215 results on '"Thomas L. Thompson"'
Search Results
2. Evaluating pearl millet and mungbean intercropping in the semi‐arid regions of Senegal
- Author
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Fatou Gueye, Andre A. Diatta, Larry J. Vaughan, Nathalie Diagne, Ozzie Abaye, Mamadou Lo, Thomas L. Thompson, and Wade Everett Thomason
- Subjects
Agronomy ,biology ,engineering ,Environmental science ,Intercropping ,engineering.material ,biology.organism_classification ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Arid ,Pearl - Published
- 2020
3. Assessment of Nitrogen Fixation by Mungbean Genotypes in Different Soil Textures Using 15N Natural Abundance Method
- Author
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Jose Franco Da Cunha Leme Filho, Mamadou Lo, Ozzie Abaye, Thomas L. Thompson, Wade Everett Thomason, Larry J. Vaughan, Andre A. Diatta, and Martin Leonardo Battaglia
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Soil texture ,Population ,food and beverages ,Soil Science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Plant Science ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Bradyrhizobium ,Agronomy ,Loam ,Shoot ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,Nitrogen fixation ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,education ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Legume ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Ensuring food and nutritional security in light of high climate variability and a rapidly growing population remains a challenge. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is a short duration, drought-tolerant, and ureide-exporting legume crop capable of symbiotic atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Estimates of biological N2 fixation by mungbean in different soil textures have not been extensively studied. We conducted this study to evaluate plant growth and N2 fixation of five mungbean genotypes (Berken, 8735, IC 8972-1, STB#122, 223) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium spp. and grown on loamy sand and silt loam soils under glasshouse conditions. Mungbean dry matter yield, δ15N values, shoot content, amounts of N-fixed, and soil N uptake were all higher on the silt loam soil compared to the loamy sand soil, demonstrating the effects of soil properties on plant growth and N2 fixation potential. Among genotypes, IC 8972-1 produced the highest biomass (7.85 g plant−1), shoot N content (200 mg plant−1), and soil N uptake (155 mg plant−1) than other genotypes. The significant interaction between soil texture and genotypes for root dry matter and %Ndfa indicates the major role of legume root-nodule bacteria in symbiotic N2 fixation. This study demonstrated that N2 fixation in mungbean is affected by both genotypes and soil properties, illustrating the need to consider soil properties in order to maximize N contribution from mungbean to agricultural production systems.
- Published
- 2020
4. Effect of different processing conditions on the quality of canned sweet corn kernels produced and processed in Senegal
- Author
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Adjaratou Basse Dieng, Thomas L. Thompson, and Nafissatou Diop Ndiaye
- Subjects
Marketing ,Vitamin ,0303 health sciences ,Economics and Econometrics ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Blanching ,General Chemical Engineering ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Food spoilage ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Sterilization (microbiology) ,Biology ,Shelf life ,Ascorbic acid ,040401 food science ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,stomatognathic system ,chemistry ,Heating temperature ,General Materials Science ,Food science ,Mesophile - Abstract
In Senegal, sweet corn is produced for export market while the canned ones are imported to supply national market. This work was carried out to investigate the effect of different processing conditions such as heating temperature and sterilization time on the microbial quality, color, ascorbic acid and shelf life of canned sweet corn produced in Senegal. The hygiene level of sweet corn samples at different preliminary processing stages before canning processing was evaluated also. Aerobic mesophilic total counts were lowest at blanching (1.8 log10 CFU/g) and no microorganisms related to food spoilage and public health concerns were detected in all canned sweet corn regardless of treatment. However, treatment E (125°C/12 min) had the highest F-value (35.7 min) and the lowest C-value/F-value ratio (3.84 min). This treatment had also less impact on total color change (DE*=6.81) and ascorbic acid content. Canned sweet corn was shelf stable after 12 months of storage. Key words: Sweet corn processing, canning processing, sterilization, thermal treatment, microbial quality, shelf life, color, vitamin C.
