Search

Tonoscolex kalimpongensis Ahmed & Julka, sp. nov. (Figs 1 & 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6DB0067B-897F-4E49-84BE-B7EF2C99F4F2 Type material. Holotype: clitellate (ZSI-GNC-An 2203/1), India, West Bengal, Kalimpong District, Neora Valley national park (27.080915°N; 88.697965°E), 2198 m asl, 5 November 2009, leg. Rahul Paliwal and party. Paratypes: 5 clitellates and 7 aclitellates (ZSI-GNC-An 2204/1), same collection data as for holotype. Etymology. The species is named after the district where it was collected. Diagnosis. Medium sized worm, length 80–145 mm, diameter 4–6.5 mm, segments 102–266. Segments 1–4 consisting of a single annulus, segment 5 biannulate, segment 6 triannulate, segment 7 quadriannulate, segment 8 triannulate or quadriannulate, segments 9–12 triannulate. Color brownish, clitellum reddish brown extending from 1/212 – 1/216. Prostomium prolobous. Setae lumbricine. One pair of spermathecal pores, in a transverse slit, slightly median to a, at intersegmental furrow 7/8. Female pores paired, mid-ventral, slightly anterior to the setal line of segment 13. Male pores paired on segment 17 at ab, but close to b setal lines. Gizzard large, single in segment 6. Two pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 11 and 12. Calciferous glands stalked, five pairs in segments 8–12. Prostates strap-shaped, long, extending through segments 17–26. Intestine and typhlosole (lamelliform) beginning in segment 14. Nephridia meroic. Description of holotype. Body cylindrical. Dimensions: body length 145 mm, width 5.5 mm at segment 8, 4.8 mm at 11 before clitellum, 5 mm at clitellum. Segments 266. Segments 1–4 consist of single annulus, segment 5 biannulate, segment 6 triannulate, segments 7 and 8 quadriannulate, segment 9 and onward triannulate up-to before segment 32 from the posterior end. Body colour light brown, clitellum reddish brown. Prostomium prolobous (Fig. 1C). Setae lumbricine, present from segment 2, setal formula aa:ab:bc:cd:dd = 1.1:0.4:1.2:0.5:2.8 at segment 11 and aa:ab:bc:cd:dd = 1.1:0.4:1.3:0.4:3 at segment 22. First dorsal pore on intersegmental furrow 9/10, a pore like appears to be non-functional markings also present on 8/9 (Fig. 1A). Clitellum annular extending from the posterior half of segment 12 to anterior half of segment 16 (i.e. covering post setal part of segment 12 and pre setal of segment 16), dorsal pores and setae present. Spermathecal pores one pair, in a transverse slit, slightly ventral to a setal lines, at intersegmental furrow 7/8 (Fig. 1B). Female pores minute, paired, median to a in whitish transversely oval area, slightly anterior to the setal line on segment 13 (Fig. 1B). Male pores on segment 17 at ab, and close to b setal lines. Male genital shield across segment 17 and anterior part of segment 18, narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, width of the genital shield on ventral 3 mm at segment 17 and 5 mm at segment 18 (Fig. 1D). Mid ventral line shield depressed; depression highest in middle of segment 17; with a pair of protuberant areas on both sides with glossy surfaces. Seminal grooves straight, diagonally placed, anterior ends near male pores and posteriorly ends slightly anterior to setae c of segment 18. Ventral setae ab of segment 17 absent whereas cd present. Septa 6/7–10/11 thickened, 11/12 slightly thickened. Gizzard single, large, cylindrical, in segment 6. Five pairs of kidney-shaped calciferous glands in segments 8–12, with short stalk passing to oesophagus just in front of septa. Each gland partially encircled by hearts of the corresponding segment. Intestine beginning in segment 14. Typhlosole lamelliform, possessing numerous closely set transverse folds along each side, beginning in segment 14 reduced posteriorly and ends in segment 99 (Fig. 2D). Last pair of hearts in segment 12. Dorsal blood vessel single passing through gizzard into pharynx. In segments 12–16 a pair of longitudinal trunks present on ventral parietes parallel to nerve cord, each of which gives off four branches on each side. Nephridia meroic, clustered micronephridia present on anterior face of septa of segment 5/6, and enteronephric meganephridia along with micronephridia present only in posterior segments. Testes and funnels in segments 9 and 10, funnels large and iridescent (Fig. 2A). Two pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 10 and 11, with whitish spots on dorsal face of vesicles (Fig. 2A). Prostates long, strap-shaped, extending from segment 17 to segment 26 (Figs 2C). Lateral margin of each prostate incised by septa