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Introduction/Objective. Hypodontia is a common dental anomaly that occurs either in a non-syndromic form or as a part of various syndromes. It is considered a multifactorial condition with genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences, the interplay of which can lead to various anomalies in tooth size and number. The aim of this study was to assess mesiodistal tooth dimensions in Serbian hypodontia orthodontic patients and compare them to healthy controls using digital study models. Methods. Fifty subjects (30 females, 20 males) divided into two groups ? 25 with hypodontia (15 females, 10 males) and 25 sex-matched controls (15 females, 10 males) ? were included in the study. Alginate impressions were taken and plaster models poured, digitized, and imported into software where mesiodistal dimensions were obtained. Results. Intra-operator reliability was high. All teeth in the hypodontia group had smaller mesiodistal dimensions compared to controls. Statistical significance was noted for all teeth except for upper canines. No statistically significant differences were found between males and females in neither the hypodontia nor the control group, except for lower canines, which were significantly smaller in both hypodontia and control females. The most commonly missing teeth were upper lateral incisors, and lower and upper premolars. Conclusion. Hypodontia group presented with smaller mesiodistal dimensions compared to controls. The greatest difference in mesiodistal dimensions was found in upper lateral incisors and lower first molars. Lower canines were significantly larger in males compared to females in both groups.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bukkalde ve palatinalde unilateral gömülü maksiller kanin varlığının maksiller diş boyutları üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 12’si bukkalde (yaş ortalaması: 14.93±2.81 yıl), 26’sı palatinalde (yaş ortalaması: 14.23±2.50 yıl) unilateral gömülü kanini olan toplam 38 hasta ve kontrol grubuna ise diş eksikliği olmayan randomize olarak seçilmiş 33 hasta (yaş ortalaması: 14.97±3.64 yıl) dahil edilmiştir. Dijital modeller üzerinde kaninler hariç, birinci molardan birinci molara maksiller dişlerin en geniş meziodistal ve bukkolingual boyutları ölçülmüştür. Bulgular: Palatinalde gömülü maksiller kanini olan grupta gömülü kanin bulunan taraftaki lateralin bukkolingual boyutu normal tarafa göre anlamlı düzeyde küçük bulunmuştur (p=0.03). Bukkal gömülü kanin ve kontrol grubunda maksiller arkın her iki tarafındaki diş boyutları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Her iki taraf arasındaki diş boyut farklarının mutlak değerleri (│sağ taraf- sol taraf(mm)│, │gömülü taraf- normal taraf(mm)│) gruplar arasında karşılaştırıldığında ise tek anlamlı farklılık bukkal gömülü kanin grubu ve kontrol grubu arasında 1. premoların bukkolingual boyut farkında bulunmuştur (p=0.02). Hem kadınlarda hem erkeklerde her 3 grup arasında diş boyut ortalamaları benzer bulunmuştur (p>0.05). Sonuç: Lateralin bukkolingual boyutunun küçük olmasının kaninin palatinalde gömülü kalmasında rol oynayabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır., Objective: To evaluate the relationship between buccally or palatally unilateral impacted maxillary canines and the maxillary teeth size.Material and Methods: Twelve patients having buccally (14.93±2.81 years) and 26 patients having palatally impacted canine (14.23±2.50 years) were included in the study. The control group consisted of 33 patients who had no impaction (14.97±3.63 years). The widest mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of maxillary teeth between first molars, except canines, were measured digitally.Results: In the palatal impaction group, the buccolingual dimension of the lateral teeth on the impacted side were found to be smaller than the normal side (p=0.03). There was no significant difference between the sizes of teeth for both sides of the buccally impacted canine and control groups (p>0.05). The comparison of the absolute values of the tooth size differences between sides (│right side-left side(mm)│, │impacted side- normal side(mm)│) revealed that the only significant difference was present between the buccal impacted canine and the control groups for the first premolar buccolingual dimension (p=0.02). The mean tooth size was found to be similar between all groups in both sexes (p>0.05). Conclusion: The small buccolingual dimension of the lateral tooth may play a role in the palatal impaction of the canine.

This case was submitted to the board under Category I for the Indian Board of Orthodontics examination. This communication describes the management of a female patient who presented with severe crowding in both upper and lower arches. Comprehensive fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy including extractions of all first premolars was carried out. Stable harmonious occlusion was achieved on long-term follow-up.

Crenulated occlusal surfaces have previously been described on maxillary and mandibular molars; however, the occurrence of crenulations on premolars is only anecdotally supported. This study applies a modified version of a recordation scale developed for molar crenulations to record the frequency of crenulated premolars on the maxillary and mandibular premolars of modern individuals from a variety of populations: African, African American, Asian, Australian, European American, Latino, and Malay (n = 1238). Crenulations on the molars of the same individuals were also recorded to assess the relationship between occurrences on premolars and molars. Observations were compiled into frequency tables and analyzed using chi-square tests and correspondence analysis; relationships among teeth were quantified with polychoric correlation coefficients. Although crenulated premolars are observed rarely overall, the frequency of occurrence is significantly associated with group membership. Crenulated premolars occur most frequently in African, African American, and Australian samples and are observed least often among European American and Malay samples. Additionally, there is a strong relationship between third and fourth premolars, particularly within a jaw, and between fourth premolars and the molars in the same jaw. Interestingly, crenulations in premolars are most strongly associated with Grade 2 crenulations on molars. The observed differences between populations, and the associations between crenulated premolars and molars are evaluated with respect to function, tooth size, and dental development. Based on the results presented here, we recommend the addition of premolar crenulations to existing dental morphological traits used to study human population variation.

Radiographic methods using pulp-tooth volume ratio (PTVR) are important for dental age estimation. According to previous studies, using PTVR possesses different relationships with age in males and ...