- Published
- 2020
5. Atokan (Middle Pennsylvanian) conodonts from laterally restricted pre-Cherokee units of southwestern Missouri
- Author
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Lance L. Lambert and Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Paleontology ,Cherokee ,020209 energy ,Pennsylvanian ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,language ,02 engineering and technology ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,language.human_language ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Published
- 2017
6. Introduction
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,Coherence (statistics) ,Cognitive psychology - Published
- 2019
7. Text, Context and Referent in Israelite Historiography
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,Historiography ,Context (language use) ,Referent ,Linguistics - Published
- 2019
8. Small molecules breaking down islet amyloid polypeptide self‐assembly
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson, Malikah O’Dell, Jessica S. Fortin, Anisa M. Rashid, and Nurhanis B.M. Isa
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Amyloid ,Chemistry ,Genetics ,Biophysics ,Self-assembly ,Islet ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry ,Small molecule ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2020
9. Design of Small Molecules to Modulate Transthyretin Aggregation
- Author
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Nurhanis B.M. Isa, Malikah O’Dell, Anisa M. Rashid, Thomas L. Thompson, and Jessica S. Fortin
- Subjects
Transthyretin ,biology ,Chemistry ,Genetics ,Biophysics ,biology.protein ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry ,Small molecule ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2020
10. Nonexchangeable ammonium in soils following applications of nitrogen-15-labeled fertilizers
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Agronomy ,Chemistry ,Soil water ,Soil chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Ammonium ,Nitrogen - Published
- 2018
11. The Problem of Israel in the History of the South Levant
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Published
- 2018
12. Biblical Archaeology: The Hydra of Palestine’s History
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,Religious studies ,Lernaean Hydra ,Palestine ,Ancient history - Abstract
Both Israel Finkelstein and William Dever have allegedly distanced themselves from the kind of “biblical archaeology” of William F. Albright. Their own efforts, however, to relate Palestinian archaeology and biblical narrative not only reflect Albright’s earlier methods, they create a politically oriented incoherence. In three recent works, since the turn of the millennia, Finkelstein uses archaeologically based arguments primarily to resolve problems of biblical interpretation. Dever, who also has published three biblical-archaeological studies since 2001, concentrates, rather, on archaeological issues, while using biblical narrative for his underlying historical context. A discussion of the figures of Solomon and Josiah on the one hand and a discussion of “landscapearchaeology” and site classification, on the other hand, illustrate theshortcomings of their methodology.
- Published
- 2015
13. Creating the Past: Biblical Narrative as Interpretive Discourse
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Abstract
Artiklen opstiller tre hypoteser om teksterne i Det Gamle Testamente: De er bestemt af en teologisk traditionskritik, de tilhører et relativt sent diskursivt felt (fra hellenistisk tid), og dette felt har været afgørende for de traditioner som blev traderet
- Published
- 2015
14. Politics and the Bible
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,Politics ,Religious studies - Published
- 2014
15. Is This Not The Carpenter?
- Author
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Thomas S. Verenna and Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Literature ,business.industry ,Philosophy ,Historicity ,business - Published
- 2017
16. Palestine's Pre-Islamic History and Cultural Heritage: A Proposal for Palestinian High-School Curriculum Revision
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,media_common.quotation_subject ,History of Islam ,Religious studies ,Hellenistic period ,Toponymy ,Stone Age ,Cultural heritage ,Presentation ,Bronze Age ,Curriculum ,Classics ,media_common - Abstract
This article is presented in the hope of engaging debate on Palestine's cultural heritage in view of recommending a revision of the Palestinian high-school curriculum for the pre-Islamic history of Palestine. After a brief clarification of intent and an introduction to the current status of research on Palestine's history, brief summaries of the proposed curriculum are offered in chronological order: 1) the Stone Age; 2) the Bronze Age; 3) regional histories from Iron I to Alexander and 4) the Hellenistic Period. The presentation closes with a conclusion, followed by 3 appendices on early legendary figures in Palestinian history; on Palestinian place names and on the importance of structuring Palestine's history regionally.
- Published
- 2013
17. Your Mother was a Hittite and Your Father an Amorite: Ethnicity, Judaism and Palestine's Cultural Heritage
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,Literature and Literary Theory ,Judaism ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Religious studies ,Ethnic group ,Hellenistic period ,Ancient history ,language.human_language ,Diaspora ,Cultural heritage ,Politics ,Hittite language ,language ,Ethnology ,Ideology ,media_common - Abstract
The article argues, in continuation of previous contri-butions by the author, that “Judaism”/”Jews” are from the outset ideological and religious constructs rather than ethnic entities. As-syrian Judaa and Persian Yehud were geographical and political designations limited to the Southern highland of Palestine and it is unlikely that the extensive references to yehudim known from the Hellenistic period onwards should in all cases cover people origi-nating from that particular area. The origins of Judaism should not be sought in any invariable ethnic quality of the various populations of Palestine in antiquity but in the influence and shaping of reli-gious ideologies with the holy city of Jerusalem as a strong and cen-tral symbol.
