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Phytosterols (PS) have been shown to regulate cholesterol metabolism and alleviate hyperlipidemia (HLP), but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which PS regulates cholesterol metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. The results showed that PS treatment reduced the accumulation of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the serum of HFD mice, while increasing the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Compared with HFD mice, PS not only increased the antioxidant activity of the liver but also regulated the mRNA expression levels of enzymes and receptors related to cholesterol metabolism. The hypolipidemic effect of PS was abolished by antibiotic (Abx) intervention and reproduced by fecal transplantation (FMT) intervention. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that PS modulated the gut microbiota of mice. PS reduced the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and other bile salt hydrolase- (BSH-) producing gut microbiota in HFD mice, which are potentially related to cholesterol metabolism. These findings partially explain the mechanisms by which PS regulates cholesterol metabolism. This implies that regulation of the gut microbiota would be a potential target for the treatment of HLP.

Six rare sesquiterpenoid dimers were isolated from Artemisia mongolica. Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory activity against HSC-LX2 cells with an IC50 value of 165.0 μM, equivalent to that of the positive control silybin (IC50, 144.4 μM).

The antidepressant activity of (+) and (-)-paeoveitol was first evaluated using the forced swimming test (FST), and (+)-paeoveitol showed potential antidepressant activity by decreasing immobility time of mice (by approximately 26.4%) in the FST at a dose of 20 mg/kg. To explore the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and obtain more potent compounds, twenty derivatives of (+)-paeoveitol were synthesized and evaluated for their agonistic activities on melatonin type I (MT

Venous thromboembolism(VTE) refers to deep venous thrombosis(DVT) and pulmonary embolism(PE), which is a worldwide problem and has very high morbidity and mortality. The research of venous thrombosis involves pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic attempt. Alternative experimental animal models have changed dramatically over the past 20 years, from small murine models to large ones. Larger animal models offer more options and are more consistent with human physiology. This article aims to induce chronic deep venous thrombosis in the left iliac vein in canine and porcine models and compare these two models. We think that feasible large animal models can better translate the results of therapeutic research into clinical application.

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with post-inflammatory polyps (PIPs) may carry an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia (CRN) including dysplasia and cancer. Current guidelines recommend active colonoscopy follow-up for these patients. However, the evidence for guidelines is still poor. In addition, some recent high-quality reports present a different view, which challenges the current guidelines. We hypothesize that IBD patients with PIPs are at increased risk of CRN. AIM To evaluate the risk of CRN in IBD patients with and without PIPs. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was performed to identify studies that compared the risk of CRN in IBD patients with and without PIPs. In addition, we screened the reference lists and citation indices of the included studies. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated using the random-effects model to explore the final pooled effect size of the included studies and determine whether PIPs increase the risk of CRN. Sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and assessment of publication bias were performed to examine the sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Twelve studies with 5819 IBD patients, including 1281 (22.01%) with PIPs, were considered eligible for this meta-analysis. We found that IBD patients with PIPs were at an increased risk of CRN as compared to those without PIPs [OR 2.01; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43–2.83]. The results were similar when colorectal cancer was used as the study endpoint (OR 2.57; 95%CI: 1.69–3.91). Furthermore, the risk of CRN was still increased (OR 1.80; 95%CI: 1.12–2.91) when restricted to ulcerative colitis patients. Heterogeneity was high among the included studies (I² = 75%). Subgroup analysis revealed that the high heterogeneity was due to the study design. Sensitivity analysis showed that the main statistical outcomes did not essentially change after excluding any one of the included studies. No significant publication bias was found in the funnel plots. CONCLUSION IBD patients with PIPs have an increased risk of CRN as compared with those without PIPs, which support the current guidelines. However, a high-quality randomized controlled trial is warranted.

Artemongolides A-E (1-5), an unusual class of diseco-guaianolides featuring a rare fused 7-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]-2-ene-7-heptanol ring system, and artemongolide F (6), the first example of [4 + 2] Diels-Alder type adducts presumably incorporating a chain farnesane sesquiterpene and a guaianolide diene, were isolated from the whole plant of

Artemeriopolides A–D (1–4), four novel cadinane sesquiterpenoid dimers featuring the rare 2-oxaspiro[4.6]undecan-1,7-dione, 2-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-1-one, and 2-oxaspiro[5.5]undecan-1-one ring systems, were isolated from Artemisia eriopoda.

