1. Modifying a Hydroxyl Patch in Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Produces Biased Agonists with Unique Signaling Profiles
- Author
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Peiqi Wang, Timothy A. Hill, Justin Mitchell, Rebecca L. Fitzsimmons, Weijun Xu, Zhixuan Loh, Jacky Y. Suen, Junxian Lim, Abishek Iyer, and David P. Fairlie
- Subjects
Mice ,Alanine ,Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ,Drug Discovery ,Animals ,Insulin ,Molecular Medicine ,beta-Arrestin 2 ,Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) lowers blood glucose by inducing insulin but also has other poorly understood properties. Here, we show that hydroxy amino acids (Thr11, Ser14, Ser17, Ser18) in GLP-1(7-36) act in concert to direct cell signaling. Mutating any single residue to alanine removes one hydroxyl group, thereby reducing receptor affinity and cAMP 10-fold, with Ala11 or Ala14 also reducing β-arrestin-2 10-fold, while Ala17 or Ala18 also increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation 5-fold. Multiple alanine mutations more profoundly bias signaling, differentially silencing or restoring one or more signaling properties. Mutating three serines silences only ERK1/2, the first example of such bias. Mutating all four residues silences β-arrestin-2, ERK1/2, and Ca
- Published
- 2022