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The global reality of the COVID-19/Corona pandemic paradoxically boosted national politics, broadcasting and citizenship. Media coverage, especially initially, praised citizen solidarity and the creative solutions that were pioneered to care for each other. A year later, a lasting social learning curve throughout and after this crisis seems illusory. The pandemic, this paper argues, needs to be understood in a longer timeframe as the working through and coming to terms with neo-liberal governmentality. The (often hilarious) early responses on social media provide a strong entry to do so. Our focus will be on the Netherlands which had a so-called ‘intelligent’ lockdown during the first wave of COVID-19 in the spring of 2020. Using the authors’ own sharing back and forth of toilet paper memes as a starting point, we aim to explore the notion of collective self-reflection and citizen co-education underlying both heated and simply ridiculous posts. Using previous discussion of cultural citizenship, this paper inquires into how pandemic citizenship played out as a vast exercise in disciplining and distinction through jokes and anger. The material suggests a nostalgic turn that might point to an implicitly voiced critique of neoliberal governmentality.

Scarcity is not considered an “ility” such as reliability and performance are, however, we see scarcity's growing impact on quality of life, fear, and trust. Nevertheless, scarcity is measurable like reliability and performance. Examples of scarcity are easy to find such as the recent Colonial pipeline ransomware attack that created gasoline hoarding (https://www.cnet.com/news/colonial-pipeline-ceo-tells-senate-decision-to-pay-hackers-was-made-quickly/) and in the early days of Covid-19 which caused toilet paper and cleaning product stockpiling.1

When toilet paper disappeared from store shelves across Japan in November 1973, the housewives who searched their neighborhood markets and stood in long lines for the scarce packs were described as unwitting perpetrators of a “toilet paper panic.” The word “panic” evoked well-established notions of a social frenzy, irrational and overwrought. This article overturns a conception of panic laden with condescension and adopts, instead, a more empathetic approach to examining why a run on toilet paper and other daily necessities occurred in late 1973, and why it resonated so deeply across Japan as a “panic.” In the broader context of the early 1970s, the toilet paper scare and its characterization as a “panic” can be understood as responses to sweeping and multifaceted economic challenges that destabilized daily life and threatened to upend middle-class lifestyles. After more than fifteen years of high economic growth, that sense of middle-class comfort and security was shaken by shortages and inflation as well as mounting evidence of government ineptitude and corporate profiteering. Buffeted by insecurity and uncertainty, Japanese “middle-classness” as both an experience and an ideal had never seemed as vulnerable as it did in the early 1970s.

Perforation is used in multilayer tissue products, such as toilet and kitchen papers, as part of the converting process. Perforation facilitates the detachment of consecutive sheets by the user. The compromise between the strength required to detach a perforated sheet and the strength required to break a sheet affects the perforation efficiency. In this work, the mechanical behaviors of 15 commercial papers from different European producers were studied. A morphological analysis of the materials was performed, followed by the determination of their perforation efficiency (through tensile tests). A qualitative analysis of the cuts quality, along with a quantitative analysis of the same cuts dimensions was performed through an optical system. Finally, the stress concentration in the holes and the influence of the cuts distance were analyzed using a finite element model implemented in Abaqus/Standard finite element software. The results showed that a cut distance of 2.0 mm should not be used in these types of papers, and the perforation efficiency increased with the cut distance, regardless of the number of plies in the toilet paper. The stress concentration factor was also determined to have a limit value of 0.11. Papers above this limit value tear at the perforation line, as desired.

Social networks string everyone together. In the world affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, residents left their houses less often and maintained their connections online. Preparing for longer periods at home, some customers stockpiled supplies, the most discussed of which being toilet paper. When internet users came across videos of empty store shelves and people boasting about the amount of toilet paper they obtained, public contempt exploded over these supposed “panicked buyers.” From February to May of 2020, patterns of reaction against panic buying matched the description of a moral panic as presented by sociologist Stanley Cohen. The media is an agent of contagions in a social network. During COVID-19, news headlines often detailed shortages of supplies around the world. Meanwhile, social media became a platform for videos of stockpiling consumers, like those who built thrones out of toilet paper boxes. These behaviors from the media further escalated a small issue of temporary toilet paper shortage to almost a national emergency, while drawing attention away from shortages of crucial medical supplies and test kits.

Cellulose is a very common polymer in domestic wastewater (WW), representing a not negligible part of the organic substance contained in sewage. To date, many studies have highlighted the feasibility of reusing this compound in several ways (e.g., building sector, wastewater treatment, energy production, etc.) after its separation from domestic WW. However, studies about the impact of the absence of cellulose on the chemical and physico-chemical parameters of a biological process are still lacking. In this work, two pilot-scale plants were used to simulate an anoxic treatment of WW in septic tanks, with and without cellulose (CWW and NCWW, respectively), for three months. The results of the monitoring highlighted that T, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) remained almost constants, in both cases. The Spearman correlation coefficients (SCC) for turbidity (TUR), total suspended solids (TSS), and color (COL) indicated a higher removal in the case of CWW (65%, 66%, and 56%, respectively). Organic substance and nitrogen forms showed a similar behavior with and without cellulose, but in the case of CWW, N-NH3 was highly negatively correlated with TUR (SCC: −0.54), TSS (−0.49), and COL (−0.39). A biological denitrification process was highlighted in both cases. Despite these differences, when statistically analyzing the trends of the chemical and physico-chemical parameters for CWW and NCWW, a significant difference due to the absence of cellulose was excluded. These results will be useful to the scientific community, as they exclude that the operational parameters of anoxic treatments and the effectiveness on pollutants removal can be affected in the case of preliminary cellulose separation from domestic WW for recovery/reuse purposes.

