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The effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition by an antihypertensive drug, captopril, and milk casein-derived ACE-inhibiting bioactive tripeptide isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro), on local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and glucocorticoid production in the intestine were studied in the dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. Mice received water or 3% dextran sodium sulfate with or without either 15.7 mg/l captopril or 833 mg/l Ile-Pro-Pro for 7 days. Captopril and Ile-Pro-Pro were found to have distinct effects on local renin-angiotensin system and mRNA expression of glucocorticoid synthesis components in colon in vitro. Captopril reduced intestinal mRNA expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensinogen and Cyp11b1, whereas Ile-Pro-Pro reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme protein shedding from colon. Neither captopril nor Ile-Pro-Pro changed the expression of glucocorticoid-synthesis driving transcription factor Lrh-1 expression or intestinal glucocorticoid production. Contrary to previous studies, captopril did not alleviate DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, Ile-Pro-Pro was mildly pro-inflammatory as exhibited by increased pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in colon. The nutritional component Ile-Pro-Pro had different effect on intestinal RAS and glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis pathway than ACE inhibitor captopril, which suggests that the bioactivity of Ile-Pro-Pro is not limited to inhibition of ACE.

Background Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common diagnosis in gastroenterology. Trials suggest certain probiotics to be beneficial. Aim To investigate the effects of multispecies probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus Lc705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb 12) on abdominal symptoms, quality of life, intestinal microbiota and inflammatory markers in irritable bowel syndrome. Methods Eighty-six irritable bowel syndrome patients (Rome 11 criteria) participated in this randomized, placebo-controlled 5-month intervention. Patients were randomized to receive daily either multispecies probiotic supplementation or placebo. Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, quality of life, microarray-based intestinal microbiota stability (n = 20), serum cytokines and sensitive C-reactive protein were monitored. Results The composite irritable bowel syndrome score had at 5 months decreased 14 points (95% CI: -19 to -9) from baseline with the multispecies probiotic vs. three points (95% CI: -8 to 1) with placebo (P = 0.0083). Especially, distension and abdominal pain were affected. A stabilization of the microbiota was observed, as the microbiota similarity index increased with the probiotic supplementation (1.9 +/- 3.1), while it decreased with placebo (-2.9 +/- 1.7). No differences were seen in C-reactive protein. Conclusions This multispecies probiotic seems to be an effective and safe option to alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, and to stabilize the intestinal microbiota.

In an open trial of three months' duration the clinical effect of tolfenamic acid, a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory analgesic, was found to be good in 85 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Both subjective and objective parameters clearly improved, and corticoid therapy could be abandoned by 21% of the patients. Tolfenamic acid was for the most part better than or as good as, the previous medication by which the disease had been brought to a stabile state. Side-effects were mild, no severe adverse reactions were observed which could be definitely attributed to tolfenamic acid.

Sixty patients with diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis were treated at random with tolfenamic acid, a new nonsteroid anti-inflammatory analgesic, in a daily dose of 600 mg, or with phenylbutazone 300 mg or acetylsalicylic acid 1,500 mg daily. Both the patients and the physician found that tolfenamic acid had a clearly better effect than phenylbutazone or the low-dose acetylsalicylic acid used as a control. Tolfenamic acid and acetylsalicylic acid were well tolerated. Serious side-effects (leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in one case, hematemesis and melena in another) only occurred in those patients who received phenylbutazone.

The activity of lactase enzyme declines after weaning. This study was to investigate changes in the lactase expression in the whole gastrointestinal tract during the development and the possibility that this and activity can be induced by lactose. Expression of lactase protein in the gut of 1-12-weeks old rats was studied by immunocytochemistry. Possible induction was evaluated by immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques in 8-week-old rats after lactose challenge for seven days. Lactase immunoreactivity was detected only in the small intestine and it decreased 20% during the week after weaning. A steady level of 40% lower than in the sucklings was found in the adult rats. In the lactose-challenged rats the optical density of immunoreactivity increased by about 30% in those that consumed the highest concentration of lactose. In the proximal jejunum, elevation of the enzymatic activity was three-fold. In the rat lactase protein expression decreased rapidly after weaning and expression and activity were induced by lactose-rich diet, most notably in the proximal jejunum.