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Summarization: Alternative tourism has gained considerable interest among consumers and enterprises in the tourism sector, creating new opportunities for providing high quality and innovative tourist services, while contributing to sustainable development. The Internet plays a key role as a tool for promoting alternative tourism. Motivated by this, this article presents an original research on the evaluation of the content features of the websites of enterprises involved with alternative tourism services in the region of Chania, Greece. The sample consists of 28 websites evaluated over 11 performance criteria through the ELECTRE III multicriteria method. The websites are ranked in a benchmarking context and the results of the evaluation are used to identify the most successful practices, as well as the website features that require improvements for the enterprises to take advantage of the opportunities that arise in the new era of technological innovation in the tourism sector. Presented on: IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management

Tourism is very vulnerable to climate change and the disruption of Covid-19, facing two challenges: fighting climate change pursuing its carbon emissions goals, and recovering from the complex pandemic effects. We contribute to the incomplete understanding of tourism emissions pandemic impact and in different post-covid recovery scenarios. Using official data on tourists’ consumption, we calculate the carbon footprint of tourism in Spain in 2019 and 2020 under different recovery pathways, including changes in consumption patterns and emissions efficiency, using a multiregional input-output model. Results show that the carbon footprint of tourism in Spain fell by 63% in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic levels, which would be aligned with the current sectoral decarbonisation target. However, the new tourists’ consumption patterns resulting from the pandemic are insufficient to increase tourism sustainability if they imply pre-pandemic consumption levels. The results provide empirical ground for the binary debate on “recovery or reform”.

Resumen Este artículo aborda la comunicación intercultural a partir de las prácticas discursivas observadas in situ en un contexto turístico. El estudio se centra en las diferencias interaccionales respecto del color de la piel y el origen geográfico y cultural asumido por el interlocutor local. La metodología utilizada es cualitativa, basada principalmente en la observación participante con un análisis decolonial dentro de los estudios de sociolingüística etnográfica crítica y comunicación intercultural. El texto problematiza las categorías que construyen la extranjería. En concreto, utiliza el marco fanoniano que dicotomiza entre zonas del Ser y zonas del no-Ser, que diferencia entre los privilegios y la subalternidad. La microviolencia discursiva se hace explícita en las prácticas observadas. El autor sostiene que los estudios de comunicación intercultural deben observar el hecho diferencial de la colonialidad del ser y del poder. Los resultados del estudio ponen de manifiesto cómo el racismo media en las prácticas discursivas. Abstract This article deals with intercultural communication on the basis of discursive practices observed in situ in a tourist context. The study focuses on interactional differences with respect to skin colour and the geographical and cultural origin assumed by the local interlocutor. The methodology used is qualitative, based mainly on participant observation with a decolonial analysis within the studies of critical ethnographic sociolinguistics and intercultural communication. The text problematises the categories that construct foreignness. Specifically, it uses the Fanonian framework that dichotomises between zones of Being and zones of non-Being, which differentiates between privileges and subalternity. The discursive microviolence is made explicit in the observed practices. The author argues that intercultural communication studies must observe the differential fact of the coloniality of being and power. The results of the study reveal how racism mediates discursive practices. Resumo Este artigo trata da comunicação intercultural com base em práticas discursivas observadas in situ num contexto turístico. O estudo centra-se nas diferenças interaccionais no que respeita à cor da pele e à origem geográfica e cultural assumida pelo interlocutor local. A metodologia utilizada é qualitativa, baseada principalmente na observação dos participantes com uma análise descolonial no âmbito dos estudos de sociolinguística etnográfica crítica e de comunicação intercultural. O texto problematiza as categorias que constroem a estrangeirização. Especificamente, utiliza o quadro fanoniano que dicotomiza entre zonas de Ser e zonas de não-Being, o que diferencia entre os privilégios e a subalternidade. A microviolência discursiva é explicitada nas práticas observadas. O autor argumenta que os estudos de comunicação intercultural devem observar o facto diferencial da colonialidade do ser e do poder. Os resultados do estudo revelam como o racismo medeia as práticas discursivas.

Recommender systems that utilize machine learning algorithms are a prominent tool in the design and implementation of personalized tourism experiences. These systems analyze user data to generate recommendations for destinations, attractions, accommodations, and activities based on user preferences, behavior, and similarity to other users. Collaborative filtering and content-based filtering are two widely used machine learning algorithms in recommender systems, and hybrid systems that combine both approaches have shown to be effective in producing more accurate recommendations. Tourism recommendation systems (TRS) provide several benefits, including personalization, convenience, improved user experience, and increased revenue for tourism businesses. These systems can suggest destinations, attractions, accommodations, and activities that match user preferences and past behaviors, ultimately simplifying the trip planning process. Machine learning algorithms can be trained on large datasets to generate personalized recommendations, and can continuously improve their effectiveness by incorporating new data and user feedback. This paper provides a state-of-the-art overview of various types of recommendation systems (RS), including those based on user preferences, behaviors, demographic profiles, and social network judgments. The paper also presents a comparison table for these approaches. Additionally, the paper discusses the different stages of the travel process and the sources of data that can be used to develop a recommender system. The concluding section of the paper highlights the importance of personalized recommendations in the tourism industry and the potential for future research in this area.

The deployment of Blockchain technology in the tourism industry is already becoming a reality with the gradual emergence of innovative business models. At its core is the promise of improving the efficiency of the tourism service value chain and enhancing the quality of the service provided to the end customer. This paper analyses research trends focused on using Blockchain technology in tourism. The aim is to determine how this technology impacts the tourism sector and its sustainability. A systematic review, descriptive bibliometric analysis, and network analysis based on co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword analysis criteria, among others, have been used. The results reveal that the subject matter analysed is generating a growing trend in academic research in the fields of sustainable management and supply chain efficiency. The activities in the tourism sector that are incorporating this technology to a greater extent are those related to the areas of marketing, logistics, and smart business models, according to the data extracted from the analysis. This technology already enables the application of solutions that predict and promote tourist behaviour based on sustainable behaviour and consumption habits, generating value for the different stakeholders.

Revealing customer satisfaction through big social data has been an interesting research topic in tourism and hospitality. Big data analysis is an effective way to detect customers’ behaviors in their decision-making. This study aims to perform big social data analysis to reveal whether food quality impacts the relationship between hotel performance criteria and travelers’ satisfaction. A two-stage methodology is developed to address the objectives of this study. The findings demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between eco-friendly hotels’ performance criteria and satisfaction. The results and implications for managers and future research directions are discussed.

Le tango, né dans le bassin du Rio de la Plata à la fin du XIXe siècle, après une éclipse dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, connaît un renouveau globalisé, à la fois comme spectacle et comme pratique. Considérer la géographie du tango à Buenos Aires et Montevideo est alors étudier leur place éminente dans une diversité de circulations touristiques et culturelles, à diverses échelles (continentales et mondiales), transformant des éléments culturels et patrimonialisés en étendards territoriaux et moteurs de développement par la culture et le tourisme. Ces usages politiques et économiques du tango pluralisent ses significations et produisent des conflits sur les modes d’ancrage d’une pratique culturelle à ces deux villes. Tango was born in the Rio de la Plata basin at the end of the 19th century. After an eclipse in the second half of the 20th century, it is experiencing a globalized revival, both as a spectacle and as a practice. To consider the geography of tango in Buenos Aires and Montevideo is then to study their prominent place in a diversity of tourist and cultural circulations, at various scales (continental and global), transforming cultural and heritage elements into territorial symbols and drivers of development through culture and tourism. These political and economic uses of tango pluralize its meanings and produce conflicts on the modes of anchoring a cultural practice to these two cities.

Gastronomy, as a part of cultural heritage, has exceptional potential in tourism, and its key representatives and conservationists/guardians are hospitality facilities that provide food services. Vojvodina (the Republic of Serbia) is a region inhabited by more than 30 ethnic minorities that have nurtured their cultural heritage and have been incorporating it into gastronomy for many years. The subject of this paper is the gastronomy of ethnic groups in Vojvodina and its significance for tourism development from the point of view of hospitality workers as important actors in the sustainability of heritage. One of the motives behind this study is the twelfth UN sustainable development goal (SDGs) defined in 2015, which refers to providing sustainable forms of consumption and production and which emphasizes the development and application of tools for monitoring the impact that sustainable development has on tourism that promotes local culture and products (12b). The aim of this study was to obtain data on the preservation of heritage, that is, on authenticity within the region/area and ethnic groups, and then to perform a valorization of dishes and define steps on how to make gastronomic heritage a more visible tourist attraction, from the perspective of sustainability. Our survey included a sample of 508 respondents, all employees in the hospitality industry. The obtained results were statistically processed. The research showed that the Južnabačka district has the greatest importance in tourism from the aspect of the implementation, preservation, and sustainability of gastronomic heritage in tourism. Among the ethnic groups, the Vojvodina Hungarians place the greatest importance on the preservation of gastronomy, which includes dishes such as goulash and uses ingredients such as river fish. The research led to the conclusion that those in the hospitality industry are of the opinion that gastronomic heritage should be promoted through activities such as tourist exposure, marketing activities, and promoting the diversity of authentic food offers in catering facilities.