Objectives Consistent with behaviour observed in prior crises, individuals are stockpiling supplies during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The goal of this study was to describe stockpiling behaviour in response to COVID-19 and investigate individual predictors of stockpiling. Methods Workers (N = 363, 54.72% male, 44.65% female, 0.63% other; Mage = 38.41, SD = 12.48, range = 18-78) were recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk and completed a survey about their stockpiling of 13 items, as well as behaviours and opinions surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and their political affiliation. Results Participants stockpiled, on average, approximately 6 items, and toilet paper was the item most commonly procured. Approximately 25% of the sample acquired a gun or other weapon in response to the pandemic and approximately 20% of participants stockpiled gold or other precious metals. Stockpiling was more commonly observed among individuals who were more conservative, worried more about the pandemic, and social distanced less. Conclusions Individual, societal, and ideological implications are discussed.

Since its first detection in China in December 2019, COVID-19 has spread with alarming speed and lethality, thoroughly transforming daily life around the world in ways that few could have foreseen....

2020 has been a strange year for many reasons. By February of 2020, the Pandemic was already impacting many parts of the world, and by April, a majority of human lives across the globe were well and truly disrupted by the Covid-19 virus. Some might remember this period as that time when hand sanitizer and toilet paper couldn't be obtained, even at gouged prices. Others may remember this past summer as the time when violence against Black people at the hands of the police achieved a visibility that forced all of us in the US, like it or not, to stop and take note. By the end of the summer headlines heralded what some thought might be the end of the modern university system as colleges and universities across the country announced mass lay-offs and even the dismantling of longstanding majors and departments. Even those with tenure found themselves suddenly without a job. By early fall, the death toll in the U.S. had slowed to the point that schools considered reopening, bars and restaurants unshuttered their doors, and house parties reappeared, if they ever disappeared to begin with. As the positive counts began to surge again, the only thing spreading faster than the virus was misinformation on social media. We end the year in the US with a new President Elect, an emergency approved vaccine, and hope. So many tumultuous events have occurred in this single year that it behooves us to pause for a minute or ten and reflect on what we've learned about the role we want computing to play moving forward.

In spring 2020 , the pandemic began shutting down the world—restaurants, colleges, even entire cities felt emptied and closed. A cloud of uncertainty lingered over most parts of the world and altered our daily schedules and tasks. But for a wide segment of society, it wasn’t the toilet paper, or the masks, or the isolation from their families that hurt the worst—it was the sudden uncertainty around one of the most fundamental aspects of our lives: reproduction.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Aufgrund zahlreicher Rückmeldungen zu dem Zustand der Toiletten an Frankfurter Schulen wurde im Juni 2018 eine Umfrage bei Schulleitungen und Schülern zu deren Erfahrungen und Sichtweisen durchgeführt. Ziele der Umfrage waren sowohl eine Bestandserhebung von Problemlagen als auch die Erfassung von good practice-Beispielen. Methoden Es wurden ein Fragebogen für die Schulleitungen und ein weiterer Fragebogen für die Schüler entwickelt, welcher pro Klasse ausgefüllt werden sollte. Erfahrungen und Vorschläge wurden sowohl von den Schulleitungen als auch von den Schülern erfragt Ergebnisse 147 allgemeinbildende Schulen wurden angeschrieben. 86 Schulleitungen (Teilnahmequote 57,8%) schickten die Fragebögen für die Leitung zurück. Aus 107 (Teilnahmequote 72,8%) der Schulen wurden 982 Schüler/Klassen-Fragebogen ausgefüllt zurückgeschickt. 18,6% der Schulleitungen waren mit dem Zustand der Toiletten zufrieden; als Erfolgsfaktoren nannten sie pädagogische Maßnahmen zum Nutzungsverhalten und Bereitstellung ausreichender Hygieneartikel (je 14%) sowie eine erhöhte Reinigungsfrequenz (12%). Als Ursache für Probleme gaben 73% der Leitungen das Schülerverhalten an, in weniger als 40% mangelhafte Reinigung. Verbesserungsvorschläge umfassten: höhere Reinigungsintervalle , zusätzliches Aufsichtspersonal, Bau/-Renovierungsarbeiten sowie ein höheres Budget für Hygieneartikel. 10% der 982 Klassen gaben an, dass nichts an ihren Toiletten störe, 92% der Klassen klagten über Gestank, 85% über Schmutz und 70% über fehlendes Toilettenpapier. Als Gründe für Probleme gaben die Klassen in 89% das Verhalten der Schüler selbst an. Verbesserungsvorschläge der Schüler reichen von verbesserter Reinigung und mehr Reinigungspersonal über Baumaßnahmen, mehr Kontrolle und Aufsicht usw. bis hin zu technischen Lösungen wie ein Chip- und Code-System. Schlussfolgerungen Die Umfrage bestätigt die deutlich verbesserungsbedürftige Situation rund um die Problematik der Schultoiletten. Sowohl die Schulleitungen als auch die Klassen nannten am häufigsten das Nutzerverhalten der Schüler und Vandalismus als Ursache, mit deutlichem Abstand gefolgt von Problemen mit der Reinigung oder alten Toiletten. D.h. eine verbesserte Reinigung ist zwar häufig erforderlich, reicht aber alleine – ohne eine Änderung des Verhaltens der Schüler – nicht aus. Die vorgeschlagenen Verbesserungsmaßnahmen sollten getestet und bei Bewährung implementiert werden.

