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Una de las tesis fundamentales de la ética aristotélica es que la virtud y, por tanto, la felicidad, dependen de nosotros mismos. Para explicar esto, Aristóteles desarrolla una teoría de la voluntariedad, en donde el concepto protagonista es el de proaíresis. Sin embargo, cuando el Estagirita intenta explicar la acción humana (aunque no menos el movimiento animal) a través del llamado “silogismo práctico” omite decirnos, de modo claro y distinto, qué rol juega allí la proaíresis, una oscuridad reprochable dada la importancia capital del concepto. Entonces, el propósito del presente escrito es explicar cuál es el lugar de la proaíresis dentro del silogismo práctico. Por supuesto, en el alcanzamiento de este objetivo tendremos que responder a la pregunta de ¿qué es la proaíresis? Sin embargo, sobre la marcha nos daremos cuenta de que tal pregunta es inexacta, pues, más bien, debemos preguntarnos qué son las proairéseis, ya que podemos identificar tres tipos de estas, las cuales analizaremos para responder a la pregunta por su lugar dentro del “silogismo práctico”

En Colombia, el estado de excepción es un mecanismo jurídico-político con el que el ejecutivo amplía sus facultades de manera transitoria bajo el pretexto de conjurar una grave confrontación al orden constitucional. Sin embargo, pese a su carácter excepcional, la realidad es que, dentro de la cultura jurídica y política nacional, el uso de esta figura es más bien normal. Es así como el presente artículo pretende valorar, a partir de una revisión histórica del periodo comprendido entre 1961 y 2022, la forma en que la excepcionalidad se ha vuelto recurrente, a través de los estados de excepción y otras figuras que permiten un margen de maniobra al poder ejecutivo extraordinario y fuera del radar de los controles constitucionales. En esa medida, el texto se ocupa de analizar cómo se ha aprovechado la noción de excepcionalidad como una forma propia de gobierno, prolongando de manera sutil los periodos de excepción para eludir los controles constitucionales que se les imponen. Para ello el artículo profundiza el ejemplo de lo que recientemente ha ocurrido con la emergencia sanitaria ocasionada por la COVID-19 en el país. Se emplean herramientas de análisis histórico, del contexto y de la comparación.

Distinguishing the contributions of different vegetation cover such as shrubs and grasses components into the primary production in arid and semi-arid rangelands is a key step to understanding changes at a landscape scale. The aim was to assess the contribution of shrubs, grasses and bare soil components into a total biophysical variable at a patch level, and the relationship between that biophysical variable and remote sensing vegetation index, in a grass–shrub steppe from North-West Patagonia, Argentina. We conducted a field survey in the period 2015–2017 to analyzing the relationship between monthly values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of two grasses, two shrub species and bare soil, weighted by their cover area at a patch level, and the concomitant patch NDVI records, respectively. The contribution of the patch components to the total NDVI value at a patch level was additive. The relationship between the weighted NDVI of patch components and the concomitant NDVI value at a patch level along time was linear for perennial grasses and deciduous shrub–grass patches, but linearity was not significant for most perennial shrub–grass patches. Differences among patch compositions and their surface reflectance suggest the need to move forward in a more precise distinction of the floristic composition of patches, to better understanding their contribution to NDVI temporal dynamics at a landscape scale.