This cross-sectional study compared tooth and dental arch dimensions of individuals with Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and healthy controls.The 37 OI patients and 37 controls were aged 10 to 74 years. Mesio-distal tooth size, dental arch dimensions, and palatal height were measured from dental models. The differences between the patient and control groups were analysed statistically with a t-test, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test.The average mesio-distal tooth size of individuals with OI was smaller by 0.1 to 0.8 mm, corresponding to 1.4 to 7.3% of the size of the tooth. The patients and controls showed similar anterior-posterior lengths of maxillary and mandibular arches. The OI patient group exhibited increasingly wider maxillary dental arches posterior to the canines and a shallow palate.Reduced tooth size is a developmental feature of OI and a shallow palate a characteristic possibly associated with previously documented imparity of vertical jaw development. Observed posterior widening of the dental arches may follow from altered tongue position. Smaller tooth size can be favourable from orthodontic point of view in alleviating crowding, but it might further predispose to fracturing of teeth which is a considerable risk associated with dentine abnormality. The shallow jawbones may initiate development of posterior open bite, rare in general population but relatively often encountered in OI.

Developing morphological diagnoses for fossil mammals requires an understanding of intraspecific variation in the anatomical elements under study. Dental traits along with tooth size can be informative of taxonomic identify for extinct species. However, it is unclear what selective or developmental processes are responsible for documented patterns in tooth-size variation making application to the fossil record difficult. We assessed combined species tooth-type variation and intraspecific tooth-size variation for 19 species to evaluate whether developmental controls or occlusion-driven functional demands influence carnivoran tooth-size variation. We also estimated phylogenetic signal for the coefficient of variation (CV). Combined species tooth-size variation separated by tooth type shows that canines are more variable than molars and lower premolars. We found intraspecific tooth-size variation patterns differ between species. However, comparisons of the CVs did not support the hypotheses that developmental controls or functional demands of occlusion constrain size variation in mammal teeth. Our results suggest that a combination of factors influence carnivoran tooth-size variation, such as differences in ontogeny, diet, sexual dimorphism, and evolutionary history. Patterns of carnivoran intraspecific tooth-size variation suggest a better understanding of dental size variation in extant species is essential for accurate morphological studies of fossil taxa.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare tooth size and arch dimensions between normal, crowded, and spaced groups in a Sudanese sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS A sample of 312 university students, were selected and divided into normal, crowded, and spaced groups. Each group included 104 students with equal males to females ratios. Age was ranged from 16 to 26 years. Mesiodistal (MD) tooth width of all teeth (except molars), arch perimeters, and dimension at the level of intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar were measured for each group. ANOVA and student t-test were performed for the comparison between groups. RESULTS The MD dimensions of all teeth are greater in crowded arches as compared to the teeth in normal dental arches, except for the width of the maxillary, left second premolar in females, and mandibular left second premolar in male. Spaced arches were presented with significantly smaller MD width in all teeth when compared to normal arches, except for the width of maxillary right second premolar, maxillary left first premolar, mandibular right and left second premolars in female, and maxillary right second premolar in male. Crowded arches exhibit the largest total tooth material followed by normal and spaced dentition. Spaced arches show the widest arch dimension and perimeters followed by normal and crowded dentitions. CONCLUSIONS Both tooth size and arch dimensions contribute to dental crowding and spacing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Since the size of the teeth and dental arches affect the space availability of the dentition. These factors should be considered in the initial stages of orthodontic treatment planning to avoid compromised treatment outcomes.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess whether Boltons ratio can be applied to Chattisgarhi population and if values obtained are significantly different from that of Boltons established values, then to establish Boltons standards for the Chhattisgarhi population and also to determine if sexual dimorphism exists in overall and anterior ratios. Study Design: 120 subjects (60 male and 60 female) between 17-25 years of age having normal occlusion were selected. Boltons anterior and overall ratio was calculated on study models and values obtained were statistically analyzed for co-efficient of variation, standard deviation and mean values. This data was compared with standard Bolton’s values. Results: The combined anterior and overall ratios of Chhattisgarhi population did not differ significantly from that of Boltons sample, however significant sexual dimorphism was noted both in anterior and overall ratios among males and females. Conclusion: Boltons anterior and overall tooth size ratios can be applied to Chhattisgarhi population. Keywords: Bolton ratio, Chhattisgarhi population.

Objective:To evaluate if genetic polymorphisms in the oestrogen receptor 1 ( ESR1) and oestrogen receptor 2 ( ESR2) genes encoded for oestrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) are involved in permanent tooth size.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Orthodontic Clinic at School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo.Participants:A total of 108 orthodontic patients.Materials and Methods:Pre-treatment orthodontic records were evaluated. Dental casts were used to determine the maximum crown measurements of fully erupted permanent teeth in the mesiodistal dimensions. Second and third molars were not included in the analysis. Genomic DNA samples were used for the genotyping of four genetic polymorphisms: ESR1 (rs9340799 and rs2234693) and ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938). The associations between tooth size and sex were evaluated using t test. The associations between tooth size and genotype were analysed with linear regression and adjusted by sex at an alpha of P⩽0.05.Results:Female patients presented smaller tooth size than male patients. A statistically significant difference was observed in almost all teeth ( PConclusion:This study provides evidence that genetic polymorphisms in ESR1 and ESR2 could be associated with tooth size in permanent teeth.

