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The article examines the life of urban communities of Kyiv in 1880–1881 in the perception of an imperial official, senator Alexander Polovtsov (1832–1909). The author`s concept based on the opinion that an important part of historical urban studies is the analysis of the activities of urban communities. They represent the state of urban life at a particular historical stage. The article uses excerpts from the “Diary” of Alexander Polovtsov, the Head of the Senatorial Revision Commission, dedicated to his stay in Kyiv in the autumn of 1880 and early 1881. This source is valuable mainly because the author, who did not live in Kyiv (wider — in Ukraine), looked at inhabitants of the city from “outside”. Such a detached view allows us to see Kyiv citizens, firstly the officials of the administrative and administrative apparatus, clergy, landlords, intellectuals — from conservatives to liberals — through the eyes of an “outsider”, a representative of imperial power. At the same time, the article presents diaries and memoirs of representatives of the Kyiv national-democratic intelligentsia, where the events described by Alexander Polovtsov are shown from a different perspective. This perspective of the study deepens the ideas about the peculiarities of the social and cultural life of Kyiv at a crucial moment in history — on the eve of the death of Alexander II and the accession of Alexander III and the change in the political course of the Empire. The informative character of Polovtsov`s diary is determined by its genre specificity. The text is full of facts, descriptions of events, meetings with people. From the position of the imperial high official represented a diverse range of beliefs, opinions, and attitudes of Kyivans in the field of politics, economics, land tenure, education, urban development, etc. The diary is full of succinct descriptions of the individuals contacted by the author. Polovtsov`s assessments help to understand not only how the tsarist government dealt with pressing economic, social and political problems in Ukraine. It helps understand the actions in resolving urgent economic and sociopolitical problems of Ukrainian provinces, the tsarist official`s own attitude to the people in whose milieu he found himself.

A basic premise underlying this article is that the social surroundings of individuals as they gradually age are not homogeneous and have influence on their well-being. Furthermore, if significant variation on the social context are found, they should also affect and be taking into account on the provision of different kinds of public welfare support. This paper analyses two particularly relevant variables influencing this context, location and family availability. We ask if a focus on head count demographics hide important aspects of the challenges posed upon welfare agencies when preparing for and undertaking social work in practice. In order to illustrate the magnitude of those differences we study the population composition in three regions in Norway: The municipality of Oslo, Akershus county and Helgeland. We combine population registers with a parent child identifier, which enables us to map the older person’s spousal situation, presence and location of children (and grandchildren), what we term life links adjusted shares. The results revealed that the female surplus in the older population is far stronger in Oslo than in the two other regions considered. Moreover, the combination of a higher prevalence of older people not residing together with a spouse, older people without children, and older peoples with fewer children, place Oslo’s older residents in a relatively more vulnerable position in terms of spouse and kinship availability. Hence, we will claim that there is a need for an increased attention to not only head count demographics, but also to the uneven geographic distribution of life links. The work on this article is partly funded by the Norges Forskningsråd [grant number 237028].

Статья посвящена вопросам развития культурно-досуговой инфраструктуры на периферии Москвы. Комплексно анализируется проблема социального качества жилой среды периферийных районов, приводятся примеры из мирового опыта. Рассматривается влияние принципов рациональности и стандартизации в массовой застройке на оскудение культурной жизни периферийных районов. Проводится сравнение застройки периферии и центра города для возможности адаптации устойчивых качеств среды центра к периферийным районам. Предлагается система, в которой локальные культурно-досуговые центры связаны пешеходными путями, образуя устойчивый каркас движения и формируя новый эффективный слой городской ткани, отвечающий человеческому масштабу, создающий возможности для социальных взаимодействий и способствующий структуризации разрозненной застройки периферии., The article is devoted to the development of cultural and recreational infrastructure on the periphery of Moscow. The problem of the social quality of the living environment in peripheral areas is analyzed in a comprehensive, examples from world experience are given. The influence of the principles of rationality and standardization in global mass housing on the impoverishment of the cultural life of peripheral areas is considered. A comparison is made between the development of the periphery and the city center in order to be able to adapt the sustainable qualities of the environment of the center to peripheral areas. A system is proposed in which local cultural and leisure centers are connected by pedestrian paths, forming a stable frame of movement and forming a new effective layer of the urban structure that meets the human scale, creating opportunities for social interactions and contributing to the structuring of the scattered development of the periphery.

The technical project being explored aims to assess the many risks that can potentially be associated with counterfeit electronics within a specific system or a whole enterprise and ways to mitigate these risks within a specific budget frame. The STS research topic focuses on the economic, social, and political effects of the digital divide through dense urban communities across the United States.