This study focuses on local ice-breaking tourism initiatives in Kemi (Finland), Mombetsu (Japan), and Abashiri (Japan). It adds to research on winter and cruise tourism and analyzes multiscalar challenges—ranging from the global warming and COVID-19 pandemic to dependency on local governmental support—threatening the future of tourism dependent on frozen maritime conditions and vulnerable to changing climate conditions. As the case study cities have invested significantly in tourism built around the uncontrollable natural phenomenon, changes in this industry can lead to substantial spillover effects in the surrounding communities. This qualitative comparative research is based on extensive fieldwork and utilizes the concept of resilience to discuss the means of responding to existing and predicted disturbances. The results of this study show that the recent adaptation and resiliency-building strategies have focused on searching for alternative use of old, new, and renovated ice-breaking vessels, attraction of new types of (often domestic) visitors, and development of activities and facilities that are less sensitive to seasonal variation and climate change. While introducing new local ideas concerning ecological and educational tourism, e-tourism, and community-oriented tourism, this article contributes to the understanding of resilience-building processes in tourism.

The study aims to present reliable information about thermal conditions and their impacts on visitors to ski travel destinations.Mountain tourism areas are specific since high altitudes affect the ambient weather conditions which can affect different types of human activities. In this paper, the thermal comfort and its changes in Kopaonik Mountain, the most popular ski resort in Serbia over the last 30 years, have been evaluated. Information about thermal comfort is presented by using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), and modified physiologically equivalent temperature (mPET) in 3-h resolution for the period 1991–2020. The results indicate prevailing cold stress all year round. Days with moderate, strong, and very strong heat stress were not recorded. Strong and extreme cold stress prevailed during winter, while slight and moderate cold stress prevailed during summer. Transitional seasons were very cold, but autumn was more comfortable than spring. The occurrence of days with neutral and slightly warm/cool conditions is concentrated in the summer months. However, summer is not used enough for tourism because the choice of tourists to stay at Kopaonik is not primarily based on favorable bioclimatic conditions, but on resources for winter tourism. With global warming, the annual number of thermally favorable days has been increasing, while the number of days with extreme and strong cold stress is decreasing. Continuing this trend can significantly influence tourism in the future, and therefore, new strategies in ski resorts will be required to adapt to the changing climate. The authors are grateful to Prof. Matzarakis for his generous provision of the RayMan program.

Дослідження присвяченоаналізу потенціалу маркетингу для забезпечення розвитку ринку космічного туризму. У статті доведено, що економічне зростання ринку космічного туризму залежить від його здатності ефективно реагувати на ендо-генні та екзогенні чинники маркетингового середовища. Визначено мотиваційні чинники космічних туристів та середовище,яке створюють компанії-постачальники космічних туристичних послуг для виклику у людини абсолютно нових рівнів емоцій-них станів. Здійснено маркетинговий аналіз сегментаційних змінних на ринку космічного туризму, зазначено основні відмін-ності щодо надання космічних туристичних послуг в кожному з них. Акцентовано, що сучасний економічний механізм розви-тку ринку космічного туризму базується на концепції маркетингу з адаптованими його основними елементами. Проведений аналіз дозволяє стверджувати, що ринок космічного туризму має величезний потенціал. В найближчому майбутньому кос-мічний туризм стане масовим, індустрія космічних вражень буде розвиватися прискореними темпами, стимулюючи виник-нення інших прибуткових субринків. The study is devoted to the analysis of the capacity of marketing to ensure the development of the space tourism market. To achieve the goal the authors used the following methods: historical, logical generalization, scientific abstraction, analysis, and synthesis. The article determines that the economic growth of the space tourism market depends on its ability to effectively respond to endogenous and exogenous factors of the marketing environment. Thus, the world market of space tourism, on the one hand, contributes to the social development of society and acts as a catalyst for structural transformations in the economy, and on the other hand, it contributes to the acceleration of the processes of formation, exchange, and use of human capital, information and technologies in global space. Changes in the principles, mechanisms, and conditions of functioning of the world market of space tourism are caused by the diversification of factors affecting its development. The authors identify the main motivational factors of space tourists. They reveal how companies providing space tourism services create an environment that evokes completely new levels of emotions in a person. The authors carried out the marketing analysis of segmentation variables in the space tourism market (terrestrial and cyberspace tourism; atmospheric and suborbital tourism; orbital space tourism; space travel beyond the Earth's orbit), and identified the main differences in providing space tourism services in each of the specified segments. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the space tourism market is customer-oriented and the modern economic mechanism of its market development is based on the concept of marketing with adapted main elements. The conducted analysis allows us to confirm that the market of space tourism has a huge potential. Considering that the availability of space tourism due to financial factors can significantly increase in the next decade, it is necessary to develop a new client base, involving innovative marketing communications and technologies. Space travel has become a reality, in the near future space tourism will become massive, and the industry of space experiences will develop at an accelerated pace, stimulating the emergence of other profitable submarkets.

As an emerging economy, Turkey has experienced a significant structural transformation in the last twenty years. Within this period, Turkey has increased to the eleventh rank for international tourist arrivals in the world (UNWTO 2023). However, in recent years, there has been a rapid depreciation of the national currency, raising the question of how this affects the tourism trade. Using bilateral data and considering non-linearities, we investigate the exchange rate-tourism balance nexus for Turkey and its most tourist sender partners by applying ARDL and NARDL modelling. We find that (i) when the Turkish Lira (TL) appreciates, the tourism balance is positively affected in the German and UK models in the short-run and in the Russian and Netherlands models in the long-run; (ii) the depreciation of the TL, on the other hand, has a positive effect on the tourism balances for France and the UK in the short-run. Therefore, either the increase or decrease in the exchange rate (except for Russia in the short-run) affects the tourism balance insignificantly or positively. These findings imply that policymakers should focus more on country-specific tourism policies to attract more tourists to the country rather than on exchange rate policies to manage the tourism balance.

One of the important areas of action in Ukraine is the restoration of the sphere of activity of hotels with the reduction of restrictions after COVID-19 in the conditions of the russian federation's war against Ukraine. Using the experience of hotels in other countries will be useful in restoring the tourism industry in Ukraine. Disadvantages in the operation of hotels arise from the fact that management decisions are sometimes made intuitively, modern innovative management methods, such as SWOT analysis, are not used. The object of the research is the influence of the owner and management on the review of the business strategy in the critical use of the hotel's capabilities with the help of SWOT analysis. The problem of improving business management was solved at the stage of considering options for improving the hotel's operations. The results were to show the chance of choosing the optimal business strategy when systematically considering options for management decisions regarding the future of the hotel using SWOT analysis techniques.When applying a SWOT analysis, the weaknesses and strengths of the hotel are modeled; but it requires special statistical knowledge. In the paper, based on the processing of studied of the hospitality industry, examples of SWOT analysis experience for the implementation of business strategy by hotels in countries with a developed tourism market are indicated.Consolidated information is formed on the components of a SWOT analysis of a hotel business strategy according to the authors' proposals.The process of SWOT analysis in improving the activity of Ukrainian hotels at the stage of planning and implementation of strategic directions is revealed.The formation of an information base is outlined with an integrated approach in the process of implementation.Organizational measures for implementing the hotel strategy according to SWOT analysis are indicated.Conclusions are drawn and directions for further research are shown. The obtained results are the process of making management decisions based on a set of market data, which determines the application of a certain sequence of recognized stages (algorithm). A SWOT analysis, which was prepared by eliminating all the ideas of the participants and ranking them in order of importance, will combine a large problem into a report that is more understandable to individuals and must be put into practice by them.