INTRODUCTION: A proper model analysis forms a vital part of the orthodontic diagnosis process, but it remains a time-consuming procedure. In day-to-day practice, many orthodontists assess the models subjectively, without applying analytical tests, due to the time it takes to do proper model analysis.1,2 Plaster dental models have long been the gold standard for orthodontic study model analysis and to calculate the Bolton index for tooth size disproportions, as well as intra-arch space discrepancies.3,4 Vernier callipers or needle pointed dividers are traditionally used to perform measurements on dental models.5 More recently digital orthodontic study models that are computer-based have been developed and have the potential to replace the traditional plaster orthodontic models.6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to do model analysis on one hundred orthodontic cases by making use of three different measuring tools. The objective was to see if a difference exists with regards to the measurements produced by the three different instruments and to compare the instruments with each other. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three different instruments were used to measure Ave values on one hundred orthodontic study models. The three instruments included a Boley Gauge, Digital Vernier Calliper and Carestream 3600 scanner with accompanying software. The five values measured on the study models were: maxillary intercanine width, maxillary intermolar width, mesio-distal width of tooth 11, mesio-distal width of tooth 46 and mesio-distal width of tooth 41. RESULTS: The statistical analysis performed showed that the difference in measurements produced by the three instruments were not statistically significant for the inter-molar width (p = 0.849), intercanine width (p = 0.657), mesio-distal width of tooth 11 (p = 0.178) and mesio-distal width of tooth 41 (p = 0.240 The difference in measurements for the mesio-distal width of tooth 46 were statistically significant (p

It is essential to know the tooth crown size to provide accurate diagnosis and treatment planning to ensure the satisfactory outcome of orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to measure and compare mesiodistal crown diameter of a Kurdish sample in Erbil city with normal and different classes of malocclusion. The mesiodistal tooth width was measured by an electronic digital caliper on a total of 150 (75 males and 75 females) orthodontic models of secondary school students of different occlusal relationships (Class I normal occlusion, Class I, Class II division I, Class II division II, and Class III malocclusions). The results showed that (1) the maxillary right first molar was significantly larger than the left one and both maxillary right lateral incisors and first premolars were larger than their contralateral teeth at the level of P < 0.01. (2) Both upper and lower canine were significantly smaller in females than in males; (3) Class I malocclusion showed tendency toward larger teeth than the rest of the other occlusal categories; (4) no statistically significant differences in tooth size were found among the Class II division I, division II, and Class III malocclusions when compared to normal occlusion. In conclusion, females had smaller teeth than males and there was asymmetry between the right and left sides in tooth size and Class I malocclusion showed tendency toward larger teeth.

Basque population history has been examined through classic genetic markers, mtDNA, Y chromosome haplogroups, craniometrics, and recently dental morphology. Dental morphological data show Basques have a classic European dental pattern but fall as an outlier among European populations. Expanding on that work, Basque tooth size was examined to further evaluate the affinities of the Basque population. Mesiodistal and buccolingual maximum crown measurements were taken from medieval and post medieval skeletons from the Catedral de Santa María in Vitoria, Spain, along with living samples of modern Basques, Spanish, and Spanish Basques from dental students at the Universidad del País Vasco. A dental metric examination affirms the outlier status of Basques, as they exhibit smaller crown areas than neighboring populations. In biodistance analyses Basque populations group with linguistically and geographically distant populations. Even with gene flow from Spain, France, and North Africa, Basque individuals still demonstrate a unique pattern coincident with their ancient origins.

Objective The aim is development and analysis of regression models of linear dimensions necessary for the construction of the correct form of dental arches in young men with a wide face, depending on the features of odontometric and cephalometric indicators. Patients and methods Material and methods: Primary computed tomographic indices of tooth size and cephalometric parameters of 44 young men with normal occlusion were obtained from the data bank of the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya. Face type was determined using the Garson morphological index. In licensed statistical package "Statistica 6,0" developed regression models of linear dimensions necessary for the construction of the correct form of dental arches. Results Results: As a result of researches, it is established that all 18 reliable models of the sizes used for construction of the correct form of dental arches, depending on peculiarities of odontometric and cephalometric indices with a coefficient from 0.645 to 0.944 are constructed. Built models in adolescents with a broad face type more often include odontometric than cephalometric indicators. The most commonly used odontometric indices are: the width of the crowns of the teeth in the mesio-distal and vestibulo-oral directions, as well as the distance from the middle of the cutting edge to the apex of the root of the teeth in the vestibulo-oral direction. Conclusion Conclusions: In adolescents with a broad type of face with normal occlusion, all 18 possible reliable regression models of reproduction of the individual characteristics of the dental arches of the upper and lower jaws were determined and analyzed.

Introduction Tooth size and morphology of anterior teeth influence interarch relationships. The Bolton analysis uses tooth width to calculate a sum of mandibular to maxillary tooth width ratios necessary for proper occlusion. Several parameters not factored in the Bolton analysis influence occlusion, such as tooth thickness. This study sought to use 3D modeling to develop and assess a tooth size analysis that encompasses labioligual thickness as well as mesiodistal width of anterior teeth. Methods The role of tooth thickness in interarch relationships was studied using simulations in a 3D modeling software (Suresmile). To develop a new chart of interarch ratios based on tooth thickness, a series of simulations were produced with varying tooth thicknesses and widths. The new ratios were evaluated on records from 50 patients. Results Findings from the simulations suggest that the ideal tooth thickness remains approximately 2 mm if the overall tooth width of the dentition increases and the interarch anterior ratio is maintained. The thickness-adjusted anterior mandibular to maxillary tooth ratio ranges from 0.70-0.79 depending on the tooth thickness. This thickness-adjusted ratio provides a superior prediction for the sum of anterior tooth width compared with the Bolton analysis. Conclusion Tooth thickness affects interarch tooth width ratios and anterior occlusion. A thickness-adjusted ratio can be used to more accurately predict anterior tooth dimensions necessary to achieve proper occlusion.