Bekiroglu/0000-0002-9883-0250; Elmas, Gulnur Mertoglu/0000-0002-4481-3850 WOS:000478803800031 Toilet paper is widely used in residences. The low biodegradability of toilet paper's pulp fibers can cause residence sewer lines to clog, which may be due to some additives or the presence of nonwoven fiber products. In this study, the disintegration rate of toilet paper was compared against various physical factors of the toilet paper sheet. The samples were disintegrated in water at varying pH levels. In the manufacturing of toilet paper, there must be a balance between the desired softness and the necessary wet strength. Twelve commonly used brands of toilet paper were purchased locally. Physical factors of toilet paper samples such as degree of polymerization, thickness, grammage, and softness were determined. The samples were evaluated based on 9 variables using correlation and multivariate linear regression analyses. A strong positive relationship was found between the degree of disintegration of toilet tissue paper and its physical factors. These were the degree of polymerization, the grammage, thickness, and the softness. Additionally, the amount of polymers applied to toilet paper decreased the degree of softness and adversely affected the redispersion of fibers. Thus, this work supports the idea that toilet paper can contribute to clogging of residential sewerage lines.

The aim of this study was to analyze the factors affecting personal prevention maneuver (PPM) compliance in adolescents. The data were collected from 278 students enrolled in 3 different high schools in Busan between November 15-30 in 2018 through a self-report questionnaire survey, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression. The predictors for personal preventive maneuver compliance include the level of knowledge of personal prevention maneuver, carry of a toilet paper, length of handwashing time, and frequency of handwashing with soap (R2=.221, p

Background: To determine the effects of an educational playful intervention on nasal hygiene behaviors among preschool (3-4 years old) children. Methods: A quasi-experimental before-after study was conducted with 39 children attending public daycare center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. A group-based intervention consisted of two educational sessions to promote healthy behaviors for nasal hygiene. It was adopted playful strategies such as a story told by puppets, card games and simulation of nasal hygiene in front of the mirror. The outcome was evaluated by observing six healthy behaviors for nasal hygiene one week before and after the intervention. Differences in the outcome before and after the intervention were tested using Wilcoxon signed rank test and McNemar’s test. Results: The median of healthy nasal hygiene behaviors went from 3.0 to 4.0 after the intervention, with a significant statistical difference (P=0.0004) and a difference of behaviors. After the intervention, forcing the air out of one opened nostril increased from 5.1%to 30.8% (P=0.001, CI 95%: 0-0.440), forcing the air out of the other nostril increased from 5.1% to 28.2% (P=0.003/CI 95%: 0-0.50), throwing the piece of toilet paper in the garbage increased from 53.8% to 87.21% (P=0.04, CI 95%: 0.035-0.65), and sanitizing the hands with soap and water increased from 15.4% to 43.6% (P=0.039-0.76). Conclusion: the educational playful intervention improved the autonomy of preschoolers to adopt healthy nasal hygiene behaviors.

What if things had a voice? What if we could talk directly to things instead of using a mediating voice interface such as an Alexa or a Google Assistant? In this paper, we share our insights from talking to a pair of boots, a tampon, a perfume bottle, and toilet paper among other everyday things to explore their conversational capabilities. We conducted Thing Interviews using a more-than-human design approach to discover a thing’s perspectives, worldviews and its relations to other humans and nonhumans. Based on our analysis of the speculative conversations, we identified some themes characterizing the emergent qualities of people’s relationships with everyday things. We believe the themes presented in the paper may inspire future research on designing everyday things with conversational capabilities at home.

This chapter examines panic-buying (PB) as byproduct of pandemics. Panic buying is associated with disasters including pandemics. If and when disasters become more prominent and prevalent, understanding phenomena like PB becomes an important part of disaster communication and disaster management. Panic buying of toilet paper was examined during the international Covid-19 crisis of 2019–2020 in an effort to study and explain the behavior of PB, who panic buyers are, which drivers motivate PB as well as the socio-psychological explanations of panic-buying found in the existing literature. The chapter concludes with some recommendations to reduce PB in the future. This is a snapshot of a behavior intrinsic to disasters of all sorts and should serve as both explicative and proscriptive warnings.

Panic buying (PB) is being reported recently concerning the COVID-19 pandemic, but it has been there for a long time. PB creates a false impression of a shortage of food and other essential items and prompts others to rush to markets and stockpile essential items. Incidents of PB have probably not been reported before the twentieth century. Incidents of PB have been reported during the Cuban missile crisis, Spanish flu pandemic, oil crises, and toilet paper crisis. Besides essential items, PB has also been reported in association with a popular aerated beverage and arms/ammunition. Factors that are likely to initiate and/or propagate PB include survival instincts, social influence, and fear of the unknown. It appears there are possibly many other unexplored factors contributing to PB. Research on PB is limited. PB is likely to recur in the future. A clear understanding of the past events of PB shall provide useful insight into the same in the future.

