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This study evaluates the formation of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chicken thighs and breasts, cooked by different methods. These methods are: madhbi, charcoal mandi, electric oven mandi, gas flame oven mandi and shawaya. Chicken samples were collected from a restaurant in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Analysis of the samples was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The data obtained showed that madhbi chicken had higher PAHs levels than other cooking styles, with the mean concentration in chicken breast of 87.72 µg/kg and thigh of 75.56 µg/kg. Phenanthrene was the compound detected at the highest concentration in different cooking methods. There was no significant difference in concentration of PAHs between the parts of chicken cooked with the same method. However, the method of cooking had a significant impact on the formation of PHAs. Therefore, the formation of PAHs in chicken meat could be reduced by choosing appropriate cooking methods. Moreover, the margin of exposure was used to assess the health risk in adults due to madhbi chicken ingestion. The results showed that there is no serious health concern.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the technique of choice for diagnosing lumbar disc herniation (LDH). This systematic review aims to investigate the recently published literature regarding the updates of MRI for LDH diagnosis. Methodology: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, and Cochrane library were searched. Study articles were screened by title and abstract using Rayyan QCRI then a full-text assessment was implemented. Results: Nine studies were included, with 1064 patients with LDH. All the included studies reported that MRI is valuable in diagnosing and detecting the acuity of LDH. Other diagnostic modalities were used along with MRI to increase the results' accuracy, including the clinical findings, MRM, and QST. Conclusion: MRI is considered suitable for predicting symptom severity in patients with LDH and, when used in combination with clinical findings, improves diagnostic accuracy. This review showed that deep learning can be used on small data sets containing only a few medical images. Impressive results were obtained in terms of detection of findings and improved accuracy of LDH diagnosis. Electrophysiological studies, QST, weight bearing, and MRM have been used as diagnostic methods for his LDH along with MRI, with good and accurate results reported.

The purpose of this single case study was to investigate the effects of the WATSU training program (WTP) on 21 years old male with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study used a high level of individual and structured interventions to improve the underperforming adaptive functioning areas like social and academic skills in ASD. The individualized intervention of WTP was completed in five days using critical verbal and bodily language, technical demonstration, taking turns, basic skills, and timely feedback in a social and sensory-isolated environment. The results were collected via in-training observation, semi-structured family and athletic trainer interviews to evaluate the participant’s condition before and after the WTP. The structured communication opportunities improved the sense of trust and played a prominent role in the development of the quality of life. The results indicated that WTP reduced repetitive movements, stress reactions, challenging behaviors, and improved communication skills. In addition, changing roles, positions, and transitions in WATSU training increased the participant’s resiliency in his life with more comfort. Finally, tactile-emotional quality afferents, warmth, and buoyancy of the water, altered and enriched proprioceptive and vestibular input, being safely cradled in the arms instructor were likely to be the other factors improving the underperforming areas including communication, repetitive movements, stress reactions and challenging behaviors.

