Search

The article presents the military relations between Poland and the Soviet Union in the years 1921-1939, from the end of the war between Poland and the Bolshevik Russia until the beginning of World War II. Its content has been divided into four subchapters, in the first of which the author analyzes the state of research on the topic in question and the state of preservation of sources in Polish and foreign archives. In the following subsections, the author presents the military relations between Poland and the USSR in three periods: in the years 1921-1926, 1926-1935 and 1935-1939. The last subsection is key to the undertaken research problem. It contains findings on the changes in the mutual military relations to the disadvantage of Poland, in connection with the rapid expansion and modernization of the Red Army and the difficulties of the Polish military intelligence in their assessment and difficulties in recognizing the reconstructed cooperation between the USSR and Germany.

The article elucidates the endangerment to Poland's military security by the USSR in the interwar period of three sub-periods: 1921-1926, 1926-1935, and 1935-1939. The fragmentary sources of the undertaken research complexity are dispersed, secured in the Polish and foreign archives. In Poland, the reconnoiter of this topic began after the turn of 1989. Almost throughout the entire period under investigation, the Polish supreme State and military authorities assessed that the USSR (until December 30th, 1922, Russia) is the biggest threat to Poland's military security. In March 1939, they reconsidered this assessment focusing on Germany as the main threat to Poland's independence, mistakenly assuming that in the early period of the war, the USSR would remain neutral. The article analyzes, therefore, the Polish assessments of the USSR's sinister actions aimed at undermining the security of the Republic of Poland, and Polish counteractive decisions and safeguarding activities

In this paper, microwave characterizations and phase-shifting applications of electrophoretically deposited thick films and sol-gel derived thin films of Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) are presented. Capacitors fabricated using Ba 0.7 Sr 0.3 TiO 3 films prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on platinum foils and sol-gel technique on platinized Si and SiO 2 demonstrate a maximum tunability of 49%, 29%, and 33%, respectively. The nominal capacitance and the microwave loss tangent are obtained from 500 MHz to 6 GHz. The three different BST films are designed to fabricate phase shifters. The total phase shift divided by the maximum insertion is 10°/dB higher in phase shifters developed with thin films on SiO 2 than in thick films. The linearity of the RF phase shifters using an input power from −20 dBm to 4 dBm is also analyzed. The linearity of the RF phase shifters using an input power from −20 dBm to 4 dBm is also analyzed. For the first time, the two methods of film deposition are directly compared in microwave applications. published

Dynamika i nieprzewidywalność współczesnego otoczenia wymaga od przedsiębiorstw szybkiego reagowania i wykorzystywania pojawiających się krótkotrwałych okazji. Taką możliwość daje koncepcja przedsiębiorstwa zwinnego, które ze względu na specyfikę zasobów wewnętrznych oraz sposoby działania jest zdolne do szybkiego identyfikowania okazji i wykorzystywania ich dla własnego wzrostu i rozwoju. Artykuł ma na celu zaprezentowanie ewolucji koncepcji organizacji opartych na wiedzy w kierunku kreowania organizacji zwinnej. W opracowaniu wskazano warunki rozwoju zwinności współczesnych przedsiębiorstw, a także przedstawiono model zwinnego przedsiębiorstwa opartego na wiedzy. Artykuł ma charakter rozważań teoretycznych, prowadzących do strukturyzacji koncepcji zwinności przedsiębiorstwa oraz jej modelowego opisu.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biochemical responses of the skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues of the urban pigeon as a bioindicator organism tested in diverse environments (Szpęgawa as a rural environment and Słupsk as an urban environment, Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland), resulting in changes in the level of lipid peroxidation at the initial and final stages of this process and the activities of Krebs cycle enzymes (succinate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase). Szpęgawa village was chosen due to the intensive use of the European motorway A1 with significant traffic and pollution levels. The concentration of Pb was higher in the soil and feathers of pigeons nesting in the polluted areas (Szpęgawa). Our studies have shown that the presence of lead in soil and feathers of the pigeons resulted in the activation of lipid peroxidation, destabilization and increased activity of lysosomal membranes, and activation of mitochondrial enzymes of the Krebs cycle with energy deficiency (reduction of ATP levels) in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues simultaneously.