- Published
- 2013
18. Decomposition, nitrogen and carbon mineralization from food and cover crop residues in the central plateau of Haiti
- Author
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M. J. Lynch, Michael J. Mulvaney, Wade Everett Thomason, Thomas L. Thompson, and Steven C. Hodges
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Nutrient cycle ,Multidisciplinary ,Conventional tillage ,biology ,Conservation agriculture ,Chemistry ,Research ,No tillage ,Soil organic matter ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Mineralization (soil science) ,Sorghum ,biology.organism_classification ,Nutrient cycling ,01 natural sciences ,Haiti ,Nutrient ,Agronomy ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,Crotalaria juncea ,Cover crop ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Cover crops are a major focus of conservation agriculture efforts because they can provide soil cover and increase nutrient availability after their mineralization in cropping systems. To evaluate the effect of residue type and placement on rate of decomposition and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization, residues from two food crops, maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and two promising cover crops, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench x S. bicolor var. Sudanese [Piper] Stapf) were used in a litterbag study in the Central Plateau region of Haiti from May to September, 2013. Residues were placed in litterbags at a rate equivalent to 3.25 Mg residue ha(-1) either on the soil surface or buried at 15 cm to represent a tilled and no-tillage system, respectively. Initial C:N ratios were: maize common bean sorghum sudangrass sunn hemp. Highest residue mass loss rates and C and N mineralization generally occurred in the reverse order. Overall, surface-placed residues decomposed more slowly with 40 and 17 % of initial residue mass of surface and buried residues, respectively, remaining at 112 days. Carbon and N mineralization was higher when residues were buried. Net N mineralization of buried residues was 0.12, 0.07, 0.06, and 0.03 g N g residue(-1) for sunn hemp, sorghum sudangrass, maize, and common bean, respectively over 112 days. To achieve the goal of increasing nutrient supply while maintaining year-round cover, a combination of grass and legume cover crops may be required with benefits increasing over multiple seasons.
- Published
- 2016
19. Introduction
- Author
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Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson
- Published
- 2016
20. Biblical Interpretation beyond Historicity
- Author
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Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Philosophy ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,Historicity ,Epistemology - Published
- 2016
21. Memories of Esau and Narrative Reiteration: Themes of Conflict and Reconciliation
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Ethnogenesis ,Literature ,History ,Literature and Literary Theory ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Religious studies ,Mnemonic ,Aesthetics ,Perception ,Point of departure ,Narrative ,business ,Composition (language) ,Order (virtue) ,Period (music) ,media_common - Abstract
Taking my point of departure in questions of ethnogenesis within the regions of Yehud and Idumea in the pre-Hasmonean period, I analyze the interrelationship of the themes of conflict and reconciliation in the composition of Genesis. I pay particular attention to perceptions of Idumea in narrative reiterations which tie the Cain story to the narratives about the destruction of Sodom and the Jacob-Esau conflict story in order to raise the question of whether the narrative strategy reflected in these stories might justify a further analysis of the Jacob and Joseph stories as contributions to a larger mnemonic discourse, bearing a utopian trajectory aimed at a realization of Ezekiel 16's reconciliation between Idumea, Yehud and Samaria.
- Published
- 2011
22. The Bible, Zionism and the Heritage of an Empty Land
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,Religious studies ,Zionism ,Ancient history ,Archaeology - Published
- 2011
23. Books Reviews
- Author
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Niels Peter Lemche and Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Literature and Literary Theory ,Religious studies - Published
- 2010
24. Trends in Soil Science Education and Employment
- Author
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Nick J. Balster, S. Chapman, Thomas L. Thompson, J. L. Havlin, Dawn R. Ferris, and T. Smith
- Subjects
Quantitative survey ,ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION ,Land grant ,Task force ,Political science ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Soil Science ,Soil science ,Curriculum ,Job market ,GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
During the last several decades, members of the SSSA have discussed several trends related to soil science education, including: (i) declining academic programs and course offerings at land grant universities, (ii) decreased enrollments, and (iii) improved employment opportunities for soil science graduates (SSSA, 2006; Ferris et al., 2010). The SSSA Advocacy/Education Task Force met in 2007 and concluded that quantitative survey information was needed to document trends in soil science academic programs, student enrollment, faculty, and job opportunities for graduates. Suggested survey topics included: · Has the recognition of soil science as a distinct discipline increased or decreased? · How has the job market changed during the past decade, and how will job opportunities for soil scientists change in the future? · How have undergraduate and graduate soils curricula changed during the last decade? · Has enrollment in soil science degree programs and courses changed during the past decade? · Has there been a change in the degree programs of students enrolling in soils courses in the past decade? · Have soil science programs been combined with other programs? Therefore, the objective of the survey was to quantify trends in student enrollment, faculty positions, pertinent educational issues in soil and related sciences, and career or job opportunities and trends. Expected outcomes included a better understanding of current educational practices and trends, and identification of specific opportunities for SSSA to enhance the practice and profession of soil science.