Background: Measurable residual disease (MRD) status before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is commonly associated with a high risk of relapse. It is still uncertain whether AHSCT could overcome the negative impact of MRD positivity (MRD+), especially in patients with high-risk Philadelphia negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-negative ALL). Materials and methods: An observational retrospective study was conducted on patients with high-risk Ph-negative ALL who underwent AHSCT between January 2005 and June 2022. The patients selected were in complete remission (CR): with 80% in CR1 (n = 69) and 20% in CR2 (n = 17). Graft sources were bone marrow (BM) in 71% of patients and peripheral blood stem cells in 29% of patients. The conditioning regimen was TBI or chemotherapy-based (CT). Bone marrow MRD level was quantified using 4-6 color multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC). The threshold for MRD positivity was ≥ 0.1%. Results: The study included 86 patients (45 B-ALL and 41 T-ALL) with a median age of 18 years (range, 4–55 years). The median level of MRD pre-AHSCT (pre-MRD) was 0.4×10-3 (range, 0.01-75.6×10-3). After a median follow-up of 25 months (range 1-205 months), the cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) was significantly higher in the MRD+ group (39% vs. 20%, p = 0.04). The median time of relapse post-AHSCT was 14 months (range, 1-203 months) in the MRD+ group and 32 months (range, 4-209 months) in the MRD- group (p = 0.28). Non-relapse mortality (NRM) was 15% in both groups (p = 0.97). The 2-year estimated overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 61% vs. 74% (p = 0.07) and 58% vs. 70% (p = 0.10) in the MRD+ and MRD- groups, respectively. A subgroup analysis in MRD+ patients showed that a TBI-based conditioning regimen was distinctly associated with lower CIR (22% vs. 60% respectively, p = 0.04), improved OS (82% vs. 36% respectively, p = 0.007) and better EFS (73% vs. 38%, p = 0.04) compared to CT-based. In a multivariate analysis, pre-AHSCT MRD+ status and non-TBI-based conditioning were significantly associated with inferior OS (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, [1.027-5.168], p = 0.04 and OR, 3.91; 95% CI, [1.624-9.418], p = 0.002, respectively). The only predicting factor of lower EFS was the non-TBI-based regimen (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, [1.308-6.097], p = 0.008). Non-TBI-based and CR2 were significantly associated with higher CIR (OR, 6.25; 95% CI, [1.947-20.055], p = 0.002 and OR, 4.74; 95% CI, [1.197-18.791], p = 0.03, respectively). Peripheral stem cell source was significantly associated with higher NRM (OR, 6.55; 95% CI, [1.488-28.820], p = 0.01). Conclusion: High-risk Ph-negative ALL patients with MRD ≥ 10-3 prior AHSCT had lower OS compared to MRD- patients and may benefit from TBI as a conditioning regimen before AHSCT.

Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate for the first time the effects of melatonin (MEL) intake on oxidative stress and cellular damage during intradialytic exercise (IEX). Methods: Thirteen hemodialysis (HD) patients volunteered to participate in the current randomized crossover trial. Participants performed four HD sessions in four different conditions: (Exercise (EX)-MEL), (EX-Placebo (PLA)), (Control (C)-MEL), and (C-PLA). 3 mg of MEL or PLA were taken 60 min before starting exercise, or at the equivalent time in the C conditions. Blood samples were taken before HD (T0), immediately after the end of IEX (T1), 60 min after IEX (T2), or at the corresponding times in the C conditions to measure free radicals damage, antioxidant biomarkers, as well as biomarkers of muscle and liver damage. Results: Malondialdehyde and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products decreased in (C-MEL) ( p Conclusion: This pilot study is the first to show that MEL ingestion, alone or combined with IEX, could improve oxidant-antioxidant balance during HD.

Due to the development of communication and information technology, all organizations employ electronic communication to reach their customers and users, especially in developed nations where governments use e-government to support their residents with needed services. In Jordan, the use of e-government services is not as well adopted as in developed nations, because some Jordanians do not trust e-government services due to many reasons, which are discussed in this research; therefore, this study's goal is to determine dimensions that affect people's intentions to use e-government and its effect on e-government actual use in Jordan. The study looks into the factors that impact individuals' intentions and actual e-government usage, including attitudes toward behavior, credibility, and subjective norms that are derived from perceived usefulness, ease of use, awareness, trust in the government, incentives, trust in service delivery, transactional security, and social influence. A total of 352 online questionnaires were gathered, the majority of which were completed by college students who are between the ages of 18 and 29. The findings indicate that perceived ease of use, incentives, and perceived usefulness influence attitudes toward behavior, while awareness does not affect attitudes toward behavior. Trust in service delivery, transactional security, and trust in government affect credibility. Social influences affect subjective norms. Attitudes toward behavior and subjective norms affect intention to use, using intention affects actual usage, while credibility does not affect using intention. Finally, the results are helpful to Jordanian organizations including the Jordanian government. Recommendations are provided in the last section.

