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This study aims to analyze the various risks that may exist and the strategies that will be carried out by Mie Bakso Sari Rasa 81 This research uses a qualitative approach and data collection techniques in this study using interviews with UMKM Mie Baso Sarirasa 81 with online meet conference media. The results obtained are the risks that occur most often and become a high-level category in UMKM Mie Bakso Sarirasa 81 are marketing risks and financial risks, namely rising raw material prices and operational risks including the absence of SOPs in the use of production machines, human resources who lack understanding in products expired. To minimize the occurrence of MSME risks, it is necessary to identify and then carry out analysis and management of these risks. Management that can be done is by innovating products, making attractive promotions in online media, looking for other suppliers, making operational SOPs in writing, being selective in recruiting HR and providing marketing training to HR.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a diverse spectrum of neurological complications during the acute and postacute stages. The pathogenesis of these complications is complex and dependent on many factors. For accurate and consistent interpretation of experimental data in this fast-growing field of research, it is essential to use terminology consistently. In this article, we outline the distinctions between neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence. Additionally, we discuss current knowledge of these distinct features underlying the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-associated neurological complications. Lastly, we briefly discuss the advantages and limitations of different experimental models, and how these approaches can further be leveraged to advance the field.

Astrocytes are in constant communication with neurons during the establishment and maturation of functional networks in the developing brain. Astrocytes release extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNA (miRNA) cargo that regulates transcript stability in recipient cells. Astrocyte released factors are thought to be involved in neurodevelopmental disorders. Healthy astrocytes partially rescue Rett Syndrome (RTT) neuron function. EVs isolated from stem cell progeny also correct aspects of RTT. EVs cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and their cargo is found in peripheral blood which may allow non-invasive detection of EV cargo as biomarkers produced by healthy astrocytes. Here we characterize miRNA cargo and sequence motifs in healthy human astrocyte derived EVs (ADEVs). First, human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) were differentiated into Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs) and subsequently into astrocytes using a rapid differentiation protocol. iPSC derived astrocytes expressed specific markers, displayed intracellular calcium transients and secreted EVs. miRNAs were identified by RNA-Seq on astrocytes and ADEVs and target gene pathway analysis detected brain related terms. The miRNA profile was consistent with astrocyte identity, and included approximately 80 miRNAs found in astrocytes that were relatively depleted in ADEVs suggestive of passive loading. About 120 miRNAs were relatively enriched in ADEVs and motif analysis discovered binding sites for RNA binding proteins FUS, SRSF7 and CELF5. miRNA 483-5p was the most significantly enriched in ADEVs. This miRNA regulates MECP2 expression in neurons and has been found differentially expressed in blood samples from RTT patients. Our results identify potential miRNA biomarkers selectively sorted into ADEVs and implicate RNA binding protein sequence dependent mechanisms for miRNA cargo loading.

Deception research has shown that analysing verbal content can be effective to distinguish between truths and lies. However, most verbal cues are cues to truthfulness (truth tellers report the cue more than lie tellers), whereas cues to deception (lie tellers report the cue more than truth tellers) are largely absent. The complication approach, measuring complications (cue to truthfulness), common knowledge details (cue to deception), self-handicapping strategies (cue to deception), and the ratio of complications, aims to fill this gap in the literature. The present experiment examined the effectiveness of the complication approach when varying the amount of lying, with an Italian sample. Seventy-eight participants were assigned to one of three different experimental conditions: Truth tellers (telling the truth about the event), embedders (providing a mixture of truthful and false information) and outright lie tellers (providing false information). Participants were interviewed about a past experience concerning an out of the ordinary event. Complications discriminated truth tellers from lie tellers. The absence of significant effects for common knowledge details and self-handicapping strategies, the limitations of the experiment and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The last thirty years has seen a transformation in deception research from passively observing subjects’ nonverbal behavior to actively interviewing subjects to elicit verbal cues to deceit. Although significant progress has been made, there is still much work to do in the rapidly developing field of verbal lie detection. In this contribution, we briefly discuss the current status of the field. We outline the four interview protocols most frequently discussed in the scientific literature to date—Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID), Cognitive Credibility Assessment (CCA), Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE), and Verifiability Approach (VA)—followed by the empirical support for these protocols. We then present ideas on how to move the field of verbal lie detection forward.