El común denominador de las ciencias sociales y humanas en las últimas décadas es la crisis, asegura el sociólogo Juan Luis Pintos de Cea; al respecto, afirma que las humanidades han fallado al intentar leer el entorno, porque este ha superado ampliamente todas aquellas dimensiones que se creían infranqueables. Han fallado también sus metadiscursos, “los grandes paradigmas de interpretación del mundo y de la sociedad”, sus teorías y sus prácticas que, irremediablemente, tienden al dogmatismo o al escepticismo. Hacer lecturas desde conceptos y categorías que buscaban el ordenamiento simétrico y homogéneo del mundo fue el común denominador de todas las ciencias y disciplinas durante la modernidad, pero hoy, despuntando el siglo xxi, un siglo lleno de retos para los seres humanos, se está determinando lo ‘humanos’ que estaríamos dispuestos a ser en el futuro próximo y si sorteando las contingencias —para muchos incómodas— de la finitud y la muerte, nos atreveremos a enfrentar los cambios críticos e irreversibles del mundo natural y cultural, en los que por supuesto será indispensable hallar nuevos mecanismos y formas de relacionarnos con la alteridad, con lo otro, con lo nuevo. Y mientras todas las ciencias y disciplinas se estremecen ante las nuevas realidades, hay un vaciamiento sistemático del sentido de la vida individual, cuyo exponencial resultado se presiente en el universo de las relaciones sociales. The common denominator of the social and human sciences in recent decades is the crisis, asserts sociologist Juan Luis Pintos de Cea; in this respect, he states that the humanities have failed to read the environment, because it has far exceeded all those dimensions that were thought to be insurmountable. They have also failed in their metadiscs, "the great paradigms of interpretation of the world and society", their theories and their practices which, inevitably, tend towards dogmatism or scepticism. Making readings from concepts and categories that sought a symmetrical and homogeneous ordering of the world was the common denominator of all sciences and disciplines during modernity, but today, with the dawn of the 21st century, a century full of challenges for human beings, It is determining how 'human' we would be in the near future and if, by avoiding the contingencies - for many uncomfortable ones - of finitude and death, we dare to face the critical and irreversible changes in the natural and cultural world, in which it will of course be indispensable to find new mechanisms and ways of relating to otherness, to the other, to the new. And while all sciences and disciplines are shaken by the new realities, there is a systematic emptying of the meaning of individual life, the exponential result of which is felt in the universe of social relations.

The article analyzes the communicative practices of citizens, carried out in the public space of Minsk and transforming the urban environment by working with small architectural forms and contributing to both the creative self-realization of local residents and the formation of local urban communities. Through the narrative and intertext analysis, communication strategies such as palimpsest and intertext are identified as contributing to self-organization, identification, nominalization, symbolization and mobilization of these communities. Based on the material of announcements, leaflets, posters and alternative press (in the format of telegram channels and printed materials), the role of communicative design tools as a means of marking the territory and interacting with various social actors is shown. The use of these technologies contributes to the actualization of ideas about the historical past of urban places (such as the military town of Masyukovshchina in Minsk) in the memory of local residents, informing, enlightening and mobilizing them to form their local identity within the framework of narratives of memory and protest as an unofficial historical policy pursued by the civil activists regardless of the position and actions of the city authorities. The analysis of these cases and situations reveals the peculiarities of the implementation of the historical ���policy of memory��� and the preservation of the historical heritage of the Great Patriotic War in the public space of Minsk, indicating the possibilities of more or less active public participation in resolving conflicts and interfering with the situation at the local level.

This paper presents the importance and applications of smart cities in view of taxonomy in urbanization particularly in Asia and Africa economies. It describes the characteristics and architecture of smart cites and reviews on the recent technological developments. The paper analyses the social impacts due to up-gradation of existing cities. The implementation goals like policies and standards are still in progressive state. The international organizations like IEEE, ISO, IEC etc are focused in this emerging area and prepared road map for successful deployment of technologies in cities. In this way of development, there are some interesting challenges like visualization, integration, privacy etc, need to be addressed with specific and innovative solutions. The paper highlights the opportunities in developing and governance of smart cities.