At present, enterprises are functioning in dynamically changing environment which from the one hand it forcing into introducing numerous of innovations and on the other hand inducing to achieve the competitive advantage among others through the implementation of contemporary strategies and management methods. It constitutes condition sine qua non not only for adapting the enterprise into appearing changes as well as the quick respond for the market requirements but also to increase enterprises’ efficiency. The goal of this paper is to present the conception of implementing Management by Objectives (MBO) and Kaizen methods on the basis on production intelligent facility. According to this, the phases and stages as well as whole methodology of the implementation process of these both methods will be presented. The proposed methodology seems to be universal and can be applicable and modified in a different type of manufacturing enterprise.

The purpose of the article is to present the research findings in the area of adapting the human capital of Polish enterprises in the context of changes tendencies of the status and structure of the human capital in the Polish social and economic reality. The Polish access to the European Union initiated activities leading to adjust our country to the directions of changes and of development of European countries in accordance to principles of the knowledge-based economy. The knowledge domination as a fundamental resource creating the social and economic reality determines the internal changes of organization basic resources in relation to the changes of the key areas of its environment. The article presents results of the study concerning the human capital in Polish enterprises, in which it has been examined from the point of view of changes of its statute and structure in the context of its turbulent environment. The research on the human capital presented in the paper is a fragment of a broaden research on the adaptation of enterprises’ management systems to the knowledge-based economy requirements, which were carried out at the Faculty of Engineering Management of the Poznan University of Technology in 2010.

This study uses time-series Sentinel-1(S-1) synthetic aperture radar images to evaluate the impact of multi-temporal polarimetric processing on land-cover classification. Various polarimetr...

Effect of intensity redistribution of two fluorescence bands of N,N'-Dimethylaminobenzonitrile in polar solutions of the different viscosity was studied using selective UV irradiation over the red edge of the main absorption band. The effect being depends on temperature and viscosity, indicated eloquently strong inhomogeneous spectral broadening appearing at the red edge excitation. The conformational broadening exists for electronic transitions in the range of the local excited short wavelength band with weak change of electric dipole moments of the solutes. It was found that the spectral conformational broadening may exists independently on the orientational broadening which is due to the change of solute electric dipole moments in polar media and of thermal environmental fluctuations. When different conformers are excited into upper singlet levels, there is no fast dissipation of excitation energy over different conformational sublevels compared to the charge transfer reaction rates. In this case fluorescence and the charge transfer reaction occur from Franck-Condon sublevels with different rates.

Biographies of people born or related to activities in the area of Southern Podlasie and Eastern Mazovia.

Unpredictability is a crucial feature of the modern environment. It is a characteristic that gives the organization both opportunities and threats. The enterprises’ success is determined by their ability to adjust efficiently their activity and potential to changes and challenges that appear in the environment. Companies that aim to stay on the market and act efficiently must become agile organizations. It means that they must be able to identify opportunities fast and use them for their own development. The estimation whether the appearing situation is recognized and assessed as favorable by the organization is determined by the potential and assets that it possesses or can potentially possess. Human capital is the superior factor that generates the potential of the organization and that integrates all other assets. Each action initiated by the organization is connected with involving human capital both in a causative and executive approach. The more the organization provides a good configuration of human capital features for the maximization of its quality, the better the results of its actions will be.

Sources, related with this topic, are stored in Polish and foreign archives, mainly in Ukrainian – National Archives of Volhynia District in Luck. Volhynia voivodeship amounted to 35,7 thousand sq meters, the voivodeship formed 11 countries, 22 towns and 103 rural municipalities. According to the data in the census from 1931, population accounted to 2 085,6 thousands, of which 252,5 thousands lived in the towns, and 1 833, 1 in the rural areas. Province was inhabited mainly by Ukrainian citizens – 1 426,9 thousand (68,4%) declared Ukrainian language, 346,6 thousand (16,6%) Polish language, and 205,5 thousand (9,9%) Yiddish and Hebrew. There were complicated relationship between Voivodship’s inhabitants (mainly Ukrainians) and Polish authorities. The attitudes of Province’s society towards Polish authorities were differentiated. The record contains numerous examples of different residents attitudes towards Polish authorities in July 1939. First part contains mainly the voivodship governor’s synthetic evaluation of Volhynia voivodeship’s security as “certain [its] improving”, which extensively justifies.