Resumen: El presente ensayo tiene el objetivo de explicar la importancia de la taxonomía revisada de Bloom, en la redacción de resultados de aprendizaje, para lo cual se plantean recomendaciones de su uso. En el documento se hace mención sobre la necesidad de generar propuestas educativas con mayor vinculación al contexto social, razón por la cual se han emitido políticas que promueven el diseño y la ejecución de planes de estudios centra- dos en el estudiantado. En este sentido, se aborda el trabajo desarrollado por autores como Kennedy (2006) y Biggs y Tang (2011) para la redacción de los resultados de aprendizaje. Finalmente, se desarrolla con un ejemplo, la coherencia que debe existir entre los resultados de aprendizaje, la evaluación y la implementación de las estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en el proceso formativo de la población estudiantil, entendido esto como el alineamiento constructivo. Se concluye que si bien las taxonomías son una guía que propone una clasificación jerárquica de los niveles de desarrollo de los procesos cognitivos y de conocimiento, su uso debe pasar de ser una tarea mecánica a un proceso de reflexión sobre el objeto de estudio de una disciplina académica. También se plantea la importancia de llevar a cabo el proceso de diseño de los resultados en equipos de trabajo, con la capacitación sobre su elaboración y el uso de las taxonomías, para lo cual la participación y acompañamiento de expertos en materia curricular se convierte en un requisito imprescindible. Abstract:The purpose of this essay is to explain the importance of Bloom’s revised taxonomy in the writing of learning outcomes, for which recommendations for its use are proposed. The document mentions the need to generate educational proposals that are more closely linked to the social context, which is why policies have been issued to promote the design and implementation of student-centered curricula. In this sense, the work developed by authors such as Kennedy (2006) and Biggs and Tang (2011) for the writing of learning outcomes is addressed. Finally, it is developed with an example, the coherence that should exist between learning outcomes, assessment and implementation of teaching-learning strategies, in the formative process of the student population, understood as constructive alignment. It is concluded that although taxonomies are a guide that proposes a hierarchical classification of the levels of development of cognitive and knowledge processes, their use should go from being a mechanical task to a process of reflection on the object of study of an academic discipline. Also, on the importance of carrying out the process of designing the results in work teams, with training on their elaboration and the use of taxonomies, for which the participation and accompaniment of experts in curricular matters becomes an essential requirement. Resumo: O objetivo deste ensaio é explicar a importância da taxonomia revista de Bloom na redação dos resultados do aprendizado, para os quais são apresentadas recomendações para seu uso. O documento menciona a necessidade de gerar propostas educacionais com maiores vínculos com o contexto social, razão pela qual foram emitidas políticas para promover a concepção e implementação de currículos centrados no estudante. A este respeito, é abordado o trabalho desenvolvido por autores como Kennedy (2006) e Biggs e Tang (2011) para a redacção de resultados de aprendizagem. Finalmente, a coerência que deve existir entre os resultados do aprendizado, a avaliação e a implementação de estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem no processo formativo da população estudantil, entendida como alinhamento construtivo, é desenvolvida com um exemplo. Concluise que, embora as taxonomias sejam um guia que propõe uma classificação hierárquica dos níveis de desenvolvimento dos processos cognitivos e de conhecimento, sua utilização deve passar de uma tarefa mecâ nica a um processo de reflexão sobre o objeto de estudo de uma disciplina acadêmica. Também, sobre a impor- tância de realizar o processo de elaboração dos resultados em equipes de trabalho, comtreinamento sobre sua elaboração e o uso de taxonomias, para o qual a participação e o acompanhamento de especialistas em assuntos curriculares se tornam um requisito essencial.

Las carreteras son una amenaza significativa para la vida silvestre, ocasionan que muchos animales mueran en Costa Rica cada año, aún así se desconoce el nivel del impacto en las comunidades de mamíferos en la región. Objetivo. Determinar la incidencia de atropellamientos de mamíferos silvestres en la ruta 720 y su relación a variables topográficas de la carretera, en Concepción de Balsa de Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica en los últimos 7 años (2015-2022). Metodología. Se analizó la muerte de mamíferos en la ruta 720, en Concepción de Balsa de Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica, del 2015 al 2022. La mayor incidencia de muertes en la carretera ocurrió en tramos de línea recta y curvas abiertas, donde la carretera está próxima a las cercas vivas que son utilizadas con frecuencia por animales de vida silvestre como refugio y sitios de paso. Resultados. En total se registraron 13 individuos muertos por atropellamiento, la especie con mayor frecuencia de eventos fue el zorro pelón (Didelphis marsupialis), lo que concuerda con otros estudios. Conclusión. Es necesario realizar estudios en agro-paisajes rurales similares que son atravesados por rutas viales, ya que estos mosaicos paisajísticos de diferentes usos de la tierra son importantes para el mantenimiento y persistencia de la vida silvestre.

La crisis sanitaria provocada por COVID-19 ha generado una serie de retos para distintos sectores productivos a nivel mundial y Costa Rica no fue la excepción. Este estudio mide las percepciones acerca del impacto provocado por COVID-19 en el sector cafetalero, el cual ha tenido que adaptarse a las nuevas limitaciones planteadas por dicha crisis, sopesar las fluctuaciones en los mercados internacionales y los cambios en las políticas migratorias. El objetivo es indagar en las principales preocupaciones de las personas productoras de café ante la crisis. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta que evaluó el grado de preocupación de las personas caficultoras sobre temas relativos a la producción y al desarrollo del sector, concentrando su atención en las condiciones productivas y laborales actuales y futuras. La encuesta se llevó a cabo en la Zona de Los Santos, formada por los cantones de Dota, Tarrazú y León Cortés, entre septiembre y octubre de 2020, previo a la temporada de cosecha. Las 119 personas productoras fueron seleccionados mediante la técnica de “bola de nieve”. Dicha encuesta estuvo compuesta por preguntas cerradas en una escala de Likert de cinco opciones y 34 preguntas, cuyas respuestas daban acuerdo o desacuerdo con las afirmaciones planteadas. Mediante el análisis de factores, los resultados indican que, entre las principales preocupaciones de las personas caficultoras, se encuentran el temor al aumento en los costos de producción debido a las regulaciones sanitarias, el comportamiento de los mercados del café y el posible faltante de mano de obra necesaria para la cosecha debido a las restricciones migratorias.

