Search

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopment disorder. Clinical decision-making process is complex. Due to complex nature of disease sign and its symptoms clinical decision making may lead to misclassification. To deal with such complex medical problems methods or approaches of soft computing play an important role. This paper will focus on presenting an integrated Neuro-fuzzy model. This integrated model has the learning strength of neural network and knowledge representation ability of fuzzy logic. Modified Adaptive Neuro –Fuzzy inference system (M-ANFIS) is used here for classification and predication. Here Fuzzy C-mean (FCM) Clustering is used first to make classes of data before presenting in to ANFIS. This FCM based class will reduce the classifier computational overhead. Precision error and recall, F-measure and accuracy matrices are used to compare the experimental results with other classic methods.

Unsymmetrically disubstituted antiaromatic indenofluorene (IF), in comparison to aromatic pentacene counterpart with unsymmetrical disubstitution, was rare in the literature until our recent report on indeno[1,2-b]fluorene and indeno[2,1-a]fluorene. Described herein is a straightforward access to unsymmetrically disubstituted indeno[2,1-c]fluorenes bearing mesityl at one apical carbon and C6F5, 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, and CCSii-Pr3 at the other apical carbon, including 4-methoxyphenyl/3,5-(CF3)2C6H3 push/pull substitution at the apical carbons with appreciable orbital density, and a previously unknown symmetrically C6F5-disubstituted [2,1-c]IF. The electronic properties of the unsymmetrical derivatives lie halfway in between the two symmetrical counterparts, while the 4-methoxyphenyl derivative showed the smallest HOMO–LUMO energy gap and near-infrared absorption with intramolecular charge transfer character. Single-crystal analyses showed 1D-columnar stacks for the unsymmetrical motif with the C6F5 units co-facially π-stacked with the IF core, whereas symmetrically C6F5-disubstituted [2,1-c]IF, with a low-lying LUMO, showed intermolecular π–π stacks between the IFs that resulted in good electron mobility (µ e = 8.66 × 10−3 cm2 · V−1 · s−1) under space charge limited current measurements. Importantly, balanced ambipolar charge-transport behaviour could be extracted for an IF series with symmetrical/unsymmetrical substitutions, in comparison to its π-contracted pentalene congener.

Disc-shaped liquid crystals designed by introducing oxadiazole functional units into a heterocoronene system were explored in thin-film space-charge limited current (SCLC) devices. They were found to exhibit ambipolar semiconducting behavior.

This study evaluates the use of Linear regression & Long Short-Term Memory Model for stock price prediction. The linear regression model is trained on historical stock data and used to predict future stock prices. The results show that linear regression can be an effective tool for stock price prediction when the stock market follows a predictable trend. However, the model is limited in its ability to capture complex relationships in the data and may not perform well in volatile or unpredictable stock markets. The LSTM model is trained on sequential stock data and used to predict future stock prices. The results show that LSTM is well-suited for stock price prediction due to its ability to capture long-term dependencies in the data and handle the volatility and randomness of stock prices. However, the model requires a large amount of data and can be computationally expensive to train. Despite these limitations, the results of this study demonstrate that LSTM is a promising tool for stock price prediction.

Room temperature columnar LC organic semiconductor based on naphthalene diimide with low clearing temperature, solution processability, high molar extinction coefficient.

The fifty-finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes used in the current experiment were examined in four different environments: E1 and E2 at the Student Research Farm at the C.S.A.U.A.&T. Kanpur, and E3 and E4 seeded at the Research Farm in Daleep Nagar, Kanpur. The genotypes were assessed using a randomised block design with three replications to determine genetic variability for the following traits: days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of productive tillers per plant, number of fingers per ear, length of finger (cm), finger width (cm), ear head width (cm), ear head length (cm), ear head weight (g), ear head weight (g), straw yield per plant (g), harvest index (%), 1000 grain weight (g), protein content (%) and grain yield per plant (g). This experiment revealed low genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, ear head width across all conditions, and protein content across all environments with the exception of E2. High levels of GCV and PCV were found in the ear head weight, straw yield per plant, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield per plant. In every context, the magnitude of GCV was often lower than the corresponding PCV. Plant height, finger width, ear head weight, straw yield per plant, harvest index, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield per plant all showed strong heritability along with high genetic progress. As a result of the cumulative impact of its component features, the yield has a complicated and highly variable character. It is the outcome of the combined influence of its constituent features, therefore straight selection for yield might not be very effective.