Boston University (BU) approach is a method for early prediction of unerupted permanent mandibular teeth widths based on the mesiodistal widths (MDWs) of primary mandibular canines and first molars. The present study was conducted to test the validity of BU approach by comparing it with Tanaka-Johnston (T/J) approach in the contemporary population.The aim of the study was to determine the applicability of BU approach for prediction of the MDWs of canines and premolars in the primary schoolchildren of rural Bengaluru.The study was conducted in 100 healthy schoolchildren of rural Bengaluru aged between 7 and 11 years. The MDWs of canines and premolars were predicted using both T/J and the considered BU approaches for all the children and were compared.The correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant correlation between the predicted tooth size from the two predicted methods in the upper and lower arches (P0.001), with Pearson's correlation coefficient showing the very strong positive relationship (r = 0.7). Significant differences were seen between the mean predicted width of canines and premolars by both the approaches (P0.001).In spite of the limitations, we recommend the use of BU approach to predict arch length-tooth material discrepancy at an early age and to get at least an approximate estimation of the required space. We also advocate the necessity of further research on this approach prospectively.

Background: An attractive smile is often attributed to incisor alignment and proclined or retroclined incisors could contribute to a less aesthetic smile. Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the maxillary central incisor crown inclination, crown angulation and tooth size variation in aesthetic and unattractive smiles. Methods: The study was conducted among 100 females (equally divided into aesthetic and unaesthetic smile groups), aged between 15 - 25 years, with Angle’s Class I normal occlusion and balanced profiles. Variations in maxillary central incisor crown inclination and angulation were measured on lateral cephalograms, photographs and the study models of the subjects. Variations in tooth morphology were also evaluated by measuring crown height and width in both groups. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to evaluate the difference between the aesthetic and unaesthetic smiles. P < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: This study showed that incisor angulation was significantly higher in the unaesthetic group compared to the aesthetic group (P < 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference for the incisor inclination relative to the Palatal Plane between the aesthetic and unaesthetic smile groups (P = 0.086). In addition, there were significant differences between the aesthetic and the non-aesthetic groups regarding the central incisor height (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the possible variations in aesthetics are related to the ethnic elements that are associated with differences in crown angulations, as well as tooth size.

Skeletal trauma analysis is a major facet of forensic anthropology casework and can entail interpretation of sharp force saw trauma. Hand-powered saws are commonly used in cases of dismemberment and analysis requires differentiating class characteristics. Features of the kerf walls and floor provide information utilized in identifying set, shape, size, power, and direction of sawing motion of the tool. The focus of this study is to examine validity and reliability of determining tooth shape class characteristic (rip versus crosscut) from features of the kerf floor. Two crosscut and three rip handsaws, ranging from 6 to 16 teeth per inch, were used to make 30 incomplete cuts per saw for a total of 150 cuts. Each kerf floor was analyzed macroscopically and microscopically using a digital microscope at 30 × magnification by three observers of different experience levels (expert, experienced, and novice). Profile shapes were classified as U-shaped/concave (rip) or W-shaped/convex (crosscut) by each observer for all 150 cuts. Reliability tests using Cohen’s kappa ranged from substantial in the two less experienced observers to almost perfect in pairwise comparisons with the expert. Microscopic classification accuracy was 94.0% (423/450) for all three observers and macroscopic examination increased accuracy to 99.8% (449/450). Saw wear and tooth size were not a significant determiner in correct identification of saw tooth type. Overall, tooth shape can be reliably and accurately determined from incomplete cuts.

Background: Tooth size specifically the mesiodistal dimension has an important role in normal occlusion and in arch space analysis as it affects treatment planning and the final results in orthodontic treatment. Tooth size differs among and within populations. Objectives: The aim of the current study was to measure the mesiodistal widths of the mandibular incisors, maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars in a group of Egyptian children in Suez Governorate and to correlate between the widths of these teeth to formulate normative data for the Egyptian children. Materials and Methods: 12-15 year old children (150 boys and 150 girls) from Suez Governorate were included in the present study. The measurements of the mesiodistal widths of the teeth were conducted on dental casts by a digital caliper Results: The means of the mesiodistal widths of the boys’ teeth were significantly larger than those of the girls. Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the right and left sides in girls. However, in males the right mandibular second premolar was significantly bigger than the left side. Conclusion: Sexual dimorphism is present between boys and girls where boys had larger teeth than girls. There were no statistically significant differences between the right and left sides in girls. But in boys only the mandibular second premolar showed slight statistically significant difference. The mandibular permanent incisors can be used in the prediction of the mesiodistal widths of the maxillary and mandibular permanent canines and premolars due to positive correlation between them.

Form of expressions of dental microwear and mesovear of small mammals depends on abrasiveness, hardness and a number of other characteristics of the feed. Analysis of micro- and mesorelief is used on paleontological materials for the reconstruction of some parameters of the animals diet. Small mammals move a hard way from objects of biocenoses to fossils. Bone remains are modified in the process of accumulation and fossilization. In particular, bone remains from ornithogenous deposits were influenced to the substances of the digestive system of birds. In this work, an experimental estimation was made of the degree of changes in a number of characteristics of narrow-headed vole molars (Microtus gregalis) from the pellets of two species of owls. On the same samples before and after exposure to substances of the digestive system of a Polar Owl (Nyctea scandiaca) and Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo), it was shown that the microrelief of the tooth enamel undergoes serious changes and haven't information about the in vivo diet of the voles. A different degree of preservation of the mesoreliefs characteristic was shown. An assessment of their applicability for paleoreconstructions depending on this was given.

Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has proven to be a viable treatment option for space gaining in maxilla. Similarly, mandibular incisor extraction when used in aptly selected cases has been reported to be a valuable adjunctive therapy to relieve tooth size-arch length discrepancy in mandibular arch. However, cases reporting the concomitant use of both these modalities are few. The objective of the present article is to report the successful orthodontic treatment of severe tooth size-arch length discrepancy in an adolescent patient using a combination of nonextraction treatment including RME, proclination of anterior teeth and reproximation in the maxillary arch, and single incisor extraction in the mandibular arch. Through a meticulously planned individualized treatment approach, esthetically and functionally stable results with good occlusion were achieved, which were well-maintained at 3-year follow-up. The favorable treatment outcome and long-term stability achieved substantiates the feasibility of this unconventional treatment option in selected cases.

Morphological and morphometric bone variation between archaeological wolves and the oldest domestic dogs commonly are used to define species differences. However, reference data often have been based on small numbers, without robust statistical support. We consulted the literature on these matters in all possible languages and tested many of the proposed species differences by examining wolf and dog skeletons from several collections, accompanied by an extensive synthesis of existing literature. We thus created large reference groups, assessing data distributions and variability. We examined mandible height, width, length, and convexity; contact points of the skull on a horizontal plane; caudal shifting of the border of the hard palate; skull size; carnassials tooth size reduction; micro-anatomical differences in teeth, snout, and skull height; and snout length and width. Our results show that skull length and related size; skull height; snout width; orbital angle; P4 and M1 mesio-distal diameter can help (albeit to a limited extent) to distinguish the oldest archaeological dogs from wolves. Based on our observations, we re-evaluated recent large Pleistocene canids reported as Paleolithic dogs and concluded instead that they fit well within the morphomentric distributions seen with Pleistocene wolves. The research presented here reflects the recent trend to critically re-evaluate axiomatic assumptions about wolf-dog differences, and to rephrase the morphological and morphometric definition of an early archaeological dog in a more suitable manner. These results are important to the international archaeological community because they place historical reports in a newer context, and create a robust (although narrow) framework for further evaluation of archaeological dogs and wolves.

Aim The contemporary article aims to review and compare various literatures concerning different conclusions regarding the correlation between tooth size discrepancy (TSD) and Angle's malocclusion groups. Background Acquiring the ideal occlusion plays one of the major roles while designing the treatment plan for an orthodontic patient, any alterations in the individual tooth sizes are called TSD and will hinder this prime requirement. By determining the correct tooth size ratio, it further helps in acquiring the accurate interdigitation, balanced occlusion, and also predicting the orthodontic treatment results. Various investigations were carried out to know the correlation between tooth size discrepancies and different malocclusion groups, of which, a few reported a statistically significant difference whereas others reported no significant difference. Review results A computerized database quest was operated utilizing the Medline database (Pubmed/Medline) for original research and review articles. Publications between 1946 and 2018 were included. Four hundred twenty-one articles were recovered from database search and, among them, 66 articles were selected to review the full-article. Conclusion Although a comparison was done between the tooth-size ratios and malocclusion groups (classes I, II, and III), many investigators noted no significant difference but there is an inadequacy in the data particularly related to subgroups of Angle's classification of malocclusion among these investigations; therefore, further studies are required to interpret this correlation. Clinical significance As there is high incidence of tooth size discrepancies noted in the previous literature orthodontist, Bolton's analysis regardless of malocclusion group, sex, and ethnicity is highly recommended.

The objective of this study was to revisit the topic of compensatory interactions between maxillary anterior teeth during development advanced by Sofaer et al. (1971). We addressed the hypotheses listed by Sofaer and colleagues using data derived from our Australian twin sample to investigate whether final tooth size in permanent maxillary central incisors and canines showed evidence of developmental compensation for adjacent missing or microdont lateral incisors. Such compensation is one factor interacting in the complex system of dental development.A 2D image analysis system was used to measure crown height from the labial view, labiopalatal crown width from the incisal view, and mesiodistal crown width from both the labial (MDl) and incisal (MDi) views of the permanent maxillary central incisors and canines on the dental study model of twins enrolled in a longitudinal study of dental development.Developmental variations of maxillary lateral incisors influence the morphogenesis of the adjacent teeth. For example, individuals with one missing lateral incisor and one lateral incisor of average dimensions, had significantly larger central incisors than the control group for the MDl and MDi dimensions (p 0.05). Of the 7 monozygotic twin pairs, 6 were discordant in maxillary anterior hypodontia and microdontia, and 13 out of 14 dizygotic twin pairs were discordant.This study provides further evidence of developmental interactions in the maxillary anterior region, partially supporting Sofaer and colleagues' hypotheses. These interactions are part of a complex adaptive system involving genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors.

Objective: To determine the anterior Bolton ratio for a Finnish adult population and to investigate its associations with overjet. Material and methods: This study is part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Clinical oral investigations, including three-dimensional intraoral scanning and registration of occlusion, were performed in connection with the 46-year follow-up for 1,961 subjects. Subjects with normal occlusion (n = 149), extreme overjet ≥ 8 mm (n = 49), large overjet 6–7 mm (n = 86), and negative overjet (n = 16) and no orthodontic treatment history were selected for further analysis. The mesiodistal widths were measured from canine to canine to evaluate the anterior Bolton ratio. Results: A mean anterior Bolton ratio of 78.6 (SD 3.1) was found for the normal occlusion group. Subjects with extreme overjet had smaller Bolton ratios compared to the normal occlusion group and the negative overjet group (p = .005, p = .019, respectively). Overjet deviations were associated with upper canine and incisor widths. Conclusions: The mean anterior Bolton ratio in subjects with normal occlusion was larger compared to the original Bolton ratio. Tooth size discrepancy was associated with extreme and negative overjet at population level.