The main objective of this paper is to study how firm-specific factors affect the financial performance of tourism-related young small and micro-sized firms located in Algarve, Portugal, that started their activity during the last years of the debt crisis of Europe. The sample included 106 Portuguese small and micro-sized firms in the hospitality sector, established between 2012-2014, which remain active in 2019 and financial data from 2015 to 2018 was analysed. Descriptive statistics, group statistics, correlations, and regression model analyses were applied. The dependent variable representing profitability was the return on assets ratio (ROA). The independent variables were short-term, long-term and total debts, slack resources, sales growth, tangibility and size of the firm. A negative relationship between performance and long-term and short-term debts was found, confirming the theory that the most profitable firms tend to borrow less as they do not need external capital. Also, a negative relationship between ROA and tangibility was found, which means that as the level of tangible assets lessens, more intangible assets there are. These results give some hints to help tourism-related small and micro-sized firms located in Algarve take innovation, flexibility, and digitalisation strategies, particularly important during a pandemic crisis.

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi aprofundar a compreensão da interface entre a atividade turística e o ecossistema empreendedor em prol do desenvolvimento. Trata-se de uma revisão semiestruturada da literatura (Snyder, 2019), realizada na base Web of Science que levanta a produção internacional no período de 2016-2021. Após a análise de 19 artigos trouxe-se como resultado a definição compilada dos temas abordados, gerando uma estrutura para sistematização do conteúdo, dividida em quatro frentes de pesquisa: definições de ecossistemas empreendedores, estágios de desenvolvimento, dimensões de análise e ecossistemas empreendedores e o turismo. Tais resultados ampliam a compreensão acerca da contribuição do ecossistema empreendedor para o turismo e, consequentemente, para o desenvolvimento, mediante o fomento da atividade turística, além da contribuição para a literatura, haja vista que estudos anteriores mostram que apesar da aparente complementariedade desta interface, a abordagem do ecossistema empreendedor e do turismo ainda é pouco abordada em pesquisas. Abstract: The aim of this study was to deepen the understanding of the interface between tourism activity and the entrepreneurial ecosystem in favor of development. This is a semi-structured literature review (Snyder, 2019) on the Web of Science database, searching for international studies published from 2016 to 2021. After analyzing nineteen articles, a compiled definition of the topics covered was produced, generating a structure for the systematization of the content, which was divided into four research fronts: descriptions of entrepreneurial ecosystems, stages of development, dimensions of analysis, and entrepreneurial ecosystems and tourism. These results expand the understanding of how the entrepreneurial ecosystem contributes to tourism and, consequently, to development through the promotion of tourist activity. They also contributes to the literature on the theme, given that studies addressing entrepreneurial ecosystem and tourism are still scarce, despite the apparent complementarity of this interface, as shown in previous studies. Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue profundizar en la comprensión de la interfaz entre la actividad turística y el ecosistema emprendedor a favor del desarrollo. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica semiestructurada (Snyder, 2019), realizada en la base de datos Web of Science que releva la producción internacional en el período 2016-2021. Luego de analizar 19 artículos, se planteó la definición compilada de los temas abordados, generando una estructura para la sistematización del contenido, dividida en cuatro frentes de investigación: definiciones de ecosistemas emprendedores, etapas de desarrollo, dimensiones de análisis y ecosistemas emprendedores y el turismo. Tales resultados amplían la comprensión de la contribución del ecosistema emprendedor al turismo y, en consecuencia, al desarrollo a través de la promoción de la actividad turística, además de la contribución a la literatura, dado que estudios previos muestran que a pesar de la aparente complementariedad de esta interfaz, el enfoque del ecosistema emprendedor y el turismo es aún poco abordado en la investigación.

Resumo: O turismo de cassinos é o tema da presente investigação, cujo recorte espacial contempla a região do Destino Turístico Iguaçu, na tríplice fronteira entre Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina, que oferta jogos de apostas como um de seus produtos. A pesquisa contribui para reduzir uma lacuna existente na literatura sobre turismo de cassinos no Brasil, buscando entender as motivações dos fluxos para estes atrativos a partir da perspectiva do turista. O objetivo geral é identificar os fatores motivacionais que levam os turistas brasileiros a visitar os cassinos do Destino Turístico Iguaçu. A metodologia utilizada foi de natureza qualitativa e documental, tendo como fonte de dados comentários de turistas na plataforma TripAdvisor. A captura dos comentários ocorreu com o uso de um software em Python, obtendo-se uma amostra de 2.197 comentários em língua portuguesa, entre agosto de 2012 e março de 2020. A tabulação e o processamento dos dados foram realizados com mecanismos para análise de textos do software R, que gerou um conjunto de quadrigramas (sequências de quatro palavras), para catalogar os fatores motivacionais que emergiram do corpus analisado. Aplicando análise de conteúdo, os quadrigramas foram classificados nas categorias motivacionais do modelo bidimensional push e pull proposta por Dann (1977) e Crompton (1979). Observou-se que as motivações que mais incentivam o turista a frequentar os cassinos (push) se concentram nos fatores “novidade”, seguido de “socialização” e “repouso e relaxamento”. No que tange às características que atraem os turistas para os cassinos (pull) aparecem os fatores “infraestrutura”, seguido de “bares e entretenimento” e “acomodações e transporte”. Abstract: Casino tourism is the subject of this research, whose spatial focus is the Tourist Destination Iguaçu, on the triple border between Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, and which offers gambling as one of its products. The research contributes to filling a gap in the literature on casino tourism in Brazil, seeking to understand the factors that prompt visitors to these attractions, from the tourist's perspective. The general objective is to identify the motivational factors that lead Brazilian tourists to visit the casinos of the Tourist Destination Iguaçu. The methodology used was of qualitative and documentary, and the source of data was comments from tourists on the TripAdvisor platform. The comments were captured using Python software, obtaining a sample of 2,197 comments written in Portuguese, between August 2012 and March 2020. The data were tabulated and processed, using the R software to analyze the text contained in the comments. This analysis generated a set of quadrigrams (four-word sequences) to catalog the motivational factors that emerged from the analyzed corpus. Applying content analysis, the quadrigrams were classified into the motivational categories of the two-dimensional push and pull model proposed by Dann (1977) and Crompton (1979). It was observed that the motivations that most encourage tourists to visit casinos (push) are centered around the factors “novelty”, followed by “socialization” and “rest and relaxation”. Regarding the characteristics that attract tourists to the casinos (pull), the factor “infrastructure” appears first, followed by “bars and entertainment” and “accommodation and transport”. Resumen: El turismo de casino es objeto de la presente investigación, cuyo foco espacial incluye la región del Destino Turístico Iguazú, en la triple frontera entre Brasil, Paraguay y Argentina, que ofrece el juego como uno de sus productos. La investigación contribuye a reducir un vacío existente en la literatura sobre el turismo de casino en Brasil, buscando comprender las motivaciones de los flujos a estas atracciones desde la perspectiva del turista. El objetivo general es identificar los factores motivacionales que llevan a los turistas brasileños a visitar los casinos del Destino Turístico Iguazú. La metodología utilizada fue de carácter cualitativo y documental, teniendo como fuente de datos los comentarios de los turistas en la plataforma TripAdvisor. Los comentarios fueron capturados utilizando el software Python, obteniendo una muestra de 2.197 comentarios en portugués, entre agosto de 2012 y marzo de 2020. La tabulación y el procesamiento de datos se realizaron con mecanismos de análisis de texto del software R, que generó un conjunto de cuadrigramas (secuencias de cuatro palabras), para catalogar los factores motivacionales que surgieron del corpus analizado. Aplicando el análisis de contenido, los cuadrigramas se clasificaron en las categorías motivacionales del modelo bidimensional push y pull propuesto por Dann (1977) y Crompton (1979). Se observó que las motivaciones que más animan a los turistas a visitar los casinos (push) se concentran en los factores “novedad”, seguidos de “socialización” y “descanso y relajación”. En cuanto a las características que atraen a los turistas a los casinos (pull), aparecen los factores “infraestructura”, seguido de “bares y entretenimiento” y “alojamiento y transporte”.