When Fauziya Kassindja landed at New York’s JFK airport in 1994, she was seventeen, seeking asylum, and fleeing the brutal practice of female genital mutilation. She was also menstruating. Hours after her arrival, Fauziya was strip searched, forced to stand before a female officer “completely naked, soiled pad exposed, shamed beyond words.” She was then transferred to an off-site detention facility where she was strip- searched again. When Fauziya asked where she should place her soiled pad, the female guard responded: “I don’t know. Why don’t you eat it?” When Fauziya asked for a new pad, she was told she could ask for one the next morning. She was given absolutely nothing to stay her flow—not even toilet paper or paper towels. This was the beginning of Fauziya’s experience with immigration detention. She would remain there for sixteen months.

Foreign body is one of the most common emergencies in the otolaryngology department. It is often seen in children and can be seen in adults. The foreign body of the nasal cavity is a foreign substance. The nasal cavity can be divided into two major categories: abiotic foreign bodies and biotic (animal and plant) foreign bodies. Abiotic foreign objects such as all kinds of materials, small toys (including plastic, glass, metal etc.), toilet paper and button batteries; plants such as peanuts, nuts, beans, foreign body; dynamic foreign objects such as insects and leeches are commonly found in the tropics. Sometimes when you sneeze at the time of trauma, vomiting, or eating, after surgery causes the nasal foreign body, and the small foreign body of the nasal cavity can be retained for a long time to form the nasal stone. The clinical manifestations of unilateral nasal obstruction and purulent nasal discharge complication nasosinusitis.

Using a new opinion dynamics using the polarity analysis of measured data of Twitter about "toilet paper" and "COVID-19", we analyzed the chain of fear that people feel for the rumor of lack of toilet paper and COVID-19 itself. We use opinion dynamics for the analysis of the fears, and we obtain the opinion distribution of the fear calculated using the opinion dynamics and the observed distribution. By comparing the two distribution, we found that the opinion distribution for the fear is consisted with the mixture of trust and distrust.

Objective: Electric toilet seats with water spray (bidets) are gaining in popularity all over the world. However, the extent of reduction in microbial contamination of hands with the use of bidets after defecation is not known. Methods: The microbe contamination of hands with and without the use of bidets after defecation with the participation of 32 nursing students was studied. Double gloves were worn on the dominant hand and four layers of toilet paper were used to wipe the buttocks after defecation and the microbe contamination of the second glove (outer glove) of the double gloves was examined. The volunteers were free to select flow volume, wash time of the bidet and even the type of bidet for use was left up the individual. Results: Without the use of a bidet, the average value ± standard deviation of the number of microbe attached to the gloves was 39,449.3 ± 77,768.3 colony forming units (cfu) / glove; however, it was 4,146.9 ± 11,427.7 cfu / glove when a bidet was used.The number of microbe adhering to gloves was significantly reduced when a bidet was used (p Conclusion: It was discovered that reduction of microbe contamination of hands was possible with the use of bidets after defecation.

Supply chains become stressed when demand for essential products increases rapidly in times of crisis. This year, the scourge of coronavirus highlighted the fragility of diverse supply chains, affecting the world’s pipeline of hand sanitizer, 1 toilet paper,2 and pharmaceutical starting materials. 3 Many drug repurposing studies are now underway. 4 If a winning therapeutic emerges, it is unlikely that the existing inventory of the medicine, or even the chemical raw materials needed to synthesize it,5 will be available in the quantities required to satisfy global demand. We show the use of a retrosynthetic artificial intelligence (AI) 6-10 to navigate multiple parallel synthetic sequences, and arrive at plausible alternate reagent supply chains for twelve investigational COVID-19 therapeutics. In many instances, the AI utilizes C–H functionalization logic, 11-13 and we have experimentally validated several syntheses, including a route to the antiviral umifenovir that requires functionalization of six C–H bonds. This general solution to chemical supply chain reinforcement will be useful during global disruptions, such as during a pandemic.

The purpose of this study is to to explore the influence of initial and additional comments on the sales volume of functional goods, this study takes toilet paper as an example to obtain the data of the number of initial and additional comments, emotional dimensions and monthly sales volume of the toilet paper goods on the e-commerce platform, and uses SPSS to build a regression model to draw the conclusion that both initial and additional comments have an impact on the sales volume of functional goods, but with different dimensions the influence intensity is different.

The development of novel, non-sewered sanitation systems like the Nano Membrane Toilet requires thorough investigation of processes that may seem well-understood. For example, unlike the settling of primary sludge, the separation of solids from liquids in a small-volume container at the scale of a household toilet has not been studied before. In two sets of experiments, the settling of real faeces and toilet paper in settling columns and the settling of synthetic faeces in a conical tank are investigated to understand the factors affecting the liquid quality for downstream treatment processes. Toilet paper is found to be a major inhibitor to settling of solids. While a lower overflow point results in better phase separation through displacement of liquid, a higher overflow point and frequent removal of solids may be more advantageous for the liquid quality., Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image, Highlights • Faeces and toilet paper do not settle in urine within small volume tank. • Toilet paper keeps faeces in suspension. • Phase separation can be achieved through displacement of liquid. • Liquid quality decreases over time and with higher solids-liquids ratio in tank.