Turbulent changes in the global economy, dominant business networking as well as technological and civilization advancements determine the need for the development of agile knowledge-based enterprises. Such enterprises, through their operational models and possessed resources, are capable of effective operation in a rapidly-changing environment and have the capacity for taking advantage of potential opportunities. A resource which is of particular significance to an enterprise that strives after achieving agility is human capital. The probability of capturing and making use of an opportunity grows along with the dynamic growth of human capital maintained by an organization. Proper staff ensures a high and constantly updated level of knowledge in an organization, enables a quick reconfiguration of resources and adeptly supports relations creating virtual partner networks. The aim of the publication is to present mechanisms that shape business agility through the use and creation of human capital potential in the context of reacting to opportunities that appear in the business environment. It is expressed through the development of agility dimensions such as: brightness, flexibility, intelligence and shrewdness. Thanks to the increased level of agility, an enterprise attains the desired level of: knowledge, core competences, virtuality and capacity for resource reconfiguration. The mechanism which is featured in the article was developed on the basis of an analysis of source literature and on the basis of empirical research related to the identification of human capital characteristics in an enterprise, which are conducive for the development of agility. Considerations made in the article contribute to structuring and describing the influence exerted by human capital on the development of business agility and to specifying, in an utilitarian way, the characteristics of human capital which have an impact on increasing the level of business agility.

In recent years we can observe a dynamic increase in skin cancers in whose pathogenesis exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays an important role. Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common skin disease, characterized by hyperkeratotic lesions located on skin damaged by UVR (photodamaged skin) or senile skin, most frequently present in people of Caucasian origin. The most frequent risk factors for AK development are: elderly age, male sex, cumulative UVR dose, low skin phototype, living in equatorial regions and long-lasting administration of immunosuppressive agents. In various papers on pathogenesis of AK it was revealed that it is an initial form of lesions leading in consequence to development of skin cancers, especially squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To date there clinical features of AK predisposing to development of SCC are not known, however, inflammation, diameter over 1 cm, rapid enlargement, bleeding and ulceration are considered as risk factors. AK may spontaneously regress, remain stay stable for many years or progress to SCC. This new concept on pathogenesis of AK caused a new approach to its treatment, with a special emphasis on field of cancerisation, with the use of 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, photodynamic therapy and ingenol mebutate. In the article we present current knowledge on the pathogenesis of actinic keratosis, a review of therapeutic options and principle rules of prophylaxis.

We studied the properties of the emission, absorption and excitation of dual fluorescence of (N,N′−dimethylamino)benzonitrile in a polar aprotic solvent acetonitrile under selective irradiation of solutions by light with different energies of quanta to elucidate mechanisms of dual fluorescence arising in this solvent at different temperatures in the range 274–313 K. In all cases, dual fluorescence of the solute in acetonitrile was observed, which is caused by emission from locally excited Franck-Condon and charge-transfer states. A change in the energy of excitation quanta has a weak effect on the position of the fluorescence bands; however, the intensity ratio between the bands noticeably changes in favour of the intensity of the long-wavelength band at excitation in the range of the long-wavelength absorption band. An interesting and unusual fact is that solution heating is accompanied by essential growth of quantum yield of dual fluorescence at all wavelengths of the excitation. To explain the observed effects, the same dependences were measured and analysed for DMABN in neutral solvent n-hexane in the same conditions. We involve also the data of quantum-mechanical calculations, which show that there is a considerable probability of occurrence in solutions of DMABN rotational isomers with differing orientation of the dimethylamino group with respect to the benzonitrile. In the excited state, these have different charge-transfer rates, resulting in a modulation in the intensity ratio of the observed fluorescence bands with change excitation energy quanta on the red wing of the absorption band, doi: 10.1134/S0030400X12050219 .

Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, is a rare type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with similar presentation to various benign inflammatory diseases. Adequate biopsy is required for a diagnosis because this lymphoma frequently coexists with large amount of necrosis and inflammation. In this study, a case of a 49-year-old woman presenting with a 3-week history of right maxillary alveolar ridge pain with a subsequent diagnosis of periodontitis is described. The patient's clinical condition deteriorated over a period of 6 weeks. Computed tomography delineated involvement of the right maxillary sinus, posterior part of the right pharynx and right nasal cavity. Immunohistopathology initially revealed Wegener's granulomatosis, followed by extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. Severe refractory periodontitis in a background of Wegener's granulomatosis may be the initial presentation of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. In addition to careful examination, radiographic and laboratory testing, multiple large biopsies should be taken for immunohistochemical analysis to obtain an appropriate diagnosis.

Uncertainty and volatility of the environment in which modern enterprises need to operate require management concepts and methods to be continually monitored and adjusted so that the high level of market competitiveness and attractiveness could be maintained. It is possible to attain such a state thanks to taking full advantage of knowledge contained both in an enterprise itself and its environment. Enterprises aspiring to succeed need to shape their internal structure and management mechanisms in a way which will make it possible for them to achieve the level of a knowledge-based enterprise characterized by a high level of agility. An agile knowledge-based enterprise is marked by high sensitivity and ability to seize opportunities it encounters, which stem from its internal configuration of resources conducive to such a behaviour. The aim of the paper is to define agility features of a knowledge-based enterprise and to identify mechanisms which influence the improvement of an enterprise potential in areas favourable for agility development. The paper is a collection of theoretical cogitations which have led to formulating a multi-aspect model of a mechanism used to shape agility of a knowledge-based organization.

The number of newly diagnosed cases of lymphomas of the head and neck region has been continually increasing over the recent years. The symptoms of these lymphomas are commonly similar to benign inflammatory diseases and thus frequently lead to clinical misdiagnoses. Many consultations, including dermatological one, and repeated tissue biopsies are often necessary because of the coexistence of necrosis and inflammation in the tumors. Biopsies should be deep enough – punch biopsies are not recommended. The classification of lymphomas has undergone dramatic changes with the increasing understanding and progress in immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. We describe five patients with lymphomas of oral and nasal cavities: 2 derived from B-cells, 2 from T-cells, and 1 from NK/T-cells. The initial presentation of these diseases often suggests an inflammatory process, such as an odontogenic inflammation, sinusitis or benign inflammatory process.

Introduction: The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and melanoma is increasing rapidly in the Euro pean population. There are only a few reports about cutaneous malignancy in the elderly population. Aim: Epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and surgical treatment result analysis of skin cancers in patients over 75 years old. Material and methods: A group of 254 patients over 75 years old operated on during 2002-2006 in the Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology of the Medical University of Gdansk was included in the study. Sex ratio F/M was 1.2. The average age was 81.1 years old. Results: Patients over 75 years old comprised 40% of all operated patients because of malignancy in the analyzed period. Non-melanoma skin cancer were diagnosed in 92.5% of cases, melanoma in 5.9%. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was the most common malignancy, diagnosed in 72% of the patients. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was statistically significantly higher compared to the general population (20.5% vs. 10.9%; p = 0.0002). BCC/SCC ratio was 3.5. In 39 patients (16.6%) multiple NMSC were observed. Exposure to UV radiation was the most com mon (52%) risk factor of cutaneous malignancy. The local recurrence rate of NMSC was 5.51%. Conclusions: The incidence of skin cancers in the northern Polish population over 75 years old is increasing. The clin ical and histopathological profile of skin cancer in the elderly differs from the general population. Surgical treatment is safe and effective management in these cases.