- Published
- 2010
25. Inoculation and Soil Texture Effects on Yield and Yield Components of Mungbean
- Author
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Mamadou Lo, Thomas L. Thompson, Ozzie Abaye, Sarah Bateman, Wade Everett Thomason, Andre A. Diatta, Larry J. Vaughan, and Bee Khim Chim
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Crop residue ,Soil texture ,Crop yield ,Biofertilizer ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Soil classification ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Horticulture ,Loam ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Cultivar ,Soil fertility ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is a short-duration and relatively drought-tolerant crop grown predominantly in the tropics. This grain legume can improve soil fertility through biological nitrogen (N) fixation. To assess the effects of Bradyrhizobium (group I) inoculation on yield and yield attributes of mungbean, a greenhouse study was conducted during Fall 2016 with two mungbean cultivars (‘Berken’ and ‘OK2000’), two inoculum treatments (inoculated and uninoculated), and two soil textures (loamy sand and silt loam). Pots were laid out in a completely randomized design and treatment combinations were replicated seven times. The main effects of cultivar and soil texture significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected mungbean seed weight and plant residue mass. Seed yield (13%), plant residue (22%), and protein content (6%) of OK2000 were significantly higher than Berken cultivar. A 31% seed yield and 40% plant residue increase were recorded on silt loam soil compared to loamy sand soil. Significant increase in plant height (18%) and number of pods per plant (21%) were also recorded when mungbean plants were grown on silt loam compared to loamy sand soil. Bradyrhizobium inoculation significantly increased the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, and seed yield. [Cultivar × inoculation] and [cultivar × soil texture] interactions had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effects on number of seeds per pods and plant height, respectively. Understanding the agronomic practices and soil physical properties that may limit mungbean production could help in optimizing its establishment and growth in non-traditional growing areas.
- Published
- 2018
26. Clarel, Jonah, and the Whale:A Question Concerning Rachel's Missing Children
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Reign ,History ,Literature and Literary Theory ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Assyria ,Victory ,Empire ,Compassion ,Theology ,Sermon ,Obedience ,media_common ,Hatred - Abstract
Moby Dick: Jonah, Ahab, and Ishmael Father Mapple’s sermon on Jonah in Moby-Dick is a biblical narrative in the form of a short story, allegorically structured as a parable on nationalist hatred and divine compassion. It takes its point of departure from the obscure figure of a pre-exilic prophet, borrowed from the brief story about the reign of Jeroboam II (2 Kings 14.23-29). Jeroboam was king in Samaria for forty-one years. He not only saved Israel from extinction, but also “restored” its utopian “Solomonic” borders (1 Kings 8.65) south to the Dead Sea and north as far as the great Syrian cities of Hamath and Damascus. Jeroboam’s great success is attributed to his obedience to the advice of the prophet, Jonah Ben Amittai, who was from the town of Gath ha-Hepher in the Lower Galilee. This prophet Jonah incited Jeroboam to a holy war with the ambition of bringing all of Yahweh’s land back to Israel.1 The Book of Jonah’s use of this figure—a classic biblical portrayal of the prophet of Yahweh’s judgment, ever zealous for Israel’s messianic victory over nations in uproar (Psalms 2.1-2)—offers a man who is eager to complete the great victories of 2 Kings by bringing Yahweh’s judgment to the heart of the empire itself. This Jonah wishes to be another Elijah in his zeal: a veritable Nahum, a prophet of doom to bring divine destruction on the great city of Nineveh (Nahum 1-3). The book opens as Yahweh tells Jonah that the news of the great evil of Assyria’s Nineveh has come to him (Jonah 1.2). This same motif is used in Genesis 18.21 when Yahweh tells Abraham about his plans to destroy the evil city of Sodom. Although in Genesis, Abraham had argued against Yahweh that the innocent not be destroyed with the guilty, in Jonah’s book, the prophet is no Abraham, one in whom all the nations of the world are to be blessed (Genesis 12.3). Jonah knows already that his Yahweh has become “a gracious God and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in
- Published
- 2010
27. Physical and Biochemical Characterization of Sweet Corn Ears of Four Varieties Grown in Senegal
- Author
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Nafissatou Diop Ndiaye, Mady Cisse, Abou Diop, Fatou Diop Mbacke, Thomas L. Thompson, and Saliou Ndiaye
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Starch ,engineering.material ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Crop ,03 medical and health sciences ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Human fertilization ,chemistry ,engineering ,Cultivar ,Fertilizer ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Sweet corn is an underutilized crop for human consumption in Senegal. In this study, physical and biochemical characterization were performed on four sweet corn ear varieties grown at three different fertilization rate of 15N-15-P-15K. Treatment F1 was 40 tons/Ha horse-dung + 200 kg/Ha of 15N-15P-15K, treatment F2 was 30 tons/Ha horse-dung + 150 kg/Ha of 15N-15P-15K) and treatment F3 was 50 tons/Ha horse-dung + 250 kg/Ha of 15N-15P-15K. Results showed that Yosemite cultivar gave the highest number of kernels/ear (672.3), followed respectively by Legacy (642), Excellis Garrison (585.6) and Infinity (573). Furthermore, treatments using fertilizer 3 (F3: 50 tons/Ha horse-dung + 250 kg/Ha of 15N-15P-15K) led to the highest number of kernels/ear in all cultivars used. Interestingly, Legacy cultivar gave more reducing sugars (5.1 ± 0.8 g.100g -1 ) with treatment F1; treatment F3 provided less reducing sugars (2.1 ± 0.6 g.100g -1 ) and more starch (14.4 ± 0.5 g.100g -1 ). Overall, physical and biochemical characteristics were influenced to at least some extent by fertilization treatments related to the cultivar used. Yosemite and Legacy cultivars would be more suitable for canned sweet corn production in the conditions studied. Sangalkam seems to be more suitable for sweet corn production.
