX 15Â kb)

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers used in this study. Table S2. Sequences of three fragments F1, F2 and F3. Figure S1. Assembly flowchart of ydbL-M1(PlacUV5-aroGfbr-tyrAfbr-aroE)-Chl-ydbA fragment for replacing mao-paa cluster of strain BAK5 chromosome. Figure S2. Expression plasmid maps of pZL3, pZL4, pZL5, pZL6, pZL9 and pZL10. Figure S3. HPLC chromatogram of SAA production by engineered strain.

Comparison of expression levels of the selected eight genes between the transcriptome and qPCR methods. (DOCX 17Â kb)

The effect of Mn on the corrosion resistant property of heat-treated AZ91 alloys was investigated by electrochemical, static mass loss tests and salt spray corrosion method. The micromorphologies of the corroded samples of the alloys were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the phase composition and the corrosion products of the alloys were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Results demonstrate that an independent phase Al 6 Mn is formed in AZ91 alloy. The solubility of the phase in solid solution of Mg can increase the electrode potential of Mg. Mn addition can increase the corrosion potential, decrease the corrosion current density of AZ91 alloys and reduce corrosion rates. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of alloys is improved. AZ91-0.8Mn alloy shows the best corrosion resistance capacity among all of the specimens among all of the specimens.

The technologies of high charge perforator and high density perforator are widely used in domestic and international oil-gas wells perforating job, which leads to the increase of the explosion load intensity, resulting in more string damage accidents, and seriously affects the normal production of oil and gas. The software of LS-DYNA was used to measure the dynamic response of the perforating gun under four types of perforation conditions. It analyzes perforating gun head's forms and characteristics of output load under different working conditions, and also analyzes the impact on perforating gun's structural strength under different axial and radial load. These conclusions provide an important theoretical reference for reasonable arranging the perforating technology, improving perforation safety and reducing the well perforating accidents.

After more than half century development, remarkable achievements have been made in the study of earth's interior electrical structure by using the magnetotelluric (MT) method. The majority of these research results are based on the electrical isotropic assumption. However, the electrical anisotropy phenomenon is prevalent in the earth interior, and the presence of such anisotropy in the crust and upper mantle is an important link factor among geoelectric models, underground structure and tectonic models. In this paper, the tensor conductivity is first introduced by starting from the Maxwell equations, then we deduce a set of partial differential equations with respect to Ex and Hx according to the characteristic of two-dimensional electrical anisotropic structure. By using the partial differential equations, the appropriate solutions of Ex and Hx are solved, and other field components are obtained on the basis of Ex and Hx. In order to recognize the characteristics of electromagnetic propagation under common and special geological conditions, the influence on the measured MT data is studied by the forward simulation on ordinary and special two-dimension anisotropic electrical structure, which lays theoretical foundation for the subsequent processing and interpretation of MT data. Finally, the electrical anisotropy theory is introduced into processing and interpretation of MT data based on the results in the paper, and the widespread existence of electrical anisotropy is illuminated, and the exactness of this theory and practicability of the algorithm are verified by means of the two-dimension forward fitting interpretation on the MT data from Xinjiang. This work would provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for analyzing and explaining the electrical anisotropy in MT data and help opens approaches for processing of measured MT data.

The carbon fiber–reinforced plastics have gained considerable attention in the aerospace industry in recent years. Drilling of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic is relatively difficult with too much fiber delamination and pulling out in the entry and exit of the holes. As an advanced hole-making technology, helical milling is being developed in machining of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic, in which the tool moves on a helical course to the workpiece. Experiments were carried out on helical milling of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic, the effects of the cutting parameters and tool wear on the cutting forces are analyzed, and the relation between hole quality and cutting forces is also discussed. In order to simulate the cutting forces under different cutting conditions, the mechanistic modeling technique is used to predict cutting forces in helical milling of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic, and the cutting force coefficients are identified and corrected based on the experimental data. The results show that the established model can be used to predict the cutting forces in the helical milling process.

The FJCA series jet flotation cells, which have the independent intellectual property rights of China, are different from the conventional mechanical-agitation flotation cells. Therefore, the magnification practice of the FJCA series jet flotation cells shall not simply copy from the conventional approach of the mechanical-agitation flotation cells. Instead, new magnification principles for the jet flotation cells need to be developed. Three principles of the magnification of the FJCA series jet flotation cells are introduced in this article: 1. the similarity of the fluid dynamics and kinetics of the coal slurry; 2. the similarity of the geometries of the aeration agitator; 3. the similarity of the boundary parameters of the flowing velocity of the slurry. The first principle, which employs the circulation flowrate per unit volume as the base parameter of the similarity of fluid dynamics and kinetics, is considered as the most critical one for the magnification of the FJCA series jet flotation cells.

Two new milbemycin derivatives, 27-methoxylmilbemycin α31 (1) and 27-oxomilbemycin α31 (2), were isolated from the genetically engineered strain Streptomyces bingchenggensis BCJ60. Their structures were determined by 1D NMR, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectral analysis, and comparison with previous reports. The acaricidal and nematocidal capacities of compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated against Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, respectively. The results showed that the two new macrocyclic lactones 1 and 2 possessed potent acaricidal and nematocidal activities.