The field of psychology–law is extremely broad, encompassing a strikingly large range of topic areas in both applied psychology and experimental psychology. Despite the continued and rapid growth of the field, there is no current and comprehensive resource that provides coverage of the major topic areas in the psychology–law field. The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law is an up-to-date, scholarly, and comprehensive volume that provides broad coverage of psychology–law topics. The field of psychology–law can be broadly divided into applied and experimental domains. Whereas applied specialties in psychology, such as clinical, counseling, neuropsychology, and school, are typically grounded in the scientist-practitioner model that emphasizes both research and the provision of clinical services (e.g., assessment, therapy), experimental psychology focuses almost exclusively on conducting empirical research grounded in theories from areas such as cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Importantly, both applied and experimental psychologists have made meaningful contributions to the psychology–law field, and each of these domains of the psychology–law field includes a range of well-developed topic areas with robust empirical support. This book provides comprehensive coverage of applied and experimental topic areas, with chapters written by a diverse group of well-established psychology–law scholars and emerging future leaders.

We compared the self-reported verbal strategies employed to appear convincing when lying and truth telling from 101 British (a low-context culture) and 149 Japanese (a high-context culture) participants. They completed a web-based survey and rated the degree to which they would use 16 verbal strategies when telling the truth and lying. British participants were more concerned with providing innocent reasons and avoiding/denying incriminating evidence when lying than when truth telling (no veracity effect emerged for Japanese participants). Japanese participants were less concerned with avoiding hesitations and lack of consistency when lying than when truth telling (no veracity effect emerged for British participants). The findings suggest that it is important to examine whether interview protocols developed to determine veracity in low-context cultures, such as the Strategic Use of Evidence and Cognitive Credibility Assessment, are equally effective in high-context cultures.

Baselining - comparing the statements of interest to a known truthful statement by the same individual - has been suggested to improve lie detection accuracy. A potential downside of baselining is that it might influence the characteristics of a subsequent statement, as was shown in previous studies. In our first experiment we examined this claim but found no evidence that a truthful baseline influenced the characteristics of a subsequent statement. Next, we investigated whether using a truthful baseline statement as a within-subject comparison would improve lie detection performance by investigating verbal cues (Experiment 1) and intuitive judgements of human judges (Experiment 2). Our exploratory analyses showed that truth tellers included more auditory and temporal details in their target statement than in their baseline than liars. Observers did not identify this verbal pattern. Exposure to a truthful baseline statement resulted in a lower truth accuracy but no difference in lie accuracy.

For many years, the literature has pointed to the difficulties with the development of transport policy measures which meet both social and environmental policy objectives. Low Emission Zones (LEZ) offer an interesting example of measures that aim to decrease traffic-related air pollution, but which might have significant social effects by reducing the mobility of vulnerable, car-dependent groups. The Antwerp LEZ (Belgium) is used as a case. The assumptions and views in policy documents were compared with the experiences of some affected persons. The research challenges the assumption that only households with a non-compliant vehicle living in the LEZ are impacted by the measure since the LEZ may have a social impact well beyond the delimited zone. Some people with their residence in the LEZ expressed the feeling that they put a burden on friends and relatives from outside the zone who want to visit them. Furthermore, the LEZ affects low-income car owners with an older, damage-prone vehicle that is allowed to enter the zone, by making replacement vehicles less affordable. In general, the case reveals how the views and experiences of those most likely affected by the policy measure are not fully taken into account.

A large proportion of HIV-coinfected visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients exhibit a chronic disease course with frequent recurrence of VL, despite successful viral suppression and initial parasitological cure. Due to a hard-to-reach population, knowledge on immunological determinants underlying this chronic disease course is scarce, limiting treatment and patient management options. Thus, we studied alterations in cellular immunity with flow cytometry and single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing on circulatory immune cells of a longitudinal HIV cohort in North-West Ethiopia, including asymptomatically Leishmania-infected and active VL-HIV patients. We observed that VL chronicity in VL-HIV patients was associated with persistent CD8+ T cell exhaustion and marked CD4+ T cell anergy, characterised by a high expression of PD-1 and TIGIT, and a lack of lymphoproliferative response upon stimulation. These findings provide a strong rationale for adjunctive immunotherapy for the treatment of chronic VL-HIV patients and highlight the importance of VL relapse markers.

