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Pedestrianization is an urban revitalization strategy to enhance sustainability and livability in car-oriented cities. Despite many studies in this research field, the effects of pedestrianization on the economy of cities in developing countries still need further investigation. Additionally, the impact of this strategy on the tenant mix of commercial and historical areas in Middle East countries is nebulous. To address these inadequacies, we considered Chaharbagh Abbasi street, located in the heart of Isfahan, Iran, and investigated the impact of a pedestrianization project with particular emphasis on how it affects the economic sustainability of existent commercial fabric. Pre and post-project data along with field observations and quantifications used to assess structural replacements in trade, were analyzed with SPSS and ArcGIS software. The results revealed unexpected outcomes, such as the closure of some traditional businesses (27.5%), a stagnation in sales (69%) and a decrease in job offers (84%) leading the local economy to a fragile situation. Conversely, it was found that the footfall volume increased by 64% and 73% from the retailers’ and pedestrians’ viewpoints. This evolution along with a wide opening of food and beverage stores (approximately 60%) makes the post-pedestrianization results more promising than earlier predictions. In conclusion, these findings reinforce the importance of pedestrian streets in revitalizing economic activities in historical and commercial areas from the perspective of economic sustainability. Due to the lack of similar investigations in Middle East countries, these findings can support decision-makers and urban planners to take preventive measures in preserving the diversity of individual small shops for upcoming urban rehabilitation projects in terms of pedestrianization.

A temporal analysis of landscape change patterns and consequent evaluation of urban expansion has been studied for the Dera Ghazi Khan city which is developing fast since 2000 as an emerging metropolis of South Punjab. The geospatial techniques particularly remote sensing augmented with GIS are vital tools and are mostly used in studying landscape changes and decision making for sustainable urban development. Four Landsat images (1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021) obtained from the free web of GLFC have been analysed. A supervised classification algorithm was applied to all images and results have been presented in both tabular and graphic forms. Present study, focuses upon two land-use classes i.e. built up and open areas, which will be monitored by land-use patterns of Dera Ghazi Khan city during 1991 to 2021 using satellite images. The graphical depiction of all the landscape changes, which have taken place in D. G. Khan city in the form of tables and maps provides detailed information about the degree and ratio of urban expansion and the changes in land use that occurred during the stipulated period.The classification was based on four categories i.e., urban land, bare soil, vegetation, and water; while maps were prepared to present the temporal changes in D. G. Khan city. A total of 52 sq./kms areas was selected for this study designated as the Dera Ghazi Khan city. According to the results, 33% of the urban area has been expanded in Dera Ghazi Khan from 1991 to 2021 and 19% vegetation cover has been reduced. It is a very alarming situation that agricultural land is decreasing because of urban expansion. The results revealed the significance of remote sensing and GIS in evaluating landscape changes.

The importance of plants in the urban environment is sufficiently demonstrated by their potential and the ecosystem services they generate for the environment and populations. The present work aimed at assessing the contribution of avenue trees to carbon sequestration in the municipality of Sèmè-Podji in Benin. The methodological approach used has allowed making the inventory of trees along 26 kilometers of managed roadways. The diversity and structure parameters were computed to assess the floristic potential, the diameter and height structure of the trees, then the sequestered carbon from the allometric equations established for urban environments. The results revealed 19 species grouped into 12 families and 17 genus along the explored streets. Shannon's average diversity index (3.25±0.13 bits) and Pielou's equitability (0.76±0.04) explain the dominance of a few species, among which the most representative are Terminalia catappa (33.79%), Delonix regia (12.5%), and Khaya senegalensis (9.72%). The diameter and height structures are irregular, with average of 46.75 ± 33.46 cm and 10.35 ± 5.33 m respectively. The aerial biomass for the inventoried streets is 756.16 t/ha, corresponding to a carbon stock of 378.17 t/ha, that is the equivalent of 102.09 t of CO2 per hectare. It appeared from this study that the floristic procession and the structural characteristics of the avenue trees are limited to ensure the socio-ecological functions in the municipality of Sèmè-Podji. However, this information could encourage decision-makers to take reforestation measures to increase the vegetation cover of the streets and for better management of the city's urban forestry.

ResumenEn este artículo se repasa la delimitación y el tratamiento urbanístico de los núcleos rurales en Galicia. Se comienza realizando un recorrido por la evolución de la normativa gallega en materia de suelo, prestando especial atención al tratamiento de los núcleos rurales, su identificación y delimitación. En segundo lugar, se examina cómo se aplican estos criterios en la práctica cotidiana del planeamiento municipal, presentando 17 casos de estudio correspondientes a otras tantas figuras, representativas de las diferentes etapas legislativas estudiadas previamente. A la luz de los resultados de este análisis, se enuncian unas conclusiones, señalando algunas insuficiencias de los criterios legales para el tratamiento del Suelo de Núcleo Rural, en particular su escasa atención a los aspectos morfológicos. Finalmente, se realiza una reflexión crítica sobre las causas que pueden estar detrás del uso y abuso de esta clase de suelo. AbstractThis paper reviews the treatment in urban planning of rural areas in Galicia. It begins with a review of the evolution of Galician land regulations, paying special attention to the treatment of rural areas, their identification and delimitation. Secondly, it examines how these criteria are applied in the daily practice of municipal planning, analyzing 17 case studies corresponding to as many figures, representative of the different legislative stages previously studied. In light of the results of this analysis, some conclusions are enunciated, pointing out some insufficiencies of the legal criteria for the treatment of Rural Nucleus Land class, particularly its scant attention to morphological aspects. Finally, a critical reflection is carried out on the causes that may be behind the use and abuse of this land class.

Climate change requires forward-looking policy responses. Developing such responses can be challenging for governments and, therefore, specific long-term institutions have been proposed for overcoming short-termism. However, the impacts of such institutions have been underexplored. In this paper, we analyze the influence of a long-term institution, the Dutch Delta Programme, on local governments’ decisions. The paper results are based on an analysis of climate adaptation strategies, investment plans and adaptation projects and interviews with policymakers, across seven Dutch municipalities. Results indicate that while local adaptation strategies are largely forward looking, adaptation projects tend to focus on solving present-day issues. We found that the Delta Programme enabled local governments to make forward-looking decisions and policies, by: (1) providing knowledge about climate vulnerabilities, (2) creating a broader framing of the issue of climate change, and (3) providing guidance for developing local climate adaptation policies.

