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Gene Ontology (GO) classification of the Bacopa monnieri HI-seq Illumina transcriptome. GO term assignments to Bacopa monnieri unigenes based on significant plant species hits against the NR database. Results are summarized into three main GO categories (biological process, cellular component, molecular function) and 30 sub categories. (DOCX 99Â kb)

List of the primers used for selected genes to check their expression using RT-PCR. Parameters used in the velvet and oases assembly. (DOC 125Â kb)

(A) Validation of selected 23 up regulated transcripts in shoot and root by using qRT-PCR analysis. (B) Tissue specific expression of selected transcription factors by using qRT-PCR analysis. All these transcripts were related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Actin and ubiquitin was used as the internal reference gene and the relative abundance of each gene transcript in roots and shoot tissue was compared. The data represents three independent biological and experimental replicates performed with standard deviations. (DOCX 69Â kb)

Relative expression levels of secondary metabolism related gene transcripts (A) and Transcription factor families (B) in Bacopa monnieri shoot and root tissues after 1, 3 and 5 h of MeJA treatment. Total RNA was extracted from root and shoot of 1 month old plant and expression level of identified transcript was analyzed by q-RT PCR. Actin and ubiquitin was used as the internal reference gene and the relative abundance of each gene transcript in root and shoot tissue was compared. The data represents three independent biological and experimental replicates performed with standard deviations. (DOCX 269 kb)

Relative expression levels of secondary metabolism related gene transcripts (A) and Transcription factor families (B) in Bacopa monnieri shoot and root tissues after 1, 3 and 5Â h of Wounding. Total RNA was extracted from root and shoot of 1Â month old plant and expression level of identified transcript was analyzed by q-RT PCR. Actin and ubiquitin was used as the internal reference gene and the relative abundance of each gene transcript in root and shoot tissue was compared. The data represents three independent biological and experimental replicates performed with standard deviations. (DOCX 140Â kb)

Overview of the Bacopa monnieri Hi-Seq Illumina transcriptome sequencing and assembly. Length distribution of the transcripts obtained from de novo assembly of contigs after clustering in both (A) Root and (B) Shoot tissues. The length of high quality transcripts varies between 1000Â bp. The data represented here is a mean value of two independent biological replicate. (DOCX 108Â kb)

Scattered plot showing the distribution and expression of transcripts among the uigenes obtained after two independent biological replicate (n = 2). DGEs for every gene family transcripts obtained in shoot and root tissue showing their up regulation. The data represented scattered plot is having a p significant value of p ≤ 0.05. (DOCX 257 kb)

Fold change expression of transcripts in shoot tissue in comparison with root tissue. Differential gene expression was depicted by calculating the RPKMs ratio of each gene in two different independent biological replicates where samples (n = 2). The figure represents the fold change values corresponding to their number of transcripts. Fold change induction along with their RPKM values which shows that maximum number of transcripts are expressed with a fold change induction ranging between 2 to 4 fold for both upregulated and downregulated transcripts. The data represents the mean value of two independent biological replicates with P ≥ 0.05 (significant). (DOCX 75 kb)

Scattered plot showing the distribution and expression of transcripts among the uigenes obtained after two independent biological replicate (n = 2). DGEs for every gene family transcripts obtained in shoot and root tissue showing their up regulation. The data represented scattered plot is having a p significant value of p ≤ 0.05. (DOCX 257 kb)

Relative expression levels of secondary metabolism related gene transcripts (A) and Transcription factor families (B) in Bacopa monnieri shoot and root tissues after 1, 3 and 5 h of MeJA treatment. Total RNA was extracted from root and shoot of 1 month old plant and expression level of identified transcript was analyzed by q-RT PCR. Actin and ubiquitin was used as the internal reference gene and the relative abundance of each gene transcript in root and shoot tissue was compared. The data represents three independent biological and experimental replicates performed with standard deviations. (DOCX 269 kb)

Overview of the Bacopa monnieri Hi-Seq Illumina transcriptome sequencing and assembly. Length distribution of the transcripts obtained from de novo assembly of contigs after clustering in both (A) Root and (B) Shoot tissues. The length of high quality transcripts varies between 1000Â bp. The data represented here is a mean value of two independent biological replicate. (DOCX 108Â kb)