The article aims to investigate and analyze the social impact of industrialization on Badli. Badli is one of the largest industrial zones in Delhi which also bears large slums neighboring to the industries. The literature available on the area is also limited to news articles and government reports, thus further research on Badli is required. The social implications were examined through naturalistic observational research and unstructured interviews of 10 individuals from Badli. Using thematic analysis and secondary data analysis the data was interpreted into common themes and key ideas. The analysis showed most Industries in Badli are unauthorized and have issues such as unemployment, child labor, hazardous working conditions, nominal wages, producing illegal substances and lack of healthcare management. People living in the neighboring slum areas suffer from issues such as poor health care facilities, below par educational infrastructure, high crime rates, harmful drainage and ventilation services, congested housing structures, economic disparity, and toxic family environment. Thus Industrialization has deeper implications on the society of Badli which can be attributed to the influx of migrants, industries and poor governance by the administrative authorities to control and manage the industrial process in Badli. It can be concluded that there is a huge correlation between social change and industrialization. Further studies are required to create socio-economic policies catering to the situation in Badli for a long-lasting sustainable effect on the area.

Local Chinese governments have been experimenting with a form of top-down “co-production” under different names and for various purposes. This paper examines practices in four Chinese cities to understand the process by which this co-production is introduced, its implementation and its outcomes. We found that in these cities, co-production is imposed on urban communities by the higher authorities, with the state playing very active roles in initiating, financing and facilitating the process. Despite the much-improved community environment, communities are not participating to the extent that the state would like. Nonetheless, we argue that this top-down approach has its merits. It may be an efficient way to ignite the co-production process and to some extent sustain it. When these practices are embedded in an authoritarian hierarchy, however, local officials involved are unavoidably evaluated by two separate performance assessment systems, the hierarchical and the horizontal, which so far have not been compatible.

This research focuses on the visitors' experience of the Jazz Traffic Festival (JTF) 2019 in Surabaya. This research then aims to know how the experience gained by the visitors in JTF with the genre expansion was incorporated despite its title as Jazz music Performances. This research uses case study method and descriptive-qualitative approach. The data in this research is obtained by observation and independent-interviews with four informants as visitors of JTF. The results of this study showed that each JTF visitors have a different experience due to the preference and purpose of attending the festival. JTF becomes a public space for visitors who are part of the urban community for several reasons. The visitors attend JTF for the entertainment, to escape from the routine, to build social interactions, and to actualize self-identity. in addition, the innovative effort of JTF in maintaining its existence by expanding to non-jazz music and market was apparently still enjoyed by the visitors.

Desde mediados de los años ochentas del siglo XX, debido al recrudecimiento de procesos violentos en muchas regiones rurales o semirurales de la geografía nacional, se presentaron diferentes oleadas migratorias internas fruto de desplazamientos forzados o por circunstancias económicas relacionadas, en buena medida, con el conflicto interno. Muchos de estos migrantes se empezaron a asentar en los márgenes de las ciudades principales y en aquellos municipios aledaños a éstas y que hacían parte de sus zonas metropolitanas o de influencia directa. Since the mid-eighties of the 20th century, due to the intensification of violent processes in many rural or semi-rural regions of the national geography, different internal migratory waves have occurred as a result of forced displacements or economic circumstances related, to a large extent, to internal conflict. Many of these migrants began to settle on the fringes of the main cities and in the municipalities surrounding them that were part of their metropolitan areas or areas of direct influence.

Данная статья направлена на исследование трех архетипов возможного взаимодействия субъекта с социальным пространством, в котором происходит действие. В статье рассматриваются модальности, наделенные нормативным значением, т.е. сфокусированным вокруг универсальных сфер действий и внеконтекстуальных валидаций (ценностей). Особое внимание уделяется измерению «пересечения социальных пространств» (схема предполагает как перманентное «действие в пространствах», так и динамический «выход за их пределы»), таким образом, представлены модусы исключения, перехода и признания. Их действие осложняется существованием альтернативных путей пересечения в интродинамическом и экстрадинамическом измерениях. В исследовании предлагается представить эти модальности, чтобы в дальнейшем предложить сценарии развития и изменения городских социальных пространств. Наконец, в работе предлагается феноменологическая интерпретация их возможного взаимодействия применительно к некоторым способам трансформации городских пространств в европейском контексте., The paper intends to explore three archetypes of possible interaction between the agent and the social space in which one's own action is located. In this article, we will talk about modalities endowed with normative significance, that is focused around universal scopes and extra-contextual validities (values). Special attention will be paid to the dimension of the “intersection of social spaces” (the scheme assumes both the permanent dimension of “acting within spaces” and the dynamic dimension of “passing beyond them”), the modalities of exclusion, transition, and recognition are thus presented. Their action is complicated by alternative intersection paths in introdynamic and extradynamic dimensions. The study proposes to represent these modalities in order to further offer scenarios for the development and change of urban social spaces. Finally, the paper intends to propose a phenomenological interpretation of their possible interaction with reference to some ways of transforming urban spaces, which are typical of the European context.