- Published
- 2017
28. Biblical Archaeology and the Politics of Nation-Building
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,Politics ,Scholarship ,Religious studies ,Nation-building ,Mandate ,Palestine ,Archaeology ,Legitimacy ,Nationalism - Abstract
Since the time of the British mandate, Zionist and, later, Israeli politics of nation-building has strongly influenced ‘biblical archaeology’ and has significantly undermined the integrity of Israeli scholarship. Critiques from Yael Zerubavel and Keith Whitelam to Nadia Abu El-Haj and Raz Kletter have repeatedly pointed out the consistent nationalistic distortions that have infected the field. The efforts of critical scholars to write a history of Palestine independent of biblical perspectives have corrected such distortions since the 1980s and have raised considerable doubt concerning the legitimacy of the Judeo-ethnocentrism which dominates nationalist Israeli claims on the heritage of ancient Palestine and the Bible.
- Published
- 2009
29. The Potential Contribution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Water-Saving Agriculture in the Western USA
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson, Yu-yi Li, and Huan-cheng Pang
- Subjects
business.industry ,Plant Science ,Drip irrigation ,Agricultural engineering ,Tillage ,Water conservation ,Agronomy ,Agriculture ,Agricultural land ,Environmental science ,Water-use efficiency ,business ,Irrigation management ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Surface irrigation - Abstract
Water shortages within the western USA are resulting in the adoption of water-saving agricultural practices within this region. Among the many possible methods for saving water in agriculture, the adoption of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) provides a potential solution to the problem of low water use efficiency. Other advantages of SDI include reduced NO3 leaching compared to surface irrigation, higher yields, a dry soil surface for improved weed control, better crop health, and harvest flexibility for many specialty crops. The use of SDI also allows the virtual elimination of crop water stress, the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of the root zone, protection of drip lines from damage due to cultivation and tillage, and the ability to irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact. Yet, SDI is used only on a minority of cropland in the arid western USA. Reasons for the limited adoption of SDI include the high initial capital investment required, the need for intensive management, and the urbanization that is rapidly consuming farmland in parts of the western USA. The contributions of SDI to increasing yield, quality, and water use efficiency have been demonstrated. The two major barriers to SDI sustainability in arid regions are economics (i.e., paying for the SDI system), including the high cost of installation; and salt accumulation, which requires periodic leaching, specialized tillage methods, or transplanting of seedlings rather than direct-seeding. We will review advances in irrigation management with SDI.
- Published
- 2009
30. Imago dei. Et problem i de Fem Mosebøgers diskurs
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Literature ,Torah ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Religious studies ,Art history ,Golden calf ,Art ,Old Testament ,Motif (narrative) ,Image of God ,Humanity ,Burning bush ,Narrative ,business ,media_common - Abstract
Three times Genesis presents mankind as created in the image of God: the known is explained with the help of the unknown, as this narrative takes place in Feuerbach’s hall of mirrors. Do these texts speak of humanity created in God’s image or of the divine created in likeness of the human? Certainly the figure of Yahweh which dominates the narrative of the Pentateuch, reflects some of the most repulsive and objectionable of human traits. Does the narrative of the Pentateuch present us with its authors’ image of God or does it use ironic inversion to ultimately agree with Job that the God it narrates is false: one won from rumors, stories and tradition: a misunderstanding of the divine; that is, precisely the god as Israel of the past knew him. Taking its point of departure in my inaugural lecture, which dealt with the expression of Yahweh’s self-understanding, presented in the story of Moses at the burning bush, the first part of the lecture takes up the motif of images and likenesses of Yahweh in the stories of the golden calf, the feeding of Israel with manna and quail in the wilderness and the sending of the spies to the Valley of Eshkol. With the help of these narratives, I can then turn to the three-fold allegory of humanity as created in the image of God in Genesis 1-11 to compare this narrative figure of Yahweh with the concept of God in the Book of Job.