Introduction: A correct proportion between the upper and lower teeth is critical to achieving proper occlusal interdigitation, ideal overjet, and good molar intercuspation at the end of orthodontic treatment. Objectives: To determine the anterior and overall Bolton’s ratio in the Sudanese population, investigate gender differences in tooth size ratios, and to compare these results with Bolton’s original ratio norm. Material and Methods: The sample consisted of dental casts of 104 Sudanese University students with normal occlusion (52 females, 52 males), aged between 16-26 years randomly selected from AL- Neelain University. An electronic digital caliper was used to measure the mesiodistal tooth size of the maxillary and mandibular teeth anterior to the second molars. These measurements were then used to obtain Bolton’s ratio. Mean, range, and standard deviation of the anterior and overall ratios were computed for each subject. T-Tests were used to compare gender differences and to investigate differences between the results of this study and Bolton’s original ratio. Results: Anterior and overall Bolton ratios for males were 78.43±2.44 and 93.901±9.8 and for females were 78.29±2.6 and 91.67±3.3 percent, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between males and females for the anterior and overall ratios P>0.05. The anterior and overall Bolton’s ratios among Sudanese University students were 78.37 ± 2.54, and 92.79± 7.43 percent, respectively. statistically significant difference between this study and Bolton’s study were found in both anterior and overall ratio P

Aim: The objectives are to compare the extent and to find whether it is arch dimension or tooth size that contributes to a greater extent to malocclusions such as dental crowding and proclination. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 pretreatment models were selected and divided into three groups, namely uncrowded (Group-A), crowded (Group B), and proclination (Group-C). Measurements obtained were: (1) The largest mesiodistal width of each tooth on each arch (except the second and third molars), (2) Buccal inter-canine and inter-molar widths, (3) Lingual inter-canine and inter-molar widths, (4) Arch perimeters, and (5) Arch length. Results: The mesiodistal teeth dimensions were higher in crowded and proclination group. Both inter canine width and inter molar width of maxilla were reduced in crowded group. Maxillary and mandibular arch perimeter and arch lengths were higher proclination group.

The aim of this study was to evaluate tooth crown size in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP), right cleft lip and palate (RCLP), and left cleft lip and palate (LCLP) subtypes and compare them between each other and between class I control group. A total of 110 patients, 55 patients’ records with CLP (28 male, 27 female) and the same number of 55 patients’ records with class I (27 male, 28 female) as control group, have been included. All plaster models were scanned with dental scanner and then analyzed using digital program to measure tooth size. When comparing right and left side of LCLP group, mesio-distal (MD) and labio-lingual (LL) dimensions of the centrals have the significant difference, where the largest dimensions were the right centrals (p

Introduction: Teeth selection is a crucial step and reflects the aesthetic quality of complete dentures and the prime responsibility to ensure their selection with maximum precision lies with the dentist. The anterior teeth reflect the overall aesthetic value of the denture, and hence the need to individualise maxillary anterior teeth was recognised, and the study was undertaken to find an alternative method of teeth selection. Aim: To establish an alternate/additional method of teeth selection for edentulous patients using extraoral landmarks. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences “Deemed To Be University”, Karad, Maharashtra for a time period of three months (April-June 2015). Dimensions of 402 maxillary central and lateral incisors were measured using a vernier caliper. The superior point selected was the gingival zenith of the teeth and the inferior point was the mid-point of the incisal edge. A line connecting these points determined the teeth length. Similarly, width was determined by marking the midpoint of the proximal surfaces and line connecting them. The points considered for recording the dimensions of the finger nail bed were the mid-points of the mesial and lateral surfaces of the nail bed and mid-points of the superior and inferior edges of the nail bed, respectively. The dimensions of maxillary right central incisor were correlated with the dimensions of right nail bed of index, ring and little finger. Similar procedure was followed for the left central incisor; left and right lateral incisors, respectively. The recorded data were statistically analysed using SPSS version 20 to find out Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) between dimensions of maxillary incisors and finger nail beds. Further regression equation was derived to determine dimensions of maxillary incisors (dependent variable) from dimensions of nail beds (independent variables) for variables with significant correlations. The p-value less than or equal to 0.05 was taken significant. Results: In males, the central incisor length significantly correlated with little finger nail bed width (p=0.01*). The lateral incisor length had significant correlation with index finger nail bed width (p=0.03*), and little finger nail bed width (p=0.02*). The lateral incisor width had significant correlation with index finger nail bed width (p=0.01*). In females, the lateral incisor width had significant correlation with index finger nail bed width (p=0.01*) and ring finger nail bed length (p=0.002*). Further using the correlations for significant variables, regression formulae were developed. Conclusion: The regression model developed for male and female patients can be used to determine the dimensions of lateral incisor width in females, and central incisor length, lateral incisor length and width in males from the dimensions of index, ring and little fingers. The model stands true as a potential method of teeth selection for edentulous patients.

The obligatory use of cooking by the Mousterian occupants of the north temperate zone relaxed the forces of selection maintaining archaic tooth size and led to the reductions that shaped modern human face form from the Middle East to the Atlantic coast. The delay in the spread of cooking techniques accounts for the later onset of dental reduction to the south. The development and use of projectiles in the African Middle Stone Age led to gracilization and the earlier appearance of "modern" post-cranial and reflected cranial form in Africa. The subsequent adoption of the use of projectiles elsewhere was followed by gracilization and the appearance of "modern" post-cranial morphology. The craniofacial form of Cro-Magnon allies it with the living populations of northwestern Europe, specifically with the fringes in Scandinavia and England, but not with the European continent. Qafzeh represents the pattern still found in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly West Africa. Although the craniofacial configuration in both is "modern," the dentition of Qafzeh is archaic in size and form. Qafzeh is a logical representative of the ancestral form for sub-Saharan Africans but not for Cro-Magnon and subsequent Europeans.