Clinical examinations and practical clinical skills are essential to guide diagnosis and treatment. Competency-based medical education (CBME) is high on today’s medical education agenda, and competence has become the unit of medical education planning in many countries. With the rise of medical education in Saudi Arabia, The Saudi MEDs initiative began as a means of achieving national consensus and developing necessary learning outcomes for medical schools. The aim of this study is to evaluate the final-year medical students’ core clinical competencies and identify the gaps between clinical skills in the Saudi MEDs framework and students’ actual achievement. Online data collection from all fifth-year medical students, to assess their clinical and procedural skills by using Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) scores and using a self-administered questionnaire that has been developed based on the Saudi MEDs framework. Eight clinical competencies were chosen out of the 17 after consulting the experts in this field. OSCE scores were checked for correlation with their self-assessment scores. The total OSCE scores of 323 students were evaluated which showed 93% of students have passed all eight competencies. Also, 304 students responded to the self-administered questionnaire in the current Saudi MEDs competencies 323 (response rate=94.11). The students were confident in the majority of the eight clinical competencies of the Saudi MEDs framework. Saudi MEDs framework has ensured that Saudi medical or health care education adapted to changing demands, critical competencies are not overlooked, teaching and learning, and evaluation are appropriate at medical schools by implementing the competency framework.

Abdelbagi Elfadil,1,2 Ahmad Mandeel Alzahrani,1 Hani Abdullah,1 Hamoud Alsamhan,3– 5 Turki S Abujamel,6,7 Hafsa Elawd Ahmed,8 Asif Jiman-Fatani1 1Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Center of Research Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Infectious Disease Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 8Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ahmad Mandeel Alzahrani, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 54 095 9911, Email amsalzahrani4@kau.edu.saBackground: While the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to rise globally, there is a fear regarding an increase in vancomycin resistance among S. aureus strains. As far back as the 1960s, MRSA was one of the world’s most prevalent antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Among hospitalized patients and community members, MRSA is the cause of a significant number of infections. As a result of its resistance to classical beta-lactam and, in some cases, vancomycin antibiotics, efforts must be made as soon as feasible to find a new approach to fighting MRSA.Purpose: This study is designed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of quinoxaline derivative compound against MRSA in comparison with vancomycin as a reference drug.Methods: Sixty MRSA isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing by broth microdilution method for quinoxaline derivative compound and vancomycin. Each drug’s minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined and compared.Results: Among the sixty MRSA isolates, most of the quinoxaline derivative compound MIC findings (56.7%) were 4 μg/mL compared to vancomycin MIC values (63.3%) of 4 μg/mL. In comparison, 20% of quinoxaline derivative compound MIC readings were 2 μg/mL, while the vancomycin MIC results were 6.7%. However, the overall proportion of MIC readings at ≤ 2 μg/mL for both antibacterial agents was equal (23.3%). None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin.Conclusion: This experiment revealed that most MRSA isolates were associated with low MICs (1– 4 μg/mL) for quinoxaline derivative compound. Overall, the susceptibility of the quinoxaline derivative compound signifies a promising efficacy against MRSA and may set a novel treatment approach.Keywords: antibiotic resistance, drug discovery, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, minimum inhibitory concentration, quinoxaline, vancomycin

This paper examines the challenge of accurately computing highway performance measures by estimating traffic-flow between traffic sensors that are geographically dispersed. Consequently, predicting flows vehicle values is one of the most difficult issues in the field of traffic flow prediction. Therefore, there has been a rise in interest in combining machine learning (ML) methods with indicators from technical analysis. In this paper, we suggest a hybrid strategy for generating traffic to help with this issue. Our proposed method utilizes a technical indicator and an ANN technique to predict future flows. That this method can be applied to other technical indicators while still maintaining its simplicity and effectiveness thanks to the hybrid rules is what makes it novel. The performance of the proposed artificial neural network (ANN) was evaluated with a number of other machine learning techniques to help us choose the optimal ML approach. Daily traffic data from the Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling (MIDAS) system on the M25 highway was used to test the proposed method. The achieved results demonstrate that the predictive power of ML models is augmented when ML techniques are applied to technical analysis indicators.