Este libro en toda su construcción es un testimonio de la fuerza y vitalidad con que la dimensión educativa nos pone a prueba. No solo es la magnitud del saber operando en contextos interpolados, sino también todos aquellos horizontes imperecederos en donde el bienestar y la felicidad nos invaden con su fuerza estremecedora y portentosa; donde la vida nace y renace; donde los sueños de unos y otros se vuelven realidad, en un dramático contraste con la muerte, la enfermedad, la disfunción y lo patológico, conjugados en diferentes escenarios emocionales, sociales, tecnológicos y espaciales; donde la fuerza del espíritu humano necesariamente se vitaliza. Por ello, el equipo de investigación que construye este libro dispone un tono convergente para el abordaje del mejoramiento humano (human enhancement). No basta con reducir las polémicas éticas o biopolíticas al ámbito de los avances biotecnológicos, sino pensar su conexión vital, en cuanto y por cuanto el mejoramiento de las capacidades humanas está también íntimamente ligado al desarrollo de las capacidades cognitivas, psicoafectivas y espirituales. This book in its entirety is a testimony to the strength and vitality with which the educational dimension puts us to the test. It is not only the magnitude of knowledge operating in interpolated contexts, but also all those imperishable horizons where wellbeing and happiness invade us with their shattering and portentous force; where life is born and reborn; where the dreams of one and all become reality, in dramatic contrast to death, illness, dysfunction and the pathological, combined in different emotional, social, technological and spatial scenarios; where the strength of the human spirit necessarily becomes vital. For this reason, the research team that is building this book sets a convergent tone for the approach to human enhancement. It is not enough to reduce ethical or biopolitical controversies to the field of biotechnological advances, but to think about their vital connection, insofar as and because the improvement of human capacities is also intimately linked to the development of cognitive, psychoaffective and spiritual capacities.

This study explores the relationships between place of residence, living in a threatened place and the subsets of place attachment: place identity and place dependence. Six hundred participants living in south-west Western Australia in rural and urban areas with varying degrees of bushfire risk responded to surveys asking about their reasons for living in their local area, their place attachment and their socio-demographic details. MANOVAs revealed a significant effect of place of residence on place identity with rural residents reporting higher place identity than urban dwellers. Urban dwellers reported lower place dependence than rural dwellers except when they lived in a fire prone area, in which case their place dependence was on par with that of rural residents. Socio-demographic predictors of both place identity and place dependence to the home and local area were also explored, these included length of residence, education, and owning one's home.

Background While the demand for the health service keeps escalating at the grass root or rural areas of China, a substantial portion of healthcare resources remains stagnant in the more developed cities and this has entrenched health inequity in many parts of China. At its conception, the Deepening Health Care Reform in 2012 China was intended to flush out these discrepancies and promote a more equitable and efficient distribution of health resources. Nearly half a decade of this reform, there are uncertainties as to whether the attainment of the objectives of the reform is in sight. Methods We divided Jiangsu Province into 3 zones according to the level of economic and social development i.e. developed, developing, and undeveloped areas. Using a hybrid of Panel data analysis and an augmented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), we model human resources, capital inputs of Community Health Centers to comprehensively determine the technical and scale efficiency of community health resources in 3 zones in Jiangsu Province. Results We sampled data and analysed efficiency and productivity growth of 75 Community Health Centers in 13 cities of Jiangsu Province from 2011 to 2015, which shows that a significant productive growth among Community Health Centers between 2011 and 2015. Mirroring the behavior of Community Health Centers, technological progress was the underlying force for the growth and the deterioration in efficiency change was found. This can be credited partly to the Deepening Health Care Reform measures aimed at improving technology availability in health centers in sub-urban areas. The regional summary of the DEA result shows that the stage of economic development and the efficiency performance of hospital did not necessarily go hand in hand among the 3 zones of Jiangsu. Conclusions The government of China in general and Jiangsu province in particular could improve the efficiency of health resources allocation by improving the community health service system, rationalizing the allocation of health personnel, optimizing the allocation of material resources and enhancing the level of health of financial resources allocation.