- Published
- 2009
31. Imago Dei: A Problem in Pentateuchal Discourse
- Author
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Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Literature ,Literature and Literary Theory ,Allegory ,business.industry ,Philosophy ,Religious studies ,Golden calf ,Image of God ,Humanity ,Burning bush ,Narrative ,Theology ,business ,Jahwist ,Theme (narrative) - Abstract
Taking its point of departure in the expression of Yahweh's self-understanding as presented in the story of Moses at the burning bush, the first part of the lecture takes up the theme of representations of Yahweh and the narrator's presentation of Yahweh in the stories of the golden calf, the quail and the sending of the spies to the Valley of Eshkol in Exodus and Numbers. It then turns to the three-fold allegory of humanity as created in the image of God in Genesis 1–11, comparing this narrative figure of Yahweh with the concept of God in the Book of Job.
- Published
- 2009
32. Effect of Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) on the chemical composition and nutritive value of wheat grain and straw
- Author
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A.S. Ball, Craig F. Morris, J. Hill, D. J. Hunsaker, A. D. Matthias, Robert L. LaMorte, Paul J. Pinter, Steven W. Leavitt, T. J. Brooks, F. J. Adamsen, Thomas L. Thompson, Bruce A. Kimball, F. Porteaus, and G. W. Wall
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Carbon dioxide ,Drought tolerance ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Composition (visual arts) ,Animal nutrition ,Straw ,Nitrogen ,Chemical composition ,Carbon - Abstract
The global impact of an increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere on plants has been studied extensively, but little information has been published on the effect of enrichment of atmospheric CO2 on the nutritive value of grain and straw used as ruminant feeds. This paper reports the chemical composition and nutritive value of grain and straw harvested from the drought tolerant hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Yecora Rojo managed with two carbon dioxide regimes (ambient, 350 μl/l and elevated, 550 μl/l), two rates of nitrogen application (low N: 53 kg N/ha and high N: 393 kg N/ha) grown under a water-fed (i.e., no deficit) regime. Accumulation of carbon in straw did not differ among crops grown under elevated CO2 and low N supplementation and crops grown under ambient CO2 with low levels of N supplementation. Increased N application increased sequestration of C (P
- Published
- 2009
33. Nitrogen Management for Subsurface Drip Irrigated Cotton: Ammonium Thiosulfate, Timing, and Canopy Reflectance
- Author
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Jason W. Nusz, Robert L. Nichols, Thomas L. Thompson, Kevin F. Bronson, Adi Malapati, Rajikumari Yabaji, and Jon D. Booker
- Subjects
Canopy ,Irrigation ,Fertigation ,Lint ,Ammonium nitrate ,Soil Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Drip irrigation ,Ammonium thiosulfate ,Nitrogen ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Environmental science - Abstract
In subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems, water constraints to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production are greatly minimized and N management becomes the main priority. Injecting N fertilizer into SDI systems should, in theory, be as efficient as the irrigation delivery system itself. The objective of this study was to test duration of N injections, addition of the nitrification inhibitor ammonium thiosulfate (ATS), and using canopy spectral reflectance to guide N injections in a 2-yr study of SDI cotton in Lubbock, TX. For a 1400 kg ha -1 expected lint yield, the N fertilizer rate was 170 kg N ha -1 minus the 0- to 0.6-m soil NO 3 -N and an estimate of irrigation water NO 3 (20 and 30 kg N ha -1 for 2005 and 2006). We tested injection of urea-NH 4 NO 3 (UAN) between first square and early bloom, and first square and peak bloom. There was no effect of timing or ATS on lint yield. Reflectance-based N management up to peak bloom resulted in savings of 28 and 17 kg UAN-N ha -1 for 2005 and 2006, respectively, compared with soil-test-based N fertigation. Lint yields were similar between reflectance-based UAN management (1814 kg ha -1 ) and UAN injected up to peak bloom based on soil test NO3 (1880 kg ha -1 ). Nitrogen fertilizer recovery at first open boll was not affected by treatment but was high (62-75%). Flux of N 2 O + N 2 was low (800-2100 g N ha -1 ) in both years and was not different between fertilized and unfertilized plots. Residual 0- to 1.2-m soil profile NO3 after 2 yr was not affected by N fertigation treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer injections in SDI cotton are utilized very efficiently, and spectral-reflectance-based approaches have potential to reduce N fertilizer inputs.