المستخلص ‫يعالج البحث تعالُق الأمل بالبنية النصّيّة من خلال الاستطالة النحويّة في شعر إبراهيم طوقان (ت 1941م) مُركِّزًا على طول التعدّد وطول التعاقب، في إطار وفاء الشاعر بما يريده من معنى لا سيّما في شعره المعقود للأمل والتفاؤل نصًّا أو تضمينًا. ويصوِّر شعرُ طوقان كثيرًا من المعاناة بسبب ما يدور في محيطه من أحداث، ويتناول أغراضًا مختلفة مثل الغزل والوصف والهجاء وانتقاد الوطن وغير ذلك. إنّ سَبْر الأبعاد الدلاليّة لتجلّي مفهوم الأمل في ذلك الشعر يُسهم في فهمٍ أعمق للسياقات الأدبيّة من جهة تجلّيها في المعطيات النحويّة المختلفة. ومن ثَمّ يُفصح البحث عن مهارة الشاعر في استثمار هذه المعطيات للتعبير عن مراده من النسج الشعريّ، وذلك باعتماد المنهج الوصفيّ المتّخِذ من الاستقراء والتحليل أداتين له في ضوء كتابات القدماء والمحدثين.‬

In this composition, the intricacies of the relationship between culture and education in Saudi Arabia are analyzed and its implications for students from early education to higher learning are evaluated. The examination delves into the manner in which Islam and the country's customary gender roles shape the syllabus and educational customs. The inculcation of Qur'anic teachings and Hadith, as well as the propagation of Wahhabi principles, are integral facets of religion's influence on the nation's educational structure. The segregation of academic institutions by gender, stringent dress codes, and strict observance of behavioral codes are exemplars of the impact of religion on education. Additionally, the cultural and religious emphasis on gender roles is pronounced through the stringent separation of schools and the reinforcement of cultural and religious norms in society. The religious curriculum and instructional materials are rigorously scrutinized to guarantee their conformity to the government's interpretation of Islam. The report accentuates both the difficulties and prospects that the cultural and educational landscape presents for students, educators, and education professionals in Saudi Arabia.

An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the closest to the ideal model of vascular access. Evidence suggests that people who approach end-stage kidney disease may have an arteriovenous fistula surgically created proactively, enabling the elimination of Permcath insertion for dialysis. Consequently, this proactive action will reduce the risk of bacteremia and admissions to inpatient services for this vulnerable population. The current mean waiting time for AVF creation in King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah (KFAFH), was 172 days. The aim of the project was to decrease the adult Chronic Kidney Disease patient mean waiting time for arteriovenous (AV) access creation from a mean of 172 days to less than 10 days within 12 months. The project was carried out in the Chronic Kidney Disease patient population of King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah. The Plan Do Study Act rapid cycles Quality improvement method was used to implement changes. The interventions include a multidisciplinary approach as the base for the new AVF strategy. Identification of CKD Stage IV patients with impending dialysis was booked for early AVF, thereby reducing the need for Permcath. An additional renal clinic was established to update the patients waiting time for AVF creation and to book patients as Day-surgery through fast track. Daily rounds in the dialysis unit were introduced to address issues of new patients on hemodialysis, and the waiting time for each patient was revised and booked to the new renal clinic for AVF creation. This reduced the referral time to the vascular clinic. Centralized approach by requesting early venogram & venous mappings. The addition of a dedicated inpatient bed for advanced access surgery like AV graft, superficialization, and bridging for patients on anti-coagulation was allotted. Addition of a dedicated operating room for at least daily AVF creation apart from the regular operating list. Addition of 1 more day to existing 1 day per week schedule for Day case procedures with 2 day surgery beds for vascular access. During the 1st PDCA cycle, the mean waiting time for AVF Access decreased to 127.75 days; during the 2nd PDCA cycle, the mean time decreased to 34.25 days, and during the 3rd PDCA cycle the project achieved proactive AVF access with the mean waiting time at -7.2 days. None of the patients with newly created AVF access developed steal syndrome during the project period. AV fistulae have a longer median survival, require less costly and invasive intervention to maintain patency and are less likely to become infected than AV graft or Permcath. A multidisciplinary team approach proved to be successful in reducing the mean AVF waiting time for hemodialysis patients. The interventions enable the team to perform proactive AVF creation in a timely manner eliminating the use of Permcaths for newly admitted Hemodialysis patients. Thus, reducing the CLABSI rate.