Attempts by anthropologists to account for the peopling of the Canary Islands have led to theories that call for one, two, and even four immigration events. However, most agree the Canary Island Guanche are biologically closest to Berbers from Morocco and Algeria. Genetic contributions from Arabs, Romans, and Carthaginians have also been proposed. An earlier study by Irish using Penrose analysis of odontometric data in samples of Guanche, Shawia and Kabyle Berbers, and Bedouin Arabs supports many of these proposed genetic relationships.The present investigation expands upon this earlier work by adding samples of Carthaginians, Egyptians, and Nubians, and by using tooth size apportionment analysis, a more robust statistical approach for assessing inter-sample differences in the distribution, or allocation, of tooth size in the maxillary and mandibular dental arcades. The analysis yielded three components that account for >80% of the total variance. Cluster analysis and three-dimensional ordination of group component scores provide additional insight into Canary Island/North African relationships. Except for one early Nubian sample, the Guanche exhibit some measure of affinity to all others. However, they are most like Berbers and Carthaginians. These results suggest that Canary Islanders belong to a greater North African gene pool, yet show the closest affinities to Northwest Africans—which corroborates earlier dental and non-dental findings.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to seek and summarise the Bolton overall index (OI) and anterior index (AI) regarding normal occlusion and Angle’s malocclusion according to gender, and to assess if these indices support Bolton’s standards as general references. Methods: PubMed, LILACS, Embase, CENTRAL and Google Scholar databases were searched up to June 2019 (CRD42018088438). Non-randomised clinical studies, published in English and assessing Bolton’s OI and/or AI in normal occlusion and Angle’s malocclusion groups, were included. OI and AI means, sample size and SDs were collected. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to assess the risk of bias. Pairwise random-effects and multilevel Bayesian network meta-analyses were used to synthesise available data. Results: Fifty-three observational studies were included (11,411 participants; 3746 men, 4430 women; 15 studies lacked gender information). For normal occlusion, pooled estimates for OI and AI means were 91.78% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 91.42–92.14; I2 = 92.87%) and 78.25% (95% CI = 77.87–78.62; I2 = 90.67%), respectively. We could identify in Angle’s Class III patients meaningful OI and AI mean deviations from normal occlusion (0.76, 95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.55–0.98 and 0.61, 95% CrI = 0.35–0.87, respectively), while in Class II patients we found a meaningful mean deviation from normal occlusion only for OI (−0.28, 95% CrI = −0.52–−0.05). Concerning gender impact, male patients presented higher OI (0.30, 95% CI = 0.00–0.59) and AI (0.41, 95% CI = 0.00–0.83) mean values than female patients in Class I. Conclusion: Normal occlusion OI and AI mean values differ from Bolton’s original values. Class II division 2, for OI mean values, and Class III, for both OI and AI, are proportionally larger than normal occlusion patients. Gender had almost no impact on teeth mesiodistal proportion.

Objectives. To evaluate the tooth size discrepancy and Bolton’s ratios between male and female subjects with a Class I malocclusion. Materials and Methods. The digital e-models of 100 male and 100 female 12-year-old southern Chinese children with a Class I malocclusion were selected. The mesiodistal widths from permanent first molar to the contralateral side first molar of the upper and lower dentitions were measured. Differences between the tooth size discrepancy, together with the anterior and overall Bolton’s ratios between male and female subjects, were assessed using a two-sample t-test. A paired t-test was used to determine differences between antimetric pairs of teeth within the same arch. Results. Females had statistically significant smaller teeth than males (P < 0.05) except the upper left and lower left lateral incisor and lower left and right central incisors. The mean values of anterior Bolton’s ratios for males and females were 77.04 and 77.03, respectively (P > 0.05), while the mean values of overall Bolton’s ratios of male and female are 90.48 and 90.65, respectively (P < 0.05). The clinical significant differences (Cohen’s d > 0.2) for contralateral tooth size were shown on the maxillary canines, lateral incisors, and central incisors of males; and mandibular canines and lateral incisors of females. Conclusions. Southern Chinese females presenting with Class I malocclusions have smaller mesiodistal tooth dimensions compared to males. Both males and females presented several tooth size asymmetries. There are no statistical differences in anterior and overall Bolton’s ratios between the genders.

Aims: The present cross sectional study was carried out to investigate the effect of first premolar extraction on tooth size discrepancies (TSD) in an orthodontic population seeking treatment at orthodontic department, BSMMU.Material and methods: Mesiodistal tooth widths were measured on 50 pair of pretreatment and post treatment dental casts of subjects with Class I variation – Class I with bimaxillary proclination, and Class I crowding. The overall ratios and tooth-size discrepancies were determined before and after 1st premolar extractions. Before and after extractions, the subjects were divided into Bolton small (BS), Bolton normal (BN) and Bolton large (BL) overall ratio groups categorized by the Bolton standard deviation definition.Results: The Bolton overall ratio after 1st premolar extraction was smaller than those before extraction in each group. Some of the patients in the BN group and BB group were moved into the BS group and BN group respectively after 1st premolar extraction. A tooth size discrepancy occurred in some patients with normal overall ratios after premolar extractions, but a tooth size discrepancy might be corrected in some patients with big overall ratios after premolar extraction.Conclusion: Orthodontists should take into account the following when devising a treatment plan for premolar extractions, overall ratios might decrease and remain normal, and clinically significant tooth-size discrepancies could change mutually after extractions.Ban J Orthod & Dentofac Orthop, April 2015; Vol-5 (1-2), P.13-16