The current COVID-19 pandemic has changed many people’s lives. Some people have responded to the rising of the pandemic by engaging in panic buying behaviors, a phenomenon that has not been well-understood in the past. People who believe in these conspiracies may experience a heightened sense of powerlessness and vulnerability. As a result, they may be particularly susceptible to palliatively and compensatorily engage in the panic buying behaviors (i.e., stockpiling). Supporting this idea, two studies using data from the U.K. (cross-sectional) and the U.S. (longitudinal) show that people who endorse COVID-19 conspiracy theories are more likely to engage in stockpiling behaviors in the past as well as in the future.

Several states have laws that prohibit large increases in prices on consumer good, or “price gouging,” during emergency situations like pandemics. We investigate the impact of such laws on online consumer behavior using data from Google Shopping Trends during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on hand sanitizer and toilet paper, two staples predominantly bought in-stores in regular times, which experienced substantial in-store shortages since the onset of the pandemic. We find robust evidence indicating anti-price gouging laws are associated with significant increases in online searches for hand sanitizer, and some evidence that these laws increase searches for toilet paper as well. These results imply the possibility that anti-price gouging laws lead to shortages for consumer staples during pandemics. Our results inform the ongoing and rigorous debate surrounding anti-price gouging laws and their potential effects during public health emergencies like COVID-19.

Study aim The aim of this study was to develop a Minimum Data Set for Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis (MDS-IAD), to psychometrically evaluate and pilot test the instrument in nursing homes. Comparable to the MDS for pressure ulcers, the MDS-IAD aims to collect epidemiological data and evaluate the quality of care. Materials and methods After designing and content/face validation by experts and clinicians, staff nurses assessed 108 residents (75.9% female, 77.8% double incontinent) in a convenience sample of five wards. A second nurse independently assessed fifteen residents to calculate inter-rater agreement (p0) and reliability [Cohen's Kappa (ĸ)]. Results The ĸ-value for ‘urinary incontinence’ was 0.68 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.99] and 0.55 (95% CI 0.27–0.82) for ‘faecal incontinence’. The p0 for severity categorisation according to the Ghent Global IAD Categorisation Tool (GLOBIAD) was 0.60. IAD was diagnosed in 21.3% of the residents. IAD management mainly involved the application of a leave-on product (66.7%), no-rinse foams (49.1%), toilet paper (47.9%), and water and soap (38.8%). Fully adequate prevention or treatment was provided to respectively 3.6% and 8.7% of the residents. Conclusion This instrument provides valuable insights in IAD prevalence at organisational level, will allow benchmarking between organisations, and will support policy makers. Future testing in other healthcare settings is recommended.

As an act of disposing waste and maintaining homeostasis, humans have to use the restroom multiple times a day. One item that is consumed in the process is toilet paper; it often runs out easily in the most inconvenient times. One of the most fatal positions to be in is to be stuck without toilet paper. Since humans are not capable of a 100% resupply rate, we should give this task to a computer. The approach we selected was to use a pair of laser sensors to detect whether toilet paper was absent or not. Utilizing an ultrasound sensor, we would be able to detect whether a person was nearby and send a notification to a database. The online app, PaperSafe, takes the information stored and displays it onto a device for quick access. Once a sufficient amount of data is acquired, we can train a machine learning algorithm to predict the next supply date, optimized for the specific scenario.

Purpose When consumers imagine themselves in various consumption scenarios, they can do so from the actor or the observer perspective. These different vantage points are known as imagery perspectives. This paper aims to investigate how imagery perspectives can influence consumers’ decisions to stay with the status quo (default option) or to switch to an alternative. Design/methodology/approach A series of four experimental design studies were conducted in both lab and online settings to study consumers’ switching tendency and choice. The empirical testing involved products, brands and services, including cameras (Study 1), vacation hotels (Study 2), toilet paper (Study 3) and food (Study 4). Findings The authors demonstrate that compared with actor imagery that tends to perpetuate the default product and brand choice, observer imagery increases consumers’ tendency to change and switch to new products and brands. Research limitations/implications Due to the methods used in empirical testing, the research results may lack generalizability. Practical implications Marketers spend a considerable amount of resources in an attempt to get consumers to switch products and brands. The results of this paper shed light on how marketers can promote switching behaviors through imagery perspective. Originality/value The research contributes to the streams of research in mental imagery, de-biasing and status quos, which have progressed in isolation from one another to date. This research is one of the first to investigate imagery perspective in the context of choice architecture.

Arts-based initiatives provide many benefits for organisations, managers, and employees, but little is known of how marketing can incorporate art to add value for consumers. The present research situates marketing tools within broader organisational theory to develop and empirically test an emotion-based model of how artworks in advertisements can increase the perceived value of a product ( art infusion effect ). Across three experiments ( N = 516) using three different artworks (by Vermeer, van Gogh, and da Vinci), three different products (mineral water, toilet paper, and chocolate), and three different measures of product value (product evaluation, willingness to buy, and willingness to pay), brand affect strongly mediated the art infusion effect. Furthermore, this affect-mediation was stronger for utilitarian products (water) than for hedonic products (chocolate). Thus, in support of general theories of arts-based methods in management, emotion appears to be a fundamental mechanism through which art affects product and price evaluations.