Lehen is the largest district of City of Salzburg, close to the city centre and with high quality of infrastructure of public transport. Since the last decades the district was confronted with essential changes. The use of the area of the former utility means a huge potential for further development of the district. High share of renewable energy should be the main focus of the project, considering existing heat supply with district heating. High standards of buildings and large-scale solar system are the main elements of the energy concept. The use of a heat pump ensures an efficient increase of solar gains and leads to low primary energy demand resp. CO2-emissions. The new building area was also seen as a chance for modernization activities in existing building stock around. Energy efficient pumps and lightning as well as PV modules in the facades ensure high share of renewable energy also for electricity demand. First results show the way for further projects – concerning effective steering of complex processes and technologies to achieve total CO2-reductions in urban areas.

Requirements for the assessment tools of buildings have increased, assessing of building components or separate buildings is not enough. Neighbourhoods, built environment, public transportations, and services, should be considered simultaneously. Number of population living in urban areas is high and increasing rapidly. Urbanisation is a major concern due to its detrimental effects on the environment. The aim of this study is to clarify the field of assessment tools for urban communities by analysing the current situation. The focus is on internationally well known assessment tools; BREEAM Communities, CASBEE for Urban Development and LEED for Neigborhood Development. The interest towards certification systems is increasing amongst the authorities, and especially amongst the global investors and property developers. Achieved certifications are expected to bring measureable publicity for the developers. The assessment of urban areas enables the comparison of municipalities and urban areas, and notably supports decision making processes. Authorities, city planners, and designers would benefit most from the use of the tools during the decision making process.

Urban governance presents the most daunting and challenging task for sub-Saharan African countries in this century (Rakodi, 1997: 3; Rakodi, 2001; 5; McGill, 1988; 6). Africa is urbanizing faster than any other region. The level of urbanization stands at 39.1%, with annual rates of growth ranging between 8% and 13%. It is estimated that by 2025 half of the African population will be urban. This demographic shift, particularly in the sub-Saharan region, presents major problems for urban management. Although urban management programs of infrastructure development, financial management, economic development, environmental planning, spatial development mechanisms and social services provision continue to be enhanced, there is a mismatch between the program outcomes and need. Due to this shortfall, alternative strategies have been sought but with little documented evidence of successes, failures and lessons because of limited evaluation. The importance of research-informed policy is underscored by the apparent disconnect between actors in the urban field. These actors include city managers, researchers, political leaders and most important, communities. The latter are often disregarded yet they largely influence the development path and shape the fabric of urban space. Even where communities are engaged, they exert less influence than other actors on urban policies and programs. This paper examines how participatory action research is changing the relationships between researchers, communities and city authorities in a search for alternative approaches to address urban poverty and environmental challenges in Kampala – in particular service delivery, solid waste management and flood control. Based on an action-research and development project conducted in Kampala since 2006, there is evidence that communities can be galvanized not only to design solutions to their problems, but also to engage with city authorities through information sharing platforms about their needs and thus bolster outcomes of urban development programs through improved governance.

Настоящая статья посвящена анализу механизмов реализации эдиктов об умиротворении, которые издавал король Франции во время Религиозных войн. Гражданские войны во Франции войны не являли собой беспросветное насилие. Современники тех событий с большей охотой говорили о «смутах» («troubles»), спорадических, непрестанно возобновляющихся, нежели о «войнах». И действительно, военные действия часто перемежались периодами мира, искусными попытками примирения, т. н. «эдиктами умиротворения». Чтобы положения «эдиктов умиротворения» выполнялись на местах, монархия разослала в провинции и города специальных комиссаров, около 20 человек, наделенных широкими исполнительными и судебными полномочиями. Именно они побуждали недавних противников к совместной жизни, позволяя вчерашним врагам жить в пределах городских стен. Теперь горожане взирали на суверена как на гаранта имущественной и личной безопасности подданных, гаранта соблюдения соглашений. Ибо, чем меньше в них оставалось страха перед небесной карой, тем сильнее они боялись монаршего гнева. С одной стороны, размах насилия, подлежащего усмирению, вызвал мобилизацию беспрецедентной силы, а с другой, тяжесть преступлений, подлежащих наказанию и прощению, шла на пользу суверену, который заявлял о себе как с помощью демонстративных казней, так и громких помилований. Делая более настоятельной необходимость прощать и брать на себя обязательства, примирение, желанное королем, не только не ослабляло французскую монархию, но, напротив, ускоряло формирование современного государства., The present article is devoted to the analysis of mechanisms of realization of royal edicts of pacification, edited by the king of France during the Religious wars. The civil war in France wasn't uninterrupted and hopeless violence. Contemporaries more readily named them “troubles”, sporadic and constantly recurring, rather than “wars”. Indeed, military actions were often interspersed by periods of peace, elaborately attempts of pacification or rather reconciliation called “edicts of pacifi cation”. To impel “edicts of pacification” the monarchy decided to send round the provinces and cities special commissioners (about 20 people), vested with wide executive and judicial powers. Namely these commissioners urged opponents to follow recent life together within the city walls, operating on behalf of the monarch. Thus, the townspeople looked upon the sovereign as the guarantor of property and personal safety of citizens, the guarantor of the peace agreements. The less they had fear of heavenly punishment, the more they feared the Royal anger. On the one hand, the scale of the violence, that should be suppressed, caused an unprecedented mobilization of forces; on the other hand, the gravity of the crimes, subject to punishment and forgiveness, was to benefi ts of the sovereign, who declared himself by demonstrative executions and notorious pardons. Reconciliation, desired by the king, made more urgent the need of forgiveness and to assuming of obligations that not only weakened the French monarchy, but, on the contrary, accelerated the formation of the modern state.