Purpose This study aims to present a general approach for understanding and analyzing the thematic evolution of the concept of co-creation in smart environments within the tourism context. Design/methodology/approach This study performs a co-word analysis with a longitudinal framework that produces strategic diagrams to categorize the detected themes and concepts related to co-creation. Findings By combining the performance analysis of science mapping, the following clusters are distinguished: information technology, social media and behavior; tourism organizations, management and innovation; co-creation, technology and sharing economy; co-production and hospitality; and Smart tourism, destinations, sustainability and residents. Originality/value This study provides a valuable tool for tourism scholars and managers to effectively analyze the importance of different themes linked to co-creation in the concept of the smart environment. This research outlines the evolving issues in and around the touchpoints and associated emerging research topics for future research.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a influência da capacidade absortiva e da orientação empreendedora na sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental, no setor hoteleiro das regiões turísticas catarinenses. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e descritiva do tipo survey com foco em dados primários originais. Fez-se uso da técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais operacionalizada por meio do software SmartPLS3.0 para o teste das hipóteses. Os resultados indicam que o constructo sustentabilidade é influenciado direta e positivamente pela capacidade absortiva (ACAP) e pela orientação empreendedora (OE) e que a OE recebe efeito direto e positivo da ACAP. Ainda, que essas relações são controladas segundo a classificação, por número de estrelas, do meio de hospedagem. A originalidade deste estudo está no aprofundamento da influência da ACAP na orientação empreendedora e de ambos os constructos na sustentabilidade. Bem como, ao contribuir com os empreendedores do setor hoteleiro apontando para a necessidade de manter atenção aos conhecimentos que estão fora da empresa, e que ao serem absorvidos possibilitam melhorias na ação empreendedora e na adoção de práticas de sustentabilidade no setor. Abstract: The main objective of this study is to analyze the influence of absorption capacity and entrepreneurial orientation on economic, social and environmental sustainability in the hotel sector in tourist regions of Santa Catarina. This is a research is quantitative and descriptive, of the survey type, focusing on original primary data. The Structural Equation Modeling technique was used to test the hypotheses, through the software program SmartPLS3.0. The results indicate that the sustainability construct is directly and positively influenced by absorption capacity (ACAP) and by entrepreneurial orientation (EO), and that the EO receives a direct and positive effect of ACAP. Also, these relationships are determined by the classification of the accommodation establishment. The originality of this study lies in its deepening of the influence of ACAP on entrepreneurial orientation, and of both constructs on sustainability. It will also provide support to entrepreneurs in the accommodation sector in tourist destinations, indicating the importance of acquiring knowledge from outside the company that, when absorbed, will enable improvements in entrepreneurial action and the adoption of sustainability practices in the sector. Resumem: El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la influencia de la capacidad de absorción y la orientación empresarial en la sostenibilidad económica, social y ambiental, del sector hotelero en las regiones turísticas de Santa Catarina. Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa y descriptiva, tipo encuesta, centrada en datos primarios originales. Para la prueba de hipótesis se utilizó la técnica de Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales operada a través del Software SmartPLS3.0. Los resultados indican que el constructo sustentabilidad está directa y positivamente influenciado por la capacidad de absorción (ACAP) y por la orientación emprendedora (EO) y que la EO recibe un efecto directo y positivo de la ACAP. Asimismo, estas relaciones se controlan según la clasificación del alojamiento. La originalidad de este estudio radica en la profundización de la influencia de ACAP en la orientación emprendedora y de ambos constructos en la sustentabilidad. Así como, contribuir a los emprendedores del sector del alojamiento en los destinos turísticos, señalando la necesidad de prestar atención al conocimiento que está fuera de la empresa, y que, al ser absorbido, posibilita mejoras en la acción emprendedora y la adopción de prácticas de sostenibilidad en el sector.

People’s attitudes toward wildlife may impact their behaviors in support of conservation. We surveyed people in the United States to determine if gender, age, or visual contexts commonly seen in zoos impacted wildlife attitudes and perceptions of animals in zoos. After viewing an image of a two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) or reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) in one of six different contexts, respondents indicated their agreement with statements designed to reveal their wildlife attitudes. We categorized attitude types, determined factors influencing attitudes, and investigated perceptions of animals in zoos. Analyses revealed both positive and negative wildlife attitudes. Attitudes were not influenced by the context in which animals were portrayed but were highly impacted by gender and age. Similar factors influenced perceptions of animals in zoos. Zoological facilities should consider how attitudes are shaped by gender and age when designing animal exhibits, educational programs, and media offerings to promote conservation mindedness.

Turizm sektörü, ülkeler için ekonomik olarak ciddi bir önem arz etmektedir. Koronavirüs pandemisinden sonra seyahat ve turizm sektörünün büyüklüğü yaklaşık %50 azalarak 4,671 Trilyon $’a gerilemiştir. Uçuş ve sokağa çıkma kısıtlamalarının kaldırılmasıyla birlikte, ilgili sektörün büyüklüğünün yakın zamanda tekrar pandemi öncesini yakalayacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda ülkeler, pandeminin bıraktığı hasarı azaltmak ve ekonomik büyümelerini devam ettirebilmek için seyahat ve turizm sektöründen daha fazla pay almak istemektedirler. Turizm sektöründe farklı stratejiler mevcuttur ve ülkeler daha fazla ziyaretçi çekebilmek için farklı politikalar izlemektedir. Mevcut çalışmanın amacı seyahat ve turizm sektöründe birbirine benzer ülkelerin, kümeleme analizi ile tespit edilmesidir. Bu bağlamda ilk olarak GAP istatistiği kullanılarak küme sayısı 4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Küme sayısının belirlenmesinden sonra ise k-ortalamalar yöntemi kullanılarak kümeleme analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kümeleme analizinden sonra her bir küme için ortalama endeks skoru hesaplanmış ve kümeler hesaplanan bu skora göre sıralanmış ve kıyaslanmıştır., The tourism sector has a serious economic importance for countries. After the coronavirus pandemic, the size of the travel and tourism sector decreased by approximately 50% to $ 4,671 Trillion. With the lifting of restrictions, the size of this sector is expected to catch up with pre-pandemic again in the near future. In this context, countries want to get more shares from the travel and tourism sector in order to reduce the damage caused by the pandemic and to continue their economic growth. There are different strategies in the tourism sector and countries follow different policies to attract more visitors. The aim of the current study is to identify countries that are similar to each other in the travel and tourism sector by cluster analysis. In this context, firstly, the number of clusters was determined as 4 using the GAP statistics. After determining the number of clusters, cluster analysis was performed using the k-means method. After the cluster analysis, the average index score was calculated for each cluster and the clusters were ranked according to this calculated score.

Characterizing geological heritage sites (geosites) available in Russia remains an urgent task. The present study focuses on two geosites from the vicinity of Kazan—a large city on the Volga River. They are attributed to the standardized geoheritage types and scored by means of several criteria. It is found out that the Pechischi geosite represents nine geoheritage types, from which the stratigraphical type (stratotype section of the Upper Kazanian regional unit of the Guadalupian) and the geohistorical type (history of the Permian System studies) are the most important. This geosite reaches 675 out of 750 maximum possible scores, and it is ranked globally. The Cheremushki geosite represents six geoheritage types, from which the stratigraphical type (reference section of the Urzhumian regional unit of the Guadalupian) and the paleontological type (locality of diverse fossils, including tetrapods) are the most important. This geosite reaches a score of 250 and is ranked nationally. The undertaken study allows for recommending several actions for the effective conservation and exploitation of these geosites. The innovative interpretation is that the presence of geosites at the urban periphery makes its general (not only geological) heritage value comparable to that of the city’s center.

The aim of this article is to present photography as an effective method for exploring abandoned heritage sites. The example of Pripyat - a city a few kilometres away from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant - will show the attitude of tourists towards a place which today is of undoubted cultural and historical value, but which is also an abandoned place. By means of semiotic and hermeneutic analysis of the photographs taken by tourists, a picture of Pripyat will be outlined, which has started to function anew in the cultural space thanks to, among others, tourist representations. A tourist’s gaze on Pripyat was analysed through the lens of four categories: must-see places, tourist performativity behaviours, the acts and ruin photos. In addition, the article outlines the direct relationship between the tourist imagination, photography, and heritage. Through tourist photography, the heritage is ‘reframed’ and domesticated. Photography also takes an active part in the process of making heritage by fragmenting the world and often putting them into a completely new context and narration and an example is abandoned Pripyat.