Digital learning scenarios have become a fundamental tool in university education, and they are becoming increasingly important due to their special academic characteristics in postgraduate studies. The purpose of this study is to find out how technology has been used as a training resource in the learning processes of students at postgraduate level. To this end, questionnaires have been carried out in four universities in Colombia, Costa Rica, Spain and Mexico using a sample of 180 postgraduate students in Education. The results show that postgraduate students have a high level of training in the use of digital tools compared to other educational levels; postgraduate studies have a high level of integration of ICT tools in their training programmes; and there are no significant differences between the participating countries with regard to difficulties in the use and integration of digital platforms, despite the programmatic or social differences between them. Los escenarios digitales de aprendizaje se han convertido en una herramienta fundamental en la formación universitaria, y en los estudios posgrados son cada día una pieza más importante por sus especiales características académicas. El presente trabajo tiene como propósito conocer el uso que se le ha dado a la tecnología como recurso formativo, en los procesos de aprendizaje del estudiantado a nivel de posgrado. Para ello se han realizado cuestionarios en 4 universidades de Colombia, Costa Rica, España y México mediante una muestra de 180 alumnos de posgrados en Educación. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos de posgrado poseen un alto nivel formativo en el uso de herramientas digitales respecto a otros niveles educativos; los estudios de posgrado tienen un gran nivel de integración de herramientas TIC en sus programas formativos; y no existen diferencias significativas entre los países participantes respecto a las dificultades en el uso e integración de las plataformas digitales, a pesar de las diferencias programáticas o sociales existen entre ellos.

La presente producción académica inició a partir del decreto de inclusión educativa realizado en el año 2016 por las Naciones Unidas, donde queda al descubierto la carencia en la formación docente sobre esta temática. Ha abordado el análisis en materia de discapacidad y naturalización educativa, tuvo como objetivo, a partir de la neuroeducación, brindar al docente técnicas mediadoras y evaluativas acertadas y coherentes con las necesidades de cada educando, partiendo desde la comprensión acerca de las etapas y fuentes del desarrollo necesarias para la selección de cada técnica didáctica. La neuroeducación concebida como una disciplina en la cual convergen la ciencia, la psicología y la educación, representa para la evolución de la educación, una herramienta imprescindible hacia una educación integral, verdaderamente formadora de una sociedad funcional y sensible, consciente y respetuosa de los derechos humanos, utilizando técnicas didácticas y de evaluación estimulantes basadas en las fuentes de desarrollo del estudiantado, dejando atrás el incompetente modelo tradicional de educación.

Se presenta una evaluación económica ambiental del bosque primario tropical siempre verde de la propiedad selva Maya Zuhuy; la cual se evalúa en dos aristas de análisis: la primera, basada en el precio actual de mercado de la propiedad; y, un enfoque basado en la economía ambiental. Este último utiliza la herramienta del Método de Valoración Contingente para asignar valores monetarios a los bienes y servicios ambientales que proporcionan los recursos naturales, independientemente de si estos poseen un mercado donde se puedan comercializar, o la disponibilidad del consumidor a pagar por ellos. Se realizó un muestreo estratificado como técnica no destructiva para el cálculo de captura de carbono, como parte de los servicios ecosistémicos que este tipo de bosques brindan a la población. La investigación corresponde a un nivel descriptivo analítico de enfoques cuantitativos, que ofrecen una base para la investigación aplicada de alcance temporal prospectivo; con un período secuencial longitudinal del estudio, permitiendo la obtención de resultados que muestra el área de interés. La conservación de la selva Maya Zuhuy peligra al no formar parte de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas en el país; además de que sus recursos no están siendo aprovechados en su totalidad. El objetivo de asignar un precio de mercado a un bien ambiental es buscar soluciones en el tiempo que garanticen la utilización sostenible del medio ambiente y sus recursos. Si esto sucediera, El Salvador podría colocar bonos de carbono en el mercado internacional, como divisas que podrían ser utilizadas de forma sostenible.