We examined the relationship between age and self-reported verbal deception strategies in Japanese adults. Japanese participants (N = 153) aged 18 to 73 years took part in this study. We requested the participants to state their age and freely describe how they structure their speech to appear convincing when lying during their daily interactions. We extracted 13 verbal strategies from the participants’ open-ended descriptions. Japan is a high-context culture. The results indicated that 11 categories corresponded to the verbal strategies reported in previous studies on lying conducted in low-context cultures. However, two strategies mentioned in the current study, making ambiguous statements and adding irrelevant details to the lie, were not reported in low-context cultures. As expected, age was significantly and negatively correlated with the number of verbal strategies used when lying. Moreover, verbal strategies that seem relatively cognitive demanding were used less as the age of the participants increased. We concluded that these results reflected the age-related decline of cognitive abilities.

Gene editing through repair of CRISPR-Cas9-induced chromosomal breaks offers a means to correct a wide range of genetic defects. Directing repair to produce desirable outcomes by modulating DNA repair pathways holds considerable promise to increase the efficiency of genome engineering. Here, we show that inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or polymerase theta-mediated end joining (TMEJ) can be exploited to alter the mutational outcomes of CRISPR-Cas9. We show robust inhibition of TMEJ activity at CRISPR-Cas9-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) using ART558, a potent polymerase theta (Polϴ) inhibitor. Using targeted sequencing, we show that ART558 suppresses the formation of microhomology-driven deletions in favor of NHEJ-specific outcomes. Conversely, NHEJ deficiency triggers the formation of large kb-sized deletions, which we show are the products of mutagenic TMEJ. Finally, we show that combined chemical inhibition of TMEJ and NHEJ increases the efficiency of homology-driven repair (HDR)-mediated precise gene editing. Our work reports a robust strategy to improve the fidelity and safety of genome engineering.

This article considers a period of Byzantine numismatic history where production at its main mint, in Constantinople, appears to cease altogether for at least 24 years, and arguably 26 or more years. It almost needs no stating that this is extraordinarily unusual in the numismatic record, and yet the topic has never been covered in more than a paragraph before. In this article, based upon my paper of the same title given to the International Congress of Byzantine Studies in Nicosia in January 2020, I will explore the problem, setting it in its historical context and contrasting this cessation with others that scholars are aware of. I will argue that the pause in production was not accidental and can neither be explained in the context of the monetary contraction of the late seventh to early ninth centuries, nor by archaeological quirk. Rather, I will contend that this apparent cessation was a deliberate policy of the Empress Theodora and the regency council for Michael III, and that its subsequent continuation under the Caesar Bardas was perhaps more incidental, until the coronation of Basil brought the drive to restart production in Michael and Basil’s names.

The proposed study will examine the efficacy of different sketching recall method and determine which method is most beneficial to investigative interviews for information-gathering and enhancing the ability to detect deception.

This article provides an overview of verbal lie detection research. This type of research began in the 1970s with examining the relationship between deception and specific words. We briefly review this initial research. In the late 1980s, Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) emerged, a veracity assessment tool containing a list of verbal criteria. This was followed by Reality Monitoring (RM) and Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), two other veracity assessment tools that contain lists of verbal criteria. We discuss their contents, theoretical rationales, and ability to identify truths and lies. We also discuss similarities and differences between CBCA, RM, and SCAN. In the mid 2000s, ‘Interviewing to deception’ emerged, with the goal of developing specific interview protocols aimed at enhancing or eliciting verbal veracity cues. We outline the four most widely researched interview protocols to date: the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE), Verifiability Approach (VA), Cognitive Credibility Assessment (CCA), and Reality Interviewing (RI). We briefly discuss the working of these protocols, their theoretical rationales and empirical support, as well as the similarities and differences between them. We conclude this article with elaborating on how neuroscientists can inform and improve verbal lie detection.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, defendants and witnesses (as well as the prosecution and defense counsel) may wear medical face masks to prevent the spread of the virus. Alternatively, courtrooms proceedings may take place virtually. In this article, we discuss how these deviations from normal procedures may affect jurors’ lie detection ability and decision-making. Although research addressing this specific question does not exist, we are able to formulate an informed view based on the extensive deception literature. Since nonverbal signs of deception in the face and body are virtually absent, we conclude that medical face mask-wearing or virtual courtroom proceedings will not hamper jurors’ lie detection abilities. If jurors can hear the speech well, they may become better at detecting deception if they pay more attention to speech content, which may occur as a result of mask-wearing in the courtroom.