Bacillus is a genus that contains both environmental and pathogenic species that can cause food poisoning in humans as a result of consuming foods containing toxins or bacteria. In this study, the 16S rRNA gene of the bacteria was sequenced to identify bacteria that were isolated from camel urine. Detected the Bacillus enterotoxins that encoding by three virulence genes; nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) gene, cytotoxin K (CytK) gene and hemolytic enterotoxin (HBL) gene hblD. Bacillus sp isolates were examined for detection Bacillus enterotoxins (NheA,hblD, and CytK ) by PCR. NheA gene was detected in two of 78 examined samples 2.5% while, cytK gene was detected in 1.2 % of the examined samples. On the other hand, hblD gene failed to be detected.

The use of ceramic veneers is becoming increasingly common in Ästhetik dentistry. This method is considered to be minimally invasive with high aesthetic results due to the major advances in ceramic and bonding techniques. The success of a restorative treatment in anterior teeth depends on the esthetic integration between soft tissues and hard tissues. Aesthetic management of diastema using veneers is nowadays a well-established method. The purpose of this clinical report is to describe a conservative treatment approach to recover an esthetic disharmony caused by multiple maxillary diastemas. A 27 years old female patient was seeking to improve her smile. Ceramic veneers were planned and build-up with the help of diagnostic models, wax-up and mock-up.

BACKGROUND: Stomas are associated with multiple complications including dehydration which ultimately affects renal function. These complications begin with changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). OBJECTIVES: Evaluate changes in GFR after stoma creation by stoma type and identify how different types of stoma affect GFR. DESIGN: Retrospective, analytical cohort SETTING: Tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia PATIENTS AND METHODS: The colorectal surgery database was reviewed for all adult patients who underwent stoma creation (permanent and temporary ileostomies and colostomies) or reversal in 2000–2015. GFR was estimated at the first encounter, before the index surgery, at the time of stoma reversal, and upon the last follow-up. Patients with renal impairment, including low GFR before stoma creation, patients who had a temporary stoma converted to a permanent stoma, and patients who died with a stoma were excluded. We studied the association of several demographic and clinical factors on changes in GFR by univariate and multivariate analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Estimated GFR at the last clinic visit for the permanent stoma group and at stoma closure for the temporary stoma group. SAMPLE SIZE: 394 patients (149 ileostomates, 245 colostomates) RESULTS: Thirty-three (8.4%) of the 394 patients had a low GFR: 11 (7.4%) in the ileostomy group and 22 (9%) in the colostomy group ( P = .579). The rate of readmissions with ileostomies was higher (11.4%) than with colostomies (3.3%) ( P ≤.001). The number of temporary ileostomies (n=9, 7.0%) differed from temporary colostomies (n=2, 1.9%) but the difference was not statistically significant ( P =.06). In the multivariate analysis, stoma permanency, hypertension, chemotherapy and nephrotoxic drugs were risk factors associated with low GFR. CONCLUSION: Ileostomies were not associated with a high rate of renal function deterioration in comparison to colostomies, but had a significantly higher rate of readmission due to dehydration and electrolytes imbalance possibly due to the hot climate in Saudi Arabia. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective nature and limited sample size which may have resulted in a type 2 statistical error. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: None.

Materials and alloys usually possess distinct properties. In contrast to conventional materials, employment of bi-metal laminates allows achievement of better performance in various properties, such as light density, high strength, high corrosion and wear resistances. Moreover, considering the agriculture machinery and equipment, there is a growing demand for utilization of advanced materials with improved mechanical properties and durability. Bonding (RB) process is one of the new novel methods for production of bi-metal laminates. The study presented explores the asymmetric roll bonding for the purposes of fabrication of bi-metal Al/Br laminates with thickness reduction ratios 10–30% with mismatch speed ratios of 1 : 1.05, 1 : 1.1 and 1 : 1.15. Furthermore, finite element simulation of roll bonding process was investigated using ABAQUS software. Additionally, to improve the bonding strength, the effect of mismatch speed ratios was investigated. Finally, utilizing the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the bonding surface morphology of samples was studied.