Acapulco is an influential development pole in the territorial dynamics of the State of Guerrero; therefore, the study of its urban planning is relevant from the perspective of democratic governance and related political processes at the regional level. We analyze the discourse of the citizen participation workshops of the 2015 urban planning process, where an ideal of a tourist city without environmental vision prevailed, a participation exercise carried out only to legitimize the planning process without achieving it. We showed that the auxiliary planning bodies fail to build consensus, the presence of an influential group of technicians, and the null representativeness of vulnerable groups. It is necessary that an inclusive city and the collective interest be claimed from civil society.Resumen: Acapulco es un polo de desarrollo influyente en las dinámicas territoriales del estado de Guerrero, por ende, el estudio de su planeación urbana es relevante desde la perspectiva de gobernanza democrática y de los procesos políticos relacionados con ésta en el ámbito regional. Analizamos el discurso de los talleres de participación ciudadana del proceso de planeación urbana de 2015, donde en el cual prevaleció un ideal de ciudad turística sin visión ambiental, un ejercicio de participación realizado únicamente para legitimar el proceso de planeación sin lograrlo. Mostramos que los organismos auxiliares de planeación no logran construir consensos, debido a la presencia de un grupo de técnicos influyente y a la nula representatividad de grupos vulnerables. Es necesario que una ciudad inclusiva y el interés colectivo sean reclamados desde la sociedad civil.Résumé : Acapulco est un pôle de développement influent dans la dynamique territoriale de l’état du Guerrero. Par conséquent, l’étude de sa planification urbaine est pertinente pour la perspective de la gouvernance démocratique et des processus politiques connexes régionaux. Nous analysons le discours des ateliers de participation citoyenne du processus de planification urbaine de 2015, au cours desquels a prévalu un idéal de ville touristique sans vision environnementale : il s’agit alors d’un exercice de participation réalisé uniquement pour légitimer le processus de planification, sans résultat concret. Nous avons montré que les organes auxiliaires de planification ne parviennent pas à construire un consensus, en raison de la présence d’un groupe influent de techniciens et d’une représentativité nulle des groupes vulnérables. La ville inclusive et l’intérêt collectif doivent être revendiqués par la société civile.

The present study examined familism as a central cultural value that may predict Mexican-origin adolescents' disclosure to and secrecy with mothers and fathers. The data came from 246 Mexican-origin adolescents in the southwestern United States (51% female

Resumo Introdução Durante a pandemia de Covid-19, o uso do álcool a 70° GL foi amplamente recomendado para a higienização das mãos e superfícies. Acoplada à maior permanência das pessoas dentro do domicílio, essa recomendação pode contribuir para o aumento do risco de queimaduras. Objetivo Delinear os riscos de queimaduras no contexto da pandemia. Método Revisão por meio de análise documental. Resultados O álcool líquido 70° GL e o álcool isopropílico 70° GL são substâncias que apresentam maior risco de ignição no uso e armazenamento. O álcool 70° GL em gel deve ser priorizado tanto pela maior facilidade de uso para antissepsia das mãos como pelo menor risco de inflamabilidade. Esses materiais não devem ser manuseados durante o preparo de alimentos. Conclusão As autoridades sanitárias e governamentais devem se responsabilizar pela divulgação dos cuidados necessários para prevenção de queimaduras e incêndios no contexto da pandemia.

Risk factors for and postoperative results of the Fontan operation in patients living at high altitude (2500 meters above sea level) in the Andean region remain unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate immediate postoperative outcomes and to assess short- and long-term functional class after the Fontan operation.From June 2003 to February 2019, 104 patients receiving the Fontan procedure at 2640 meters (8661 feet) above sea level were retrospectively studied. Preoperative catheterization, intraoperative variables, and postoperative outcomes were described. Functional class was evaluated in patients living permanently below (group I) and at or higher than 2500 meters (8202 feet) above sea level (group II). Risk factors for mortality were analyzed.Median age at operation was 8.5 ± 4.4 years; pulmonary artery pressure, 16.2 ± 3.6 mm Hg; end-diastolic systemic ventricular pressure, 13.3 ± 3.8 mm Hg; and pulmonary vascular resistance index, 2.1 (interquartile range, 07-3.7) Wood units. Chest tube duration was 8.5 (6-12) days. Mortality was 4.8%, with 0 in the last 5 years. Higher preoperative pulmonary pressure (16.2 ± 3.6 mm Hg vs 21.2 ± 3.40 mm Hg; P = .01), aortic cross-clamp time (P.001), and renal failure (P.01) were associated with mortality. Functional class improved to class I in 86.4%. Overall survival was 90.7% at 10 years of follow-up.Increased pulmonary pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index are directly related to high altitude. The Fontan-Kreutzer operation performed at high altitude in the Andean region is feasible with good results. We routinely fenestrate all cases to avoid dysfunction in the early postoperative period. Functional status is adequate after the operation.