En el contexto del debate actual sobre la renovación del planeamiento, el artículo examina la singular experiencia vivida por el urbanismo sevillano durante los años de la Transición democrática, deteniéndose en ciertos aspectos de la política urbanística de la corporación salida de las elecciones municipales de 1979. En particular, se analizan las decisiones tomadas en relación con el modo de emplear las figuras de planeamiento, tanto en la ciudad histórica como en la periferia: desde la renuncia a revisar el Plan General vigente, limitándose a su adaptación a la Ley del Suelo de 1975, hasta la apuesta por redactar un amplio abanico de figuras de planeamiento de desarrollo, concebidas para transformar partes concretas de la ciudad. Ese entendimiento de la ciudad desde sus partes y el carácter aparentemente heterodoxo del uso de los planes pueden constituir un estímulo para la práctica urbanística contemporánea, tan necesitada de repensar los instrumentos de intervención en la ciudad. In the context of current debate on the renewal of urban planning, the paper examines the unique experience lived by Sevillian urbanism during the years of the Transition to democracy, ocusing on certain aspects of the urban policy carried out by the Municipal Council elected in 1979. Particularly, the decisions taken on how to use the types of urban planning are analyzed, both in the historic city and in the periphery: from the resignation to reviewing the General Plan in force, limiting itself to its adaptation to the Land Use Act of 1975, up to the commitment to draft a wide range of par-tial development master plans, conceived to transform specific parts of the city. This understanding of the city by parts and the apparently heterodox nature of the use of urban planning instruments can constitute a stimulus for contemporary urban practice, so much in need of rethinking the instruments of intervention in the city.

Resumo São Paulo é o quarto município com maior presença dos povos indígenas no Brasil. Neste artigo relacionamos o processo de crescimento da cidade de São Paulo com a situação histórica dos povos indígenas dessa cidade. Temos como foco a incorporação dos indígenas no processo colonizador, a partir da expropriação de suas terras, para garantir a ocupação e o avanço da posse do território colonial. Por fim, analisamos o processo de periferização desses povos como sintoma histórico, que surge também com um instrumento da ação estatal para o desenvolvimento da cidade e de seus aparelhos urbanos. Esta análise é feita por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica de autores clássicos e contemporâneos e dos relatórios que abordam o tema. Abstract The city of São Paulo has the fourth largest presence of indigenous peoples in Brazil. In this article, we relate the growth process of São Paulo to the historical situation of this city’s indigenous peoples. We focus on the incorporation of these peoples in the colonizing process, accomplished with the expropriation of their lands to ensure occupation and possession of colonial territory. Finally, we analyze the peripheralization of these peoples as a historical symptom, which also emerges as an instrument of state action for the development of the city and its urban apparatuses. This analysis is carried out through a bibliographic review of classical and contemporary authors and of reports that address the theme.

Dockless E-scooter Sharing (DES) has become a popular means of last-mile commute for many smart cities. As e-scooters are getting deployed dynamically and exibly across city regions that expand and/or shrink, accurate prediction of the e-scooter distribution given the recongured regions becomes essential for city planning. We present GCScoot, a novel ow distribution prediction approach for reconguring urban DES systems. Based on real-world datasets with reconguration, we analyze e-scooter distribution features and ow dynamics for the data-driven designs. We propose a novel spatio-temporal graph capsule neural network within GCScoot to predict future dockless e-scooter ows given the recongured regions. GCScoot pre-processes historical spatial e-scooter distributions into ow graph structures, where discretized city regions are considered as nodes and inter-region ows as edges. To facilitate initial training, we cluster the regions and generate virtual data for new deployment regions based on their peers in the same cluster. Given above designs, the region-to-region correlations embedded within the temporal ow graphs are captured via the multi-graph capsule convolutional neural network which accurately predicts the DES ows. Extensive studies upon four e-scooter datasets (total >3.4 million rides) in four populous US cities have corroborated accuracy and effectiveness of GCScoot in predicting the e-scooter distributions.

Exploring large virtual environments, such as cities, is a central task in several domains, such as gaming and urban planning. VR systems can greatly help this task by providing an immersive experience; however, a common issue with viewing and navigating a city in the traditional sense is that users can either obtain a local or a global view, but not both at the same time, requiring them to continuously switch between perspectives, losing context and distracting them from their analysis. In this paper, our goal is to allow users to navigate to points of interest without changing perspectives. To accomplish this, we design an intuitive navigation interface that takes advantage of the strong sense of spatial presence provided by VR. We supplement this interface with a perspective that warps the environment, called UrbanRama, based on a cylindrical projection, providing a mix of local and global views. The design of this interface was performed as an iterative process in collaboration with architects and urban planners. We conducted a qualitative and a quantitative pilot user study to evaluate UrbanRama and the results indicate the effectiveness of our system in reducing perspective changes, while ensuring that the warping doesn't affect distance and orientation perception., Comment: Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8BFZnxq-Qg

The empirical investigation of which risk factor—political or financial—is the optimal driver of country risk in emerging economies in the twenty-first century has grown into a significant and volatile issue in recent decades. This paper investigates the linkages between political risk and financial risk in four Balkan economies (i.e., Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania) from 1984 Q3 to 2018 Q4, using non-linear autoregressive distributed lag co-integration (NARDL) and wavelet coherence approaches. As a result, findings from the links between political risk and financial risk are being used to provide significant insights into effective urban planning in Balkan cities. The outcomes of the NARDAL analysis indicate that there are short-term and long-term asymmetric links between political risk and financial risk in the Balkan countries except for Romania. The wavelet coherence study also revealed that there is significant vulnerability between political risk and financial risk at different frequencies in the region, also, political risk is a key for predicting financial risk over the selected study period at different frequencies in Albania and Bulgaria.

In order to build Beijing into a world-class harmonious and livable capital city, its energy and environmental issues deserve special attention. Considering London’s experience and achievements in tackling smog crisis, New York’s world-class city positioning and influence, and Tokyo’s geographical and cultural characteristics, these three world-class megacities are taken as examples in this study for investigating and analyzing the establishment and optimization of an urban energy system which is clean, efficient, safe, and sustainable. The urban planning strategies, planning experience, and related energy policy of these three megacities for building low-carbon cities are reviewed and their enlightenment to Beijing is discussed. The study of international cases has a certain reference effect on the energy structure adjustment and urban planning practices related to Beijing’s construction of a low-carbon city.

Road extraction plays an important role in urban planning and city extension issues, as well as in road monitoring, traffic management and map updating. Technological advances may offer a wealth of data and techniques that could be implemented in road delineation and extraction, as well as in change detection projects. Among the various methods that have been developed for this purpose, remote sensing techniques and especially digital processing of satellite data could contribute significantly in this direction. This paper presents the study of a road network which concerns the city of Kastoria located in northwestern Greece and its surrounding area. The special character of the road network is closely related to the city’s cultural value which is depicted in its structure. Satellite images of various spatial resolutions were employed for digital processing. Landsat 8 imagery was used in order to detect and delineate the linear features through spatial enhancement, while Landsat 5 images were used to detect changes over time through visual interpretation. Semi-automatic techniques were applied to SPOTmaps products to extract the road network, while an object-oriented approach was applied to QuickBird imagery in order to combine the spatial components with spectral properties. Through semi-automatic digitization and object-oriented workflows, the export of the studied part of the road network in vector format was achieved, thus facilitating the process and reducing the required time. The resulted data are efficient in road network delineation and could be combined with other data for road maintenance and extension, change detection issues, as well as for cultural and touristic purposes.