- Published
- 2009
34. Modeling Salt Accumulation with Subsurface Drip Irrigation Using HYDRUS-2D
- Author
-
Arthur W. Warrick, Thomas L. Thompson, Trenton L. Roberts, and Naftali Lazarovitch
- Subjects
Salinity ,Irrigation ,Hydrus ,Soil salinity ,Agronomy ,Germination ,Evapotranspiration ,Soil Science ,Environmental science ,Soil science ,Drip irrigation ,Saline water - Abstract
Salts that accumulate near the soil surface with subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) can hinder the establishment of succeeding direct-seeded crops. To prevent crop loss or yield reduction, producers rely on sprinklers for germination, which is often expensive and requires added capital inputs. Predicting salt movement and accumulation with SDI will allow producers to anticipate the need for sprinkler irrigation for salt control. The HYDRUS-2D model was used to model salt accumulation from an SDI system on successive crops of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck) with two tape depths (18 and 25 cm), different germination practices (germination with SDI and with sprinklers), and water salinity (1.5 and 2.6 dS m -1 ). Predicted saturated-paste electrical conductivity (ECe) values from HYDRUS-2D were significantly correlated with actual ECe data obtained from field experiments (r 2 = 0.08-0.93). After Season 1, the correlation coefficients were highly variable, with the majority of model ECe values being higher than field data. Season 2 results indicated a much stronger relationship, with R 2 values as high as 0.93. Model predictions for Season 2 showed underprediction of ECe when compared with actual ECe. Relationships between model-predicted ECe and actual ECe resulted in a slope of nearly 1.0 for all treatments and a y intercept close to -1 dS m -1 . A better understanding of the processes that occur at the field scale, such as root growth, root distribution, and plant water uptake, is essential for modeling water and solute transport with SDI. A better characterization of evapotranspiration from SDI is required to accurately model salt accumulation.
- Published
- 2009
35. Tape depth and germination method influence patterns of salt accumulation with subsurface drip irrigation
- Author
-
Trenton L. Roberts, Scott A. White, Thomas L. Thompson, and Arthur W. Warrick
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Irrigation ,Drip tape ,Soil Science ,Growing season ,Drip irrigation ,Salinity ,Agronomy ,Germination ,Soil horizon ,Environmental science ,Transplanting ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) can result in accumulation of soluble salts at or near the soil surface. In the southwestern USA, rainfall is usually inadequate for stand establishment, thus supplemental irrigation is necessary. Use of sprinklers to minimize salt concentrations near the soil surface is an alternative to using SDI for stand establishment. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of germination method (irrigation with SDI or sprinklers), depth of SDI tape (0.18 and 0.25 m), and irrigation water salinity (1.5 and 2.6 dS m-1) on salt and Br distribution after each of two consecutive growing seasons. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of these three factors. Bromide was used to trace salt accumulation from the drip tape. After season 1, the highest salt concentrations (ECe up to 11 dS m-1) were in the top 3 cm of soil. Below 3 cm, soil EC dropped significantly and remained constant to 1.05 m. Similarly, Br concentrations were highest in the top 3 cm of soil. The mass of salt and Br recovered in the top 3 cm were significantly affected by tape depth, and water EC significantly affected salt mass. Salt present in the soil after season 1 adversely affected crop emergence in season 2, where SDI was used for stand establishment. After season 2, the highest salt and Br concentrations were at about 25 cm depth, probably due to ~210 mm of rainfall that occurred near the end of the growing season. There were no significant differences among treatments in the mass of either salt or Br in the top 3 cm or 16 cm of the soil profile after season 2. Timely rainfall, transplanting rather than direct seeding, and changing bed geometry can reduce dependence on sprinklers for stand establishment
- Published
- 2008
36. Natural bioremediation of a nitrate-contaminated soil-and-aquifer system in a desert environment
- Author
-
Fiona Jordan, W. Jody Waugh, Edward P. Glenn, T. Lewis Thompson, Thomas L. Thompson, and Leona Sam
- Subjects
location.dated_location ,Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,Environmental remediation ,Aquifer ,Tailings ,Soil contamination ,Arid ,Plume ,location ,Soil water ,Greasewood ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Geology ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Mining activities are a major source of land degradation in arid regions, and remediation methods developed for mesic sites may not be appropriate for arid sites. In climates where potential evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, it might be possible to prevent the migration of contaminants away from a mine site by controlling the site water balance through vegetation, and allowing natural attenuation processes to reduce pollutant levels over time. We investigated the feasibility of remediating a nitrate-contaminated source-plume system in a desert environment using biological methods. The study site was a former uranium mill in Monument Valley, Arizona, where NO 3 − used in ore processing had leaked from the soil beneath a tailings pile (referred to as the source area) into an alluvial aquifer (referred to as the plume) spreading away from the source area. We used 15 N/ 14 N ratios and direct assays of denitrification to show that biological denitrification occurred in both the source area and plume, and could reduce NO 3 − levels over time. Denitrification in the source area could be stimulated by providing additional moisture to the soil through irrigation, whereas providing a carbon source (ethanol) stimulated denitrification in samples from the plume. We used 18 O/ 16 O and H/deuterium signatures in water and plant samples to show that the native saltbush ( Atriplex canescens ) and black greasewood ( Sarcobatus vermiculatus ) plant community was extracting water from the plume, offering a possible means of preventing migration of the plume by controlling grazing over the site. We conclude that biological remediation is a feasible alternative to pump/treat solutions at this type of site.