Ethnically and racially diverse schools provide students opportunities to socially interact with both same- and cross-ethnic peers that can shape their sense of belonging within a school. This study investigates the extent to which same- or cross-ethnic friends influence feelings of school belonging in two large, diverse U.S. high schools (total

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características nutricionales de mezclas frescas y ensiladas, elaboradas a partir de leguminosas y cuatro fuentes de carbohidratos. El experimento fue realizado entre los años 2015 y 2016. Se utilizó un diseño factorial al azar, donde se combinaron cuatro especies de leguminosas (Vigna unguiculata, Arachis pintoi, Cratylia argentea, Erythrina poeppigiana) y cuatro fuentes de carbohidratos (melaza de caña de azúcar, pulpa de cítricos deshidratada, maíz molido y fruto inmaduro de guineo cuadrado), para un total de 16 tratamientos. Los forrajes fueron picados y colocados en bolsas de empaque al vacío durante 50 días. A todos los tratamientos se les agregó inóculo bacterial artesanal (1 L/ton), y fueron repetidos 4 veces. La bromatología de los ensilados fue influenciada por el efecto de la especie leguminosa y de la fuente de carbohidratos. El contenido de materia seca de los ensilados fue menor a 23%, siendo los ensilados de arbóreas los de mayor promedio (19,9%) en comparación con las leguminosas herbáceas (12,6%). La proteína cruda mostró valores entre el 13,9-19,4% en los diferentes tratamientos; los carbohidratos no fibrosos presentaron una concentración entre 23,1-37,5%; la fibra en detergente ácido fluctuó entre 21,6-38,2%; y el total de nutrientes digestibles mostró un intervalo entre 58,3-66,1%. Los ensilados de Cratylia son los materiales que, por su contenido de nutrientes, muestran mayor aporte de proteína bruta, aunque son los de menor contenido energético sin importar el tipo de carbohidrato que se utilice. Por otra parte, el maíz molido fue la fuente de carbohidratos que más cambios provocó en los ensilados, ya que aumentó los valores de materia seca, carbohidratos no fibrosos y energía.

Masculino de 68 años, desconocido enfermo, tabaquista activo, quien presenta historia de disnea de larga data asociado dolor precordial, por lo que se realizó tamizaje por cáncer pulmonar, encontrándose como hallazgo incidental un diverticulo de Kommerell asociado a probable anillo vascular aórtico.

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of lung ultrasound (LUS) in screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients requiring surgery.Patients underwent a LUS protocol that included a scoring system for screening COVID-19 pneumonia as well as RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was determined for the relationship between LUS score and PCR test results for COVID-19. The optimal threshold for the best discrimination between non-COVID-19 patients and COVID-19 patients was calculated.Among 203 patients enrolled (mean age 48 years; 82 males), 8.3% were COVID-19-positive; 4.9% were diagnosed via the initial RT-PCR test. Of the patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, 64.7% required in-hospital management and 17.6% died. The most common ultrasound findings were B lines (19.7%) and a thickened pleura (19.2%). The AUC of the ROC curve of the relationship of LUS score with a cutoff value8 versus RT-PCR test for the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia was 0.75 (95% CI 0.61-0.89; sensitivity 52.9%; specificity 91%; LR (+) 6.15, LR (-) 0.51).The LUS score in surgical patients is not a useful tool for screening patients with potential COVID-19 infection. LUS score shows a high specificity with a cut-off value of 8.

Un garañón, raza Costarricense de Paso, de 5 años, presentó un trauma de pene durante el coito. desarrolló parafimosis complicada con: edema, hematoma, infección local y ulceraciones cutáneas. Se efectúa una revisión de la literatura relacionada con aspectos importantes del tema, incluyendo la perspectiva de bienestar animal en reproducción caballar. Si se considera que el trauma de pene es un problema relativamente frecuente en equinos, es importante publicar esta información, para beneficio del profesional veterinario que trabaja en condiciones de campo sin el adecuado soporte de un hospital equino, como sucede en algunos países. Se describe cómo fabricar, caseramente, y aplicar un suspensorio genital para el manejo conservador exitoso del problema. Se exponen instrucciones generales para prevenir accidentes relacionados con el coito equino. Este tema se considera materia importante para evitar maltrato animal.

Funder: Brazilian Program for Biodiversity Research, Funder: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004916, Funder: National Institute for Amazonian Biodiversity, Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser‐availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource‐availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree‐inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree‐inventory plots across terra‐firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance‐weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra‐firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser‐availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.