Understanding intra-urban human mobility patterns and their potential driving forces are vital to city planning and commercial site selection. In this paper, we first investigate the functions of urban regions and how different region types dynamically influence people's trip decisions. Furthermore, we characterize urban circadian rhythms by time-vary inter-regional transition probabilities between these regions with different functions, and integrate them into intervening opportunity model to predict human mobility. Public transportation card data in Shanghai are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in terms of station passenger flows, travel time and trip flux. By taking regional function into consideration, the proposed model significantly improved the prediction accuracy. Quantitative analysis ulteriorly indicates that trip intentions and regional features are critical elements in trip flux prediction, especially in the afternoon and evening when people have an abundance of opportunities to travel by their own volition. When the function of a certain region changes, our model is able to make reasonable predictions accordingly. The results indicate the importance of considering individual travel motivation and regional function in modeling human mobility. The proposed model could serve as a guide for popularity and trip flux prediction in urban planning and reconstruction.

This article examines the effects of socio-economic and political events on the control and management of aesthetics by analysing Turkey’s urban planning process using Istanbul as the case study. The external events were analysed in Istanbul by exploring the historical patterns of Turkey’s urban planning and development history. The urban aesthetics concept, characterized by different periods from the late Ottoman era until today, includes the involvement, development, and continuity of different concepts of aesthetics in the planning process. In this study, the path dependence concept has been used as a methodology, which reveals that critical junctures or major changes have happened by changing economic and political conditions at the national and international levels. Five critical junctures were identified. The findings indicate that path dependence and trajectories revealed different institutional structures without any integrity for aesthetic control under planning regulations. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Problem definition: We study an urban bike lane planning problem based on the fine-grained bike trajectory data, which are made available by smart city infrastructure, such as bike-sharing systems. The key decision is where to build bike lanes in the existing road network. Academic/practical relevance: As bike-sharing systems become widespread in the metropolitan areas over the world, bike lanes are being planned and constructed by many municipal governments to promote cycling and protect cyclists. Traditional bike lane planning approaches often rely on surveys and heuristics. We develop a general and novel optimization framework to guide the bike lane planning from bike trajectories. Methodology: We formalize the bike lane planning problem in view of the cyclists’ utility functions and derive an integer optimization model to maximize the utility. To capture cyclists’ route choices, we develop a bilevel program based on the Multinomial Logit model. Results: We derive structural properties about the base model and prove that the Lagrangian dual of the bike lane planning model is polynomial-time solvable. Furthermore, we reformulate the route-choice-based planning model as a mixed-integer linear program using a linear approximation scheme. We develop tractable formulations and efficient algorithms to solve the large-scale optimization problem. Managerial implications: Via a real-world case study with a city government, we demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms and quantify the trade-off between the coverage of bike trips and continuity of bike lanes. We show how the network topology evolves according to the utility functions and highlight the importance of understanding cyclists’ route choices. The proposed framework drives the data-driven urban-planning scheme in smart city operations management.

The rapid progress of urbanization has expedited the process of urban planning, e.g., new residential, commercial areas, which in turn boosts the local travel demand. We propose a novel "off-deployment traffic estimation problem", namely, to foresee the traffic condition changes of a region prior to the deployment of a construction plan. This problem is important to city planners to evaluate and develop urban deployment plans. However, this task is challenging. Traditional traffic estimation approaches lack the ability to solve this problem, since no data about the impact can be collected before the deployment and old data fails to capture the traffic pattern changes. In this paper, we define the off-deployment traffic estimation problem as a traffic generation problem, and develop a novel deep generative model TrafficGAN that captures the shared patterns across spatial regions of how traffic conditions evolve according to travel demand changes and underlying road network structures. In particular, TrafficGAN captures the road network structures through a dynamic filter in the dynamic convolutional layer. We evaluate our TrafficGAN using a large-scale traffic data collected from Shenzhen, China. Results show that TrafficGAN can more accurately estimate the traffic conditions compared with all baselines.

Green spaces are integral components of urban environments, as they provide numerous health benefits to people. However, urban green spaces are often inequitably distributed. Understanding the rela...

The insufficient access to housing and the commercialization of public space are most problematic aspects of urban development in Poland. As we witness the effects of neoliberalization in the urban policy sector – with an increased presence of private corporate actors combined with a withdrawal of the earlier so dominant public authorities – there is still no long-term policy in place to counteract the negative social as well as economic effects on the citizens. To the contrary, existing political order in many cities supports market solutions, while scaling down investments in public space, municipal housing or building for rent. To better explain the dynamics of urban policy, the paper uses a field theory approach (Martin, 2003), to analyse the role of developers and urban grassroots movements in planning and building of Polish cities. Data from formal and informal interviews with developers, urban activists and public authorities are used, supplemented by results of participatory observations at national conferences, government workshops and activists’ gatherings. Paper describes the ongoing ‘game of the city’ (Domaradzka and Wijkstrom, 2016) in which incumbents defend their dominant position and control over space, while a set of challengers seek to introduce new values and behaviours. It presents the wider context of Polish urban policy field and organizational practices of developers and urban activists to illustrate the field dynamics and actors’ changing strategies. The analysis also shows how the dominant narratives are shaped through re-defining the ‘right to the city’ frame and incorporating it into the developers’ agenda.

The ability to predict city-wide parking availability is crucial for the successful development of Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems. Indeed, the effective prediction of city-wide parking availability can improve parking efficiency, help urban planning and ultimately alleviate city congestion. However, it is a non-trivial task because of three major challenges:1) the non-Euclidean spatial autocorrelation among parking lots, 2) the dynamic temporal autocorrelation inside of and between parking lots, and 3) the scarcity of real-time parking availability information obtained from real-time sensors. To this end, we propose Semi-supervised Hierarchical Recurrent Graph Neural Network-X(SHARE-X) for predicting city-wide parking availability. Specifically, we first propose a hierarchical graph convolution structure to model non-Euclidean spatial autocorrelation among parking lots. Along this line, a contextual graph convolution block and a multi-resolution soft clustering graph convolution block are respectively proposed to capture local and global spatial dependencies between parking lots. Moreover, we devise a hierarchical attentive recurrent network module to incorporate both short and long-term dynamic temporal dependencies of parking lots. Additionally, a parking availability approximation module is introduced to estimate missing real-time parking availabilities from both spatial and temporal domains. Finally,experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the prediction performance of SHARE-X outperforms eight state-of-the-art baselines.