Objective:Children with cleft lip and palate are reported to be commonly associated with higher prevalence of dental anomalies such as hypodontia, supernumeraries, and abnormalities in tooth size, shape, and position. This study investigated the prevalence of dental anomalies in a longitudinal cohort of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).Design:The study was a retrospective analysis of radiographs, study models, and treatment notes.Patients:Sixty patients with repaired UCLP aged 13 years old with complete dental records dating from 5 years of age were included.Methods:Study casts, dental panoramic, anterior maxillary occlusal, and periapical radiographs of the patients were examined for cleft-sidedness, congenitally missing permanent teeth, supernumerary teeth, microdontic, and macrodontic teeth in the anterior maxillary region, presence of malformed permanent cleft-sided lateral incisor and its morphology (peg-shaped, conical shaped, canine-formed), positions of the permanent lateral incisors relative to the cleft side and presence of rotated cleft-sided central incisors.Results:Of the 60 patients studied, 63.3% had hypodontia, 21.7% had supernumerary teeth, 69.6% had microdontia, and 12.5% had macrodontia. All of the cleft-sided permanent lateral incisors had associated anomalies, with a large proportion (43.1%) missing; and when present in 31 subjects, the majority (90.3%) was positioned distal to the cleft. Most of the cleft-sided permanent central incisors were rotated if present, and prevalent at 86.7%.Conclusion:A high prevalence of dental anomalies was observed in this sample of children with UCLP.

Systematic study of dental attributes yields insights regarding diet and subsistence that cannot be gained from the archaeological record alone. This analysis documents occlusal tooth wear, tooth crown dimensions and dental pathology of an expanded dental sample from Harappa (2550–2030 cal BC; Pakistan). New floral and faunal evidence of subsistence indicates a mix of agriculture and pastoralism that can be integrated with evidence of dental attributes and disease to reveal the impact of Harappan diet on oral health. An enlarged dental sample (58 specimens, 910 teeth) from mature phase Harappa was analyzed using Scott’s quadrant wear system, measures of crown size, and prevalence of seven pathological dental lesions. All data were collected by the author using standard methods. Sex differences were found in wear, tooth size and prevalence of dental diseases. Females exhibit greater caries prevalence and antemortem tooth loss than men, an attribute associated with higher rates of pulp exposure and abscesses in women. At Harappa antemortem tooth loss results from penetrating caries, while in foragers the cause is severe occlusal wear. In contrast to early Holocene foragers of north India (Damdama, 8800–8600 BP), Harappans have greater occlusal wear, smaller teeth, and a distinct dental pathology profile.

Objective To examine the efficacy of the magnetic retainer as compared with canine-to-canine retainers bonded to each tooth. Materials and Methods Using digital models of 39 patients who had the magnetic retainer (MagneTainer) placed at debond and 41 patients who had canine-to-canine retainers placed at debond, Little's Irregularity Index (LII), intercanine width (ICW), and a tooth size arch length discrepancy (TSALD) for the lower anterior teeth were calculated before treatment, at placement of retainers, and 2 years after placement. The groups were compared to determine if any significant differences existed. Results Significant differences within each group were seen for changes in LII and TSALD at 2 years compared with debond ( P P Conclusions There are no significant differences in the efficacy of canine-to-canine retainers bonded to each tooth and the magnetic retainer.

Objective Anthropological studies have reported that tooth size decreases in the context of diet changes. Some investigations have found a reverse trend in tooth size from the prehistoric to the modern times. The aims of this study were to analyze tooth size in skeletal samples from Mesolithic–Neolithic Age, Bronze Age, and Roman to Medieval times to determine sex differences and establish a temporal trend in tooth size in the aforementioned periods. Design Well-preserved permanent teeth were included in the investigation. The mesiodistal (MD) diameter of all teeth and buccolingual (BL) diameter of the molars were measured. Effects of sex and site were tested by one-way ANOVA, and the combined effect of these factors was analyzed by UNIANOVA. Results Sexual dimorphism was present in the BL diameters of all molars and MD diameters of the upper first and the lower third molar. The lower canine was the most dimorphic tooth in the anterior region. The MD diameter of most teeth showed no significant difference between the groups, (sample from: Mesolithic–Neolithic Age-group 1; Bronze Age-group 2; Roman times-group 3; Medieval times-group 4), whereas the BL diameters of the upper second and the lower first molar were the largest in the first group. Multiple comparisons revealed a decrease in the BL diameter of the upper second and the lower first molar from the first to the later groups. Lower canine MD diameter exhibited an increase in the fourth group compared to the second group. Conclusion On the basis of the MD diameter, a temporal trend could not be observed for most of the teeth. The lower canine exhibited an increase in the MD diameter from the prehistoric to the Medieval times. Changes of BL diameter were more homogeneous, suggesting that the temporal trend of molar size decreased from the Mesolithic–Neolithic to Medieval times in Serbia.

Objective:Researchers have documented secular trends in tooth size among recent generations. This study was a test for a change in mandibular leeway space.Materials and Methods:Dental casts from participants in the Denver Growth Study (23 boys, 22 girls; born in the 1930s) were compared with casts from a contemporary series of orthodontic patients (23 boys, 22 girls; born in the 1990s). All were phenotypically normal, healthy American whites.Results:Analysis of variance (accounting for sex) showed that the cumulative mandibular primary canine plus first and second primary molar size (c + m1 + m2) was slightly larger in the recent cohort (23.53 mm earlier vs 23.83 mm recent cohort; mean difference: 0.30 mm; P = .009), principally due to larger second primary molars (m2) in the recent cohort. In turn, the sum of the permanent canine and two premolars (C + P1 + P2) was significantly larger in the recent cohort (21.08 mm earlier vs 21.80 mm recent cohort; mean difference: 0.72 mm; P = .002). Larger teeth in the contemporary series produced a mean leeway space per quadrant of 2.03 mm versus 2.45 mm in the earlier cohort—a clinically and statistically significant reduction (P = .030). Some tooth types (primary second molar and permanent canine) were significantly larger in boys than in girls, but the sex difference in leeway space was not statistically significant.Conclusion:Results suggest that mandibular leeway space is decreasing in 21st century American whites and may present a challenge to orthodontists in managing tooth size–arch length discrepancies.