Research has shown that complications are more common in truth tellers’ statements than in lie tellers’ statements, but there is yet no experiment that examined lie detection accuracy when looking at complications. The current experiment tests this question. A total of 54 participants will be asked to read 10 transcripts (five truthful and five false) and to determine whether the transcripts are true or false. The transcripts will be randomly presented from a set of 59 transcripts generated from a previous study (Deeb et al., 2020) in which participants (senders) were asked to provide a free recall about a memorable event in an interview. In the current experiment, half of the participants (observers) will be asked to look at complications in the transcripts and the other half will not be given these instructions. Participants will determine on a dichotomous scale the veracity of each transcript. They will also be asked to highlight in the transcripts the details (and complications) that they rely on to make their judgments.

Study 2 of my research project. As of Jan 21 2019, this study will be incorporated with 'Prisoners and suspects' evidence perception on the interviewing tactics that police investigators use (https://osf.io/t97yv/).' The reason for this is that both studies share the same hypothesis, design, and analysis. These (Study 1 and 2) will be published together. For further information, visit https://osf.io/t97yv/

Study 1 of my research project. As of Jan 21 2019, this study will be incorporated with my Study 2 'Lay people's evidence perception towards interviewing tactics (https://osf.io/7jcn5/).' The reason for this is that both studies share the same hypothesis, design, and analysis. These (Study 1 and 2) will be published together. For further information, visit https://osf.io/7jcn5/ Amendments 1. The tactic named as "make suspect cry" has been changed as "Emotional Provocation." This is due to the fact that we think that our description for the tactic is not fully illustrating the name(14/02/2019).

The 2nd study of my research

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with various neurological complications. Although the mechanism is not fully understood, several studies have shown that neuroinflammation occurs in the acute and post-acute phase. As these studies have predominantly been performed with isolates from 2020, it is unknown if there are differences among SARS-CoV-2 variants in their ability to cause neuroinflammation. Here, we compared the neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism and neurovirulence of the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain D614G, the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron BA.1 (B.1.1.529) variants using in vitro and in vivo models. The Omicron BA.1 variant showed reduced neurotropism and neurovirulence compared to Delta and D614G in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cortical neurons co-cultured with astrocytes. Similar differences were obtained in Syrian hamsters inoculated with D614G, Delta and the Omicron BA.1 variant 5 days post infection. Replication in the olfactory mucosa was observed in all hamsters, but most prominently in D614G inoculated hamsters. Furthermore, neuroinvasion into the CNS via the olfactory nerve was observed in D614G, but not Delta or Omicron BA.1 inoculated hamsters. Furthermore, neuroinvasion was associated with neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb of hamsters inoculated with D614G. Altogether, our findings suggest differences in the neuroinvasive, neurotropic and neurovirulent potential between SARS-CoV-2 variants using in vitro hiPSC-derived neural cultures and in vivo in hamsters during the acute phase of the infection.

The study examines how lie tellers and truth tellers differ in their reports when presented with detailed and non-detailed maps

The current experiment aims to examine the effects of using countermeasures in interpreter-absent and interpreter-present interviews. Participants from Lebanon, Mexico and South Korea are interviewed in their native language by a native interviewer or by an English speaking interviewer through an interpreter (Interpreter factor). Half of the participants are telling the truth, the other half are lying (Veracity factor). Half of the participants read an article about verbal cues to deceit prior to the interview whereas the other half does not (Countermeasures factor). We examine the amount of information (total details) and the number of complications, common knowledge details and self-handicapping strategies provided. We also will code the plausibility of the stories.

The request to sketch and narrate has been shown to be an effective interview strategy for detecting deception in face-to-face interviews. The primary aim of the current study is to test whether the request to sketch and narrate in an interview is effective for detecting deception when interviewing remotely. The secondary aim of the study is to examine whether enabling the video function in the remote interview differs from disabling the video function (akin to a telephone interview). Participants will be asked to lie or tell the truth about a lost item in the past 24 months. They will either verbally report their claim (no sketch condition) or sketch and narrate their claim (sketch condition) while the video option is enable or disabled. We will examine total details and complications (details that make the event more complex than necessary).