Twelve undescribed and 13 known eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids were obtained from Artemisia leucophylla, and structurally elucidated based on comprehensive analyses of spectral data, including HRESIMS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and ECD calculation. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by a single X-ray single crystal diffraction. Chemically, compounds 1-5 featured unprecedented 1,2-seco-1-nor-eudesmane-type skeleton with a cis-fused 6/5 bicyclic system. Antihepatoma evaluation against three human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, Huh7, and SK-Hep-1) for all compounds demonstrated that compound 7 displayed the most active cytotoxicity with IC

The complete chloroplast genome ofThis study provides a further theoretical basis for taxonomic analysis, genetic diversity, evolutionary mechanism and molecular identification in

Paeoveitol D derivatives were synthesized as potent MT1 and MT2 receptors agonists with in vivo antidepressant activity.

Tumor-infiltrating CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells express high levels of TNFR2 which mediates TNF-induced proliferation and promotes tumor progression by suppressing anti-tumor immune responses. Therefore, the blockage of TNF-TNFR2 pathway represents a strategy to eliminate tumor-infiltrating Treg activity and leads to the recovery of host immune responses against tumor. In this study, screening of in-house small-molecule library resulted in the identification of 1-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolines as potent inhibitors of Treg proliferation mediated by TNF-TNFR2 signaling. Moreover, in-depth analysis of structure-activity relationship (SAR) revealed that the 6,7-dimethoxylation and 1-naphthyl substitution could improve the activity. Therefore, further investigation is warranted to evaluate if 1-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolines could be used as adjuvants to enhance cancer immunotherapy.

Ten new germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids, artemyrianosins A–J (1–10), were isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia myriantha. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analyses including UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, ECD and the absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 7–9 were characterized using X-ray crystallography. All isolates were tested their cytotoxicity against three human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, Huh7, and SK-Hep-1), and compounds 1–3, 7, and 10 showed cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 43.7 to 89.3 μM. Among them, the most active compound 3 exhibited activity against three human hepatoma cell lines with IC50 values of 43.7 μM (HepG2), 47.9 μM (Huh7), and 44.9 μM (SK-Hep-1). Graphical Abstract

This study empirically examines the impact of Domestic Investment (DI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the economic development of Cameroon from 1990 to 2018. The four factors investigated include financial development, institution, infrastructure, and social capital. Both the dynamic panel estimate and standing panel lapse methods were used to evaluate the connection between DI and FDI concerning the economic development based on the factors enumerated. The results show that DI has a positive influence on and correlates with the growth of the economy. In addition, it indicated that there is an improvement in the financial progress when FDI is on the increase. Moreover, this study indicates that the increase in the institutions, human capital, and the monetary system improves the economic development of the country. It can be inferred from the results that Cameroon had a significant increase in her infrastructures and school enrolment from 2001 to date because of the increase in DI and FDI. The results show that FDI negatively affects some social capital of the Cameroon people such as the displacement of schools and markets, which is consistent with previous studies and results from the literature reviewed.

Tsaokols A (1) and B (2), two complicated flavanol-monoterpenoid hybrids, were isolated from the dried fruits of Amomum tsao-ko under the guidance of LCMS and bioassay. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 shared a flavanol backbone fused with 5/7 and 5/6 bicyclic monoterpenoid scaffolds, which were biogenetically condensed by Michael addition and acetalization. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 18.8 and 38.6 μmol/L (acarbose, IC50 = 213 μmol/L). Docking study supported the strong interactions of 1 and 2 bonding with enzyme by mainly hydrophobic and hydrogen-bond effects. Compounds 1 and 2 could be fast distinguished by the diagnostic ions at m/z 289 and 313 in negative MS2 experiments.

Perceptions play a critical role in international affairs. Politicians must be able to consider and forecast both challenges and opportunities. Public opinion has the power to change the course of politics. As the world becomes more interconnected, it’s critical to comprehend how China is perceived and how this affects China’s global effect. Although it only makes up a small part of overall Chinese OFDI, this investment class has recently drawn interest because of its sectoral and geographic diversification. Nigeria has been one of China’s top 40 trading partners for more than five decades. For some time, it has been the leading African investment destination for Chinese investment in the continent. The pursuit of multilateral agreements has a significant effect on how countries engage in the political and economic realm. This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study adopted simple random sampling techniques to allow for equal and unbiased respondents’ participation in the primary data collection. The response scale was base on a 1 - 5 points Likert scale. Secondary data was sourced from archival materials, published books or scholarly works, the internet, international organization official documents, journals, press releases, newspapers. The overall research accepts the study’s alternative hypothesis, which shows that perhaps the ten outlined perceptions of Nigerians towards Chinese FDIs and its acceptability are heavily influenced by the success of FDI by Chinese investors and businesses in Nigeria’s market climate. The importance and positive outcomes of such FDI are heavily reliant on Nigerian perceptions of Chinese FDI and their acceptability and the investment target region.