Gene Ontology (GO) classification of the Bacopa monnieri HI-seq Illumina transcriptome. GO term assignments to Bacopa monnieri unigenes based on significant plant species hits against the NR database. Results are summarized into three main GO categories (biological process, cellular component, molecular function) and 30 sub categories. (DOCX 99Â kb)

(A) Validation of selected 23 up regulated transcripts in shoot and root by using qRT-PCR analysis. (B) Tissue specific expression of selected transcription factors by using qRT-PCR analysis. All these transcripts were related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Actin and ubiquitin was used as the internal reference gene and the relative abundance of each gene transcript in roots and shoot tissue was compared. The data represents three independent biological and experimental replicates performed with standard deviations. (DOCX 69Â kb)

Flow diagram representing shoot versus root HI-seq Illumina transcriptome sequencing, data analysis and annotation of Bacopa monnieri unigene obtained. (DOCX 100Â kb)

Venn diagram for number of unigenes showing sequence homology with Arabidopsis and order Lamiales. The diagram shows the overlapping unigenes in the Arabidopsis and order Lamiales. A total 62,590 unigenes were found in both tissues, while some unigenes only were found in specific tissues. (DOCX 35Â kb)

Relative expression levels of secondary metabolism related gene transcripts (A) and Transcription factor families (B) in Bacopa monnieri shoot and root tissues after 1, 3 and 5Â h of Wounding. Total RNA was extracted from root and shoot of 1Â month old plant and expression level of identified transcript was analyzed by q-RT PCR. Actin and ubiquitin was used as the internal reference gene and the relative abundance of each gene transcript in root and shoot tissue was compared. The data represents three independent biological and experimental replicates performed with standard deviations. (DOCX 140Â kb)