En este documento se demuestra de forma práctica como las aplicaciones móviles pueden ser consideradas como una gran herramienta, en la enseñanza de diversas áreas en básica primaria como son: matemáticas, inglés, sociales, español, entre otras. Es importante anotar cómo los docentes pueden apoyar sus procesos de enseñanza, a través del uso de dispositivos móviles, en los cuales se instalan aplicaciones sencillas de usar para los estudiantes, de fácil entendimiento y manejo. Particularmente aplicaciones como SAIA v1.0, GROBOT v1.0, STEAM MATH v1.0 y STUDENT STEAM v 1.0 que han sido diseñadas a la medida y puestas a disposición de instituciones de básica primaria, con la finalidad de apoyar sus procesos, obteniendo excelentes resultados, representando para ellos herramientas prácticas, de liviana portabilidad y de fácil manipulación, pero sobre todo son aplicaciones que permiten afianzar los conocimientos adquiridos sin la presencia del docente. Educational mobile applications have gained strength in the teaching and learning processes, for this reason, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate how these mobile applications can be considered a great tool in teaching using steam methodology. The paper has a descriptive character, considering the way in which the different forms of learning are supported by mobile devices and are becoming new teaching models. The topics addressed, the services received, the content exposed, among others, are analyzed. The results show a positive impact after the use of the applications on the performance, motivation, attitude and interest in learning of the students in the topics developed, as well as the satisfaction of the teachers for the support of the mobile applications in their work, and how the applications allow reinforcing the knowledge acquired without the presence of the teacher.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación cualitativa realizada durante 2016 y 2017 con 73 mujeres jóvenes de clase media de tres universidades públicas de la Ciudad de México. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer sus prácticas y representaciones sociales en su experiencia al habitar en la ciudad y transitar por sus espacios públicos de interconexión. Para ello se parte de la pregunta sobre cómo representan dos de los espacios públicos físicos de interconexión que usan: las calles por las que se desplazan a sus universidades y el transporte público. Pero también los lugares públicos a los que se desplazan: la universidad, museos y parques. ¿Cómo es su experiencia espacial al moverse en la ciudad? Los resultados evidencian las condiciones de inseguridad y violencia que enfrentan estas mujeres en su vida cotidiana y la representación que hacen de una ciudad que las acecha y las descuida, la ciudad que naturaliza el acoso, la ciudad desigual para las mujeres a partir de sus formas de desplazarse y representar estos espacios.

In this paper we report the rediscovery of the endangered cichlid fish Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse 1966) in the southern Pacific region of Costa Rica. Additionally, we provide new and updated information on the morphology, growth, habitat use and distribution of the species based on data and specimens recently collected as well as on museum material. This information will be relevant for future taxonomic and conservation studies/purposes, contributing to a better understanding on the biology of the species.

This article discusses Costa Rica’s policies and institutions created by the state to redistribute land during the 1960s and 1970s, when Latin American was implementing agrarian reforms. The paper also addresses the creation of the national parks system and forest conservation state policy supported by different scientific organisations during the same period. Within this context, this research seeks to explore the interface between the agrarian question (surrounding land and agrarian reform) and the ecological question (related to forest, national parks and conservation policies). The study examines how the transformations in land tenure and forest conservation have led to the structuring of a ‘new agrarian question’, which encompasses the concentration of land as well as the concentration of payments for environmental services.

Impunity as a sanctuary refers to a situation wherein structures are constituted to prevent the legal system from reacting to criminal conduct. Focusing on the state criminality, this study examines the concept of impunity as a form of interference with the legal process. It also analyzes the continuities between the structures of power prompting criminal conduct and the lack of legal sanction. In this sense, the metaphor “sanctuary” shifts the main understanding of impunity as a problem that is exclusive to the internal operation of the criminal system to a wider constraint that supposes studying possible asymmetries of power from the legal system vis-à-vis other powerful actors. With this purpose, this paper considers a number of cases shedding light to structures of denial and obfuscation that allow to understand the particularities of understanding impunity as a sanctuary.

Tree mycorrhizal type plays an important role in promoting plant species diversity and coexistence, via its mediating role in conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD), i.e., the process by which an individual's performance is impaired by the density of conspecific plants. Previous findings suggest that ectomycorrhizal (EM) tree species are generally less susceptible to CNDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species, due to the chemical and physical protection that EM fungi provide their host with. We examined how CNDD effects on leaf herbivory, seedling growth, and survival differ between AM and EM seedlings of ten tree species collected over 3 years in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China. We found that AM and EM seedlings differed in how conspecific density affected their leaf herbivory, seedling growth, and survival. Specifically, AM seedlings leaf herbivory rates significantly increased with increasing conspecific seedling and adult density, and their growth and survival rates decreased with increasing conspecific adult density, these patterns were, however, absent in EM seedlings. Our work suggests that AM seedlings have a performance disadvantage relative to EM seedlings related to the negative effects from conspecific neighbors. We highlight the importance of integrating information on seedling leaf herbivory, seedling growth, to provide further understanding on potential mechanisms driving differences in CNDD between AM and EM tree seedlings.