Introduction. So far there have been no papers analyzing the incidence of ‘non-pathological’ lesions or normal variants on the male external genitalia. Subsequently, the number of patients consulted due to the presence of such lesions remains unknown. The aim of the study was to estimate the incidence of normal variants in patients who were consulted due to lesions on the skin or mucosa of the male external genitalia. Material and methods. The study group consisted of 400 males, aged 3-91, who were consulted due to lesions on the genitalia in the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology of the Medical University of Gdansk. results. The most common lesions were hyperpigmentation of the median raphe of the penis and scrotum (85.6%), pearly penile papules (24%), and prominent veins (24%). Sebaceous hyperplasia or ectopic sebaceous glands were revealed in 9% of patients, respectively. Melanocytic nevi were diagnosed with similar frequency (9.5%), whereas skin tags more rarely (7%). Other ‘nonpathological’ lesions were diagnosed in a considerably lower number of patients. In 32 patients (8% of all patients) the reason of admission to the Clinic was just the presence of some ‘non-pathological’ lesions. Pearly penile papules were found to be the most common condition, occurring in 78.1% patients. Conclusions. Normal variants represent a substantial percentage of generally asymptomatic lesions and the only indication for their removal is cosmetic discomfort or venerophobia.

Background: Vitamin D and folate are influenced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and both are implicated in skin carcinogenesis. Polymorphisms in the genes involved in the metabolism of these two compounds may alter the risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Objective: To assess the frequency of four polymorphisms in the gene encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR) (FokI, BsmI, TaqI and ApaI) and two in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) (677C/T and 1286A/C) in 142 patients of Polish origin with BCC and the same number of controls. The expression of VDR and MTHFR proteins in the skin, and the vitamin D status of a subset of patients and controls were also measured. Patients/Methods: The polymorphisms were assayed by PCR-RFLP, the VDR and MTHFR proteins by immunoblotting and vitamin D status as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level in the serum by RIA. Results: The presence of the TT genotype in the FokI VDR polymorphism resulted in a >10-fold higher risk of BCC development. The CT genotype in 677C/T MTHFR polymorphism and CC genotype in 1286A/C MTHFR polymorphism also significantly increased the risk of BCC development. The expression of the VDR and MTHFR proteins was significantly higher in BCCs of the patients than in the healthy skin of the controls. The median serum level of 25(OH)D was significantly higher in the control group compared with the patients with BCC. Conclusions: Certain VDR and MTHFR gene polymorphisms increase the risk of BCC development in individuals of Polish origin.

The goal of this paper is to point out the important role of the of human capital and information and communication technologies (ICT) areas to identify the opportunities appearing in the knowledge-based economy. The presented concept is a results of research that were carried out concerning the adaptation of the enterprises' management systems to the knowledge-based economy requirements. The research were conducted also in manufacturing enterprises which are essential for the robotics. The research allowed to evaluate the potential changes and susceptibility of the organization related to the human capital and ICT. The result of this evaluation concerns the identification both the features of human capital and ICT which block or favor absorbing the opportunities from the environment.

Background. Advanced, histologically aggressive basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of eyelids are difficult to eradicate. Objective. To describe a case of BCC of both eyelids and lateral canthus and the reconstruction procedures used. Methods. A two-stage reconstruction procedure was used. First, only mobilization of the forniceal conjunctiva and the musculocutaneous flap technique were used. The because of shortage and insufficiency of the upper eyelid the flap/graft technique was performed. A conchal complex cartilage-perichondrial graft was selected. Results. The described procedure resulted in a very good functional and aesthetic outcome.

background The upper lip is an important esthetic unit of the face and its reconstruction is a big challenge to the dermatosurgeon. objective. The aim of the paper is to present results of upper Up reconstruction for moderately sized defects with single island subcutaneously pedicled flaps, or in combination with additional local flaps. methods Thirteen patients were operated upon mostly for malignant skin neoplasms. Defects of skin only were covered with island flaps planned individually to fit esthetic units of the face. Defects in skin and vermilion were covered with island flops, and additionally and independently with flaps that reconstructed the vermilion. results The healing process was in all the cases but one (partial flap necrosis) free of complications. Follow-up results were also very good functionally and esthetically.

The epidemiology and nature of childhood nail apparatus pathology is not well known. The aim of our study was to investigate the frequency and nature of nail alterations in Polish pediatric patients. Among 1588 patients diagnosed and treated at our clinic due to nail alterations, 82 (5.16%) patients under age 16 were selected. The most frequent (36.59%) diagnosis were variants of normal nails, which were observed in 30 patients. The most common pathology were viral warts (19.51%). Differences in the distribution of onychomycosis and viral warts in children and adults were statistically significant. Onychomycosis was more common in adults (60.39% vs. 9.76%), whereas viral warts were more common in children (19.51% vs. 5.86%; P0.0001). Melanonychia was diagnosed in one (1.22%) case. Benign and malignant tumors were not observed. In conclusion, distribution of nail apparatus pathology in children is different comparing with adults. In the group of children under 6 years of age, there were mainly variants of normal nails, whereas in older children viral infection and acquired structural disorders were recorded. The risk of nail apparatus malignancy in childhood seems to be extremely low.