This article presents the design of super twisting sliding mode control (STSMC) based on radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) for path tracking of two link robot manipulator. The proposed controller is utilized to guarantee and achieve that the surface of sliding can be in equilibrium point within a short time and avoid the problem of chattering at the output. The Lyapunov theory is used in presenting a new convergence proof. Also, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to give the optimal parameter values of the proposed controller. Simulation results explain the goodness of the proposed control method for trajectory tracking of 2-link robot manipulator when compared with SMC strategy. Results demonstrate that the the percentage improvement in mean square error (MSE) of using STSMC when compared with the standard SMC are 15.36%, 16.94% and 12.92%, for three different cases respectively.

Introduction: The use of herbal extracts is increasing because of the increase in bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics. Plantago major is frequently used in traditional medicine because of its medicinal properties. The aim of the current study was to assess the antibacterial efficacy of an ethanolic extract of P. major leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn infections. Methodology: One hundred and twenty burn samples were collected from hospitalized patients at the Burn Hospital in Duhok city. The bacterium was identified using Gram stain, colony morphology, biochemical tests and selective differential media. Antibacterial activity of P. major leaves was assessed by using an ethanolic extract in serial dilutions of 100, 75, 50, 25, and 10 % and disc diffusion assay. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was also performed by disk diffusion using Muller-Hinton agar medium. Results: Different concentrations of the ethanolic extract of P. major leaves exhibited different zones of inhibition against P. aeruginosa from 9.93 mm to 22.18 mm in diameter. The inhibition zone increased as the concentration of the extract increased. The 100% ethanolic extract had the greatest inhibitory effect, inhibiting bacteria in the zone of 22.18 mm diameter. This bacterium showed a high level of resistance to the antibiotics used. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that herbal extracts could be used as a combination therapy with antibiotics and chemical drugs in the elimination of bacterial growth. Further investigations and future experiments, need to be carried out before recommending use of herbal extracts.

The structural properties of (Ag-NPs) nanoparticles prepared by the chemical method were examined using (XRD) diffraction. Additionally, the optical properties were tested using a UV-Vis spectroscopy instrument, and a scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the surface morphology, We found that (Ag-NPs) nanoparticles have the highest absorbance at wavelengths of (400)nm and that the granular size of these material ranges between (29 – 89)nm. And The morphology analysis further revealed that (Ag-NPs) particles are spherical in shape.

AIM: The objective is to explore the general perception, knowledge, and attitude of people in Saudi Arabia toward the COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS: An observational and cross-sectional study was conducted with 332 Saudi adult population attending primary health centers in King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between May and July2021 using a self-administered questionnaire. All adults, equal, or older than 18 years old of both genders during the period of the study were included and the only exclusion criteria are the age and patient with psychiatric disorder. We use convenience-sampling technique, due to the difficulty to generate sampling frame. Data are going to be entered and analyzed using Statistics Package for the Social Science version 21 software in August 2021. RESULTS: Majority of participants (93.4%) had good knowledge about COVID-19 vaccines, regarding attitude more than 50% have positive attitude toward vaccination. Despite this high level on acceptance 48.5% of the participant in this study disclosed that they are not aware of vaccine side effects. With regard to perception, 66.9% of our study subjects believed that vaccination is necessary to eradicate COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, 72.4% thought that everyone should be vaccinated, starting with general public 74.5%, then health worker 57.9%. CONCLUSION: Almost most of Saudi population aware about the COVID-19 vaccines. Most Saudi people knew about it through media. A long-term side effect of getting vaccines is the main obstacles toward vaccine acceptance.

This work investigates an important topic of energy and water security (water-energy nexus). For this purpose, Water-Energy Management Strategy (W-EMS) for a standalone water desalination system powered by PV-Wind source is designed. The proposed W-EMS is based on fuzzy logic. In this context, authors focus on the design phase of the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) through which three design methods are described and analyzed. The influence of FIS design on W-EMS performance is highlighted. First, it is shown that based on the designer's knowledge, the handmade-FIS can offer good performance for the W-EMS. Then, the water-energy management is formulated as an optimization problem. Therefore, genetic algorithm is used to optimize the FIS design to reduce iterative hand-tuning trials. Furthermore, the design of the fuzzy W-EMS can be addressed by a data-driven approach as a third step. This method shows its good performance in terms of water production and energy efficiency compared to the designed FISs by the two previous methods (handmade tuning and genetic algorithm).