Recientemente, el Gobierno de Chile ha publicado su Política Nacional de Inteligencia Artificial del Gobierno de Chile, la cual propone la adaptación del régimen de propiedad intelectual para incentivar y fortalecer la creatividad basada en inteligencia artificial. Usualmente se recurre a la legislación británica para mostrar una potencial regulación de las obras generadas autónomamente por una inteligencia artificial. En este contexto, el artículo analiza el alcance de la protección que el copyright británico otorga a las obras generadas por un computador. Así, el artículo busca determinar si el copyright británico protege las obras generadas autónomamente por una IA y, así, servir de insumo para la discusión legislativa chilena.

This article designs a high-efficiency electric propulsion system for industrial trucks, such as dumper trucks. This design proposes using an alternative energy storage system of green H2 hydrogen to reduce emissions. This design determines the propulsion systems' technical and power requirements, starting with each vehicle's driving and duty cycles. For this analysis, a longitudinal dynamic model is created, with which the behavior of the energy conversion chain of the propulsion system is established. The evolutionary methodology analyzes the dynamic forces of vehicle interaction to size the propulsion system's components and the storage system. Using green H2 as fuel allows an energy yield three times higher than diesel. In addition, using this green hydrogen prevents the emission of 264,172 kg of CO₂, which the dumper emits when consuming 1,000 daily gallons of diesel within its working day.

For the first time ever, samples were collected from volcanic lake waters in Costa Rica using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (drone), which represents a major achievement in human-machine interaction, and innovation in the technology sector. A Matrice 600 Pro drone was used for remote sampling in the hyperacid crater lake of the Poás volcano, the mildly acidic Lake Botos, and the nearly neutral Lake Hule. A bailer bottle of 250 mL and a HOBO temperature probe, mounted on the drone, were deployed using a specially designed delivery-retrieval system. A comparison was carried out relating to the geochemistry of lake water collected by drone as opposed to the hand-collected samples. The SO4-2/Cl ratios of the two samples at Poás hyperacid crater lake were similar, (1.1 ± 0.2) on average, an indication of a lake with homogenous water composition. The Lake Hule showed a similar composition to that registered twenty years ago. The waters from Lake Botos showed some differences, which may be explained by the influence of springs at the bottom of the lake, but the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a satisfactory level of similarity. Autonomous navigation proves to be very useful for faster, more efficient, reliable, and less hazardous sampling of volcanic lakes.

In order to understand the link between brain functional states and behavioral/cognitive processes, the information carried in neural oscillations can be retrieved using different analytic techniques. Processing these different bio-signals is a complex, time-consuming, and often non-automatized process that requires customization, due to the type of signal acquired, acquisition method implemented, and the objectives of each individual research group. To this end, a new graphical user interface (GUI), named BOARD-FTD-PACC, was developed and designed to facilitate the visualization, quantification, and analysis of neurophysiological recordings. BOARD-FTD-PACC provides different and customizable tools that facilitate the task of analyzing post-synaptic activity and complex neural oscillatory data, mainly cross-frequency analysis. It is a flexible and user-friendly software that can be used by a wide range of users to extract valuable information from neurophysiological signals such as phase–amplitude coupling and relative power spectral density, among others. BOARD-FTD-PACC allows researchers to select, in the same open-source GUI, different approaches and techniques that will help promote a better understanding of synaptic and oscillatory activity in specific brain structures with or without stimulation.

Connecting otherwise disconnected individuals and groups—spanning structural holes—can earn social network brokers faster promotions, higher remuneration, and enhanced creativity. Organizations also benefit through improved communication and coordination from these connections between knowledge silos. Neglected in prior research, however, has been theory and evidence concerning the psychological costs to individuals of engaging in brokering activities. We build new theory concerning the extent to which keeping people separated (i.e., tertius separans brokering) relative to bringing people together (i.e., tertius iungens brokering) results in burnout and in abusive behavior toward coworkers. Engagement in tertius separans brokering, relative to tertius iungens brokering, we suggest, burdens people with onerous demands while limiting access to resources necessary to recover. Across three studies, we find that tertius separans leads to abusive behavior of others, mediated by an increased experience of burnout on the part of the broker. First, we conducted a five-month field study of burnout and abusive behavior, with brokering assessed via email exchanges among 1,536 university employees in South America. Second, we examined time-separated data on self-reported brokering behaviors, burnout, and coworker abuse among 242 employees of U.S. organizations. Third, we experimentally investigated the effects of the two types of brokering behaviors on burnout and abusive behavior for 273 employed adults. The results across three studies showed that tertius separans brokering puts the broker at an increased risk of burnout and subsequent abusive behavior toward others in the workplace. Funding: E. Quintane received funding from Ernst & Young GmbH Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft.

