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This is a meeting report of the 3rd Translational Hepatology Meeting held in Alicante, Spain, in October 2021. The meeting, which was organized by the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH), provided an update on the recent advances in the field of basic and translational hepatology, with a particular focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms and therapeutic targets involved in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), cirrhosis and end-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Ponencia presentada en: XI Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Cartagena entre el 17 y el 19 de octubre de 2018. [ES]El análisis de las tendencias de los datos actinométricos registrados en Cáceres en el periodo 1913-1920 muestra un decrecimiento significativo con pendiente (-0.16 ± 0.03) ºC/año. Además, se ha realizado el análisis de las tendencias eliminando los factores externos que pueden alterarlo (erupción del volcán Katmai en 1912) mostrando un decrecimiento significativo también, pero con pendiente mayor (-0.28 ± 0.04) °C/año. También, se han analizado las tendencias en ambos periodos (1913-1920 y 1915-1920) para las distintas estaciones del año y, además, separando las medidas actinométricas por categorías de nubes al disponer de datos de cubierta nubosa. Estos resultados sugieren un decrecimiento de la radiación solar en Cáceres durante la segunda década del siglo XX en concordancia con el descenso radiativo en superficie observado en Europa entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX early dimming”). [EN]The analysis of the trends of the actinometric data recorded in Cáceres in the period 1913-1920 shows a significant decrease with slope (-0.16 ± 0.03) °C/year. In addition, the analysis of the trends has been done without the external factors that can modify it (the Katmai eruption in 1912) showing a significant decrease as well, but with a greater slope of (-0.28 ± 0.04) °C/year. Also, trends have been analyzed in both periods (1913-1920 and 1915-1920) for the different seasons of the year and, in addition, separating the actinometric measurements by cloud categories because cloud cover data were recorded as well in the same period. These results suggest a decrease in solar radiation in Cáceres during the second decade of the 20th century in accordance with the radiative decrease at surface observed in Europe between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th ("early dimming"). Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por FEDER-Junta de Extremadura (GR15137 y IB16127) y por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (AYA2014-57556-P y CGL2017-87917-P).

Trabajo presentado en el I Congresso Luso-Extremadurense de Ciencias e Tecnologia, celebrado en Évora (Portugal), del 20 al 21 de octubre de 2017, Los grupos de investigación en Física de la Atmósfera del Departmento de Física de la Universidad de Extremadura (UEx/AIRE) y del Instituto de Ciências da Terra de la Universidad de Évora (UE/ICT) constituyen un ejemplo de colaboración científica que se extiende a lo largo de más de 20 años. Estos grupos desarrollan estudios conjuntos relativos a la medida de la radiación solar y de sus principales factores moduladores, como son el ozono, la nubosidad y los aerosoles. Dicha colaboración está impulsada por la cercanía geográfica (apenas 100 km nos separan), la similitud en las líneas de investigación desarrolladas por dos grupos y la disposición de sendos grupos para la colaboración científica. Además, ha sido promovida con constancia por los líderes de los respectivos grupos: los Profesores Dres. José Agustín García García (UEx/AIRE) y Ana María Silva (UE/ICT). Así, para favorecer el trabajo conjunto, se ha producido un intercambio frecuente de investigadores de una institución a otra, mereciendo la pena destacar la realización de estancias breves de investigación de varios meses, becas PosDoc, proyectos conjuntos, participación en tribunales de Tesis Doctorales de personal de la otra institución, etc. Dicha colaboración se ha visto enriquecida por la participación adicional de la Estación de Sondeos Atmosféricos “El Arenosillo” perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA/ESAt) que, además de ofrecer sus inmejorables instalaciones y equipamientos para la calibración de los radiómetros UV de banda ancha de las redes extremeña y alentejana, ha participado de forma activa en los proyectos de investigación conjuntos. Durante este periodo de colaboración se han abordado trabajos sobre diversos aspectos relacionados con la transferencia radiativa a través de la atmósfera, como estudios sobre el ozono y la nubosidad. Actualmente hay que destacar, de forma particular, los estudios conjuntos sobre aerosoles atmosféricos, campo en el que estos grupos están colaborando de forma muy fructífera. Así, las estaciones de Badajoz (perteneciente a UEx/AIRE) y de Évora (perteneciente a UE/ICT) disponen de sendos fotómetros solares CIMEL CE-318 integrados en las redes AERONET (Aerosol Robotic NETwork) gestionada por la NASA [Holben et al., 1998], y RIMA (Red Ibérica de Medida fotométrica de Aerosoles) [Toledano et al., 2006], y siguen sus protocolos de calibración y medida. Las medidas proporcionadas por estos fotómetros, junto con instrumentación adicional como cámaras de cielo, radiómetros de banda ancha, multicanales y espectrómetros, contribuyen a la monitorización precisa de los aerosoles en columna, y de sus efectos sobre la radiación incidente en la superficie terrestre. La colaboración entre los grupos UEx/AIRE y UE/ICT ha permitido abordar estudios de variabilidad geográfica que, de otra forma, no habría sido posible. Así, la cercanía de ambas estaciones entre sí aporta información relevante sobre la distribución espacial de los aerosoles atmosféricos y sobre la variabilidad de las intrusiones saharianas, por ejemplo, en distancias del ámbito de la mesoescala. Además, merece la pena señalar la línea de colaboración abierta recientemente sobre el uso de ceilómetros para determinar la altura de la capa límite empleando a los aerosoles como trazadores. En esta línea participa activamente la Universidad de Granada, y ya ha habido trabajo conjunto por parte de nuestros grupos, donde también ha participado activamente la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología de España (AEMET). Así, la colaboración de diversos organismos del ámbito del Suroeste de la Península Ibérica está contribuyendo positivamente al desarrollo científico en el campo de la medida de la radiación solar y sus factores moduladores., Los trabajos mencionados han sido financiado parcialmente por FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) a través de la beca postdoctoral SFRH/BPD/86498/2012, el “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” de España a través del proyecto de investigación CGL2014-56255-C2-1-R, y la Unión Europea a través del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, incluido en el programa COMPETE 2020 (Programa Operativo de Competitividad e Internacionalización) a través del proyecto del ICT (UID / GEO / 04683 / 2013) con referencia POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690. Los autores también agradecen a las redes AERONET/PHOTONS y RIMA por el apoyo científico y técnico.