of segments through which gland passes and median margin smooth. Prostatic ducts emerging from anterior end, looped forward before entrance into parietes in segment 17. Vas deferens commencing from testes segments open into each prostate at its anterior end along lateral side of prostatic duct. Ovaries and oviduct funnels in segment 12 (Fig. 2A). One pair of spermathecae in segment 7; ampulla large, ovoid; ducts about half as long as ampulla and narrowing toward ectal end (Fig. 2B). Diverticulum finger-shaped, similar length of duct, originating below junction of ampulla at anterior face of the spermathecal duct. Genital marking glands and penial setae absent. Variation. In a paratype, intersegmental and secondary furrows slightly marked on the clitellum. Prostates long, strap-shaped, extending from segment 17 and bent toward dorsal at segment 23 (Figs 2E). Typhlosole beginning in segment 14 reduced posteriorly and ends in segment 105. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Fig. 3 and Table 1). Remarks. Tonoscolex kalimpongensis sp. nov. is distinguished easily from all known species of the genus Tonoscolex by the presence of one pair of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrow 7/8, whereas, other species have two pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows 6/7 and 7/8. Furthermore, T. kalimpongensis sp. nov. is closely similar to T. kabakensis Julka, 1981 and T. monorchis (Stephenson, 1916) by the aspect of five pairs of calciferous glands in segments 8–12. However, it also differs from T. kabakensis and T. monorchis in setal arrangement and seminal vesicles (see Table 2). T. kalimpongensis sp. nov. has lumbricine setal arrangement whereas, T. kabakensis has perichaetine setal arrangement. The new species has two pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 10 and 11, in contrast, T. monorchis has three pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 10, 11 and 12. Other difference is the length of the prostate glands which extends in segments 17–26 in T. kalimpongensis sp. nov., segments 17–18 in T. kabakensis and segments 17–19 in T. monorchis., Published as part of Ahmed, Shakoor, Emiliyamma, K. G., Marimuthu, Nithyanandam, Sajan, Sheikh & Julka, J. M., 2022, A new species of the genus Tonoscolex Gates, 1933 (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from India, pp. 375-382 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 376-380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6411128, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1933) The earthworms of Burma. IV. Records of the Indian Museum, 35, 413 - 606.","Gates, G. E. (1927) LXXIII. - Note on a new species of Notoscolex, with a list of the earthworms of Burma. Annals Magazine of Natural History, 19 (9), 609 - 615. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932708655547","Gates, G. E. (1931) The earthworms of Burma II. Records of the Indian Museum, 33, 327 - 442.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to the Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Gates, G. E. (1929) A summary of the earthworm fauna of Burma with descriptions of fourteen new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 75 (10), 1 - 41. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.75 - 2781.1","Stephenson, J. (1922) Some earthworms from Kashmir, Bombay, and other parts of India. Records of the Indian Museum, 24, 427 - 443.","Gates, G. E. (1945) On some Indian earthworms. II. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 11, 54 - 91.","Julka, J. M. (1977) Contribution to the knowledge of earthworm fauna (Oligochaeta: Annelida) of Meghalaya. Newsletter of Zoological Survey of India, 3, 398 - 400.","Tiwari, N., Paliwal, R., Rashid, A. & Yadav, S. (2020) Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India. Zootaxa, 4772 (2), 277 - 305. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4772.2.3","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 26, 1 - 53.","Julka, J. M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 69, 229 - 239.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93.","Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354.","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Gates, G. E. (1936) The earthworms of Burma. V. Records of the Indian Museum, 38, 377 - 468.","Stephenson, J. (1914) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912, XXIX. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Gates, G. E. (1932) The earthworms of Burma III. The Megascolecinae. Records of the Indian Museum, 34, 357 - 549."]}