The aim of this survey was to evaluate three field termite sampling methods to investigate whether there is a method for the evaluation of termite diversity which does not require experienced personnel. The sampling methods included the cattle dung method, toilet paper roll method and the visual searching (scouting) method. The methods were evaluated in a transect of 2 × 100 m in cattle grazing lands during the dry and wet seasons. Thirteen species from eight genera and three subfamilies were recorded with all three methods. The results for the number of species detected revealed differences between the three methods with 57%of the termite species found using the transect search method, 29%of the species were attracted to the cattle dung bait and 14%attracted to the toilet roll bait. The most abundant species, based on the number of encounters, was for individuals in the Odontotermes genus 15 (33 %), followed by Microtermes 12 (27 %). A higher Shannon diversity index (1.80) was recorded with the transect search method, followed by the cattle dung bait method (1.54), while the toilet roll bait method recorded the lowest diversity index (0.95). Results of the Chao2 and Jackknife estimators showed that all the methods underestimated the taxa present. A combination of the transect search method and the cattle dung bait method is recommended for monitoring termite diversity.

Background Parachuting, also called bombing, is a way to ingest psychoactive substances wrapped into cigarette paper, toilet paper, etc. There is little data describing parachuting in terms of substances use, context of use and, most importantly, the motivations for using such wrappers, although some authors hypothesized that parachute could be used for pharmacokinetic reason. However, inconsistently, some authors report that parachutes are used for sustained-release whereas others report that users are looking for an immediate effect. Research design and methods Considering parachute as a “home-made” dosage form, we have applied the dissolution testing to characterize the dissolution performance of a substance wrapped into a parachute and to characterize whether a parachute represents an immediate-release form or not. Results This in-vitro study provides the first pharmacokinetic data for drugs wrapped in parachutes. It shows that parachute acts as sustained-release form when made with a cigarette paper wrapper, but as immediate release form in the presence of alcohol or if wrapped with toilet paper. Conclusions An important message to harm reduction is that users must be aware that a parachute can have unexpected pharmacokinetics and have to avoid taking another parachute in the absence of an immediate-effect to avoid overdose.

College students are the engine of the sustainability of the future, and their awareness of environmental protection and waste classification is very important for the sustainable implementation of urban solid waste separation projects. Chongqing is one of the first 46 waste separation pilot cities in China. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the municipal waste separation behavior of college students and its influencing factors. Data from a total of 814 questionnaires among college students from sixteen universities in Chongqing were collected. Results showed that most college students think it is necessary to separate waste, and they have executed it in their daily life. Students have a high accuracy in classifying perishable waste, but they are not familiar with the classification of waste lamps, bulbs (14.00%), expired drugs (30.71%), toilet paper (11.3%), peel (18.80%) and brick kilns (27.76%). Special attention should be paid to distinguishing recyclables and other wastes. The principal factors that affect students’ willingness to classify waste are attitude, situational factors and publicity and education, which are embodied in students’ attitude towards waste separation, the surrounding environmental hygiene, the convenience of waste separation, the ease of understanding of waste separation marks and the degree of publicity and education of the school. Four measures are recommended for improving students’ willingness to separate municipal waste based on this investigation.

This study was carried out to assess the degradation and accumulation rates of fresh human excreta and how addition of anal cleansing materials affect performance during vermicomposting by Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Vermicomposting setups consisting of two transparent containers (length 0.27 m, breadth 0.17 m and depth 0.12 m) stacked on top of each other were installed and operated under laboratory conditions. Earthworms, Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae, were obtained from Green Cycle Technologies Limited in Accra, Ghana and the species verified and cultured before use. Fresh human excreta for feeding the experimental setups was collected from an Enviro-loo public toilet and 13 g applied to the setups daily. Similar setups were fed with 0.3 g of anal cleansing material in addition to the fresh excreta. A setup without any earthworms (NW) was set up as a control. Physicochemical characteristics of vermicompost accumulating in the setups were determined weekly for 28 days using standard laboratory procedures while the sludge accumulated in the various setups were weighed and recorded daily. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post-hoc LSD tests were conducted to determine whether the differences in results between the two earthworm species and among setups with and without anal cleansing materials were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The study showed 12.3% and 26.2% reduction in volatile solids in EE (Eudrilus eugeniae and excreta only) and EF (Eisenia fetida and excreta only) while ash content increased indicating good degradation. The percentage mass reductions recorded at the end of the fourth week were 67.5%, 58.8% and 40.5% in systems EE, EF and NW respectively, while reductions of 73.7% and 68.5% were realized in EEA (Eudrilus eugeniae with excreta and toilet paper) and EFA (Eisenia fetida with excreta and toilet paper) respectively. There was greater amount of sludge accumulated in systems without earthworms, 0.00020 m3 (59.5%) in NW, than in systems with earthworms where 0.00011 m3 (32.5%) and 0.00014 m3 (41.2%) were recorded for EE and EF respectively. The rate of accumulation in vermibeds EE and EF was relatively higher than in vermibeds with excreta and toilet paper (EEA and EFA). EEA and EFA recorded accumulation rates of 0.00009 m3 (26.3%) and 0.00011 m3 (31.5%) respectively. Complete removal of helminth eggs was not achieved in any of the treatment systems.