The ability to walk or ride a bike safely to and from metro stations is essential to the success of any metro service, especially for car users switching to the service. The main purpose of this study is to develop and apply a simple method to assess, compare, and rank walkability around different metro stations, with a priority order and specific recommendations for improvements. The proposed method depends on extracting different walkability variables in the catchment areas around metro stations. Three catchment areas around three proposed metro stations in the emerging city of Doha, Qatar were investigated using the proposed method to demonstrate its usefulness. The method was successful in comparing and ranking the different catchment areas, in addition to identifying priority areas for walkability enhancements in each area. This method is simple and can benefit professionals, practitioners, and policy makers to make swift decisions for future corrective measures, and can also be used to evaluate changes over time. 2018 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. Scopus

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan bencana banjir serta menganalisis kerentanan fisik dan sosial ekonomi masyarakat perkotaan terhadap bencana banjir di Kelurahan Legok, Kecamatan Telanipura, Kota Jambi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer merupakan data yang diperoleh melalui observasi lapangan dan wawancara terstruktur dengan panduan kuesioner, sedangkan data sekunder merupakan data yang diperoleh dari dokumen-dokumen melalui instansi terkait yang berkompeten. Wawancara dilakukan terhadap 90 rumah tangga yang diambil dengan metode simple random sampling dari 476 populasi. Pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan dilengkapi dengan analisis spasial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan hasil interpolasi kedalaman banjir tahun 2004 dapat diketahui bahwa sebagian besar wilayah penelitian terkena dampak banjir dengan kedalaman maksimum mencapai 3 meter di bagian timur wilayah penelitian. Fenomena ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti kondisi topografi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan wilayah lainnya, terjadi penyempitan sungai dan kotornya saluran sungai sehingga menghambat air yang mengalir ke outlet utama. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tingkat kerentanan fisik tinggi ditemukan sebanyak 35 bangunan, kerentanan fisik sedang sebanyak 46 bangunan, dan kerentanan rendah sebanyak 9 bangunan. Tingkat kerentanan sedang hingga tinggi mendominasi wilayah penelitian karena jenis bangunan berupa bangunan non tembok. Temuan penelitian yang lain adalah kerentanan sosial ekonomi lebih tinggi ditemukan pada elemen tingkat pendidikan dengan sebagian besar tingkat berpendidikan rendah yaitu sekolah dasar (SD) (44,4%) dan elemen penduduk rentan karena usia lanjut dan anak-anak sebanyak 30,4%. Abstract. This research aimed to map flood hazard as well as to analyze the physical and socioeconomic vulnerability of the urban community to floods in Legok Sub-district, Telanipura District, Jambi City. It employed a quantitative descriptive method and used both primary and secondary data. The primary data were obtained from field observation and questionnaire-assisted structured interview, while the secondary data were acquired from documents published by relevant competent institutions. The interviews involved 90 households that were selected with simple random sampling from 476 population. Data processing and analysis were performed in a quantitative descriptive manner and complemented with spatial analysis. Based on the interpolation of flood depth in 2004, most of the research area was affected by floods with a maximum depth of 3 m in the east. Such impact was caused by several factors like lower topographic condition, river narrowing, as well as dirty and clogged tributaries that inhibited water flow to the main outlet. This research also found high, medium, and low physical vulnerability in 35, 46, and 9 buildings, respectively. The medium and high physical vulnerabilities were identified in most of the research area due to the predominance of non-walled buildings. Another research finding was a higher socioeconomic vulnerability among the low-educated people (i.e., elementary school, 44.4%) and vulnerable groups (i.e., elderly and children, 30.4%).