Genus Tonoscolex Gates, 1933 Tonoscolex Gates, 1933: 484. Type species. Tonoscolex birmanicus (Gates, 1927) (Notoscolex birmanicus Gates, 1927), by subsequent designation (Gates 1936: p. 379). Distribution. India and Myanmar (Gates 1972; Julka 1976, 1981; Blakemore 2006; Csuzdi et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2015; Tiwari et al. 2020)., Published as part of Ahmed, Shakoor, Emiliyamma, K. G., Marimuthu, Nithyanandam, Sajan, Sheikh & Julka, J. M., 2022, A new species of the genus Tonoscolex Gates, 1933 (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from India, pp. 375-382 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on page 376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6411128, {"references":["Gates, G. E. (1933) The earthworms of Burma. IV. Records of the Indian Museum, 35, 413 - 606.","Gates, G. E. (1927) LXXIII. - Note on a new species of Notoscolex, with a list of the earthworms of Burma. Annals Magazine of Natural History, 19 (9), 609 - 615. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932708655547","Gates, G. E. (1936) The earthworms of Burma. V. Records of the Indian Museum, 38, 377 - 468.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms: An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to the Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Julka, J. M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 69, 229 - 239.","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 26, 1 - 53.","Blakemore, R. J. (2006) Checklist of Myanmar taxa updated from Gates' (1972) \" Burmese Earthworms \". A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World. 2 nd edition, Yokohama, 1 - 21.","Csuzdi, C., Szederjesi, T., Win, T. M., Cho, N. & Aye, M. M. (2015) Data to the earthworm fauna of Myanmar with notes on some little known species (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 46 (2), 177 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.18348 / opzool. 2015.2.177","Wang, A. R., Hong, Y., Win, T. M. & Kim, I. (2015) Complete mitochondrial genome of the Burmese giant earthworm, Tonoscolex birmanicus (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Mitochondrial DNA, 26 (3), 467 - 468. https: // doi. org / 10.3109 / 19401736.2013.830300","Tiwari, N., Paliwal, R., Rashid, A. & Yadav, S. (2020) Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India. Zootaxa, 4772 (2), 277 - 305. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4772.2.3"]}