The diversity of urban heritage is determined by some national peculiarities of the development of cities and towns. In Russia, river beaches are common recreational elements of urban environments. Representative examples of such beaches from two cities, namely Rostov-on-Don and Cherepovets, are examined. This study utilizes both a qualitative approach for argumentation of heritage value and a semi-quantitative evaluation of aesthetic properties. It is argued that the urban river beaches are linked closely to the cities’ identities. They were created in the Soviet times when significant attention was paid to healthy lifestyle and rational planning in growing and industrialized urban areas. Two main findings are the potential historical heritage value of the urban river beaches of Russia, including two examples considered in this study, and their significant appeal to the visitors’ sense of beauty. Although Rostov-on-Don and Cherepovets represent very different natural and socio-economical environments, their river beaches are important in regard to the representation of the cities’ identities and aesthetics. This importance is a bit higher in the case of Rostov-on-Don. It is generally concluded that river beaches in Russian cities constitute potential, country-specific heritage, which seems to be a part of the Soviet legacy. Creating their national catalogue with GIS technologies is desirable.

The holistic development of an urban area includes many dimensions, including access to basic amenities, infrastructure, transportation, opportunities, and environmental conditions. There are a few studies that assess holistic growth and define the Quality of Life (QoL) considering some of these dimensions. In today's world, transportation plays a vital role in accessing all the opportunities for an individual, but not all studies use it for assessing QoL. Moreover, no study has considered gender role for QoL assessment. In this paper, the Urban Quality of Life (UQoL) score is developed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to quantify the relative holistic urban development of 14 cities in India using 29 indicators grouped into seven components. The seven components resulted in seven indices: 1) Basic amenities index, 2) Economic development index, 3) Safety and security index, 4) Transportation access index, 5) Environmental impact index, 6) Infrastructure development index, and 7) Gender role index. It is found that the indicators corresponding to the transportation access index have higher variation compared to other indicators. The indices are combined to obtain the UQoL score, and the 14 cities are ranked. Greater Mumbai topped the chart, whereas Patna is at the bottom. Mumbai is followed by Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai in the rank; Mumbai and Delhi have comparable UQoL scores. Indore, Jaipur, Lucknow, and Bhopal are other cities at the bottom and have comparable UQoL scores. It was found that the transportation access index has the highest contribution to UQoL, compared to other indices. Gender Role Index (GRI) contributed significantly to UQoL, and it was found that the ranks of six cities would have been different if GRI indicators were not considered. This study gives significant insights to the urban planners on the policy decisions that improve the UQoL in the respective cities.

Making the metropolitan area resilient, in many cases, calls for amending its spatial structures. This may take various forms, including both reshaping the metropolitan core and redeveloping the entire regional network of cities and centres, making them part of a coherent structure. The latter strategy is associated with reinforcing secondary urban centres as well as shaping new connections between them. In this case, the term “resilience” is associated not only with environmental aspects but also with socio-economic and spatial ones. Shaping resilient metropolitan areas is therefore associated with complex planning and development undertakings, in many cases spread over decades. This approach was proven to be correct during the recent Covid-19 pandemic, which spurred this process of rethinking metropolitan structures and led to generating new approaches to metropolitan development and planning. The article focuses on the Gdansk–Gdynia–Sopot Metropolitan Area, which is potentially the largest polycentric metropolitan area on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. In this case, polycentricity has a twofold origin—it includes centres with a shaped spatial structure that come closer together as they develop and diffuse suburban structure, the shaping of which remains one of the main challenges of the regional spatial policy. The authors look at both concepts and tools associated with reshaping this metropolitan centre. In particular, they analyse the effects of using both obligatory and optional planning tools which are available according to Polish law. They also try to answer the question of under what conditions a polycentric structure has a chance to become a resistant structure.

Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg 1918 wurden in Deutschland Kreativität, Modernität und Fortschrittsglaube in vielen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen tonangebend. Eine nicht zu unterschätzende Bedeutung kam dabei den auf technischen Neuerungen aufbauenden gesellschaftlichen Hoffnungen zu, warum sollte nicht auch das Wohnungselend, die Armut und die darin häufig ihre Ursache habende Kriminalität beseitigt werden können. Für Architekten und Stadtplaner hieß das: Das Glück ist baubar und die Welt veränderbar! Bei der Umsetzung gaben Bruno Taut (1880–1938) und Martin Wagner (1885–1957) in Deutschland den Ton an. Ihre Siedlungen zählen heute zum Weltkulturerbe.

Gestada en el giro del siglo XIX al XX en el Reino Unido, la eugenesia fue trascendiendo sus fronteras de manera inusitada. Su diversidad se hizo particularmente notoria durante la década de 1930, cuando la expansión en Sudamérica dejó entrever precisos programas de integración a redes internacionales. En ese marco se inscribe el impacto ejercido por la biotipología italiana y por la biocracia francesa, corrientes que alimentaron la eugenesia latina, al aportar modelos normativos y crear con el “hombre nuevo” un estereotipo ejemplar llamado a regenerar las sociedades modernas. Las teorías de sus principales impulsores, Nicola Pende y Alexis Carrel, recorrieron la región a través de la difusión del instituto biotipológico y los estudios que allí se llevaban a cabo, en un caso, y por medio del enorme suceso alcanzado por un libro, en el otro. Se abordan aquí aspectos de la recepción de ambas teorías en la creación del Ministerio de Educación y Salud de Río de Janeiro que debía plasmar material y simbólicamente las ideas de la eugenesia y un estereotipo del hombre brasileño., After its advent in the United Kingdom at the turn of the 20th Century, Eugenics started to transcend its borders in an unusual way. Its diversity became particularly noticeable during the 1930s when its expansion in South America revealed precise programs for integration into international networks. The impact exerted by Italian Biotypology and French Biocracy is inscribed in this framework, movements that fed Latin American Eugenics, providing normative models, and creating through the “new man” an exemplary stereotype for regenerating modern societies. The theories of its main promoters, Nicola Pende and Alexis Carrel, were disseminated in the region through biotypological institutes and the studies which they carried out, on the one hand, and through the unusual popularity reached by a book, on the other. So, this paper studies some aspects of the reception of both theories in the creation of the Ministry of Education and Health of Rio de Janeiro, which should embody, materially and symbolically, the ideas of Eugenics and a stereotype of the Brazilian man., Depois de gestada na passagem do século XIX para o século XX no Reino Unido, a eugenia foi transcendendo suas fronteiras de forma incomum. Sua diversidade tornou-se particularmente notável na década de 1930, quando a expansão na América do Sul revelou programas precisos de integração em redes internacionais. Nesse quadro está inscrito o impacto exercido pela biotipologia italiana e pela biocracia francesa, correntes que alimentaram a eugenia latina, fornecendo modelos normativos e criando com o “novo homem” um estereótipo exemplar chamado a regenerar as sociedades modernas. As teorias de seus principais impulsores, Nicola Pende e Alexis Carrel, percorreram a região através da difusão do instituto biotipológico e os estudos que ali eram realizados, em um caso, e por meio do sucesso inusitado alcançado por um libro, no outro. São abordados aqui aspectos da recepção de ambas as teorias na criação do Ministério da Educação e Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, que deveria plasmar material e simbolicamente as ideias da eugenia e um estereótipo do homem brasileiro., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

"flood.py": rainfall volume method has a perfect simulation effect and has been widely applied in flood inundation simulation. Therefore, the rainfall volume method was used in Python to simulate flood inundation scenarios.