Abstract: Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a rapidly growing field in transcriptomics, which generates a tremendous amount of gene expression data at the single-cell level. Improved statistical approaches and tools are required to extract informative knowledge from such data. Gene network modeling and analysis is one such approach for downstream analysis of scRNA-seq data. Therefore, newer and innovative methods have been introduced in the literature. These approaches greatly vary in their utility, basic statistical concepts, models fitted to the data, etc. Therefore, we present a comprehensive overview of the available approaches for gene network modeling and analysis in single-cell studies, along with their limitations. We also classify the approaches based on different statistical principles and present a class-wise review. We discuss the limitations that are specific to each class of approaches and how they are addressed by subsequent classes of methods. We identify several biological and methodological challenges that must be addressed to enable the development of novel and innovative single-cell gene network inference approaches and tools. These new approaches will be able to analyze the singlecell data efficiently and accurately to better understand the biological systems, increasing the specificity, sensitivity, utility, and relevance of single-cell studies. Furthermore, this review will serve as a catalog and provide guidelines to genome researchers and experimental biologists for objectively choosing the better gene network modeling approach.

Background: Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic proliferative skin disorder, predominantly involves skin, nails, and joints This research was conducted to study the clinical presentation, and management of psoriasis among patients in tertiary care hospital in South India The medical records of 257 psoriasis pati Methods: ents over the past one year (from January 2022 till December 2022) were examined by the investigators. Data were collected using a semi-structured form. Total 257 patients were Results: included in this study. Majority of patients were belonging to 50 and above age group. Male predominance (63%). Most common clinical variant was chronic plaque psoriasis (65.7%) followed by palmoplantar psoriasis (15.9%). Relapse of psoriasis was seen more among patients with a history of disease exacerbation in winter and in rainy season. Co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus and complications like PsA were associated with greater disease durations among the patients. In the current study, the proporti Conclusion: on of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis was high, most likely due to delayed diagnosis, followed by palmoplantar psoriasis and scalp psoriasis. Topical steroids for psoriasis in limited areas, oral methotrexate, and phototherapy for extensive psoriasis.

Hypotension is a common complication, subsequently spinal anaesthesia in lower segment caesarean section, which can cause adverse maternal & foetal outcomes. A new decisive research area in obstetric anaesthesia is prevention & early treatment of spinal hypotension to improve maternal & foetal outcomes. A novel parameter, Perfusion index (PI) is tried during sub arachnoid block for predicting hypotension in lower segment caesarean section (LSCS). In this study, 60 parturient belonging to ASA status 1 or 2 with apparent pregnancies scheduled for elective LSCS received spinal anaesthesia with 2ml of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine by using an orange (25G) Quincke needle at L3-L4 or L4-L5 interspinous space. Haemodynamics & perfusion index were recorded at regular intervals. Baseline perfusion index was correlated with degree of hypotension by using Receiver Operative Characteristic curve. Baseline perfusion index & other parameters were correlate by Karl Pearson correlation method. : In our study 34.5% incidence of hypotension among study theme & momentous correlation between fall in systolic blood pressure from baseline & baseline perfusion index (r = 0.436; P < 0.05). The optimal utmost point for perfusion index was found to be 3.5 with a sensitivity of 37% & specificity of 97%. A higher incidence of hypotension was found in Parturient having baseline perfusion index more than 3.5 following sub arachnoid block in elective LSCS.