Tonoscolex kalimpongensis Ahmed & Julka, sp. nov. (Figs 1 & 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6DB0067B-897F-4E49-84BE-B7EF2C99F4F2 Type material. Holotype: clitellate (ZSI-GNC-An 2203/1), India, West Bengal, Kalimpong District, Neora Valley national park (27.080915°N; 88.697965°E), 2198 m asl, 5 November 2009, leg. Rahul Paliwal and party. Paratypes: 5 clitellates and 7 aclitellates (ZSI-GNC-An 2204/1), same collection data as for holotype. Etymology. The species is named after the district where it was collected. Diagnosis. Medium sized worm, length 80–145 mm, diameter 4–6.5 mm, segments 102–266. Segments 1–4 consisting of a single annulus, segment 5 biannulate, segment 6 triannulate, segment 7 quadriannulate, segment 8 triannulate or quadriannulate, segments 9–12 triannulate. Color brownish, clitellum reddish brown extending from 1/212 – 1/216. Prostomium prolobous. Setae lumbricine. One pair of spermathecal pores, in a transverse slit, slightly median to a, at intersegmental furrow 7/8. Female pores paired, mid-ventral, slightly anterior to the setal line of segment 13. Male pores paired on segment 17 at ab, but close to b setal lines. Gizzard large, single in segment 6. Two pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 11 and 12. Calciferous glands stalked, five pairs in segments 8–12. Prostates strap-shaped, long, extending through segments 17–26. Intestine and typhlosole (lamelliform) beginning in segment 14. Nephridia meroic. Description of holotype. Body cylindrical. Dimensions: body length 145 mm, width 5.5 mm at segment 8, 4.8 mm at 11 before clitellum, 5 mm at clitellum. Segments 266. Segments 1–4 consist of single annulus, segment 5 biannulate, segment 6 triannulate, segments 7 and 8 quadriannulate, segment 9 and onward triannulate up-to before segment 32 from the posterior end. Body colour light brown, clitellum reddish brown. Prostomium prolobous (Fig. 1C). Setae lumbricine, present from segment 2, setal formula aa:ab:bc:cd:dd = 1.1:0.4:1.2:0.5:2.8 at segment 11 and aa:ab:bc:cd:dd = 1.1:0.4:1.3:0.4:3 at segment 22. First dorsal pore on intersegmental furrow 9/10, a pore like appears to be non-functional markings also present on 8/9 (Fig. 1A). Clitellum annular extending from the posterior half of segment 12 to anterior half of segment 16 (i.e. covering post setal part of segment 12 and pre setal of segment 16), dorsal pores and setae present. Spermathecal pores one pair, in a transverse slit, slightly ventral to a setal lines, at intersegmental furrow 7/8 (Fig. 1B). Female pores minute, paired, median to a in whitish transversely oval area, slightly anterior to the setal line on segment 13 (Fig. 1B). Male pores on segment 17 at ab, and close to b setal lines. Male genital shield across segment 17 and anterior part of segment 18, narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, width of the genital shield on ventral 3 mm at segment 17 and 5 mm at segment 18 (Fig. 1D). Mid ventral line shield depressed; depression highest in middle of segment 17; with a pair of protuberant areas on both sides with glossy surfaces. Seminal grooves straight, diagonally placed, anterior ends near male pores and posteriorly ends slightly anterior to setae c of segment 18. Ventral setae ab of segment 17 absent whereas cd present. Septa 6/7–10/11 thickened, 11/12 slightly thickened. Gizzard single, large, cylindrical, in segment 6. Five pairs of kidney-shaped calciferous glands in segments 8–12, with short stalk passing to oesophagus just in front of septa. Each gland partially encircled by hearts of the corresponding segment. Intestine beginning in segment 14. Typhlosole lamelliform, possessing numerous closely set transverse folds along each side, beginning in segment 14 reduced posteriorly and ends in segment 99 (Fig. 2D). Last pair of hearts in segment 12. Dorsal blood vessel single passing through gizzard into pharynx. In segments 12–16 a pair of longitudinal trunks present on ventral parietes parallel to nerve cord, each of which gives off four branches on each side. Nephridia meroic, clustered micronephridia present on anterior face of septa of segment 5/6, and enteronephric meganephridia along with micronephridia present only in posterior segments. Testes and funnels in segments 9 and 10, funnels large and iridescent (Fig. 2A). Two pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 10 and 11, with whitish spots on dorsal face of vesicles (Fig. 2A). Prostates long, strap-shaped, extending from segment 17 to segment 26 (Figs 2C). Lateral margin of each prostate incised by septa of segments through which gland passes and median margin smooth. Prostatic ducts emerging from anterior end, looped forward before entrance into parietes in segment 17. Vas deferens commencing from testes segments open into each prostate at its anterior end along lateral side of prostatic duct. Ovaries and oviduct funnels in segment 12 (Fig. 2A). One pair of spermathecae in segment 7; ampulla large, ovoid; ducts about half as long as ampulla and narrowing toward ectal end (Fig. 2B). Diverticulum finger-shaped, similar length of duct, originating below junction of ampulla at anterior face of the spermathecal duct. Genital marking glands and penial setae absent. Variation. In a paratype, intersegmental and secondary furrows slightly marked on the clitellum. Prostates long, strap-shaped, extending from segment 17 and bent toward dorsal at segment 23 (Figs 2E). Typhlosole beginning in segment 14 reduced posteriorly and ends in segment 105. Distribution. Known only from type locality (Fig. 3 and Table 1). Remarks. Tonoscolex kalimpongensis sp. nov. is distinguished easily from all known species of the genus Tonoscolex by the presence of one pair of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrow 7/8, whereas, other species have two pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegmental furrows 6/7 and 7/8. Furthermore, T. kalimpongensis sp. nov. is closely similar to T. kabakensis Julka, 1981 and T. monorchis (Stephenson, 1916) by the aspect of five pairs of calciferous glands in segments 8–12. However, it also differs from T. kabakensis and T. monorchis in setal arrangement and seminal vesicles (see Table 2). T. kalimpongensis sp. nov. has lumbricine setal arrangement whereas, T. kabakensis has perichaetine setal arrangement. The new species has two pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 10 and 11, in contrast, T. monorchis has three pairs of seminal vesicles in segments 10, 11 and 12. Other difference is the length of the prostate glands which extends in segments 17–26 in T. kalimpongensis sp. nov., segments 17–18 in T. kabakensis and segments 17–19 in T. monorchis.