In this paper, in order to increase the efficiency of solar energy collection in winter, a method to set the semi-fixed collector was proposed. The best angle of the quasi-fixed solar collector have be calculated and given in Daqing region. According to comparison and analysis, we find that the efficiency improved 8.3%; it will collect solar energy 410.46 MJ per square more than fixed collectors every year.

The structural and thermodynamic properties of TiAl intermetallics under high pressure have been investigated by ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory method. It is found that the ratio of lattice parameter c to a keeps almost constant with a value of 1.02 under the pressure from 0 to 20 GPa, which agrees well with the experimental results. With the pressure increasing from 20 to 45 GPa the values of c/a decrease almost linearly from 1.02 to 0.99. These calculated results indicate under low pressure the variation rate for a-axis is almost the same to that for c-axis, but under higher pressure the variation for a-axis is smaller than along c-axis. Through the quasi-harmonic Debye model, the equation of state (EOS) of TiAl intermetallics, as well as the thermal expansion and heat capacity at various pressures and temperatures are also studied.

Several studies have suggested that sodium intake may affect blood pressure (BP), proteinuria, and intrarenal transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) production in patients and animal models with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The Chinese population has a high prevalence of CKD and is well known for consuming salty foods. This study will investigate the role of dietary sodium intake on BP control among non-dialysis Chinese CKD patients.A cross-sectional study was carried out in a cohort of 176 non-dialysis hypertensive CKD patients to investigate their sodium intake and its effect on BP control by measuring 24-h urine sodium excretion (24-h UNa). A total of 20 patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) participated in a 7-day sodium restriction study (100 mmol/day). Their changes in BP, proteinuria, and urinary TGF-β1 excretion were subsequently analyzed. Another 23 IgAN patients without salt restriction were included as controls.The average 24-h UNa of the study cohort was 149.0 ± 66.4 mmol/day. Only 31.8% patients had a 24-h UNa less than 100 mmol/day. The OR for each 17 mmol increment in 24-h UNa (salt 1 g/day) for BP130/80 mmHg was 1.26 (95% CI 1.10-1.44, P = 0.001). The sodium restriction group achieved significantly more reduction in SBP (-11.1 mmHg vs. -5.0 mmHg, P = 0.022), DBP (-9.4 mmHg vs. -2.1 mmHg, P = 0.009), and urine protein excretion [-465 (-855 to -340) mg/day vs. -150 (-570 to 40) mg/day, P = 0.024]. A positive correlation was observed between the change of 24-h UNa and the change of SBP (r = 0.450, P = 0.047) in the sodium restriction group. The change of 24-h UNa was also correlated with the 24-h TGF-β1 excretion (r = 0.558, P = 0.011) in these patients.Dietary sodium intake restriction should be monitored and intensified in the treatment of Chinese CKD patients.

As one of the main disasters in mine explosion, gas explosion is a chain chemical fast-reaction. Combustion chain reaction is inhibited by gas explosion suppression technique, which controls the explosive development and reduces the damage of explosion artificially. Based on the experimental research, the study compared and analysed the type K and S condensed aerosol's impact on the explosive limits of methane concentration and the critical oxygen concentration of methane explosion. The results show that with the increase of aerosol concentration, the methane explosion limits is decreased. Different concentrations or types of aerosol have different effects on methane explosion. When the concentration of S aerosol is 315 mg/L, the methane won’t explode. On the same of aerosol concentration, S aerosol has a better explosion suppression effect than K.

In this paper, we present an asymmetry conformational potential with a reflecting boundary and an absorbing boundary, in which the diffusive search of the free head of kinesin motor can be biased toward its forward binding site. Under a wide range of condition, using first-passage time analysis we perform numerical simulation to the Langevin equation, and obtain the dependence of the dwell time for forward steps on the load force. And we calculate the expression for the dwell time by the Laplace transform method. Both numerical and analytical results show that the dwell times exponentially depend on the load force, which provide a simple physical explanation for experimental data. Our results suggest that ATP binding-conformation change in the neck linker plays an important role in unidirectional steps during kinesin's mechanochemical cycle.

The objective of this paper is to study the filling process of titanium alloy melt in vertical centrifugal casting, as well as the effect of processing parameters on the formation of defects of titanium alloy castings. Experimental results show that the castings obtained in the centrifugal field are better than that obtained in the gravity field. The molten metal sticks to one side of the mould which is opposite to the rotational direction to fill in the vertical centrifugal field. And the cross-sectional area of the molten metal in the runner decreases with increasing of filling length, but has a back-up trend at the inlet of ingate due to the decreases of filling velocity at the ingate. The processing parameters such as rotational direction, rotational radius and rotational velocity play an important role in the formation of defects of titanium alloy castings. Different rotational direction leads to different filling sequence of molten metal, which then affect the following solidification and the formation of the defects. Under the given rotational velocity, the volume of inner defects of castings decreases with increasing of rotational radius and rotational velocity.

A method both convenience for generation and calculation for anticipated ASE waveform in spun fiber Raman amplifier,by analyzing the NLSE of signal and pump wave in fiber,is proposed.According to its time domain characters,a non-Gaussian noise ASE model is established and the term is added to the NLSE simultaneously by considering birefringence rotation effect in spun fiber Raman amplifier.By solving the equation with Split Step Fourier Method,ASE in spun fiber Raman amplifier is investigated.Numerical results for the ASE noise power spectrum are validated.