Europe accounts for 51% of international tourist arrivals and the tourism industry provides about 10% of workplaces in Europe. Tourism will be impacted by climate change in a diverse number of ways. At the same time, tourism is also a significant contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this article is, therefore, to provide an assessment of climate and carbon risks for the European tourism industry based on a systematic literature review. Climate risk is the dominant category with 313 papers (74%), while 110 papers (26%) were on carbon risks. The following gaps were identified: geographical gaps, especially in countries of the former Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia; a lack of coherent studies on national tourism’s and its sub-sectors’ emissions; research addressing how climate policies might affect tourism demand; assessments of the integrated carbon and climate risks; lack of evidence on the link between tourism climate indicators and tourism demand; lack of climate change and tourism studies addressing policy and institutional tools for adaptation and implementation of adaptation measures in destinations; and research on rising sea levels and coastal erosion and its impacts on tourism destinations and demand.

La Organización Mundial del Turismo subrayó la importancia del turismo cultural y patrimonial, ya que conlleva y aglutina cultura, arte, creatividad y aprendizaje; además, esta forma de turismo favorece un desarrollo de comunidades que tenga en cuenta el valor de la cultura local. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo la identificación de los temas más importante y recurrentes en la literatura actual sobre esta forma de turismo. Este trabajo de índole teórico puede servir como base y sustento de futuras investigaciones empíricas, ya que ofrece una sistematización de la literatura para que resalten los asuntos relevantes y que describen el comportamiento de los turistas en ciudades, patrimonio de la cultura, es decir, autenticidad, identidad, destino turístico, motivación y comunidad. Se concluye sobre el impacto de un estudio bibliométrico en la base de datos Web of Science y a través de un co-word análisis con Bibliometrix que posibilito una mirada más profunda sobre turismo cultural y patrimonial y destacando los enlaces entre autenticidad, destino y motivaciones, identidad y comunidad; temas brindan la oportunidad para configurar nuevas estrategias en la oferta de experiencias turísticas.

Diversas investigaciones han abordado el papel jugado por las Rutas del Vino de España para dinamizar la competitividad de un territorio, incrementar la producción vinícola, mejorar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos y respetar el medioambiente. Sin embargo, hasta donde sabemos, el impacto de la COVI‐19 sobre dichas rutas enológicas no ha sido abordado en la literatura académica. Para superar este gap de investigación, el trabajo pretende analizar el impacto del patógeno sobre la oferta y la demanda de las actividades turísticas a través de, por un lado, el análisis de la evolución de las instituciones adheridas a las rutas del vino españolas y, por otro lado, el estudio del impacto económico de las 32 rutas que conforman dicho producto turístico. Several studies have addressed the role played by the Spanish Wine Routes in boosting the competi‐ tiveness of a territory, increasing wine production, improving the quality of life of citizens and respecting the environment. However, to our knowledge, the impact of COVID‐19 on these wine routes has not been addressed in the academic literature. In order to overcome this research gap, this paper aims to analyse the impact of the pathogen on the supply and demand of tourist activities by analysing the evolution of the institution members of the Spanish wine routes and the economic impact of the 32 routes that make up this tourist product.

In a series of ad-hoc surveys at different academic institutions in the Baltic Sea region, students and young scholars were asked about their views about the environmental issues of the Baltic Sea, and who would be responsible for the management of the Baltic Sea. Overfishing, climate change and waste were considered the most significant issues, while tourism and constructions (of bridges, etc.) were less often recognized as severe. The responsibility for the management of the Baltic Sea was mostly attributed to the European Union or to the respective national governments. Since climate is one of these issues, one question has dealt with the main task of climate science. It turns out that the most frequent assertion was not the genuine scientific task of generating knowledge about the dynamics of the system. Instead, the task of solving the problem and, equally often, supporting climate activism was favored. The results are not representative – neither for the separate surveys, nor for the selection of the sites of surveying. However, when taken all surveys together, the emergence of consistent perceptions may be considered evidence for a general attitude among students and young scholars in the Baltic regions. However, differences between groups – in terms of nationality, seniority and discipline - may be related to sampling randomness.

Tourism is critical in creating goodwill among people and, as a result, socioeconomic growth in the country. Tourism as an industry contributes significantly to the country's foreign exchange reserves and provides direct and indirect job possibilities to a broad segment of the population. Furthermore, supporting a nation's handicrafts and fine arts aids in the preservation of nature's beauty, cultural legacy of the country, and soil tradition, as well as strengthening the process of national integration and global brotherhood. For analytical purposes, it is important to distinguish between different forms of tourism. For example, tourism is often divided into two main categories: international tourism and domestic tourism, which is determined by the tourist's permanent residence's territorial limit. There is no minimum duration of travel required to qualify as a tour, and the important component is the movement away from the permanent residence to the destination or locations that are not in the same region. This article discusses the importance of tourism and the hospitality industry in economic growth.

Indian air travel and advanced technological development in the tourism society in India lead to the growth of Indian Hotel Industry. The Indian Industry staged a good progress due to the emergence of business hotel groups such as Taj Group of hotels, ITC Group of hotels, Ashok group. The growth and development of Indian hotel Industry is growth and development in India taken place with the growth and development of Human Resources Management and their practices in the Indian hotel which pave the way for their better performance. In this context, an attempt is made in this research paper to overview and analyse the organisational commitment of employees working in Indian Hotel Industry.

This paper examines the transformation of the territorial structure of tourism in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The spatial and temporal organisation of tourism in these countries has undergone significant changes since they became independent and joined the EU. These changes have affected the geography of tourist flows and destinations of interest. This study aims to define the geographical and economic peculiarities of the development of tourism in the Baltic States and to identify the central, peripheral and semi-peripheral regions. Elements of the centre-periphery structure were identified through cluster analysis covering the period 2009—2019. Eleven indicators were used to determine the level of socio-economic development, the state of inbound and domestic tourism and the degree of transport infrastructure development. The results of the study suggest that there have been progressive changes in the territorial structure of tourism in the Baltic States. The main centres of attraction are the capitals and their adjacent territories. Horizontal contacts with more developed regions of the EU states and vertical interaction with other regions of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have a significant impact on the development of tourism activities. Central regions are dominant in terms of attracting tourist flows. This is characteristic of a highly polarized tourism structure. However, many semi-peripheral and peripheral regions have lately improved their position, being integrated into national and cross-border tourism routes and increasing outreach in the tourism market.