124. Tonoscolex kabakensis Julka, 1981 Tonoscolex kabakensis Julka, 1981: 30. T. Kabak, district Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

123. Tonoscolex indicus Julka, 1981 Tonoscolex indicus Julka, 1981: 29. T. Siki, district Subansiri, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Taliha (Julka 1981), Seiom (Julka 1981), Ayumuring (Julka 1981), Doginalo (Julka 1981), Lemeking (Julka 1981)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53."]}

126. Tonoscolex monorchis (Stephenson, 1916) Megascolides oneilli var. monorchis Stephenson, 1916: 313. Notoscolex oneili var. monorchis, Stephenson, 1923: 214. Tonoscolex monorchis (Stephenson). Gates 1972: 230. T. Darjeeling to Ghoom (Lapsus calami Soom), West Bengal, India. D. West Bengal., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1916) On a collection of Oligochaeta belonging to the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 12, 299 - 354.","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214"]}

128. Tonoscolex striatus (Stephenson, 1914) Notoscolex striatus Stephenson, 1914a: 380. Notoscolex stewarti Stephenson, 1914a: 382. Tonoscolex striatus (Stephenson). Gates 1972: 232. T. Rotung, Upper Rotung, Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Taliha (Julka 1981), Ayumuring (Julka 1981), Yame (Julka 1981), Damin (Julka 1981), Huri (Julka 1981), Pabin (Julka 1981), Parsipala (Julka 1981), Tumbia (Julka 1981), near Kau Pass (Julka 1981), Richik (Julka 1981), 3 km E of Richik (Julka 1981), Tali (Julka 1981), Rui (Julka 1981), Gimba (Julka 1981), Kabak (Julka 1981), Rotung (Stephenson 1914a), Itanagar Zoo (Halder et al. 2007). Meghalaya: Nongstoi��- Siejlieh (Kharkongor 2018), Mawthar village (Kharkongor 2018)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Julka, J. M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworms collected during the Subansiri Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication, Occasional Paper, No. 26, 1 - 53.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93.","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034"]}

127. Tonoscolex oneili (Stephenson, 1914) Megascolides oneilli Stephenson, 1914a: 377. Notoscolex oneili (Stephenson). Stephenson 1923 (in part): 212. Tonoscolex oneilli (Stephenson). Gates 1934: 254. Tonoscolex oneili (Stephenson). Gates 1972: 231 (for further synonymy). T. Janakmukh, Abor Hills, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Chikrung (Julka 1976)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1914 a) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. Oligochaeta. Records of the Indian Museum, 8, 365 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1193","Stephenson, J. (1923) Oligochaeta. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Taylor and Francis, London, 518 pp.","Gates, G. E. (1934) Notes on some earthworms from the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 36, 233 - 277.","Gates, G. E. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of megadrile oligochaetes with special reference to southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62 (7), 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214","Julka, J. M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 69, 229 - 239."]}