Preterm birth remains the major cause of neonatal death worldwide. South Asia contributes disproportionately to deaths among preterm births worldwide, yet few population-based studies have assessed the underlying causes of deaths. Novel evaluations, including histological and bacteriological assessments of placental and fetal tissues, facilitate more precise determination of the underlying causes of preterm deaths. We sought to assess underlying and contributing causes of preterm neonatal deaths in India and Pakistan.The project to understand and research preterm pregnancy outcomes and stillbirths in South Asia (PURPOSe) was a prospective cohort study done in three hospitals in Davangere, India, and two hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. All pregnant females older than 14 years were screened at the time of presentation for delivery, and those with an expected or known preterm birth, defined as less than 37 weeks of gestation, were enrolled. Liveborn neonates with a weight of 1000 g or more who died by 28 days after birth were included in analyses. Placentas were collected and histologically evaluated. In addition, among all neonatal deaths, with consent, minimally invasive tissue sampling was performed for histological analyses. PCR testing was performed to assess microbial pathogens in the placental, blood, and fetal tissues collected. An independent panel reviewed available data, including clinical description of the case and all clinical maternal, fetal, and placental findings, and results of PCR bacteriological investigation and minimally invasive tissue sampling histology, from all eligible preterm neonates to determine the primary and contributing maternal, placental, and neonatal causes of death.Between July 1, 2018, and March 26, 2020, of the 3470 preterm neonates enrolled, 804 (23%) died by 28 days after birth, and, of those, 615 were eligible and had their cases reviewed by the panel. Primary maternal causes of neonatal death were hypertensive disease (204 [33%] of 615 cases), followed by maternal complication of pregnancy (76 [12%]) and preterm labour (76 [11%]), whereas the primary placental causes were maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion (172 [28%] of 615) and chorioamnionitis, funisitis, or both (149 [26%]). The primary neonatal cause of death was intrauterine hypoxia (212 [34%] of 615) followed by congenital infections (126 [20%]), neonatal infections (122 [20%]), and respiratory distress syndrome (126 [20%]).In south Asia, intrauterine hypoxia and congenital infections were the major causes of neonatal death among preterm babies. Maternal hypertensive disorders and placental disorders, especially maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion and placental abruption, substantially contributed to these deaths.BillMelinda Gates Foundation.

Sentiment analysis is a sub-field of natural language processing (NLP). In sentiment analysis the sentiment behind the piece of data is tried to know, this data can be a review of a product by a customer or a comment on some social media platform. Analysing large amounts of data is still an easy task for small retail websites and business owners. Deep learning (DL) has made a great revolution in the field of speech and image recognition. Mature deep learning neural network i.e. convolution neural network (CNN) has completely changed the field of NLP. This paper proposed a high accuracy, efficient, scalable, reliable and secure solution to cater all the needs of business owners and institutes for sentiment analysis with DL model, a browser based GUI interface for easy accessibility to all the non-technical folks and a dashboard having graphical representations of their results. The proposed sentiment analysis based model has achieved 93.55% accuracy which has outperformed other models.

In this paper, a novel image sub-division and quadruple clipped adaptive histogram equalization (ISQCAHE) technique is proposed for the enhancement of low exposure images. The proposed method involves, computation of the histogram which includes a new approach of image sub-division, enhancement controlling mechanism, modification of probability density function (PDF) and histogram equalization (HE). The original histogram is segmented into sub-histograms based on exposure threshold and mean, to preserve the brightness and entropy. Then, individual sub-histogram is clipped separately to control the enhancement rate. For enhancing the visual quality, HE is applied to individual sub-histogram using the modified PDF. The experimental results show that, the proposed ISQCAHE method avoids the unpleasant artifacts effectively and provide a natural appearance to the enhanced image. It is simple, adaptive and performs superior than other techniques in terms of visual quality, absolute mean brightness error, entropy, Natural image quality evaluation, brightness preservation, structure similarity index measure and feature similarity index measure.

A diallel scheme excluding reciprocal was adopted in okra to generate 45 F1 hybrids in Rabi season 2020 and the hybrids along with 10 parents were evaluated using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in Kharif 2020. The additive components (D) of genetic variance was found to be highly significant for days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, node at first flower appear, number of branches per plant and plant height (cm) at harvesting. The estimates of dominant components Ĥ1, Ĥ2 and ĥ2 were evaluated. Ĥ1 and Ĥ2 were highly significant for all the characters. Dominance components (ĥ2) were found in few characters viz. days to first flowering, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, 100 seed weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield quintal per hectare suggested the role of dominance components for these traits. Near about fifty percent traits was showed significant value in environment component. The average degree of dominance was more than one for all the characters showed over dominance.