Update to Defining Consistency pre-registration (Hudson, C. A., Vrij, A., Akehurst, L., & HOPE, L. [2020, February 11]. Defining Consistency. Retrieved from osf.io/kbufy) Upon completing the thematic analysis for Part One, it became apparent that the pre-registered analysis plan was not appropriate for the data type. We submit a new analysis plan, prior completing the statistical analysis described in this pre-registration.

Deception research has shown that the Devil’s Advocate Approach to interviewing is an effective tool to detect true and false opinions, and the Verifiability Approach is an effective tool for distinguishing activities of lie tellers and truth tellers. In the current experiment, we replicate Leal et al. (2010) on the Devil’s Advocate Approach and extend the Verifiability Approach to the detection of opinions while manipulating the order of questions of the two approaches. Participants will report in an interview their true or false opinions on a topic. Half of the participants will first be presented with the Devil’s Advocate Approach, so they will be asked for reasons that support their opinion (opinion eliciting question) followed by reasons that oppose their opinion (devil’s advocate question). They will then be presented with the Verifiability Approach in which they are asked to provide sources to verify their opinions. The other half of participants will also be presented with the two approaches but the order will be reversed (Verifiability Approach followed by the Devil’s Advocate Approach).

An experiment in which truth tellers and liars complete a mission and are subsequently interviewed about this mission. Interview happens in the following stages: - Initial recall - Model Statement recall - Request to tell story in reverse order - Request to sketch - Request to add verifiable details In the initial recall truth tellers will report more details and more complications than liars. Throughout the interview stages truth tellers will report more new details and more new complications than liars. Therefore, lie detection is more effective at the end of the interview than after the initial recall Common knowledge details (CKD) and self-handicapping strategies (SHS)will be explored. In case they occur frequently enough, the datas will be reported. Liars will report more CKD and SHS than truth tellers in the initial recall. Liars will add more new CKD and SHS than liars throughout the interview. The proportion of complications score (complications/(complications+CKD+SHS) will be higher for truth tellers than for liars after the initial interview and even more so at the end of the interview. Data will be analysed via ANOVAs with Veracity as factor.

The current experiment aims to examine the effects of interview modality when suspects describe routes. Specifically, we will compare the effects of using (a) a printed map sketch with narration, (b) a self-generated map sketch with narration, and (c) a verbal statement without a map sketch on the amount and type of details provided in interviews. A total of 210 participants will carry out a mission and will then be instructed to tell the truth or to lie about it to an interviewer. Interviews will be conducted online via Skype. During the interview, participants will provide a verbal statement while sketching on a printed map or while producing a self-generated sketch of the mission or they will provide a verbal statement only.

The primary objective of the proposed research is to explore whether truth tellers (participants who reveal all that happened in a ‘security interview’) can be distinguished from lie teller (participants who omit some details about what happened in a ‘security interview) using Model Statement protocol interview.

This online experiment examines when lie-tellers are likely to start lying in intelligence interviews.

An experiment in which participants are asked to lie or tell the truth about their beliefs about various actions of activists protesting about issues they [the participant] feels strongly about. The interview protocol employed includes an adaptation of the 'Devil's Advocate' question.

Lie tellers’ metacognitive processes and strategies differ from those of truth tellers. In the proposed experiment, we aim to examine how this affects lie tellers’ and truth tellers’ performance in forensic interviews when they are asked to recall an event irrelevant to the event under investigation. We also investigate the effects of sketching while narrating on this recall. The cognitive demands and employed strategies are likely to affect and weaken lie tellers’ recall whereas sketching while narrating is likely to enhance truth tellers’ recall. The experiment will be conducted online via Zoom. A total of 132 participants will watch a video about a secret meeting and will be instructed to lie or tell the truth about it in an interview. However, unbeknown to them, participants will not be asked about that video during the interview. Instead, they will be asked during the interview to watch another video and to recall it (with or without sketching) as a test of their memory. We expect lie tellers to be less accurate, detailed, and attentive and to provide more self-handicapping strategies than truth tellers, particularly in the sketching while narrating condition.