The aim of this article is to gain an understanding of the relations between the design of bathrooms and the use of the toilet with privacy when residents are unsteady, visually impaired and/or have dementia. The background is that earlier studies and own experiences in Norway indicate that the way bathrooms are designed is crucial for users to be as independent as possible when using the toilet. This article does not include studies on the access to toilets and washbasins for residents who are able to stand on their own. Neither have we studied the use of diapers. The scientific approach includes historical analyses of the rise of privacy when toileting and analyses of bathroom design practices in 20 Norwegian nursing homes. Our investigations show that the expectation that individuals should rid themselves of urine and faces in locked, private rooms arose in connection with the industrialization, democratization and hygienic modernization of Western countries. Analyses of contemporary nursing homes show that many institutions do not have design to facilitate privacy: there are no adjustable toilets, no crutch or walking stick holders, no flushing mechanisms within reach from a sitting position, no toilets that are visible from the residents’ bed, poor contrasts; the toilet paper, soap dispensers and paper towels are out of reach from a sitting position; there are few handles, few adjustable sinks and more than 70 cm between the toilet and the sink.

This study presents a novel decentralized sanitary separation system as a zero-discharge solution for blackwater (BW) (faeces, urine and toilet paper) treatment for remote tourist facilities located in sensitive areas. The system operates with low water and energy consumption, enables safe operation and requires low maintenance. The BW was collected from two vacuum toilets (VTs) (0.8 L flush water) and separated in peat filters (PFs) to obtain a liquid fraction (LF) and a solid fraction (SF) of the BW. The LF from the PFs was thereafter treated in a biofilter (BF) and finally evaporated in the evaporation module (EM) powered by solar vacuum collectors (SVC). In the PFs, particles larger than 1 mm were reduced from the BW by 96.5%. Furthermore, the total suspended solids (TSS) mass removal efficiency of the PFs averaged 51.5%. Reduction of ammonia through nitrification was noticeably enhanced after 100 days of the system operation (max. 55.8%). 21.2% or 0.54 kg of total phosphorus (TP) was retained in the PFs, to be further composted and reused for agricultural purposes. An additional 5% or 0.10 kg of TP was retained in the BF. The final step of the LF treatment was in the EM at a sanitizing temperature of >60 °C to prevent the release of human pathogens into environment. With a total electricity consumption of 9.1 kWh/day and a heat consumption of approximately 5.1 kWh/day gained by the SVC, the system successfully integrated different approaches to treating the BW, recycling nutrients, and removing pathogens.

The shelves of Choithrams Supermarket in Freetown, Sierra Leone, boast a plethora of imported products, including toothpicks from China, toilet paper and milk from Holland, sugar from France, chocolates from Switzerland and matchboxes from Sweden.

Graphical abstract, The presence of phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and semi-volatile chlorinated organic compounds (SVCOC) in toilet tissue papers may be detrimental to the health of consumers upon exposure. This study therefore, sought to investigate the levels of these toxicants in toilet tissue papers on the Ghanaian market and the associated risk of exposure. The study also sought to conduct source apportionments for analytes. A total of 32 composite toilet tissue samples from 8 different brands were analysed in replicates for PAHs, phthalates and SVCOCs. Analysis was conducted using Shimadzu GCMS QP 2020 with the MS operated in SIM mode. The results showed elevated levels of PAHs, phthalates, and appreciable levels of SVCOCs in the toilets tissue papers. The risk assessment conducted, showed an associated elevated cancer risk >10−4 for PAHs in all samples and DEHP in samples NN, BB and SF. The risk associated with the levels of carcinogenic SVCOCs were found to be > 10-5 but < 10−4.The hazard indices (HI) calculated for non-cancer effects, showed risk levels < 1.0 for phthalates in most toilet paper samples except for samples BB and SF. The HI recorded for chlorophenols were all

This descriptive study aimed to determine the knowledge and practices regarding genital hygiene among adolescent girls in Sanliurfa. The population of study was 42358 high school girl students. The sample calculated according the formula from the population was 600 girls. The high school girl students of each central districts of Sanliurfa were determined according to the layered sampling method. The data were collected with questionnaire form and analysed with SPSS 11.5 package program using descriptive statistics an Chi-Square test. The ratio of girls who answered the definition of genital hygiene as partly true was 57.2%. 35 % of the girls expressed that they did not take any information about genital area and hygiene before. 54.9 % of participants answered cleaning styles of genital area as “front to back”. 74.8 % had itching problem in genital area. 75.2% of the students answered vaginal discharge as a normal condition. 37.3% had transparent and odorless discharge. The girls who employed healthy cleaning practices (use of both water and toilet paper) attended 1st grade (19.1%) and 3rdgrade (35.3%) in High Schools(X2= 17,121 p