Currently, it is accepted that brain injury promotes endogenous neurogenesis in mammals, primarily in the subventricular zone (SVZ), and newborn cells can migrate to the injured area. We examined the pattern of endogenous neurogenesis in adult rats after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) that was caused by intrastrial administration of collagenase type IV. Our results showed that ICH induced strong endogenous neurogenesis between 72 hours and 7 days after injury, but that the majority of newborn cells did not survive longer than 3 weeks due to apoptosis-mediated cell death. Furthermore, endogenous neurogenesis remained into a small extent at least 1 year after ICH. Because of the growing interest in new strategies for brain regeneration, these data suggest endogenous neurogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis of newborn neuroblasts as potential strategies to improve the consequences of hemorrhagic stroke in humans.

Objetivo: Estudiar el posible efecto terapéutico de la administración intravenosa de células madre estromales (CME) obtenidas de médula ósea para tratar las secuelas neurológicas en fase crónica tras una lesión cerebral traumática. Material y método: Se realizó un modelo de lesión cerebral traumática en ratas Wistar adultas y se estudió el déficit neurológico inducido en el curso de los dos meses siguientes, por medio del test mNSS y el test Smart. Tras ese tiempo, en fase de secuelas crónicamente establecidas, se administraron intravenosamente 15 x 106 CME (n:10) o suero fisiológico (n:10). En los dos meses siguientes se estudió la posible modificación de las secuelas neurológicas. Resultados: Cuando se compararon los resultados de la valoración funcional entre ambos grupos experimentales, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que el trasplante de CME por vía intravenosa, en una fase de secuelas crónicamente establecidas tras una lesión traumática cerebral grave, no tiene efecto terapéutico, Objective: We studied the possible therapeutic effect of intravenous administration (noninvasive method) of BMSCs to treat neurological sequels in a chronic stage after TBI. Material and method: A model of TBI in adult Wistar rats was performed and we studied the neurological deficit induced in the course of two months, through the mNSS and Smart tests. After this time, with established sequels, 15 x 106 BMSCs (n = 10) or saline (n = 10) were administered intravenously. Changes in the neurological deficits were studied in two months. Results: Comparison of functional changes between both experimental groups showed no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: Our results suggest that transplantation of BMSCs intravenously, at a stage of established sequels after severe TBI, has no therapeutic effect, Esta investigación ha sido financiada por FUNDACIÓN MAPFRE

In the last years, it has been reported that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) are able to differentiate towards a neuronal phenotype, in vitro as well as in vivo, and consequently, the possible use of these cells for the treatment of neurological diseases has acquired enormous importance. The objective of this review is to discuss the experimental findings that suggested the utility of BMSC for the treatment of paraplegia, and the possibilities of its clinical application in patients. For this reason, we revise our previous experimental findings about neuronal transdifferentiation of BMSC, and the utility of local BMSC transplantation in an experimental model of chronic paraplegia. Our current experience supports that a neural transdifferentiation of BMSC is possible after these mesenchymal stem cells are transplanted into injured spinal cord tissue. Furthermore, this cell therapy achieves a clear functional improvement of paraplegic animals, together with morphological evidence of spinal cord regeneration. Although at present our efforts should be guided to obtain a better knowledge of the mechanisms of nervous regeneration induced by bonemarrow derived stem cells, it is obvious that cell therapy for nervous system repair is beginning, and BMSC transplantation offers new hope for the treatment of traumatic paraplegia in humans.

Spain was a scientifically backward country in the early 19th-century. The causes were various political events, the War of Independence, and the reign of Fernando VII. The introduction of contemporary physics into textbooks was therefore a slow process. An analysis of the contents of 19th-century Spanish textbooks is here presented, centred on imponderable fluids, the concept of energy, the mechanical theory of heat, and the kinetic theory of gases., Comment: 15 pages (LaTex), 1 figure (jpg) To be published in Science & Education

A case of primary melanoma arising from the spinal cord parenchyma at the Th 10-11 level, in a 50-year-old female, is presented. In this patient, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed an intraparenchymatous lesion, with rounded borders, and an associated intramedullary cyst. On the basis of these findings and the long duration of symptoms, an erroneous preoperative diagnosis of intramedullary ependymoma was made.