This project studies the Charlottesville-Albemarle area through the lens of sedimented and spatialized racial histories. Foundational stories are central to society’s framing of the ongoing and everyday actions that pertain to our collective futures. But public memory is not fixed: histories are constantly made and remade, and dynamics of power and interest are as constituent of these stories as the “facts” themselves. In many cases, celebratory and linear histories serve the interests of elites and those seeking to consolidate histories around supporting particular kinds of gain. This work seeks to destabilize and reorganize historical facts through a relational approach to history: probing the gaps, unraveling constructed certainties, ticking between and connecting across various historical, spatial, and social positionalities, and reorganizing seemingly unconnected stories across time and space. The resulting study is structured roughly chronologically. Section One starts with the Charlottesville-Albemarle Area about ten years before the American Civil War. I make the case that the locality was, even in its agricultural state, an important node in commodity exchanges that brought significant wealth to white plantation and merchant classes from across the globe. I then show how the spatial logics and of commodity crop growing permeated the everyday lives of Virginians across scales from the landscape all the way down to the individual human body. Section 2 turns toward post-bellum Charlottesville after the Civil War, and traces how Charlottesville was entangled with the institutional, cultural, and spatial shifts that moved from racial indeterminacy soon after emancipation to the rigid codification and spatialization of racial differences through urbanization by 1929. Section Three deliberately turns away from these invented trajectories that insist that spaces, humans, and people are most valuable in their ability to produce differential valuations for capital accumulation. In this chapter I use my own historical situatedness to explore what possibilities my antecedents “put down” in order “succeed” in the context of the racial capitalist city. I explore few avenues and frameworks that point toward alternative relationalities and entanglements that exist in parallel to dominant logics. I term these options hiding in plain sight genealogies of entanglement, and argue for designers and spatial thinkers to “pick up” these available threads, long suppressed because of the danger they pose to systems of accumulation. I speculate as to where these explorations might move our social-environmental trajectories if explored collectively amidst the collapses of our current systems.

Informed by the theory of post-politics, this PhD explores public engagement and conflict in Hong Kong planning. It seeks to develop a deeper understanding of the escalating antagonism in the city, as well as to improve theory by probing post-politics’ applicability to a non-Western context. This thesis begins with an introduction to planning theory, particularly the emergence of post-politics as a popular lens in the analysis of contemporary planning practice. Hong Kong’s political context and planning system are also reviewed. This leads onto a deeper investigation in Chapter 2 of how the city’s situation may diverge from theory. Chapter 3 presents the methodology, with a particular focus on discourse analysis. The challenges brought about by Covid-19 and political changes in Hong Kong are also discussed. Chapter 4 to 6 contain my empirical findings. Chapter 4 concerns a land supply consultation exercise which aimed to achieve consensus. Drawing on post-politics’ critique, it explores Hong Kong’s tradition of “consensus politics” and studies the techniques the government had used to foreclose debate over the consultation period. Chapter 5 turns to those in resistance, with a focus on rural squatters in Hong Kong. Informed by concepts such as radical democracy and subjectivation, it investigates the construction of meanings and identities by different actors. Chapter 6 looks into the future by reflecting on the implications on resistance as the political space in Hong Kong tightens. In particular, it studies the issue of hope, tracing the shift of its location through different stages of resistance. Chapter 7 concludes. This thesis has identified the potential of the application of post-politics to non-Western contexts such as Hong Kong, as well as disparities that future studies should take into consideration. It covers two dimensions of post politics — as a governing technique and as a lens to analyse and inform resistance. I argue that this thesis can be taken both as a cautionary tale for the Hong Kong authorities and an inspiration for those in resistance.

With this workshop, we aim to provide a forum for participants populated by researchers, urban planners, co-creation facilitators, and representatives of municipalities to share their experiences with co-creation tools and methods in urban planning. We focus on reflecting on key issues based on CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) and PD (Participatory Design) concepts and approaches regarding engagement, participation, and consensus-making in technology-supported co-creation processes. By concentrating on spatial and urban planning practices, we will connect above mentioned actors to discuss different participation and co-creation processes among disciplines. After briefly introducing state-of-the-art co-creation techniques, Design Thinking approaches connected with supporting technologies will be examined and evaluated in group discussions by informing the presented practices with theories and concepts from CSCW and PD research.

Urban labs are arenas for fostering urban sustainable transitions, where different actors experiment and learn together how to create inclusive and sustainable cities. A key aspect of these processes is social learning, which is the collaborative learning process through which new understandings and practices emerge from the activities of urban labs. Social learning also includes the process through which these understandings and practices are further anchored and can transform the organizations participating in urban labs. Social learning is seen as key to tackling polarization and creating transformational capacity at different levels. This article explores how social learning can strengthen urban labs’ democratic ambitions. Building on the insights emerging from a collaborative learning process with civil servants within an urban lab, it highlights the need for ensuring plurality and challenging privilege in social learning. It also emphasizes the importance of nurturing a listening capacity within urban labs and municipal organizations.

This thesis project defines the role of a ‘third place’ as an informal public space and an essential part of the urban landscape, as well as citizens’ daily lives. Such spaces help the urban growth to integrate with the lives of the people, allowing for our diverse community to come together and nourish new kinds of relationships that are rather hard to obtain in private or commercialized spaces. Our cities are increasingly deprived of such spaces due to changes in our urban planning structure. Culture of commerce has put a lot of pressure on urban areas replacing the program of present and potential public areas for private functions. With the introduction of online communication and creation of social networks most social encounters take place in cyberspace. These technologies allow for easy and constant virtual information exchanges eliminating the need for physical contact, therefore changing the patterns of social interaction. Aiming to bring us closer together, these technologies began to physically isolate our society even more. As members of our society enter into the virtual world of these technologies everywhere they go, they began to isolate themselves from others in the physical realm. This thesis project aims to redefine the physical role of a ‘third place’ in the context of a modern society that has been affected by virtual communication technologies and increasing privatization of urban public spaces. A new form of a ‘third place’ will be designed to create a sense of place within a community, enhance and bring back the presence of people in the city, engage diverse social groups in physical activities and improve their social interaction.