Geoekološko vrednovanje reljefa Parka prirode Hutovo blato s aspekta njegove turističke i rekreacijske valorizacije provedeno je na temelju prethodne geomorfološke analize. U radu je promatran turizam i rekreacija kao sociološki elementi razvoja parka prirode Hutovo blato. Za postupak geoekološkog vrednovanja izdvojeni su reljefni oblici određenog stupnja atraktivnosti (vrhovi, padine, korita i dolinska dna, vododerine, područje oko Deranskog jezera, područje oko Svitavskog jezera i Svitavsko jezero), koji su vrednovani za sljedeće oblike rekreacije: šetnja, brdski biciklizam, rekreacijski biciklizam, promatranje ptica i krajolika te kajaking i kanuing. Stupanj pogodnosti reljefa za navedene vidove rekreacije određen je na temelju fizičke pogodnosti, estetske vrijednosti i dostupnosti. U postupku vrednovanja primijenjena je metoda relativnog vrednovanja reljefa. Provedeno vrednovanje ukazalo je na vrijedne i potencijalno vrijedne dijelove reljefa, ali i na one ograničavajuće elemente krajolika, zbog kojih pojedini dijelovi nisu do sada dovoljno turistički valorizirani. To se posebno odnosi na istočni i jugoistočni dio Parka s izraženim problemom fizičke pogodnosti i (ne)dostupnosti (udaljenost te nepostojanje ili neuređenost pješačkih staza, otežane plovnosti, nepristupačnosti obale obrasle vegetacijom). Predložene su moguće aktivnosti za povećanje geoekološke vrijednosti prostora (uređivanje infrastrukture za rekreacijski biciklizam, te obnova starih i uređenje novih edukativnih staza za šetnju i edukaciju na prostoru koji ima potencijal postati zanimljiv i atraktivan dio Parka prirode Hutovo blato)., The geoecological evaluation of the relief of the Hutovo blato Nature Park from the perspective of its touristic and recreational valorization was carried out based on previous geomorphological analysis. The paper examines tourism and recreation as sociological elements of the development of the Hutovo blato Nature Park. For the geoecological evaluation, landforms of a certain degree of attractiveness (peaks, slopes, troughs and valley bottoms, ravines, the area around Lake Deran, the area around Lake Svitava and Lake Svitava) were selected, which were then evaluated for the following forms of recreation: walking, mountain biking, recreational cycling, bird and landscape watching, as well as kayaking and canoeing. The degree of convenience of relief for the mentioned types of recreation was determined based on its physical convenience, aesthetic value and accessibility. In the evaluation process, the method of relative relief evaluation was used. The conducted evaluation revealed the valuable and potentially valuable parts of the relief, but also the limiting elements of the landscape, which are the reason why certain parts have not been sufficiently valorized for tourism. This especially applies to the eastern and southeastern parts of the Park, with a pronounced problem of physical convenience and (in)accessibility (distance and the absence or the lack of maintenance of footpaths, difficult navigation and inaccessibility of the coast overgrown with vegetation). Possible activities to increase the geoecological value of the area are proposed (introduction of infrastructure for recreational cycling, and renovation of old and introduction of new educational paths for walking and education in an area that has the potential to become an interesting and attractive part of the Hutovo Blato Nature Park)., Die geoökologische Auswertung des Reliefs des Naturparks Hutovo blato aus dem Gesichtspunkt seiner touristischen und Erholungswertung wurde anhand einer vorhergehenden geomorphologischen Analyse durchgeführt. In der Arbeit werden Tourismus und Erholung als soziologiosche Elemente der Entwicklung des Naturparks Hutovo blato in Betracht gezogen. Es wurden unterschiedlich attraktive Reliefs (Gipfel, Hänge, Mulden, Talsohlen, Erosionsrinnen, Gebiet um den Deransko See, Gebiet um den Svitavsko See und der Svitavsko See selbst), geoökologisch ausgewertet, die sich für folgende Arten der Erholung eignen: Spaziergänge, Bergradfahren, Radfahren als Erholung, Vogel- und Landschaftsbeobachtung, sowie Kayakfahren und Kanufahren. Der Eignungsgrad des Reliefs für die genannten Arten der Erholung wurde anhand der physischen Eignung, des ästhetischen Werts und der Zugänglichkeit bestimmt. Bei der Auswertung wurde die Methode der relativen Auswertung des Reliefs angewandt. Die durchgeführte Auswertung hat auf wertvolle und potenziell wertvolle Teile des Reliefs hingewiesen, aber auch auf die einschränkenden Elemente der Landschaft, die daran schuld sind, dass manche Teile bisher nicht genügend touristisch erschlossen wurden. Dies bezieht sich insbesondere auf den östlichen und den südöstlichen Teil des Naturparks, wo die physische Unzugänglichkeit besonders ausgeprägt ist, dazu sind die Fußgängerwege nicht gepflegt, oder es gibt sie nicht, das Ufer ist dicht bewachsen, und die Fahrt auf dem See ist erschwert. Es wurden mögliche Aktivitäten zur Steigerung des geoökologischen Wertes vorgeschlagen (Anlegen von Radwegen, Instandsetzung von alten und Einrichtung von neuen Lehrwegen in einem Raum, der ein interessanter und attraktiver Teil des Naturparks Hutovo blato werden kann).

This dynamic structure has also shown itself in tourism studies, which have been carried out on current issues. This study examined articles published in hospitality journals in the last 40 years. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, and International Journal of Hospitality Management in SSCI were selected as case studies. Five thousand three hundred and ninety-five articles in the journals were analyzed using the content analysis method. MAXQDA and VOSviewver programs were used as analysis tools. Comparative content analysis was made. The changes in the word frequencies of the studies were revealed in 10-year periods. Keywords of the articles, author collaborations, and country collaborations were analyzed. The study results show that the main themes of the research are similar, but different words come to the fore over time. The keywords Satisfaction, Hotels, Hospitality, and Tourism were used more. Themes such as social media, social customer, social life, social management, customer, value, communication, and the brand were used more, especially after the 2000s. The United States, Hong Kong, and China are first-in cooperation countries. The most productive authors are Hua, N., Kim, H., Han, H., Matilla, A. S., and Law, R..

This research aims to characterize and compare job satisfaction levels of workers in the tourism sector among a representative sample of male and female employers in Eskişehir which has a great domestic and international tourist potential, being a province that was chosen the Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013 by UNESCO. This research is a survey-based, descriptive study. Within the study, an online self-completion survey and a cover letter were given to 80 male and 32 female employees in the tourism industry of the city. Respondents were asked for rating their work happiness on a 5-point Likert scale that had been previously constructed and tested as a measure. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; Version 24.0). Findings show that women have a higher level of job satisfaction than men, similarly to the literature. However, this difference is not at a meaningful degree, statistically. As a result, unlikely the previous studies, neither a correlation nor statistically significant relationship between gender and the job satisfaction in tourism sector is found in Eskişehir province.

Tourism is one of the most important economic activities internationally and many countries (e.g. Portugal, Spain, Greece) are highly dependent on the tourism sector. Tourism has always been considered a priority sector in Greece and significant capital investments have been made over the years for its development. The pandemic has driven the global economy into a severe recession and many industries have been significantly affected by the measures taken, including the tourism industry. In response to this crisis, the Greek government, aiming to further develop the tourism sector and restore tourist flows to normal levels, used a series of measures. In this paper, we study the effects of the implemented policies on tourism during the pandemic. Our results indicate that the policies had a direct impact on the increase in tourism flows.

Today, tourism as the most important global service industry faces many challenges, which call for innovations. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought tectonic disturbances to the global tourism industry making the need for innovation even greater. This is why innovation is largely fostered through a number of EU funding programs. In tourism, innovations most often include production innovations (new products and services), process innovations (new ways of delivering tourist services), logistical innovations (new ways of providing products/services to tourists), and market innovations (new marketing methods or market behavior). In order to detect the number and types of tourism innovations funded by the EU in the Adriatic-Ionian region (AIR), a research has been done throughout 2020-2022. The main aims of the research question were to detect the projects fostering innovations in sustainable tourism and analyze their innovation capacity. In total, 88 projects were detected fostering innovations in the management of tourist destinations, in business models and sustainable tourism products, in market positioning and promotion of sustainable tourism, or fostering multiple types of innovations. A number of research challenges were encountered, e.g. listed innovations are to be questioned since they are not always in line with the definition of innovation. Rather, the word “innovation” is used to obtain funding but has little to do with the true nature of innovations. An uneven geographical distribution of innovative projects is also noted within the AIR, with non-EU countries substantially lagging behind. Examples of global, European and regional good practices are presented, with a special focus on heritage-related innovations. They reflect possible post-pandemic recovery factors, which are evident in market, product and consumption change. Finally, guidelines for growth and improvements in the development of innovation in the AIR are put forward.

Sağlık turizminde temel motivasyon, modern tedavi ilişkisinden ziyade bütüncül ve çok boyutlu bir iyi olma halini sağlama ve sürdürme biçimidir. Bu anlamda termal özellikleri barındıran lokasyonlara tarihten beri insanların ilgisi olmuştur ve bu ilgi 18 ve 19. Yüzyıllardan itibaren turistik bir faaliyete doğru evrilmiştir. Bu alandaki faaliyetlerin profesyonelleşmesiyle birlikte eski usül tek boyutlu kaplıca mekanlarının kür merkezi, rekreasyon ve konaklamayı da içeren bir yaşam kompleksine dönüştürüldüğünü gözlemlemekteyiz. Günümüzde kaplıcalı tedaviler mevcut otellerin ve tesislerin komplekslerinde sağlıklı yaşam amacıyla kullanım altındadır. Bu özelliğiyle modern dönemde de her yıl yerli ve yabancı binlerce kişiyi bünyesinde misafir eden Gönen’in kaplıcalarında nörolojik, ortopedik, romatizmal farklı hastalıklara iyi geldiği düşünülen kaplıca kür tedavi yöntemleri uygulanmaktadır. Çalışmamızda Gönen ilçesi demografik özellikler yanında, ekonomik ve sosyal yapı açısından incelenmiş, Gönen halkının sağlık turizmine dönük mevcut algı ve beklentileri ortaya çıkarılarak yönetim planı kapsamında çözüm önerileri geliştirilmiştir. Bu anlamda yerelin dönüşüme hazır olması kadar, girişimci öznelerin de düşünümsel bir sürece göre hareket etmelerinin zorunluluğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu da hem sermayenin, yerelin kültürel dejenerasyon hissine kapılmasına neden olacak pratiklerden kaçınması ve girişimlerin çıktıları konusunda bir bilinç sağlaması hem de turizmin olumlu dönüştürücülerinin öncellenmesi ile mümkündür., The primary motivation for health tourism is to provide and maintain holistic and multidimensional well-being rather than the modern treatment relationship. In this sense, people have been interested in locations with thermal properties throughout history. The interest has evolved into a touristic activity since the 18th and 19th centuries. With the professionalization of the activities in this area, we observe that the old-fashioned one-dimensional SPA spaces have transformed into a living complex, including a cure center, recreation, and accommodation. Today, SPA treatments are used for healthy living in the complexes of existing hotels and facilities. With this feature, Gönen, which hosts thousands of local and foreign people in the modern period, is a place with SPA cure treatment methods suitable for different neurological, orthopedic, and rheumatic diseases. In our study, the Gönen district was examined in terms of economic and social structure as well as demographic characteristics. In this sense, policy recommendations were developed within the scope of the management plan by revealing the current perceptions and expectations of the people of Gönen towards health tourism. In this sense, it seems necessary for entrepreneurial subjects to act reflexively insofar as the locals' readiness for transformation. This picture is possible both by avoiding the practices that will cause the locals to feel cultural degeneration, by providing awareness about the outputs of the initiatives, and by prioritizing the positive drives of tourism.