The United Arab Emirates is experiencing a challenging turn towards sustainable social housing. Conventional neighborhood planning and design principles are being replaced by those leading to more sustainable urban forms. To trace this challenging move, the research has investigated the degree of consideration of sustainable urban design principles in two social housing neighborhoods in Al Ain City in Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE. The first represents a conventional urban form based on the neighborhood theory; the other represents the new sustainable design. The ultimate aim is to define the obstacles hindering the full achievement of a sustainable urban form in this housing type. To undertake research investigations, a matrix of the design principles of sustainable urban forms has been initiated in order to facilitate the assessment of the urban forms of the two selected urban communities. Some qualitatively measurable design elements have been defined for each of these principles. The results of the analysis of the shift from ‘conventional’ to ‘sustainable’ case studies have revealed some aspects that would prevent the attainment of fully sustainable urban forms in newly designed social housing neighborhoods. Finally, the research concludes by recommending some fundamental actions to help meet these challenges in future design.

The Law passed on 6th February 1992 instituted two new categories of inter-communal groupings which have been added to a series of other such groupings promulgated over more than a century. As a result the geography of joint-action between communes in France has become highly complex. From an initial clarification of the main issues related to such joint activity, a series of ten maps, at different scales, attempts to offer a number of insights and methods of geographical analysis of the phenomenon., La loi du 6 février 1992 a institué deux nouvelles catégories de groupements intercommunaux, qui viennent s'ajouter à toute une série d'autres, promulguées depuis plus d'un siècle. Il en résulte une géographie de l'intercommunalité très compliquée, en France. A partir d'une clarification des enjeux de l'intercommunalité, un choix de 10 cartes, à différentes échelles, tente de proposer quelques pistes, et quelques méthodes d'analyse géographique du phénomène., Zanin Christine. Les nouvelles cartes de l'intercommunalité / New maps of joint-action between communes. In: Revue de géographie de Lyon, vol. 70, n°2, 1995. Les nouvelles mailles du pouvoir local. pp. 129-137.

In the context of increasing complexity of the present economy, urban functionality can be assured only by a well - directed marketing process which includes several action phases, by formulating of goals and strategies related to establishing relationships between the economic, social and institutional fields, the markets level and the supply and demand balance. The urban marketing policy comprises the public and private sectors, aiming that all their activities ensure preservation, stimulation and integration on all development levels by ensuring and adequate occupying of work force, attracting some business from different areas and also preserving and developing the existing ones, encouraging exports and investments, attracting tourists and visitors for business. This way, by well - conducted actions, the marketing policy can contribute to improve the cities image and to increase their competitivity in the context of increasing competition on regional and international level. The project aims at urban marketing, planning an analisys of development level of urban environment in Romania and also of the factors influencing this process, based on some indices elaborated to this end and on some research carried out on well - designed samples. The results of this research will be actually applied on the basis of some partnerships with local authorities, which will be offerred periodical consulting in order to implement the urban marketing plan for the promotion of a city, worked out on the basis of research conducted within the group.

Le città del mondo sono spesso considerate luoghi in cui abbonda la ricchezza e il privilegio. Esse ospitano però centinaia di milioni di bambini per i quali la povertà e l'esclusione sono una realtà quotidiana. Alcuni di questi bambini vivono nelle strade; molti altri vivono in alloggi pericolosi e insalubri che spesso sono privi dei più basilari servizi igienici, come una fonte di acqua pulita. I bambini urbani hanno raramente accesso a strutture adeguate, come scuole o luoghi sicuri dove giocare. L'imperativo della sopravvivenza economica può significare non solo che i genitori non sono in grado di dedicare loro il tempo sufficiente, ma anche che gli stessi bambini sono costretti a lavorare, spesso in condizioni pericolose. Eppure tutto questo sarebbe evitabile: questo Digest prende in esame le potenzialità di un buon governo, fondato sui princìpi dei diritti umani, nel promuovere un cambiamento positivo per e con i bambini. La povertà e l'esclusione urbana possono essere eliminate in città che siano amiche dei bambini, dove i diritti dell’infanzia siano una priorità nella pianificazione di bilancio, nella progettazione e nell'attribuzione delle risorse, e dove i bambini possano far sentire la loro voce nel processo democratico.