In recent years, the use of light-coloured pavements has been encouraged internationally for urban design. In particular, colour is a lever that allows the designer to meet an objective of urban roads: the sharing of space, for uses and users. It is also a key factor for pavements in environmental and monumental contexts, where the aesthetics and appearance of the finished layer are essential characteristics.The Pavements and Lighting working group has established a large library of current and innovative urban pavements available on the French market. The colour of these surfaces is notably part of the assessed properties. The objective of this study is to have a tool and an analysis method to understand the development of a project and its evolution according to the effects of colour change.A set of 30 pairs of samples were characterised in their initial state and after 30 months of natural ageing in outdoor conditions, i.e. exposed to rain and sun. It included pavements of several categories: asphalt concrete (bituminous or synthetic binder), mastic asphalt, poured and precast cement concrete. The colour of each sample was measured using three different processes (devices and methods).The results provide a first overview of the colorimetric coordinates per pavement family and show a wide range of achievable colorimetric characteristics. The impact of natural ageing on the colour of the road surface is studied by the comparison of the original with the 30 months measurements. The obtained results highlighted that not all pavements evolve in the same way, depending on their mixture and their finishing stage. Usually, the asphaltic pavements (concrete and mastic) tend to evolve more than the cement concrete samples (poured and precast). The colour of a pavement without surface treatment changes more than a treated one, as well as when dark aggregates are used. The same is true when the binder is synthetic, but it seems that the use of TiO2 in synthetic asphalt pavements reduces the colour evolution.

In the last three decades, increased acknowledgement of the potential harms of gentrification have led to more study of its potential impacts on health and wellbeing for existing residents. This thesis aims to summarize and evaluate the potential health effects of gentrification as suggested by the literature consensus and compare these findings to perceptions within the public health establishment, as represented by joint Community Health Needs Assessments from forty-seven geographically diverse metropolitan areas. Content analysis of selected CHNAs revealed low rates of inclusion of gentrification-related language, even among cities experiencing intense gentrification. This lack of gentrification language stood in contrast to the broad inclusion of housing as an important social determinant of health among CHNAs. This work was completed as an undergraduate Distinguished Majors Thesis in the Department of Urban and Environmental Planning.

Finland's natural physical environment and climate support a wide variety of informal outdoor sports, thereby motivating the population to do physical exercise in scenic environments. The vast majority of Finns enjoy outdoor recreational activities, and could thus be encouraged to post accounts of their year-round activities on social media. The focus of our analysis is on geotagged Twitter tweets, our aim being to find out in what kind of areas and spaces, spatially, users are tweeting about sporting activities. Finland has begun to shift the focus in its national sporting policies from elite athletics to providing opportunities for all that are more accessible to the general population, and thereby to improve the overall well-being of the nation. A shortcoming in these policies is that spaces for informal physical activity are not explicitly mentioned. We use the term informal with reference both to the space and to the sporting activity, whereby public spaces are used for physical activity. The case study was conducted in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, with an emphasis on cross-country skiing as a sports activity. In a secondary analysis we concentrated on the sports people were practicing in these locations when there was no snow. The location spaces are split in to three land cover types: green, blue, and street spaces. We found that approximately half of the skiing-related tweets were geotagged in green spaces, and half in street spaces. This finding related to street space was attributable to a spatial scale error: when we checked the results manually we noticed that they referenced the sporting location in the green space. Hence, then over 90 percent of the non-ski-related tweets were geotagged in a street space. We conclude that Twitter is a beneficial tool for detecting spaces used for informal physical activity. This knowledge will help city planners and sports planners to improve informal sports facilities, which in turn will promote healthy exercise in cities. IntroductionFinland's natural physical environment and climate support a wide variety of informal outdoor sports, thereby motivating the population to do physical exercise in scenic environments. The vast majority of Finns enjoys outdoor recreational activities, and could thus be encouraged to post accounts of their year-round activities on social media. Our aim was to find out in what kind of areas and spaces, spatially, users are tweeting about sporting activities. MethodsWe use geotagged Twitter tweets filtering for 16 sporting activity keywords in both English and Finnish. The case study was conducted in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland, with an emphasis on cross-country skiing as a sports activity when there is snow. In a secondary analysis we concentrated on the sports people were practicing in these locations when there was no snow. The location spaces are split in to three land cover types: green, blue, and street spaces. ResultsWe found that approximately half of the 150 skiing-related tweets were geotagged in green spaces, and half in street spaces. This finding related to street space was attributable to a spatial scale error: when we checked the results manually we noticed that they referenced the sporting location in the green space. Hence, then over 90% of the 745 non-ski-related tweets were geotagged in a street space. DiscussionWe conclude that Twitter is a beneficial tool for detecting spaces used for informal physical activity. A shortcoming in current Finnish national sporting policies is that spaces for informal physical activity are not explicitly mentioned- we use the term informal with reference both to the space and to the sporting activity, whereby public spaces are used for physical activity. This new knowledge of sporting locations will help city planners and sports planners to improve informal sports facilities, which in turn will promote healthy exercise in cities.

The emergence of the modern city is one of the most defining phenomena of the modern world. In the second half of the nineteenth century, Europe’s urban centres underwent profound planned transformations. Among their most striking examples are capital cities such as Paris, Vienna, Berlin, Brussels, Rome, Madrid, and Budapest. We know a lot, consequently, about urban planning in the centres of political power. We know much less, by contrast, about urban planning in geographical and political peripheries. This thesis explores how urban planning unfolded in Strasbourg and Sarajevo, two cities that were at once peripheral to, and politically dependent on, their respective imperial capitals. From the 1870s, both cities were conquered, occupied, and, eventually, annexed by a central European empire. They became capitals of their respective regions, subject first to military, and, later, imperial administration. The two cities’ imperial predicament crucially shaped their physical development. But with time, the influence of empire diminished. This thesis shows that lateral networks of bourgeois citizens, local politicians, architects and planners had an increasing impact on the development of Strasbourg and Sarajevo. Their influence soon eclipsed the initial dominance of military and imperial hierarchies. By the eve of the First World War, the two cities had become active parts in an international planning discourse, a discourse that transcended regional and imperial boundaries and that connected Strasbourg and Sarajevo more closely to each other, and to other European cities, than at any previous point in their history.