Hotelska industrija čini najrelevantniju okosnicu rasta i razvoja turizma, upravo zbog svoje ukupnosti i obujma poslovanja. Povećanjem kompleksnosti i obujma poslovanja odavno se napustio izraz hotelijerstvo te se počeo koristiti termin hotelska industrija. U Republici Hrvatskoj turizam ima najjači utjecaj na cjelokupno gospodarstvo zemlje te je udio turizma u BDP-u rekordnih 18,1%. Shodno tome, veoma je važno pratiti, usklađivati i implementirati suvremene standarde hotelske industrije, prema kojima se može ocijeniti uspješnost poslovanja. Kako bi se to postiglo, bitno je pratiti gdje, koliko i kada uložiti. Kako bi se ulaganja isplatila, hotelski menadžment mora biti u tijeku sa svim promjenama na turističkom tržištu. Upravo prateći trendove globalizacije, uz istovremeno razvijanje suvremenog hotelskog menadžmenta, danas na svjetskoj turističkoj sceni postoje globalni hotelski lanci s kompleksnim i globaliziranim top menadžmentom, koji osigurava da se svi planovi jednako i uspješno provode i realiziraju u svim hotelima koji su dio lanca, bilo gdje u svijetu. U ovome radu analizira se i prikazuje razvoj i stanje međunarodnih hotelskih organizacija, kao i korelacija globalizacije i razvoja hotelske industrije. Na temelju toga su istaknute daljnje mogućnosti razvoja hotelskog menadžmenta na međunarodnoj sceni., The hotel industry is the most relevant backbone of tourism growth and development, due to the totality and volume of its business activity. The increase in the complexity and volume of business activity led to the abandoning of the term hotel business and to usage of the term hotel industry. In the Republic of Croatia, tourism has the strongest impact on the entire economy, and its share in the GDP reached a record high of 18.1%. Accordingly, it is highly necessary to follow, align and implement modern standards of the hotel industry according to which business success can be assessed. To achieve this, it is important to monitor where, how much, and when to invest. For the investment to pay off, hotel management needs to keep up with all the changes in the tourism market. By following globalisation trends and developing modern hotel management at the same time, the global tourism scene today showcases global hotel chains with a complex and globalised top management, ensuring all plans are equally and successfully implemented and achieved in all hotels that are part of the chain, wherever they are in the world. This paper analyses and shows the development and condition of international hotel organisations, as well as correlation between globalisation and the hotel industry development. On this basis, we emphasise further possibilities of hotel management development on the international scene.

Threshold values for climate elements have been determined and some indices have been developed, especially with studies on human comfort. It is a fact that the feeling of comfort is subjective and there are different psychological and physical factors affecting this feeling. However, the presentation of threshold values and indices is very interesting in determining the current state of the climate conditions of the environment in terms of average and optimal values and the extent of deviation from the most appropriate values. The values of the climate elements that need to be looked at in order to provide bioclimatic comfort; it as a combination of 21-27.5 °C temperature, 30-65% relative humidity and wind speed up to 5 m/s in open area. These values have been used in many bioclimatic assessments. In addition to being an effective factor in almost every aspect of people's lives, bio comfort is also important in the periods when tourism activities are carried out. Thus, it is extremely important to determine the regions that are not suitable for bio comfort in the season of tourism in the regions that tourism activities are carried out. The aim of this research is to determine the suitable and unsuitable areas in terms of bio comfort in summer by using New Summer Index throughout Ordu province via GIS. As a conclusion, it has been determined that the area covering approximately 57.62% of the southern part of the province is cold, and the most comfortable part of the province is the part covering approximately 11.12% of the province and located by the sea in the north of the province.

In this paper, I examine the interaction of collective identity, community action, and tourism in the island town of Komiža, Croatia. I hypothesized that efforts to establish sustainable tourism development in Komiža would be influenced by the collective identity of residents. I found that tourism and collective identity act as a feedback loop, with identity influencing community efforts to develop sustainable tourism and vice versa. The findings suggest that in creating sustainable tourism models, we must avoid generalized efforts and instead work with communities to devise strategies that fit their individual needs and characteristics., U ovom se radu ispituje međudjelovanje kolektivnog identiteta, djelovanja zajednice i turizma u otočnom gradu Komiži u Hrvatskoj. Pretpostavka je da će na razvoj održivog turizma u Komiži utjecati kolektivni identitet stanovnika. Utvrđeno je da turizam i kolektivni identitet djeluju u povratnoj sprezi, pri čemu identitet utječe na djelovanje zajednice čiji je cilj razvitak održivog turizma i obrnuto. Rezultati sugeriraju da u stvaranju modela održivog turizma moramo izbjegavati uopćene mjere i umjesto toga raditi sa zajednicama na osmišljavanju strategija koje odgovaraju njihovim pojedinačnim potrebama i svojstvima.

The article presents data on sports, active forms of leisure, travel among elderly Russians. An important conclusion is made that health promotion by means of active recreation and sports among senior citizens in Russia is one of the directions of active longevity policy. An overview of charitable foundations for senior citizens of the Russian Federation and their activities in promoting an active lifestyle among elderly citizens is presented.В статье приведены данные по занятию спортом, активными формами досуга, путешествиям среди пожилых россиян. Сделан важный вывод о том, что укрепление здоровья средствами активного отдыха и спорта среди пожилых граждан в России выступает одним из направлений политики активного долголетия. Представлен обзор благотворительных фондов для пожилых граждан России и их деятельность в пропаганде активного образа жизни среди граждан престарелого возраста.

This article reconstructs the heated – local and national – debate around the consistent and pervasive foreign presence in the border territory of Lake Garda on the eve of the Great War. Here, the growing nationalistic tensions that preceded the conflict intertwined with the emerging hospitality industry. Tourism, seen as a social phenomenon, can thus offer a privileged perspective on the transformations of the general context of the time. Introduced by Austro-Germanic inhabitants of the lake at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the hospitality industry on Lake Garda flourished up to the eve of the Great War. There were, however, also opponents to this model of development. The dispute escalated to the point that, in the perception of the locals, the ‘outsiders’ turned into ‘enemies’ and Lake Garda increasingly became a disputed area: a symbol of the tensions of the time.

La ciudad de Benidorm, sin duda alguna, evoca inmediatamente en el imaginario colectivo escenarios de sol y playa, a los que se suelen asociar una diversión garantizada y una vida nocturna intensa. Sin embargo, si se adopta una mirada menos cargada de prejuicios es posible descubrir un lugar poliédrico y mucho más complejo de lo que aparenta. Partiendo de estas premisas, el presente artículo se interroga sobre cuáles son las imágenes de Benidorm que vehicula la narrativa española contemporánea para averiguar si se han perpetuado los estereotipos turísticos o si ha habido un cambio de perspectiva capaz de alumbrar algunas de sus facetas ocultas o silenciadas. Para tal fin se han elegido las novelas Benidorm, Benidorm, Benidorm (1997) de Pedro Maestre, La lección de anatomía –publicada por primera vez en 2008 y luego reeditada con algunas variaciones en 2014– y Un buen detective no se casa jamás (2012) de Marta Sanz y, por último, Spanish Beauty (2022) de Esther García Llovet., The city of Benidorm, without any doubt, immediately evokes in the collective imagination sun and beach scenes, accompanied by a lot of fun and an intense nightlife. However, such a vision can be questioned by a non-prejudicial look that would eventually reveal some more complex realities. Starting from these premises, this article tries to analyse which kind of images of Benidorm are conveyed by contemporary Spanish narrative to find out whether tourist stereotypes have been perpetuated or whether there has been a change of perspective capable of showing some of its hidden or silenced facets. For this purpose, we have selected the following novels: Benidorm, Benidorm, Benidorm (1997) by Pedro Maestre, La lección de anatomía (first published in 2008 and then in 2014 with some variations) and Un buen detective no se casa jamás (2012), both by Marta Sanz, and, finally, Spanish Beauty (2022) by Esther García Llovet.