Background: Diabetic complications are becoming common community problems. The outcomes of diabetic complications are increased hospitalization, increased direct patient costs, and mortality. In Dessie, the prevalence of diabetic complications is not well studied so far. Aim: This study aims to assess the prevalence of diabetic complications and associated factors among adult diabetic patients in north India. Method & Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted from Jan to March 2020, in the general medicine department. All diabetic patients who visited the clinic during the study period were included. Data was collected using an interview-guided-administered questionnaire. the presence of complications and the type of medications the patient was on were identified through a review of patient records. Results: Eighty-one (81) diabetic patients who came to the follow-up clinic during the 3 months of data collection were included in the study. The majority of the patients (57.4%) were males. The median age of the patients was 45 (±17.677) and they were known diabetic patients for a mean duration of 5.00 (±5.70) years. Complications were strongly associated with the occurrence of diabetic complications but self-reported adherence, attitude, and knowledge level of patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of complications among diabetic patients in Dessie Referral Hospital was high. Targeted counseling and health information provided to the patients by the clinical staff will help reduce avoidable morbidity and mortality in the patients. Keyword : — Diabetes, Complication, Ketoacidosis, Hypoglycemia, Prevalence

South Asia contributes more than a third of all global stillbirths, yet the causes remain largely unstudied in this region. New investigations, including novel assessments of placental and fetal tissues, facilitate more precise determination of the underlying causes of stillbirth. We sought to assess underlying and contributing causes of stillbirth from settings in India and Pakistan.In this prospective cohort study (PURPOSe), we report the cause of death in stillbirths in hospitals in central India and south Pakistan (Davangere, India [three public and private hospitals] and Karachi, Pakistan [one public maternity and one children's hospital]). Women aged 15 years or older and with a known stillbirth (defined as a pregnancy at 20 or more weeks of gestation with the in-utero death of a fetus) weighing 1000 g or more were included in the study. Maternal clinical factors, placental evaluation, fetal tissue evaluation (from minimally invasive tissue sampling), and PCR for microbial pathogens were used to identify the causes of death. An expert panel reviewed available data for all stillbirths to identify the primary and contributing maternal, placental, and fetal causes of stillbirth.Between Sept 1, 2018, and Feb 12, 2020, 981 stillborns were included and, of those, 611 were reviewed by the expert panel. The primary maternal causes of stillbirth were hypertensive disease in 221 (36%) of 611 stillbirths, followed by severe anaemia in 66 (11%) stillbirths. The primary placental causes were maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion, in 289 (47%) stillbirths. The primary fetal cause of stillbirth was intrauterine hypoxia, in 437 (72%) stillbirths. We assessed the overlap of main causes and 116 (19%) stillbirths had intrauterine hypoxia, placental malperfusion, and eclampsia or pre-eclampsia indicated as primary causes of death. Infection (including of the placenta, its membranes, and in the fetus) and congenital anomalies also were causative of stillbirth.In south Asia, fetal asphyxia is the major cause of stillbirth. Several placental lesions, especially those associated with maternal and fetal vascular malperfusion and placental abruption, have an important role in asphyxia and fetal death. Maternal hypertension, and especially pre-eclampsia, is often the primary maternal condition associated with this pathway.BillMelinda Gates Foundation.

Sample for the test which is required in designing units was collected from the backyard of the hostels of university where all the waste water meets. Various quality parameters of wastewater were determined in the campus lab and also in third party lab located in Panipat. After analysis of wastewater samples it is found that influent standards are more than the permissible limit prescribed by CPCB. There is an urgent need for a sewage treatment plant in the campus with a capacity for forecast of 30 years population. In this paper we have designed a sustainable sewage treatment plant for the university wastewater. The units have been designed based on the experimental data Such as; Screen unit, Grit chamber, PST, Aeration tank and SST Keywords: CPCB, Grit Chamber, PST, SST