Knowledge about how marginalised citizens use urban spaces is hard to access and apply in urban planning and policy. Based on current debates around “smart cities” and “smart governance,” the City of Odense, in Denmark, has tested the integration of “smart engagement” by means of GPS-tracking techniques into the municipality’s cross-sectoral strategy for an “inclusive city.” In a period of austerity, cities have the incentive to optimise public services. Hence, GPS-tracking data was produced by 64 marginalised citizens, resulting in a data inventory covering three weeks of spatial behaviour. First, this article shows how these GPS-tracking data were processed into maps without revealing person-sensitive spatial patterns. Secondly, the article explores whether such maps and the GPS-tracking techniques that underpin them are considered valid, relevant, and applicable to urban planning from the perspectives of marginalised citizens, their representatives, and municipal planners and professionals respectively. The GPS project showed shortcomings as regards the quality of the data inventory and the representativity of the mapped behaviour, which made them inapplicable for optimising dedicated public service. However, the article also finds that the GPS-based maps succeeded in being non-person sensitive and in providing a valuable platform for citizen-centric dialogues with marginalised citizens with the potential for raising awareness and increasing knowledge about this citizen group’s living conditions and urban lives. An important derived effect of the project is that it has ensured ongoing cross-sectoral collaboration among a range of professional stakeholders, imperative for ensuring creating greater equity in urban planning.

This article explores possibilities for cooperative, equitable, and participatory forms of smart urbanism. We begin by outlining orientations that emphasize the heterogeneity of economic and urban life and center the capacities and priorities of constituencies that currently are often not well served by urban planning and information-gathering processes. We then further iterate these sensibilities in relation to two examples from community organizing in Seattle, Washington, sketching out a broad sense of how community’s and resident’s place-based knowledge, experiences, and forms of expertise might be understood as resources that could be integral to processes of urban planning, organization, and potential structural transformation. Finally, we connect these possibilities to ongoing debates and experiments with “commons” and “commoning”—both conceptually and in actually existing urban experiments—to show how serious engagements with place-based knowledge and capacities understood as commons might be made central within “smart” processes that are radically democratic, inclusive, open-ended, and potentially transformative in ways that are distinctive from more top-down models that often merely manage and reproduce status quo urbanisms. Ultimately, the article suggests possibilities for alternative “smart” urbanist orientations, sensibilities, and techno-political applications to emerge in and through open-ended participatory processes grounded in community and place-based resources and priorities.

Collaboration and decision-making of humans usually entails logical reasoning that is expressed through discussions and individual arguments. Where collaborative work uses geo-spatial information and where decision-making has a spatial connotation, argumentation will include geographical references. Argumentation maps have been developed to support geographically referenced discussions and provide a visual access to debates in domains such as urban planning. The concept of argumentation maps provides for explicit links between arguments and the geographic objects they refer to. These geo-argumentative relations do not only allow for cartographic representation of arguments, but also support the querying of both, space and discussion. Combinations of spatial queries and retrieval of linked arguments provide a powerful way of analyzing and summarizing the current state of a debate. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the original argumentation model and we discuss related research and application development. We also link argumentation mapping to related concepts in geographic visualization, spatial decision support systems, and public participation GIS under the umbrella of collaborative GIS. Geographic Information Systems, Public Participation GIS, Collaborative GIS, Spatial Decision Support Systems, Argumentation Maps, Spatial Planning, User Interface.

Argumentation Maps support participants in geographically referenced debates as they occur, for example, as part of urban planning processes. In a quasi-naturalistic case study, 11 student participants discussed planning issues on the University of Toronto downtown campus. The analysis of this case study focuses on general usability aspects of an Argumentation Map prototype, such as cost of entry, efficiency, interactivity, and connectivity. By applying usability analysis methods from the field of human-computer interaction, we evaluate the learnability, memorability, and user satisfaction with this tool’s functionality. Our findings indicate that the participants were generally satisfied, but we include specific suggestions for improving the functionality of Argumentation Maps, e.g., with respect to map navigation, display of discussion contributions, and online status of participants. On a more general level, this case study contributes to the methods spectrum of research into participatory spatial decision support systems as an example of user testing in a realistic decision-making context.

Young people are often seen as “future citizens” and therefore relegated to a back seat in the planning process, awaiting their coming of age. Recent digital transformations in planning have brought new consultation processes but also created a digital divide and conflicting agendas. This article engages with youth, specifically teenagers, a heterogenous community stuck between childhood and adulthood, assumed to possess the necessary digital skills, but usually overlooked in participatory planning processes. This article will examine the case study cities of Manchester, Birmingham, Valencia, and Sofia, where 121 teenagers between 15 and 19 years of age have been interviewed in relation to their awareness and perceptions of digital technologies and smart cities. It focuses on critically examining young people’s perceptions and values towards the smart city. Using the smart city wheel as an engagement and discussion tool, the article presents teenagers’ critique of smart city models and future city visions. The article categorises common threads and values that this demographic has espoused and presents cautionary tales relating to awareness and skills development in this age group. Throughout the interviews and surveys, young people in all four case studies have reported strong affiliations to specific modes of inhabiting the city and values that they would like to see reflected in any future visions. The article identifies key considerations for planners and smart city practitioners when engaging young people in the creation of future city visions.

Smart cities have emerged in the hope of solving growing urban problems. In addition, unlike past citizen participation in tokenism, new technologies in smart cities have shed light on creating cities with high levels of civic engagement. However, contrary to expectations, technology-centric smart city development has resulted in a lack of opportunities for citizen participation. Consequently, smart cities are increasingly adopting a citizen-centric living lab methodology. Previous research on living labs has emphasized the significance of civic engagement and the potential as a collaborative platform for governments, businesses, and citizens. However, keeping individuals engaged and motivated during the living lab process might be challenging. This study examined the significance of citizens’ active participation and determined the elements that influence the level of participation in a living lab. In this study, the first citizen-led living laboratory in South Korea was selected as the subject of a case study. An empirical analytic approach was adopted and a survey was conducted among living lab participants regarding their level of participation and the sociocultural elements that may impact it. Our findings revealed that living lab activities were associated with enhanced civic self-esteem and positive attitudes toward smart cities. Moreover, they display the socioeconomic elements that influence the degree of participation. This study offers evidence that living lab activities encourage citizen engagement by giving participants a sense of empowerment during the co-creation process with multiple stakeholders, boosting civic competency through learning activities, and improving a sense of community ownership.

Recent call-outs against Ottawa punk venues have fueled public debates about safe space and the inclusivity of local music scenes. The Ottawa Music Strategy released in 2018 translated these debates into cultural development policy that links creative placemaking and safe space discourse. This article examines the civic response to activist call-outs by analyzing how the Ottawa Music Strategy integrates diversity and inclusion strategies into cultural policy, and how cultural policy and safe space policies intersect with cultural revitalization and economic development priorities in the Ottawa Official Plan. Punk counter-narratives developed through grounded ethnographic research in the Ottawa punk scene unsettle normative public safety narratives that frame punk spaces as unsafe. Place-based histories of anti-oppression tactics, logics, and traditions of punk space and activism contextualize alternative responses by local punk venues and promoters. Drawing upon literature in queer planning and queer geography and literature on intersections between radical queer and punk politics, spatialities, and identities, this article discusses punking planning in solidarity with queering planning through alternative community-based responses to issues of safety, inclusion, and participation.