The processes that permitted a few SIV strains to emerge epidemically as HIV groups remain elusive. Paradigmatic theories propose factors that may have facilitated adaptation to the human host (e.g., unsafe injections), none of which provide a coherent explanation for the timing, geographical origin, and scarcity of epidemic HIV strains. Our updated molecular clock analyses established relatively narrow time intervals (roughly 1880-1940) for major SIV transfers to humans. Factors that could favor HIV emergence in this time frame may have been genital ulcer disease (GUD), resulting in high HIV-1 transmissibility (4-43%), largely exceeding parenteral transmissibility; lack of male circumcision increasing male HIV infection risk; and gender-skewed city growth increasing sexual promiscuity. We surveyed colonial medical literature reporting incidences of GUD for the relevant regions, concentrating on cities, suffering less reporting biases than rural areas. Coinciding in time with the origin of the major HIV groups, colonial cities showed intense GUD outbreaks with incidences 1.5-2.5 orders of magnitude higher than in mid 20 th century. We surveyed ethnographic literature, and concluded that male circumcision frequencies were lower in early 20(th) century than nowadays, with low rates correlating spatially with the emergence of HIV groups. We developed computer simulations to model the early spread of HIV-1 group M in Kinshasa before, during and after the estimated origin of the virus, using parameters derived from the colonial literature. These confirmed that the early 20(th) century was particularly permissive for the emergence of HIV by heterosexual transmission. The strongest potential facilitating factor was high GUD levels. Remarkably, the direct effects of city population size and circumcision frequency seemed relatively small. Our results suggest that intense GUD in promiscuous urban communities was the main factor driving HIV emergence. Low circumcision rates may have played a role, probably by their indirect effects on GUD. ispartof: PLoS One vol:5 issue:4 ispartof: location:United States status: published

This paper discusses the theme biographies for artistic and social intervention through an analysis of artistic work conducted with a group of young people from the arts education project Bando à Parte: Youth Cultures, Arts and Social Inclusion (O Teatrão, Coimbra). How do young people create a voice which may be potentially used to transform their own communities, having as a starting point their biographical path(s)? How can each of us find on biographical courses specific contributions that may interfere with change, and how may these be translated into concrete policies and actions in society? The exploration of these processes through a work of artistic creation, inspired in biographical collected materials, represents a possible contribution to reflect on the issues of memory, identity and community change.

Sustainable development is a major issue in planning policies. Reducing inequalities affecting inhabitants in their connection to a healthy environment is an important element to take into account in sustainable planning. Indeed, such inequalities may undermine the sustainability of territories. The aim of this research is to identify and characterize environmental and ecological inequalities in the context of urban coastal areas through a systemic analysis of the relations between population and their territory. A quantitative and qualitative approach was conducted on midsize French urban communities at different levels (national, coastal, municipal and infra-municipal). This work allowed to discuss the concept of environmental and ecological inequalities, to establish criteria and indicators to measure and analyze how environmental and ecological inequalities are perceived and addressed by local actors (inhabitants and local representatives). The coast can be seen as a vector of environmental and ecological inequalities, with heterogeneities depending on what territories are considered. Indicators of territorial quality developed at the infra-municipal level allowed to objectify and understand the interrelation between environmental and ecological inequalities. The analysis of interviews conducted on working population helped understanding how those inequalities are perceived and how local solutions in urban planning may be elaborated. Finally, semi-structured interviews with local representatives have introduced a political vision of the territory and of its future structural changes in the context of the establishment of a Local Intermunicipal Urbanism Plan.; Les thématiques du développement durable sont omniprésentes dans les politiques d’aménagement. La réduction des inégalités dans la relation des habitants à un environnement de qualité est un élément important dans l’objectif de promouvoir des territoires soutenables. En effet, ces inégalités peuvent remettre en cause la durabilité des espaces. L’objectif de ce travail est donc d’identifier et de caractériser les inégalités environnementales et écologiques (IEE) dans le contexte littoral urbain par une analyse systémique des relations entre populations et territoire de vie. Une double approche quantitative et qualitative a été menée, en France, sur les communautés d’agglomération de taille moyenne à différentes échelles (nationale, du littoral, communale et infra communale). Ce travail a permis de proposer une réflexion autour du concept d'IEE, d’établir des critères et de rechercher des indicateurs pour objectiver et mesurer les IEE et d’analyser comment elles sont perçues et prises en compte par les acteurs du territoire (habitants et élus). Le littoral peut être considéré comme un vecteur d'IEE, avec des nuances en fonction des territoires. Les indicateurs de qualité du territoire mis au point, à l'échelle infra communale, ont permis d'objectiver et de comprendre les relations entre les IEE. L'analyse d’entretiens directifs menés auprès d’actifs a permis de comprendre comment ils perçoivent ces IEE et construisent des solutions territoriales pour s'y adapter. Enfin des entretiens semi-directifs avec les élus ont apporté une vision politique du territoire et de ses futures évolutions structurelles dans le cadre de la mise en place d'un plan local d’urbanisme intercommunal.