This article aims to present a critical review of brand experience (BE) research in hospitality and tourism brand management literature based on a systematic literature and content analysis of 40 articles published in 25 peer-reviewed journals. The concept of BE is discussed by identifying leading journals, research methodologies, research contexts, country of research distribution, dimensionality approaches, and theoretical perspectives. Quantitative research was applied in most reviewed papers, and structural equation modeling (SEM), together with factor analysis (FA) emerged as preferred data analysis techniques. A steady increase in research papers exploring the construct of BE in an online context has been observed. The study suggests that BE is a critical and substantial ingredient of successful hotel, place, destination, restaurant, coffeehouse, cruise, and casino brand management. Additionally, key insights from previous empirical research were discussed from the perspective of antecedents and consequences of BE to provide a comprehensive conceptual framework. Drawing on the findings, potential themes for future research within six important areas of BE in hospitality and tourism were identified.

The UNESCO label of World Heritage can attract a high number of tourists to heritage properties for their Outstanding Universal Values (OUV). Although international studies have demonstrated the World Heritage system can contribute to stimulating cultural tourism and boosting the local economy, how this heritage-led development process promotes urban conservation and morphological changes in cities is yet to be explored adequately. This paper aims to explore the urban morphology of a historic Chinese city after its inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List, taking the Old Town of Lijiang as case. The methods of spatial plan analysis and discourse analysis are used to analyse the data. The research findings have demonstrated that, theoretically, the Conzenian approach of urban morphology can be an effective framework for World Heritage OUV-monitoring. Methodologically, the analysis of spatial plans and multi-stakeholder interviews can reveal local urban morphology from macro to micro levels. Case-specifically in Lijiang, urban physical characteristics and building structures have been well maintained while traditional social fabric and neighbourhood networks have almost vanished. This research has incorporated the urban morphology approach into (world) heritage management in China, as well as worldwide, in order to maintain the balance between urban conservation and economic growth.

U ovome se članku razmatraju aspekti jaza u digitalnim vještinama u bugarskom turizmu na temelju istraživanja koje je koristilo različite metode i obuhvatilo 135 ispitanika putem internetskog upitnika i 16 intervjuiranih sudionika. Rezultati su otkrili da su glavne vještine digitalne pismenosti (rad s operativnim sustavima, vještine rada u programima MS Office i vještine prilagodbe digitalne opreme) najvažnije kako za postojeće tako i za buduće potrebe pa je i njihov jaz najmanji. Vještine koje se odnose na umjetnu inteligenciju, robotiku, unaprijeđenu i virtualnu stvarnost te računalno programiranje najniže su rangirane s obzirom na korištenje. Iako se očekuje da će u budućnosti rasti, ostat će najmanje značajne. Učenje uz rad najpopularnija je metoda osposobljavanja u digitalnim vještinama, iako je gotovo polovica ispitanika izjavila da im tvrtke uopće ne osiguravaju edukaciju u području digitalnih vještina., The paper discusses the digital skills gaps in the Bulgarian tourism industry based on mixed methods research. The sample includes 135 respondents to an online questionnaire and 16 interviewees. The findings reveal that key digital literacy skills (dealing with operating systems, MS Office software skills, and skills for adjusting digital equipment) are the top skills both for the current level and for the future needs and they have the lowest skills gaps. Artificial Intelligence and robotic skills, skills related to augmented and virtual reality, and computer programming skills are the lowest-rated skills for their current availability. Although they are expected to grow much in the future, they will remain the three least important skills. On the job training was the most popular digital skills training method but nearly half of respondents reported their companies provided no digital skills training at all.

The need for a transformation of the tourism system has never been greater. To achieve such positive transformation, tourists need to be transformed as well. This also means that they need to embrace more alternative and sustainable travel forms with lower impacts on the social and natural environments of host communities. Experienced tourists that engage in more authentic, immersive experiences and travel off-the-beaten track are seen as potential ambassadors of such transformative shifts. However, little is known about off-the-beaten-track travel and the relationships between being experienced tourists, travelling off-the-beaten-track and engaging in other sustainable travel forms. Based on a mixed-methods design comprising semi-structured interviews with German and New Zealand destination marketers and an online survey with 500 German and 500 New Zealand tourists, this paper empirically addresses these knowledge gaps. Results reveal a positive relationship between off-the-beaten-track travel and the self-identification as an experienced tourist. There is further evidence that off-the-beaten-track tourists do not only aim for immersive and authentic travel experiences, but are also inclined to participate in more sustainable and ethically responsible travel. Inherent paradoxes remain, particularly with reference to their online-offline behaviour and desire to become travel pioneers, thereby paving the way for mass tourism. This paper suggests that more institutionalised forms of off-the-beaten-track travel along with stricter regulations will be needed to achieve the desired transformation towards sustainability. Given that experienced, off-the-beaten-track tourists are more aware of their own impact and are receptive for stricter measures, the identified inherent paradoxes are seen as an opportunity. This paper advocates that experienced, off-the-beaten-track tourists can become important voices in the desired transformative shifts and need to be better integrated in tourism planning, marketing and management.

The increasing cost of cosmetic procedures, long elective waiting times in the public system and affordability of procedures offered abroad has driven the rapid growth of cosmetic tourism. The incidence and cost of patients presenting to the Irish health service with complications related to cosmetic procedures carried out in overseas institutions is largely unknown. This heterogenous group of patients is challenging to identify. Limited data exists for this patient group in the Irish context. We aimed to perform a multicentre audit and cost analysis of patients presenting to Irish health services with complications related to cosmetic procedures performed in overseas institutions over a 2 year period.Patients presenting to two University Hospitals from March 2019-April 2021 with complications after a cosmetic surgical procedure was performed abroad were studied. The HPO ABF 2020 price list data was used to calculate the inpatient and procedure cost for each subject.14 (13/92.8% female, mean age 43 ± 11.85 years) patients presented during the study period. Countries of cosmetic operation included: Belgium (6/46.2%), the UK (2/15.4%), Latvia, Turkey, Poland, Lithuania, and Estonia (1 patient/7.7% each country). All required a re-operative procedure. These interventions included: removal of infected implant (n = 1), adjustment or removal of a gastric band (n = 9) and debridement of an infected/necrotic wound (n = 3). Mean length of stay was 9.14 ± 7.48 (range 2-28) days. Five (38.4%) patients required vac dressing. The mean cost of the cohort for the interventional procedure and in-patient stay was €15912.53 (+/- €6388). The sum total of all the costs for the cohort was €231038.60.Significant costs were associated with prolonged hospital admissions, operative interventions, intravenous antibiotics, VAC dressing application and follow up visits. Complications from procedures performed in overseas institutions account for a significant cost burden to health services in Ireland.

Buddhist heritage in India is receiving reasonable attention for tourism development with a particular emphasis on promoting Buddhist circuits. One Buddhist pilgrimage circuit covering eight locations including four most sacred places, namely, Bodhgaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar, and Lumbini, is popular for spiritual and religious reasons. Fieldwork conducted in these four sites reveals complex patterns of visitation that question the idea of a circuit as a tourism product. The primary circuit-goers are foreign Buddhist followers, but the magnitude of their visitation is very low. They constitute less than 10 percent of visitors and are far outnumbered by domestic visitors. Domestic visitors driven by recreational purposes hardly complete the entire circuit; their visits are directed to two popular sites while other sites are used as “middle-of-the-trip centers” or places for daytrips. The interviews with various stakeholders including religious institutions, private tour operators, and relevant government agencies, show that the itineraries of circuit-goers depend on several factors including the convenience of travel, accommodation facilities, the ability to perform pilgrimage rituals, and institutional governance for tourism. This paper argues that Buddhist pilgrimage circuits operate more as a cultural landscape at a cognitive level rather than as a distinct physical route and a product that can be effectively translated into as strategy for tourism development in Buddhist sites.