In this thesis we employ dielectric spectroscopy (in different implementations) to study the dielectric properties of different materials ranging from completely disordered supercooled liquids to low-disorder solids with only ratcheting reorientational motions, to low-dimensional systems such as thin films or needle-like crystals. The probed material properties include the electrical conductivity, the space-charge processes due to sample heterogeneities, molecular dynamics, hydrogen-bond dynamics, and phase-transition temperature and kinetics. To study materials in thin film form, we implement silicon-based interdigital electrode devices, which we calibrate to obtain their equivalent capacity in vacuum. We also probe two-dimensional samples obtained by intercalating (sandwiching) organic molecules between parallel graphite oxide sheets. We study both organic and hybrid (organic-inorganic) films, and compared the results with the bulk counterpart of the same materials. Rhodamine films are deposited by two different procedures starting from rhodamine 6G chloride: solution-deposited films are ionic and ordered, while vacuum-deposited films consist of a different, neutral species, namely rhodamine19, due to decomposition of rhodamine 6G upon sublimation. Both types of films display variable-range hopping electronic conduction, and a conductivity-induced space-charge relaxation. Solution deposited films display a dipolar relaxation, absent in rhodamine 19 films. We assign the dipolar relaxation to some intramolecular motion involving the charged nitrogen of the Rhodamine and the chlorine counter-ion. We also performed studies on hybrid films of cadmium iodide covalently attached to ethylamine (CdI2EA), deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett process. Bulk CdI2EA material has a solid-to-solid (structural) phase transition, which in the Langmuir-Blodgett films occurs 5 degrees higher in temperature. The films displayed a dielectric relaxation dynamics absent in the bulk, and which is either due to the existence of molecular motions in the looser structure of the film, or to the motion of teh surfactant covalently attached to CdI2EA for Langmuir-Blodgett film deposition. Another example of low-dimensional material is biclotymol, whose supercooled liquid form crystallizes into a metastable solid phase which consists of one-dimensional needle-like crystallites. The crystallization kinetics of bicotymol is a textbook example of the Avrami law with exponent n = 2 resulting from a temperature independent nucleation rate of the crystallites followed by unidimensional growth. The instability of the supercooled liquid phase may be related to the existence of fast secondary relaxation dynamics. The last two chapters of the thesis focus on ethane derivatives with distinct side groups, namely tetrachloroethane and ethanolamine. The solid phase of tetrachloroethane displays three distinct relaxation processes. We carry out molecular dynamic simulations to identify the three processes: the slowest is a cooperative reorientational dynamics whereby the molecules rotate by passing through an intermediate equivalent state; such collective relaxation is accompanied by a ¿precursor¿ single-molecule relaxation. The third process is a non-cooperative ratcheting motion between the equilibrium orientation and a high-energy orientation. In ethanolamine we observe the existence of a metastable solid phase besides the known stable one. A very prominent relaxation process is observed in both solid phases and in the liquid. The ubiquity of this relaxation indicates that it is related to local fluctuations of the hydrogen-bond network between the molecules. The same relaxation is also present when ethanolamine is sandwiched between graphite oxide sheets, but it is slower and characterized by a broader distribution of relaxation times due to the interaction with the graphite oxide matrix., En esta tesis utilizamos la espectroscopia dieléctrica para estudiar las propiedades dieléctricas de diferentes materiales que van desde líquidos subenfriados completamente desordenados a sólidos de bajo desorden con movimiento de reorientación, hasta sistemas de baja dimensionalidad tales como películas delgadas o cristales casi unidimensionales. Las propiedades estudiadas incluyen la conductividad eléctrica, los procesos de carga espacial debido a las heterogeneidades de la muestra, la dinámica molecular, la dinámica de enlaces por puente de hidrógeno, y la cinética de cristalización. Para el estudio de materiales en forma de película delgada, se han implementado nuevos dispositivos de electrodo interdigital a base de silicio. Muestras bidimensionales han sido obtenidas también por intercalación de moléculas orgánicas entre planos atómicos de óxido de grafito. Estudiamos películas orgánicas e híbridas orgánicas-inorgánicas depositadas mediante procedimientos diferentes, y comparamos los resultados con las fases puras de los mismos materiales. Obtenemos películas ordenadas de rodamina 6G clorada por crecimiento desde solución, y películas amorfas de rodamina 19 por condensación de vapor en vacío. Ambos tipos de películas presentan una conducción electrónica por salto de electrones y una relajación de carga espacial. Las películas de rodamina 6G clorada muestran además una relajación dipolar, que se asigna a movimientos intramoleculares que involucran la carga asociada al nitrógeno de la rodamina 6G y al átomo de cloro. También se han estudiado películas híbridas de ioduro de cadmio covalentemente unido a etilamina (CdI2EA), depositadas mediante el método Langmuir-Blodgett. El material en fase “bulk” presenta una transición estructural, que en la película delgada aparece a una temperatura superior de unos 5 K. Las películas presentan una relajación dinámica ausente en el material puro y que es debida a la existencia de movimientos moleculares en la estructura de la película (menos densa), o bien al movimiento del surfactante que ha sido enlazado químicamente al CdI2EA para lograr la deposición. Otro ejemplo distinto de material de baja dimensionalidad es el biclotymol, para el que el líquido subenfriado cristaliza en una fase sólida que consiste en cristales unidimensionales (en forma de aguja). La cinética de cristalización del bicotymol es un ejemplo perfecto de la ley de Avrami con exponente n = 2, resultante de una tasa de nucleación independiente de la temperatura, seguida por un crecimiento unidimensional. La inestabilidad de la fase líquida subenfriada puede estar relacionada con la existencia de dinámicas moleculares rápidas. Los dos últimos capítulos de la tesis se centran en dos derivados del etano con grupos laterales distintos, a saber, tetracloroetano y etanolamina. La fase sólida del tetracloroetano muestra tres procesos de relajación distintos. Mediante simulaciones moleculares se han podido identificar los tres procesos: el más lento es un proceso cooperativo en el que las moléculas “giran” sobre si mismas pasando por un estado equivalente intermedio; esta relajación colectiva se acompaña de una relajación "precursora", correspondiente al movimiento de una sola molécula. El tercer proceso es una rotación, no cooperativa, entre la orientación de equilibrio y una orientación de alta energía.

Impedance spectroscopy is employed to probe the frequency-dependent conductivity and dielectric response of the crystalline C60O24Na24 fulleride, both in its pure form obtained by heating to 473 K and in its bulk-hydrate form stable only below 390 K, of chemical formula C60O24Na24 ·16 H2O. A dielectric loss feature is visible in both the pure material and the hydrate, displaying different strength and activated behavior in different temperature ranges.