Instead of that conventional method of chemical (sanitizer spray) disinfection, this paper introduces a novel idea to fight the attack of microbes causing infections and diseases from the source like lavatory and specially its seat. Here we utilize the germicidal power of ultra violet light ray’s. i.e. Ultra Violet C range of the light spectrum against the viruses (SARS-CoV-2), bacteria (E. coli) and other microbes. This system of disinfection constitutes the UV LEDs placed on the arm above the toilet seat. The range of wavelength is from 200nm to 280nm. Implementation of this technique ensures safety, by human free room with the automatic motion control using Arduino, motor and door locking gadgets. UVC light is very advantageous over other methods as it is eco-friendly, chemical free, non-corrosive, and no hazardous waste is produced and also inactivates viruses by attacking the DNA strands in the microbes ensuring that the replication does not happen further stops spreading of contagious diseases leading to pandemic. Usage of toilet paper and other methods used conventionally could come to an end. Thus an effective idea is derived for the hygiene establishment.

The risk of severe head injury during a seizure is usually small. Penetrating bony injuries to the skull caused by a fall on a sharp object during a seizure account for less than 3% of all ictal head injuries. Only few reports have been published on transoral, transnasal, and transorbital penetrating injuries suffered by patients who fell during a seizure. We report on a case of transnasal penetrating injury extending to the skull base and its treatment in a patient who fell on a toilet paper holder.

Students analyze items from the media to answer mathematical questions related to the article.

Panic buying and hoarding express common human behavior in times of crisis. Early in COVID-19, as the pandemic crisis intensified, toilet paper was one of the emblematic cases of panic buying. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to cross official per capita income data and real toilet paper transactions obtained from groceries spread around the city of S&atilde, o Paulo (Brazil), this study compares sales levels during the period in which panic purchases took place to the sales levels off that period. As expected, that data disclose noticeable panic buying. Regression analysis reveals that there is a significant positive correlation between average income per capita and panic buying. The results also indicate that panic buying happens in every income class, including low-income ones and contribute to enhancing the understanding of demand behavior during periods of crisis.

Background Colorectal cancer screening by fecal occult blood testing has been an important public health test and shown to reduce colorectal cancer–related mortality. However, the low participation rate in colorectal cancer screening by the general public remains a problematic public health issue. This fact could be attributed to the complex and unpleasant operation of the screening tool. Objective This study aimed to validate a novel toilet paper–based point-of-care test (ie, JustWipe) as a public health instrument to detect fecal occult blood and provide detailed results from the evaluation of the analytic characteristics in the clinical validation. Methods The mechanism of fecal specimen collection by the toilet-paper device was verified with repeatability and reproducibility tests. We also evaluated the analytical characteristics of the test reagents. For clinical validation, we conducted comparisons between JustWipe and other fecal occult blood tests. The first comparison was between JustWipe and typical fecal occult blood testing in a central laboratory setting with 70 fecal specimens from the hospital. For the second comparison, a total of 58 volunteers were recruited, and JustWipe was compared with the commercially available Hemoccult SENSA in a point-of-care setting. Results Adequate amounts of fecal specimens were collected using the toilet-paper device with small day-to-day and person-to-person variations. The limit of detection of the test reagent was evaluated to be 3.75 µg of hemoglobin per milliliter of reagent. Moreover, the test reagent also showed high repeatability (100%) on different days and high reproducibility (>96%) among different users. The overall agreement between JustWipe and a typical fecal occult blood test in a central laboratory setting was 82.9%. In the setting of point-of-care tests, the overall agreement between JustWipe and Hemoccult SENSA was 89.7%. Moreover, the usability questionnaire showed that the novel test tool had high scores in operation friendliness (87.3/100), ease of reading results (97.4/100), and information usefulness (96.1/100). Conclusions We developed and validated a toilet paper–based fecal occult blood test for use as a point-of-care test for the rapid (in 60 seconds) and easy testing of fecal occult blood. These favorable characteristics render it a promising tool for colorectal cancer screening as a public health instrument.

Each day a large amount of toilet paper (TP) is flushed into sewers. Recovering the disintegrated fibers from wastewater can reduce the treatment cost and the recovered fibers have some value-added applications. However, typical preliminary treatment units are inefficient at capturing these small-sized fibers. Although sieving can recover them effectively, it is rarely used due to high costs. Results from this study suggested that redesigning TP to disintegrate less in water can be a more cost-effective approach. Here, we evaluated the disintegration of TP in sewers and fiber recovery through screening, sieving, and sedimentation. We found that the highly disintegrated TP are significantly more challenging to retrieve using conventional approaches. Fine screens with an opening size of 3 mm recovered only 45.7% of the TP fibers. Sieves with 0.1–1 mm openings retrieved up to 94.5% of the TP fibers but were very prone to clogging. Further, the fiber recovery by preliminary treatment was heavily impacted by the TP disintegration degree, which was found to be predominantly affected by the flow motion, wetting time, and inherent stability of TP. A life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis showed that redesigning TP (i.e., designing it to disintegrate into fragments rather than separated fibers) could significantly promote fiber recovery with the existing infrastructures. The 15-y operational costs could be reduced by up to 46% by using redesigned TP. This work presents a promising way to facilitate TP fiber recovery from wastewater at lower cost; pilot and full-scale surveys must be conducted to evaluate feasibility.