The main purpose of this research was to analyze the impact the Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances, and foreign aid have had to human capital growth (HCG) and brain drain. The study data were collected from five African countries (Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, and Morocco) from 2009 to 2018. Secondary sources were used in data collection, then autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling was used in the analysis. Before modelling was done, co-integration tests and panel unit were applied. The results revealed that Chinese FDI, remittances, and foreign aid had a significant and positive impact on HCG in the long but not the short-run. Besides, remittances, Chinese FDI, and foreign aid demonstrated significant negative impacts on brain drain in the long term, not in the short term. This study makes important practical and theoretical contributions about the roles of Chinese FDI, remittances, and foreign aid in the reduction of brain drain and the growth of human capital.

Two sesquiterpenoid trimers, artematrotrimers A (1) and B (2), and two sesquiterpenoid dimers, artematrodimers A (3) and B (4), possessing unprecedented scaffolds with a methylene-bridged connection were identified from Artemisia atrovirens. Their structures and absolute stereochemistry were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic data, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, and ECD calculations. Compounds 1–4 represent a new type of sesquiterpenoid oligomers featuring the connections between hetero sesquiterpenoid units via one or two C–C bonds. A possible biosynthetic pathway for 1–4 was also proposed. Compound 3 showed obvious cytotoxicity against HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines with IC50 values of 21.9 and 22.6 μM, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in protection against ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI) in a nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) rat model using erythropoietin (EPO) preconditioning. Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups for right kidney nephrectomy treatment: sham group (exposure without clamp treatment), NSS group (3 days of peritoneal phosphate buffered saline [PBS] injection before renal blood vessels were clamped for 40 mins and NSS was performed), and EPO group (3 days of EPO abdomen injections prior to renal blood vessel clamping for 40 min before NSS was performed). After 12, 24, and 72 hours, inferior vena cava blood and renal tissues were harvested. The extent of renal injury was assessed, along with EPC number, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and vascular growth factor expression. EPO preconditioning significantly improved renal function and histologic morphology, indicated by reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ([33.12 ± 1.88] vs [16.03 ± 0.91], P .05) and serum creatinine (Scr) ([190.2 ± 20.23] vs [77.23 ± 5.82], P .05) levels and histologic injury scores ([3.20 ± 0.78] vs [1.70 ± 0.67], P .05). Angiogenesis in peritubular capillaries markedly increased in the EPO group. EPC numbers increased in the kidneys at 24 hours following reperfusion in the EPO group, compared to the NSS group. Furthermore, EPO preconditioning also increased SDF-1α and CXCR7 expression at 24 hours following reperfusion relative to the NSS group. These findings suggest that EPO pretreatment can reduce renal injury in rats caused by IRI. Mechanistically, this may be related to EPC mobilization and recruitment to injured renal tissues by SDF-1α and CXCR7.

The uncertainties of spot size and position need to be clarified for x-ray sources as they can affect the detecting precision of the x-ray probe beam in applications such as radiography. In particular, for laser-driven x-ray sources, they would be more significant as they influence the inevitable fluctuation of the driving laser pulses. Here, we have employed the penumberal coded aperture imaging technique to diagnose the two-dimensional spatial distribution of an x-ray emission source spot generated from a Cu solid target irradiated by an intense laser pulse. Taking advantage of the high detection efficiency and high spatial resolution of this technique, the x-ray source spot is characterized with a relative error of [Formula: see text] in the full width at half maximum of the intensity profile in a single-shot mode for general laser parameters, which makes it possible to reveal the information of the unfixed spot size and position precisely. Our results show the necessity and feasibility of monitoring the spot of these novel laser-driven x-ray sources via the penumbral coded aperture imaging technique.