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains associated with high morbidity and mortality. The protective efficacy of the following endothelin (ET) receptor blockers: BQ-123 (ET A receptor), BQ-788 (ET B ); tezosentan (dual ET blocker) was tested against the inhibition of gastrointestinal (GI) motility induced by intestinal I/R. Intestinal Evans blue transit was measured in untreated (UN) rats and animals subjected to skin incision (SI), I/R (1 h superior mesenteric artery clamping followed by 2–24 h reperfusion) or sham operation (SO). Surgical procedures were conducted under diethyl ether anesthesia. Anesthesia and SI did not affect the GI transit compared to UN rats. In contrast both SO and I/R significantly reduced GI motility, the latter evident at 2–24 h of reperfusion. Tezosentan (1–10 mg/kg), BQ-123 and BQ-788 (0.1–1 mg/kg) protected against I/R-induced inhibition of intestinal motility in a time- and dose-dependent manner at the early and late stages of reperfusion. Furthermore tezosentan alleviated the I/R-induced decrease in the contractile response of the longitudinal jejunal smooth muscle strips to carbachol in vitro . The serum ET(1–21) level was increased at 2 h but not 24 h of reperfusion compared to SO animals and ET(1–21) was higher in tezosentan pretreated rats.

Automated and robotic technologies when implemented to production lines and manufacturing cells not only enable flexibility of the manufacturing systems but make reasonable production in small batches and shorten the production cycle as well. However to compete successfully on the cycle of launching the product into the market also the cycle of a new product development must be shorten. That is possible by implementing concurrent engineering procedures. Concurrent engineering is now widely implement in many world industries. Companies have to enhance their strategy to respond to customers requirements and the market needs more efficiently and quickly. Some of them have already started to implement techniques and tools that would enable them achieve competitive advantage by delivering high quality product with reasonable costs and in a short time, which is possible to realize with applying concurrent engineering CE method.

The main goal in reconstruction of the full thickness defects of the eyelids after tumour resection is the reconstitution of the tarsal plate as supportive layer of the lid.We report a simple, one stage reconstruction procedure of repairing the eyelid internal lamella.The chondroperichondrial graft from auricular concha was used to reconstruct the tarsoconjunctival layer in nine patients with surgical defects following excision of skin cancer. Local cutaneous flaps were used to reconstruct the external lamella.All grafts appeared completely without reabsorption, healing of the wounds was rapid. Epithelialization on the perichondrium from the surrounding conjunctiva occurred between 2 and 3 weeks. The functional and aesthetic results were judged as very good in seven patients after reconstruction of the lower eyelid. One patient after reconstruction of the upper eyelid has good result too. The last patient needed secondary very extensive operation because of the tumour recurrence.Conchal chondroperichondrial free graft provides simple, one-stage reconstruction of the lower and upper eyelid. Perichondrium substitutes the conjunctiva in early postoperative period and it makes epithelialization possible.

In this paper we present a case of sclerosing basal cell carcinomas affecting both sides of periocular regions in a 68-years old woman. Neoplastic tissues were surgically removed and the extend of resection was controlled microscopically during the operation. After fixing the remaining palpebral structures to ocular muscles and bones the split-thickness skin grafts were placed at the defects. We planned to perform the second step reconstructive procedures of the eyelids, but we resigned because of unexpectedly good functional nad esthetic results. We present this case because the cancers were long-term, multiple and of a great advancement, the treatment was difficult and the results were very good.

The magnitude of the mouth slit and lower lip in men of the age of 51-70 years has been determined in to order to assign the ground for the estimation of the result of lower lip reconstruction.

A historical review is presented of the methods of lower lip reconstruction in relation to the general trends in reconstructive surgery.