A technique for staining the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in tumor cells applied to smears from brain tumor biopsy specimens is described. This technique provides a rapid intraoperative evaluation of the proliferative activity in cerebral neoplasms and is a valuable complement to hematoxylineosin stained smears, supporting the critera of benignity or malignancy in these tumors.

Graft copolymers of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) on poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAm), poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), or on copolymers of poly(DMAm‐co‐MMA) have been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). These partially biodegradable copolymer matrices have been proposed as drug delivery systems for the release of low‐molecular‐weight glycosides. Octyl‐N‐acetyl‐6‐O‐[2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐3‐hydroxypropyl]‐α‐D‐glucosamide, a synthetic carbohydrate able to inhibit the proliferation of human malignant glioma cells in culture and transplanted glioma in rats was selected as drug model. The in vitro aqueous behavior of four drug‐loaded and unloaded graft copolymers of different MMA: DMAm and PCL ratios has been analyzed performing swelling, degradation, and drug release experiments. An intimate dependence of the aqueous behavior with the composition has been found. The higher was the DMAm content, the higher was the hydrophilicity of the synthesized systems as well as the swelling, degradation, and drug release rate. In vivo experiments in pigs demonstrated the very good tolerance of drug‐loaded implanted polymeric discs, and that >95% of the charged drug is released after 2 months' implantation. Fil: Abraham, Gustavo Abel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentina. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; España Fil: Gallardo, Alberto. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; España Fil: San Roman, Julio. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España. Instituto en Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros; España Fil: Fernández Mayoralas, Alfonso. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España. Instituto de Química Orgánica General; España Fil: Zurita, Mercedes. Clínica Puerta de Hierro; España Fil: Vaquero, Jesús. Clínica Puerta de Hierro; España

Telemedicine is changing the classical form of health care delivery, dramatically increasing the number of new applications in which some type of distributed synchronous cooperation between health care professionals is required. This paper presents the design and development of a telemedicine distributed system for cooperative medical diagnosis based on two new approaches: 1) a distributed layered architecture specially designed to add synchronous computer supported cooperative work features either to new or existing medical applications; 2) the definition of a methodological procedure to design graphical user interfaces for telemedicine cooperative working scenarios. The cooperative work is supported by a collaborative toolkit that provides telepointing, window sharing, coordination and synchronization. Finally, we have implemented and installed the telemedicine system in clinical practice between two hospitals, providing teleconferencing facilities for cooperative decision support in haemodynamics studies. This specific implementation and a preliminary evaluation were accomplished under the Research Project FEST "Framework for European Services in Telemedicine" funded by the EU AIM Programme.

The solar diameter has been monitored at the Royal Observatory of the Spanish Navy (today the Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada: ROA) almost continuously since its creation in 1753 (i.e. during the last quarter of a millennium). After a painstaking effort to collect data in the historical archive of this institution, we present here the data of the solar semidiameter from 1773 to 2006, making up an extensive new database for solar-radius measurements can be considered. We have calculated the solar semidiameter from the transit times registered by the observers (except values of the solar radius from the modern Danjon astrolabe, which were published by ROA). These data were analysed to reveal any significant long-term trends, but no such trends were found. Therefore, the data sample confirms the constancy of the solar diameter during the last quarter of a millennium (approximately) within instrumental and methodological limits. Moreover, no relationship between solar radius and the new sunspot-number index has been found from measurements of the ROA. Finally, the mean value for solar semidiameter (with one standard deviation) calculated from the observations made in the ROA (1773-2006), after applying corrections by refraction and diffraction, is equal to 958.87" \pm 1.77", Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures, to be published in Solar Physics

The DAPK1 gene works as a regulator of apoptosis and is frequently inactivated in cancer by aberrant promoter hypermethylation. Loss of DAPK1 expression is associated with a selective advantage for tumor cells to resist apoptotic stimuli, allowing them to separate from the original tumor; from this point of view, DAPK1 could be considered a tumor metastases inhibitor gene. To verify the participation of DAPK1 silencing in cerebral invasion, we analyzed its promoter methylation status in a series of 28 samples from cerebral metastases using MSP and sequencing of the MSP-product. We have found hypermethylation in 53.6% (15/28) metastatic tumor samples as well as in 27.8% (5/18) of its peripheral blood samples. Our data suggest an important role of DAPK1 for silencing through promoter CpG island hypermethylation in the development of brain metastases from solid tumors. The detection of aberrant hypermethylation on DAPK1 promoter from peripheral blood samples has potential clinical implications as a tumor prognosis marker.

A case of intracranial penetration by a missile discharged by compressed air is presented. Pneumocephalus was seen on CT and was attributed to compressed air injected into the brain with the missile. This unusual cause of pneumocephalus has apparently not been previously reported.