Search

Previous work reveals that the adult Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), emerges from the ground in citrus orchards and presumably disperses to alternate food sources in neighboring shrubs and trees, where it stays and becomes reproductively mature, and then later returns to the orchard to lay eggs. We investigated the trajectories of early emerged adult Chinese citrus flies, which were tracked with portable harmonic radar in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 in four different habitats in Hubei province of China that presumably provided food sources for adults. This study we investigated whether early emerged adult Chinese citrus flies migrate into forests. A total of 47 adults were tracked following release in a citrus orchard. Our results showed that a total of 33 adults released in a citrus orchard flew into the forest, and 14 adults that disappeared during the tracking process in the citrus orchard. A total of 10 adults (in 2014) that were tracked and released in the forest flew to the forest. Of the adult flies investigated, 54.5% flew directly into the forest, while the remaining 45.5% finally arrived in the forest after repeatedly adjusting their trajectories. When there were Castanea mollissima Blume (Fagaceae) in the surrounding forest, the proportion of frequency of adult landing on the plant represented 58.3% and 88.5% of landing on all species in 2014 and in 2015, respectively. We conclude that early emerged adult Chinese citrus flies in the mosaic-type citrus orchard of the hilly terrain landform dispersed into adjacent forest.

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in gut microbiota and serum D-lactate level and their significance in children with recurrent pneumonia. METHODS: The stool and blood samples were collected from 30 children with recurrent pneumonia(recurrent group), 30 children with acute pneumonia(acute group), and 15 children receiving surgical operation(surgery group).The 16S rRNA fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction(FQ-PCR) was applied to determine the numbers of Bifidobacterium and Escherichia coli in stool samples, and the ratio between the logarithmic values of the numbers of Bifidobacterium and Escherichia coli(B/E value) was calculated.The serum D-lactate level was measured, and correlation analysis was performed. RESULTS: The recurrent group had a significantly lower number of Bifidobacterium and a significantly lower B/E value than the acute group and the surgery group(P < 0.05), as well as a significantly higher number of Escherichia coli than the surgery group(P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in the number of Escherichia coli between the recurrent group and the acute group.The recurrent group had a significantly higher serum D-lactate level than the acute group and the surgery group(P < 0.05).In the recurrent group, B/E value was negatively correlated with serum D-lactate level(r=-0.539, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Children with recurrent pneumonia may have biological and mechanical barrier damage in the intestinal mucosa.