Background: Pioglitazone is a drug that belongs to the category of thiazolidinedione (TZD) and is used for its hypoglycemic activity that is very-well associated with some serious adverse drug reactions (ADR). Previous studies have dealt with country-specific pharmacovigilance databases to assess the ADR profile of pioglitazone but none of them utilized a scholarly literature database. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the safety profile of pioglitazone in terms of expectedness, causality, and the seriousness of ADR by using a literature database. Methods: The published literature cases of pioglitazone-induced ADR from the PubMed database (between 1993 and 2020) were retrieved by using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms.Only the valid cases (as per the ICH validity criteria) were analyzed. Following this, valid cases were further assessed for the expectedness of ADR by using the "Summary of Product Characteristics" document of Takeda Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd. Seriousness criteria of WHO for ADR were used for assessing the seriousness of ADR while the Naranjo’s scale was used for causality assessment. Results: A total of 871 results were found of which only 26 valid ICSRs cases were found. Of the total 168 ADRs, a total of 131 (77.97%) and 37 (22.02%) unexpected and expected ADRs were found. Only two of the events were found to be non-serious and they were Iatrogenic lipomatosis and Angioneurotic edema. 1 (32.5 %), 24 (77.4 %), 6 (19.35 %) reactions were serious due to death, important medical event, and hospitalization, respectively. There were, in total, 7 (27 %) and 19 (74 %) cases that belonged to a possible and probable category, respectively. Conclusion: It is worth mentioning that pioglitazone is associated with the risk of heart failure and edema besides causing bladder cancer. The patient should be evaluated for the possible adverse effects of proper monitoring and follow-ups.

Abstract: Quinoline and its derivatives have been utilized and marketed as antibacterial, antimalarial, anticancer, hypertension, asthma (COPD), etc. The diverse pharmacological properties of quinolone are related to its chemical structure. Nowadays, it is common practice to combine at least two pharmacophores to create a single molecule with powerful pharmacological effects. This helps to synergize pharmacological qualities, enables interaction with several targets, or lessens the negative effects related to them. Various synthetic approaches which have been used in recent times for the synthesis of quinoline and its derivatives are listed in the manuscript with their merits and demerit. The structure-activity relationship relating various pharmacological actions with molecular structure and interaction with several targets has also been highlighted to provide a good comprehension to the researchers for future studies on quinoline.

Since its recognition as an enabling tool to form challenging C–C and C–heteroatom bonds under mild and sustainable conditions, photoredox catalysis has been in the spotlight within the synthetic community. As a consequence, the interest in developing novel synthetic strategies has spiked together with the need to define suitable technologies to overcome scale-up issues dictated by the Bouguer–Beer–Lambert law. In this context, continuous-flow reactors play a major role in increasing the efficiency of a given photocatalyzed reaction, thus rendering scale-up processes more accessible. In the alkyl radical precursor landscape, boron-based species have begun to play a predominant role. Though the reactivity of trifluoroborates has been deeply investigated, the interest in using other boron species as radical precursors in photocatalyzed reactions has recently arisen. This late exploration lies in the fact that the high oxidation potential of boronic acids (BAs) hinders their possible applications. Nevertheless, to circumvent this issue, a diverse array of activation modes has been developed, exploiting in most cases the inherent Lewis acidity of the boronic acid. The aim of this Account is to highlight our recent contribution to this vibrant field with a focus on broad applicability, selectivity, and scalability via continuous-flow methodology. For the sake of clarity, the Account is discussed under the following sections.1 Introduction2 Why Photochemistry in Flow?2.1 Preliminary Considerations2.2 Batch vs. Flow Photochemical Reactions2.3 Commercially Available Lab-Scale Solutions for Photoflow Chemistry3 Organoboron Compounds3.1 The Evolution of Organoboron Compounds as Radical Precursors in Photoredox Catalysis3.2 Organoboron Compounds in Flow4 Activation of Boronic Acids towards Radical Formation4.1 Giese-Type Addition4.2 Petasis Reaction4.3 Light-Driven Four-Component Reaction4.4 Minisci Reaction5 Conclusion and Future Perspective

A. Representative images for DNA fiber experiments conducted on CCH1 and CCH2 cells. In each image asterisk (*) indicates a normal fork (red-green), “N” indicates a new fork (red only), and “S” indicates a stalled fork (green only).B. Brightfield and CD99-stained (green) images of patient-derived cells used in the studies reported here.

Reagents, instruments, tumor cell culture details

Immunofluorescence images of CCH2 and NCH6 cells stained with antibodies towards IGF1R (red) and PCNA (green).