In the post-pandemic era, the emergence of sporadic cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the scale of the pandemic are unpredictable. Therefore, the impact of sporadic cases of COVID-19 and isolation measures on mental health and sleep in different groups of people need to be analyzed.To clarify the severity of psychological problems and insomnia of staff and community residents around a hospital with sporadic cases of COVID-19, and their relationship with quarantine location and long-term changes.A cross-sectional survey was conducted on community residents and medical staff. Many of these medical staff had been subjected to different places of quarantine. Community residents did not experience quarantine. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), acute stress disorder scale (ASDS) and insomnia severity index (ISI) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression, acute stress disorder symptoms, and the severity of insomnia. Additionally, we conducted a 1-year follow-up study on medical staff, with related scales measurement immediately after and one year after the 2-wk quarantine period.We included 406 medical staff and 226 community residents. The total scores of ISI and subscale in HADS of community residents were significantly higher than that of medical staff. Further analysis of medical staff who experienced quarantine showed that 134 were quarantined in hotels, 70 in hospitals and 48 at home. Among all subjects, the proportions of HADS, ASDS and ISI scores above normal cutoff value were 51.94%, 19.17% and 31.11%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis found that subjects with higher total ASDS scores had a greater risk to develop anxiety and depression. The total ISI score for medical staff in hotel quarantine was significantly higher than those in home quarantine. Total 199 doctors and nurses who completed the 1-year follow-up study. Compared with baseline, HADS and ASDS scores decreased significantly one year after the end of quarantine, while ISI scores did not change significantly.Sporadic COVID-19 cases had a greater psychological impact on residents in surrounding communities, mainly manifested as insomnia and depressive symptoms. Hotel quarantine aggravated the severity of insomnia in medical staff, whose symptoms lasted ≥ 1 year.

A random bioassay revealed that the EtOH extract and EtOAc fraction of Artemisia dubia Wall. (Asteraceae) exhibited cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells with inhibitory ratios of 57.1% and 84.2% at a concentration of 100.0 μg/mL. Bio-guided isolation combined by LC-MS-IT-TOF analyses of the active fractions led to the isolation of 20 previously undescribed guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers named artemidubolides A-T (1-20). Their structures and the absolute configurations were determined by comprehensive spectral analyses, comparison of the experimental and calculated ECD spectra, and seven compounds (artemidubolides A, B, D, F, K, O and R) were confirmed unequivocally by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Structurally, artemidubolides A-Q were [4 + 2] Diels-Alder adducts of two monomeric guaianolides, and artemidubolides R-T were linked though an ester bond. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their hepatomatic cytotoxicity against HepG2, Huh7, and SK-Hep-1 cell lines to demonstrate that 18 compounds exhibited obvious cytotoxicity against three tested hepatoma cell lines with IC

CD4To identify small molecule inhibitors of Treg cells from natural products.Compounds from Diploclisia glaucescens were isolated by column chromatography, and structures were identified by spectroscopic evidence and quantum calculations. The tet-On system for Foxp3-GFP expression in Jurkat T cells was generated to screen Treg inhibitors based on Foxp3 expression. The effect of the compound on TNF-induced proliferative expansion of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) and TGF-β-induced generation of Tregs (iTregs) from naive CD4A novel dimeric proaporphine alkaloid, designated as distepharinamide (DSA) with a symmetric structure isolated from the stems of D. glaucescens, restrained the doxycycline (Doxy)-induced Foxp3-tGFP expression, decreased the half-life of Foxp3 mRNA as well as reduced the mRNA levels of chemokine receptors (CCR4, CCR8 and CCR10) in Jurkat T cells with inducible Foxp3-tGFP expression. In lymphocytes or purified Tregs from wild-type C57BL/6 mice or from C57BL/6-Tg(Foxp3-DTR/EGFP)23.2Spar/Mmjax mice, DSA markedly inhibited TNF-induced proliferative expansion of Tregs present in the unfractionated CD4DSA, a novel dimeric proaporphine alkaloid, potently inhibited the expansion of nTregs and generation of iTregs. Therefore, DSA or its analogs may merit further investigation as novel immunotherapeutic agents.

Our previous study demonstrated that guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid ludartin showed potent antihepatoma activity against two human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7, with IC

This case highlights that hormonal changes during pregnancy could affect the biomechanical stability of the cornea and lead to corneal ectasia during pregnancy after corneal refractive surgery.We report an unusual case of bilateral corneal ectasia after small-incision lenticule extraction that developed during pregnancy.A 27-year-old woman experienced post-small-incision lenticule extraction corneal ectasia. Her pre-operative corneal topography was normal, with a minimum central corneal thickness of 538 μm in the right eye and 530 μm in the left eye. The manifest refraction was -7.75 -0.25 × 180 and -7.50 -0.75 × 10, and the lenticule thickness was 140 and 139 μm in the right and left eyes, respectively. After 11 months, in her first trimester, the patient began to experience gradually deteriorating blurred vision. Two years post-operatively, corneal ectasia was diagnosed based on topographic data. The automatic optometer examination was -7.25 -2.50 × 42 in the right eye and -11.00 -5.00 × 140 in the left eye. Later, the patient underwent corneal collagen cross-linking to control further progression and was recommended to wear rigid gas-permeable contact lenses.Surgeons should be alert for cornea ectasia after refractive surgery in pregnant patients, as hormonal changes during pregnancy may affect corneal biomechanical stability.