The Human Mobility Transition model describes shifts in mobility dynamics and transport systems. The aspirational stage, ‘human urbanism’, is characterised by high active travel, universal public transport, low private vehicle use and equitable access to transport. We explored factors associated with travel behaviour in Africa and the Caribbean, investigating the potential to realise ‘human urbanism’ in this context. We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of ten databases and grey literature for articles published between January 2008 and February 2019. We appraised study quality using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists. We narratively synthesized qualitative and quantitative data, using meta-study principles to integrate the findings. We identified 39,404 studies through database searching, mining reviews, reference screening, and topic experts’ consultation. We included 129 studies (78 quantitative, 28 mixed-methods, 23 qualitative) and 33 grey literature documents. In marginalised groups, including the poor, people living rurally or peripheral to cities, women and girls, and the elderly, transport was poorly accessible, travel was characterised by high levels of walking and paratransit (informal public transport) use, and low private vehicle use. Poorly controlled urban growth (density) and sprawl (expansion), with associated informality, was a salient aspect of this context, resulting in long travel distances and the necessity of motorised transportation. There were existing population-level assets in relation to ‘human urbanism’ (high levels of active travel, good paratransit coverage, low private vehicle use) as well as core challenges (urban sprawl and informality, socioeconomic and gendered barriers to travel, poor transport accessibility). Ineffective mobility systems were a product of uncoordinated urban planning, unregulated land use and subsequent land use conflict. To realise ‘human urbanism’, integrated planning policies recognising the linkages between health, transport and equity are needed. A shift in priority from economic growth to a focus on broader population needs and the rights and wellbeing of ordinary people is required. Policymakers should focus attention on transport accessibility for the most vulnerable., National Institute for Health Research

The smart city is recognized as a new city model for inclusive urban planning. Many local governments are making smart city plans to develop new policies that manage urban issues in South Korea. They identify issues through citizen surveys and decide which issues should be managed with priority. Some governments test developed policies based on citizen engagement. Most local governments use the living labs to encourage citizen engagement in smart city plans since these are public spaces where planners engage citizens to develop innovative and inclusive ideas. This study conducted a content analysis of smart city plans of local government. We analyzed the various approaches to the living lab and examined the stage of the planning process it is utilized in. Additionally, we identified the barrier to the living lab by interviewing people who participated in the smart city plan. According to the analysis, a barrier to citizen engagement exists in smart city plans; most citizen engagement is only used when planners develop ideas for setting visions and goals. It implies that citizen engagement occurs at a limited level in smart city plans and may cause planning to be less inclusive. We suggest that citizen engagement should be considered in the whole planning process to improve the inclusiveness of smart city plans and encourage sustainable citizen engagement.

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre desenvolvimento sustentável e smart cities, para entender a relação entre ambos no contexto da ferramenta Triple Bottom Line (TBL). Realizamos uma revisão sistemática usando os bancos de dados ScienceDirect, Scopus e Web of Science no período entre 2003 – julho/2020, resultando na análise completa de 33 artigos. Apresentamos a evolução do conceito ao longo dos anos, periódicos e países mais influentes deste conceito. Este artigo realizou as seguintes técnicas de análise: análise de citações, coocorrência de palavras-chave e autores. Observou-se que para a efetiva implantação de um modelo de smart city, depende, além do planejamento urbano, do enfrentamento de barreiras que impactam no equilíbrio do TBL, como mudanças climáticas, falta de políticas públicas de incentivo para o uso de energia limpa, qualidade de vida da população, saneamento básico, entre outros fatores que são dificuldades encontradas principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento.

As cities plan for post-COVID recovery, many questions preoccupy mayors, policymakers, planners and developers. This article examines COVID-19’s impact on cities, drawing on local governments’ developing policies and responses to identify some of the emerging trends and trade-offs. Overall, city recovery will likely involve some transformation to land uses and real estate markets, with increasing demand for urban amenities and nature, and with policies in support of affordable housing, slum upgrading and informal sector employment, to achieve more liveable and inclusive cities. This in turn will depend on the policies, planning, finance, digital infrastructure and governance systems in place. While many city challenges predate COVID-19, they were exacerbated by the pandemic. The extent to which cities, and especially cities in the global South, will overcome such challenges will depend on political will and the implementation of targeted policies and low-cost investments in sustainability, liveability and inclusion.

Modelling a 3D city poses an interesting challenge. To create a virtual city, a road pattern has to be designed and a large number of buildings need to be generated. Every urban place has a road network, often a superimposed pattern plan that serves a population density and buildings which follow statutory rules. This patterned behaviour of the city is why it is possible to develop rules or “computational instructions,” to generate city models. In this article, we are going to discuss how to use procedural modelling and CityEngine, a rule-based application commonly used in the movie industry and gaming to produce vast realistic cityscapes, for regional and urban planning via an urban analytics approach. Unlike cinema’s imaginary worlds, cities have real-life population dependencies that need to be modelled for the development of planning scenarios. The goal is then to use the generative properties of the procedural modelling approach, along with population prediction models, to create informed 3D city scenarios. Instead of designing solutions, the user can use interactive parameters to affect the 3D model globally, thus enabling virtual cities to become active simulators for planning. Using urban analytics and generative environments, procedural cities may be able to create a “teaser” of different versions of how the city would look like in the future.

In Costa Rica around three quarters of the population is living in urban areas, the majority of which is located in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM). The GAM is composed of four historic cities and their peripheries, which in recent decades have started growing together in a seemingly random collage of urban, suburban and rural typologies. A separation of functions on territorial scale has lead to social, economic and environmental concerns. The spatial fragmentation is a reflection of the social segregation within society and at the same time increases it. This vicious circle forms a downward spiral of the quality of life in cities, which forces local governments, in collaboration with the inhabitants and the private sector, to search for more adequate and just models of living together.

The Finnish Cultural Foundation has funded the research of Eveliina Harsia and the European Commission's H2020 project Finest Twins (grant number 856602) research of Pilvi Nummi. Citizens' engagement with cultural environments is a central part of sustainable urban planning. In this article, we explore how diverse participatory data collected in Nikkilä, Sipoo, has been used in the valuation of the cultural environment and planning of the area. The results show that information is used sporadically, its role in planning is not articulated, and its impact on planning decisions is not expressed. However, experts value participatory information, even if it is not considered a valid argument for justifying planning decisions. As a conclusion, i.a., we provide suggestions for improving practices to put participatory information on an equal level with other planning information.