122. Tonoscolex horai (Stephenson, 1922) Megascolex horai Stephenson, 1922: 432. Tonoscolex horai (Stephenson). Gates 1934: 256. T. Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India. D. Meghalaya: Jowai (Halder 1999b), Thadlaskein (Halder 1999b), Dumpep (Gates 1945), below Dumpep Dak Bunglow (Gates 1945), Mawphlang (Julka 1977), Shillong (Julka 1977; Bhadauria & Ramakrishnan 1989), Nongkhnum���Lailad (Kharkongor 2018)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 295, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Stephenson, J. (1922) Some earthworms from Kashmir, Bombay, and other parts of India. Records of the Indian Museum, 24, 427 - 443.","Gates, G. E. (1934) Notes on some earthworms from the Indian Museum. Records of the Indian Museum, 36, 233 - 277.","Halder, K. R. (1999 b) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna. Series 4. Fauna of Meghalaya. Part 9. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, pp. 393 - 439.","Gates, G. E. (1945) On some Indian earthworms. II. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 11, 54 - 91.","Bhadauria, T. & Ramakrishnan, P. S. (1989) Earthworm population dynamics and contribution to nutrient cycling during cropping and fallow phases of shifting agriculture (jhum) in north-east India. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26, 505 - 520. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2404077","Kharkongor, I. J. (2018) Taxonomic and ecological studies on the earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 118, 56 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 118 / i 1 / 2018 / 123034"]}

125. Tonoscolex michaelseni Julka, 1976 Tonoscolex michaelseni Julka, 1976: 233. T. Wakro, district Lohit, Arunachal Pradesh, India. D. Arunachal Pradesh: Tihun (Julka 1976), Hornbill (Halder et al. 2007), Zero Camp - 28 km NE of Miao (Halder et al. 2007)., Published as part of Tiwari, Nalini, Paliwal, R., Rashid, Azhar & Yadav, Shweta, 2020, Checklist of earthworm species (Oligochaeta) of the North Eastern Region of India, pp. 277-305 in Zootaxa 4772 (2) on page 296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3974785, {"references":["Julka, J. M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum Expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 69, 229 - 239.","Halder, K. R., Dhani, S. & Mandal, C. K. (2007) On some earthworms present in unnamed collections of Zoological Survey of India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 107, 79 - 93."]}

1. The ‘enteronephric’ type of nephridial system, previously described by the author in Pheretima, Lampito, and Woodwardiella (Nellogaster), has now been shown to characterize the genus Tonoscolex as well. It seems that this type of excretory system is widely distributed in the subfamily Megascolecinae. 2. The nephridia are of three kinds: the enteronephric septal nephridia, the exonephric integumentary nephridia, and the enteroriephric pharyngeal nephridia. There are twenty-four to thirty septal nephridia in each of those segments where they are best developed, these nephridia being much larger in size than the septal ruicronephridia of Pheretima. The pharyngeal nephridia form a cylindrical bunch around the oesophagus in the sixth segment and open into the pharynx in front by a large number of ducts. The integumentary nephridia are extremely minute and open singly on the body-wall. 3. The elaborate system of septal excretory canals and supraintestinal ducts characteristic of the septal nephridial systems of Pheretima, Lampito, and Woodwardiella, does not exist in Tonoscolex. The system in Tonoscolex is therefore much simpler and probably more primitive, and may represent an intermediate stage between the purely exonephric rneganephridia of Lumbricus and the elaborate enteronephric system of Pheretima, Lampito, and Woodwardiella.