Bacterial restriction-modification (R-M) systems are a first-line immune defense against foreign DNA from viruses and other bacteria. While R-M systems are critical in maintaining genome integrity, R-M nucleases unfortunately present significant barriers to targeted genetic modification. Bacteria of the genus Fusobacterium are oral, Gram-negative, anaerobic, opportunistic pathogens that are implicated in the progression and severity of multiple cancers and tissue infections, yet our understanding of their direct roles in disease have been severely hindered by their genetic recalcitrance. Here, we demonstrate a path to overcome these barriers in Fusobacterium by using native DNA methylation as a host mimicry strategy to bypass R-M system cleavage of transformed plasmid DNA. We report the identification, characterization, and successful use of Fusobacterium nucleatum type II and III DNA methyltransferase (MTase) enzymes to produce a multifold increase in gene knockout efficiency in the strain Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum 23726, as well as the first system for efficient gene knockouts and complementations in F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum 25586. We show plasmid protection can be accomplished in vitro with purified enzymes, as well as in vivo in an Escherichia coli host that constitutively expresses F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum MTase enzymes. In summary, this proof-of-concept study characterizes specific MTases that are critical for bypassing R-M systems and has enhanced our understanding of enzyme combinations that could be used to genetically modify clinical isolates of Fusobacterium that have thus far been inaccessible to molecular characterization. IMPORTANCE Fusobacterium nucleatum is an oral opportunistic pathogen associated with diseases that include cancer and preterm birth. Our understanding of how this bacterium modulates human disease has been hindered by a lack of genetic systems. Here, we show that F. nucleatum DNA methyltransferase-modified plasmid DNA overcomes the transformation barrier and has allowed the development of a genetic system in a previously inaccessible strain. We present a strategy that could potentially be expanded to enable the genetic modification of highly recalcitrant strains, thereby fostering investigational studies to uncover novel host-pathogen interactions in Fusobacterium.

Supplementary information on cell maintenance, and antibody selection and characterization

FAP-drozitumab antibody-mediated apoptosis does not correlate with DR5.

Characterization and optimization of RG7386 dosing in vivo.

Dysregulated cellular apoptosis and resistance to cell death are hallmarks of neoplastic initiation and disease progression. Therefore, the development of agents that overcome apoptosis dysregulation in tumor cells is an attractive therapeutic approach. Activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway is strongly dependent on death receptor (DR) hyperclustering on the cell surface. However, strategies to activate DR5 or DR4 through agonistic antibodies have had only limited clinical success. To pursue an alternative approach for tumor-targeted induction of apoptosis, we engineered a bispecific antibody (BsAb), which simultaneously targets fibroblast-activation protein (FAP) on cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor stroma and DR5 on tumor cells. We hypothesized that bivalent binding to both FAP and DR5 leads to avidity-driven hyperclustering of DR5 and subsequently strong induction of apoptosis in tumor cells but not in normal cells. Here, we show that RG7386, an optimized FAP-DR5 BsAb, triggers potent tumor cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in preclinical tumor models with FAP-positive stroma. RG7386 antitumor efficacy was strictly FAP dependent, was independent of FcR cross-linking, and was superior to conventional DR5 antibodies. In combination with irinotecan or doxorubicin, FAP-DR5 treatment resulted in substantial tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft models. FAP-DR5 also demonstrated single-agent activity against FAP-expressing malignant cells, due to cross-binding of FAP and DR5 across tumor cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RG7386, a novel and potent antitumor agent in both mono- and combination therapies, overcomes limitations of previous DR5 antibodies and represents a promising approach to conquer tumor-associated resistance to apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 946–57. ©2016 AACR.

Figure S2. Related to Figure 3. In vitro characterization of the FAP-DR5 BsAb RG7386; Table S4. Characterization of RG7386 binding avidities.

Supplementary Figure from A Novel EGFRvIII T-Cell Bispecific Antibody for the Treatment of Glioblastoma

FAP-drozitumab BsAb induces tumor growth inhibition in vivo.

Figure S1. Related to Figure 1. Characterization of FAP-drozitumab BsAbs and antitumor efficacy in the presence of FAP-expressing fibroblasts in in vitro co-culture models; Table S1. BsAb binding to DR5 and FAP antigens; Table S2. Anti-tumor efficacy of FAP-drozitumab bispecific molecules is FAPdependent.