Artatrovirenols A and B (1 and 2), two novel cagelike sesquiterpenoids, possess a unique 5/5/6/5/5-pentacyclic and a 5/5/6/5-tetracyclic system with an unprecedented tetracyclo[5.3.1.1.4,1101,5]dodecane scaffold from Artemisia atrovirens. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 including their absolute stereochemistry were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses, X-ray crystallography, and quantum chemical calculations. Plausible biosynthetic pathways for the new isolates were proposed from the naturally occurring arglabin (3) via the key intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against three human hepatoma cell lines (HepG2, SMMC-7721, and Huh7) with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 123.8, 44.0, and 142.6 μΜ, respectively.

The dried fruits of Amomum tsao-ko were first revealed to have hypoglycemic effects on db/db mice at a concentration of 200 mg/kg. In order to clarify the antidiabetic constituents, 19 new flavanol-fatty alcohol hybrids, tsaokoflavanols A-S (1-19), were isolated and determined by extensive spectroscopic data and ECD calculations. Most of the compounds showed α-glucosidase and PTP1B dual inhibition, among which 1, 2, 6, 11, and 18 exhibited obvious activity against α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 5.2-9.0 μM, 20-35 times stronger than that of acarbose (IC50, 180.0 μM); meanwhile, 6, 10-12, and 19 were PTP1B/TCPTP-selective inhibitors with IC50 values of 56.4-80.4 μM, 2-4 times stronger than that of suramin sodium (IC50, 200.5 μM). Enzyme kinetics study indicated that compounds 1, 2, 6, and 11 were α-glucosidase and PTP1B mixed-type inhibitors with Ki values of 13.0, 11.7, 2.9, and 5.3 μM and 142.3, 88.9, 39.2, and 40.8 μM, respectively. Docking simulations proved the importance of hemiacetal hydroxy, the orientation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl, and the length of alkyl in binding with α-glucosidase and PTP1B.

Random screening suggested that the EtOH extract of Artemisia myriantha (Asteraceae) and its EtOAc fraction had cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with inhibitory ratios of 30.6% and 53.5% at 50.0 μg/mL. Bioassay-guided isolation of the most active fractions (Fr. C and Fr. D) afforded 19 new sesquiterpenolides, artemyrianolides A-S (1-19), involving 13 germacranolides (1-13), four guaianolides (14-17), and two eudesmanolides (18 and 19), together with 16 known sesquiterpenoids (20-35). The new compounds were characterized by physical data analyses (HRESIMS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, ECD), and the absolute configurations of compounds 1, 2, and 11 were determined by X-ray crystallography. Structurally, compounds 2 and 11-13 maintain an uncommon cis-fused 10/5 bicyclic system and compound 12 possesses an unusual (7S) configuration. Twenty of the compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against HepG2, Huh7, and SMMC-7721 cell lines. Compound 9 showed cytotoxic activity on both HepG2 and Huh7 cells with IC50 values of 8.6 and 8.8 μM, and compounds 8 and 33 showed cytotoxicity to the three human hepatoma cell lines with IC50 values of 4.9 and 7.4 μM (HepG2), 4.3 and 7.8 μM (Huh7), and 3.1 and 9.8 μM (SMMC-7721), respectively.

We present two wait-free algorithms for simulating an l-bit single-writer register from k-bit single-writer registers, for any k ≥ 1 . Our first algorithm has Θ ( l / k ) step complexity for both and and uses Θ ( 4 l − k ) registers. Our second algorithm has Θ ( l / k + ( log ⁡ n ) / k ) step complexity for both and , where n is the number of readers, but uses only Θ ( n l / k ) registers. By using the first algorithm when l ≤ ( log ⁡ n ) / 2 and the second algorithm when l > ( log ⁡ n ) / 2 , we get a combined implementation with Θ ( l / k ) step complexity using Θ ( n l / k ) registers which works for any 1 ≤ k l . We also prove that any implementation with O ( l / k ) step complexity for requires Ω ( l / k ) step complexity for . Reading l bits requires at least ⌈ l / k ⌉ reads of k-bit registers, so our lower bound shows that our combined implementation is step-optimal.

Spiroseoflosterol (1), a 7(8→9)-abeo-ergostane steroid with a unique spiro[4.5]decan-6-one system, was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Butyriboletus roseoflavus. Its structure was determined by interpretation of comprehensive spectroscopic, X-ray, and computational data. A plausible biogenetic pathway for spiroseoflosterol (1) was postulated based on a key semipinacol rearrangement. Compound 1 was cytotoxic to HepG2 and Huh7/S (sorafenib-resistant Huh7) with IC50 values of 9.1 and 6.2 μM, respectively.