A. Bright field images of CCH1 and CCH2 cells B. CCH1 and CCH2 cells cells stained with antibody towards CD99 (green) and DAPI (blue) C. Western blots on CCH1 and CCH2 cell lysates probed with the indicated antibodies, confirming differences in EphA2 phosphorylation between CCH1 and CCH2. D. Immunofluorescence imaging of IGF1R-stained CCH1 and CCH2 cells starved, treated with IGF1 or treated with linsitinib for 2 hours. Individual channels are shown below the merged images. Nuclear IGF1R in CCH1 cells does not change localization with either treatment. IGF1 treatment induces slight internalization of IGF1R in CCH2 cells and this is inhibited by linsitinib.

Purpose:Targeted cancer therapeutics have not significantly benefited patients with Ewing sarcoma with metastatic or relapsed disease. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of drug resistance can lead to biomarker-driven treatment selection.Experimental Design:Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway activation was analyzed in tumor cells derived from a panel of Ewing sarcoma tumors, including primary and metastatic tumors from the same patient. Phospho-RTK arrays, Western blots, and IHC were used. Protein localization and the levels of key markers were determined using immunofluorescence. DNA damage tolerance was measured through PCNA ubiquitination levels and the DNA fiber assay. Effects of pharmacologic inhibition were assessed in vitro and key results validated in vivo using patient-derived xenografts.Results:Ewing sarcoma tumors fell into two groups. In one, IGF1R was predominantly nuclear (nIGF1R), DNA damage tolerance pathway was upregulated, and cells had low replication stress and RRM2B levels and high levels of WEE1 and RAD21. These tumors were relatively insensitive to IGF1R inhibition. The second group had high replication stress and RRM2B, low levels of WEE1 and RAD21, membrane-associated IGF1R (mIGF1R) signaling, and sensitivity to IGF1R or WEE1-targeted inhibitors. Moreover, the matched primary and metastatic tumors differed in IGF1R localization, levels of replication stress, and inhibitor sensitivity. In all instances, combined IGF1R and WEE1 inhibition led to tumor regression.Conclusions:IGF1R signaling mechanisms and replication stress levels can vary among Ewing sarcoma tumors (including in the same patient), influencing the effects of IGF1R and WEE1 treatment. These findings make the case for using biopsy-derived predictive biomarkers at multiple stages of Ewing sarcoma disease management.

Cell cycle analyses A. Dansylcadaverine-mediated nIGF1R depletion arrested CCH1 cells at the G1-phase and reduced the percentage of cells in the S-phase. B. Western blots show that Cyclin A2 and Cyclin D1 levels were high in CCH5 cells with nIGF1R relative to NCH6 with mIGF1R. C. Cell cycle analyses shows higher percentages of CCH1 and CCH5 cells in S-phase than CCH2 and NCH6 cells. D. CCH5 cells with nIGF1R divided faster, had higher percentages of S-phase cells with shorter S-phase duration than NCH6 with mIGF1R. E. EdU/BrdU double labelling-based S-phase duration analysis was carried out. Top panel shows that cells showed EdU-AF55+ and BrdU-FITC+ signals in comparison to unstained cells. F. Percentages of EdU+BrdU+ cells (CCH1, CCH5, CCH2 and NCH6 cells), at indicated time points, are shown. G.Timings of S-phase exit (red) for all cells were calculated using linear regression.

Western blots and quantifications

Patient tumor information

Flow cytometry analysis for propidium-iodide positive cells with the indicated treatments (48 hours). The percentage of PI-positive cells are shown in each panel.

Abstract: A five-membered heterocyclic compound known as 1,2,4-oxadiazole has one oxygen, two carbon, and two nitrogen atoms within a ring. Numerous studies have shown that 1,2,4-oxadiazole has the potential to be an essential moiety in many harmful pharmacological conditions. 1,2,4-oxadiazole and its derivatives have been used as an antiviral, cough suppressant, vasodilator, anxiolytic, etc. To synthesize a single molecule with potent pharmacological action, two or more pharmacophores are combined currently. This enhances pharmacological effects, facilitates interaction possible with many targets, and reduces the adverse effects related to them. It has been reported that synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazole and its analog is possible using a variety of methods. In this present review, we emphasized recently accepted synthetic methods for 1,2,4-oxadiazole and its analogs synthesis. Additionally, the structure-activity relationship concerning several pharmacological effects, interactions with various targets, and the utility of different techniques for the analysis and purification has been described. On the behalf of the above study, the researchers can use this review study to better understand their 1,2,4-oxadiazole research in the future.