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There is a lack of research investigating associative memory errors in sign language. Thus, the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm was used to test recall and recognition errors in deaf signers following four types of encoding: written words, signs, written words presented along with signs, or written words combined with self-produced signs. The results revealed poor memory for studied material along with a relatively low level of false memory for critical items. However, dual coding appeared to enhance veridical memory. Interestingly, a high rate of noncritical intrusions was noticed across all four encoding conditions. Similar results were obtained for recognition, however, there were no differences between encoding conditions in the false alarms rate toward critical lures. The results point to difficulties in accessing the meaning of words in deaf participants. To test this hypothesis a follow-up study was conducted where false recall and recognition of words or signs were tested in hearing participants fluent in sign language. The second experiment revealed semantic memory errors comparable to previous studies with hearing participants. The results from both experiments are discussed in light of previous studies on vocabulary knowledge in deaf individuals.

Common Information Model (CIM) is an important framework used to describe electrical power systems at different voltage levels, widely applied both in the area of event message exchange and in network topology and parameter exchange. Common Grid Model Exchange Specification (CGMES) is a superset of CIM, developed specifically to meet needs of ENTSO-E, related to coordination of different actions performed by Transmission System Operators (TSO) working in the reality of interconnected and interdependent pan-European power grid. It works as vendor-independent interface between European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) members, allowing them to exchange modelling information and perform common studies, despite their reliance on different analytical applications.This article is meant to work as an introduction to CGMES, its history, current place in ENTSO-E business processes, results of interoperability test and paths for further development. Key concepts in power system modelling for interconnected transmission systems are presented, including centrally maintained Boundary profiles, model authority sets (MAS), usage of globally unique master resource identifiers (mRID), profile-based model exchange and processing.

We describe an efficient erbium-doped waveguide amplifier insensitive to output power variation by means of optical gain clamping. Output power suitable for metro applications and gain flatness over full C-band are demonstrated. We also show that this technology is suitable for transparent WDM ring network. In fact the possible recirculation of amplified spontaneous emission noise or laser power leaking from mirrors will not impact the device performance making robust to transients for next generation reconfigurable WDM ring networks.