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Hard real-time systems like image processing, autonomous driving, etc. require an increasing need of computational power that classical multi-core platforms can not provide, to fulfill with their timing constraints. Heterogeneous Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) platforms allow accelerating real-time workloads on application-specific cores (e.g. GPU, DSP, ASICs) etc. and are suitable for these applications. In addition, these platforms provide larger design choices as a given functionnality can be implemented onto several types of compute elements. HPC-DAG (Heterogeneous Parallel Directed Acyclic Graph) task model has been recently proposed to capture real-time workload execution on heterogeneous platforms. It expresses the ISA heterogeneity, and some specific characteristics of hardware accelerators, as the absence of preemption or costly preemption, alternative implementations and on-line conditional execution. In this paper, we propose a time-table scheduling approach to allocate and schedule a set of HPC-DAG tasks onto a set of heterogeneous cores, by the mean Integer Linear Programming (ILP). Our design allows to handle heterogeniety of resources, on-line execution costs, and a faster solving time, by exploring gradually the design space, arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1901.02450

Das 4. Ranking Politische Bildung 2020 misst erstmals auch den Stellenwert der politischen Bildung in der Berufsschule. Zugleich führt es den Ländervergleich für die allgemeinbildenden Schulen der Sekundarstufe I aus den Jahren 2017, 2018 und 2019 fort. Meist sinkt der Anteil politischer Bildung im schulstufenübergreifenden Vergleich in der Berufsschule. Elf Bundesländer gewähren hier weniger Lernzeit für Politik als in der Sekundarstufe I. In beruflichen und in allgemeinbildenden Schulen ist das Recht auf politische Bildung sehr unterschiedlich realisiert. Die Arbeits- und Lebenswelten der Auszubildenden, ihre Erfahrungen und Probleme bieten der politischen Bildung Chancen, die ihr in allgemeinbildenden Schulen fehlen. Die Bildungspolitik lässt sie aber weitgehend ungenutzt. Von einer Gleichwertigkeit der politischen Bildung über die Schulstufen, in Schulformen und Bundesländern kann keine Rede sein. Die Bundesländer schneiden im Ranking Politische Bildung in der Sekundarstufe I wie in der Berufsschule sehr unterschiedlich ab. Die Demokratie behandelt die jungen Bürgerinnen und Bürger bei der politischen Bildung sehr ungleich. Chancengleichheit beim Erwerb von Politik- und Demokratiekompetenz in der Schule steht nicht auf der Agenda der Bildungspolitik, dazu variieren die Lernzeiten für die politische Bildung zwischen den Bundesländern viel zu stark. Auch findet man in den Daten keine Anzeichen dafür, dass die Bundesländer auf den hinteren Plätzen im Ranking wenigstens zum Mittelfeld aufschließen wollen. Das betrifft vor allem Bayern, Thüringen und Rheinland-Pfalz. Das 4. Ranking Politische Bildung enthält erstmals eine Fallstudie zum Fachlichkeitsniveau des Politikunterrichts in der Sekundarstufe I von Nordrhein-Westfalen. Man muss dem Fach Politik als Alleinstellungsmerkmal attestieren, dass sein Fachlichkeitsniveau überall, immer und mit Abstand am schlechtesten ist. (DIPF/Orig.), The 4th Ranking Civic Education 2020 measures the importance of civic education in vocational schools for the first time and it continues the state comparison for general lower secondary schools from 2017, 2018 and 2019. In most cases, the proportion of civic education in the cross-school comparison decreases in vocational schools. Eleven Länder allow less learning time for politics here than at lower secondary level. The right to political education is realised very differently in vocational and general education schools. The working and living environments of trainees, their experiences and problems offer opportunities for political education that are lacking in general education schools. However, education policy leaves them largely unused. There is no question of an equivalence of civic education across school levels, school types and federal states. In the ranking of civic education in lower secondary schools as well as in vocational schools, the federal states perform very differently. Democracy treats young citizens very unequally in civic education. Equality of opportunity in the acquisition of political and democratic competence at school is not on the agenda of education policy; learning times for political education vary far too much between the federal states for that. Nor does the data show any indication that the states at the bottom of the rankings want to at least catch up with the middle of the field. This applies above all to Bavaria, Thuringia and Rhineland-Palatinate. For the first time, the 4th ranking of civic education contains a case study on the level of professionalism of political education in lower secondary schools in North Rhine-Westphalia. It must be said that the subject of politics has the unique selling point of being everywhere, always and by far the worst. (Authors)

Scheduling has been a successful domain of application for constraint programming since its beginnings. The cumulative constraint – which enforces the usage of a limited resource by several tasks – is one of the core components that are surely responsible of this success. Unfortunately, ensuring bound-consistency for the cumulative constraint is already NP-Hard. Therefore, several relaxations were proposed to reduce domains in polynomial time such as Time-Tabling, Edge-Finding, Energetic Reasoning, and Not-First-Not-Last. Recently, Vilim introduced the Time-Table Edge-Finding reasoning which strengthens Edge-Finding by considering the time-table of the resource. We pursue the idea of exploiting the time-table to detect disjunctive pairs of tasks dynamically during the search. This new type of filtering – which we call time-table disjunctive reasoning – is not dominated by existing filtering rules. We propose a simple algorithm that implements this filtering rule with a \(\mathcal {O}(n^2)\) time complexity (where \(n\) is the number of tasks) without relying on complex data structures. Our results on well known benchmarks highlight that using this new algorithm can substantially improve the solving process for some instances and only adds a marginally low computation overhead for the other ones.