- Published
- 2008
37. Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Irrigation Effects on Soil Nitrogen Gas Exchange in Irrigated Sorghum
- Author
-
Scott A. White, Thomas L. Thompson, A. D. Matthias, and Jaydene T. Welzmiller
- Subjects
Irrigation ,Denitrification ,biology ,Soil Science ,Growing season ,Nitrous oxide ,Sorghum ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Greenhouse gas ,Carbon dioxide ,Environmental science ,Surface irrigation - Abstract
The impacts of increasing atmospheric CO 2 , an important greenhouse gas, on soil microbial production and consumption of other greenhouse gases such as N 2 O are uncertain. This study was conducted during the 1998 and 1999 summer growing seasons at the Free-Air CO 2 Enrichment (FACE) site in Maricopa, AZ. The objective was to measure N 2 O and denitrification emission rates in a C 4 sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production system with ample and limited flood irrigation rates under FACE (seasonal mean = 579 μmol mol -1 ) and control (seasonal mean = 396 μmol mol -1 ) CO 2 . Plots were sampled for N 2 O flux using both chamber and intact incubated soil core techniques. Nitrogen gas (N 2 O plus N 2 ) emissions were measured using intact incubated soil cores with C 2 H 2 inhibition. Nitrous oxide emissions measured with chambers increased markedly after irrigation and fertilization following prolonged periods without water under both elevated and control CO 2 conditions. Within 5 d of fertilization and irrigation, N 2 O emissions measured with chambers were 250 g N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 . Seasonal cumulative N 2 O-N emissions measured using chambers were 500 g N 2 O-N ha -1 d -1 ) coming with >55% WFPS. Neither soil NO 3 - nor soil organic C alone limited N gas emissions. Elevated CO 2 did not result in increased N 2 O or N-gas emissions with either ample or limited irrigation.
- Published
- 2008
38. The Politics of Reading the Bible in Israel
- Author
-
null Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
History ,Religious studies - Published
- 2008
39. Remote Sensing of Cotton Nitrogen Status Using the Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI)
- Author
-
Thomas L. Thompson, Peter Waller, Edward M. Barnes, Thomas R. Clarke, Julio Haberland, Paul J. Pinter, Douglas J. Hunsaker, and Disa M. El-Shikha
- Subjects
Canopy ,Chlorophyll content ,Nutrient management ,Biomedical Engineering ,Soil Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Growing season ,Forestry ,Nitrogen ,Petiole (botany) ,Crop ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chlorophyll ,Environmental science ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Various remote sensing indices have been used to infer crop nitrogen (N) status for field-scale nutrient management. However, such indices may indicate erroneous N status if there is a decrease in crop canopy density influenced by other factors, such as water stress. The Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI) is a two-dimensional remote sensing index that has been proposed for inferring cotton N status. The CCCI uses reflectances in the near-infrared (NIR) and red spectral regions to account for seasonal changes in canopy density, while reflectances in the NIR and far-red regions are used to detect relative changes in canopy chlorophyll, a surrogate for N content. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the CCCI and several other remote sensing indices for detecting the N status for cotton during the growing season. A secondary objective was to evaluate the ability of the indices to appropriately detect N in the presence of variable water status. Remote sensing data were collected during the 1998 (day of year [DOY] 114 to 310) and 1999 (DOY 106 to 316) cotton seasons in Arizona, in which treatments of optimal and low levels of N and water were imposed. In the 1998 season, water treatments were not imposed until late in the season (DOY 261), well after full cover. Following an early season N application in 1998 for the optimal (DOY 154) but not the low N treatment, the CCCI detected significant differences in crop N status between the N treatments starting on DOY 173, when canopy cover was about 30%. A common vegetation index, the ratio of NIR to red (RVI), also detected significant separation between N treatments, but RVI detection occurred 16 days after the CCCI response. After an equal amount of N was applied to both optimal and low N treatments on DOY 190 in 1998, the CCCI indicated comparable N status for the N treatments on DOY 198, a trend not detected by RVI. In the 1999 season, both N and water treatments were imposed early and frequently during the season. The N status was poorly described by both the CCCI and RVI under partial canopy conditions when water status differed among treatments. However, once full canopy was obtained in 1999, the CCCI provided reliable N status information regardless of water status. At full cotton cover, the CCCI was significantly correlated with measured parameters of N status, including petiole NO 3 -N (r = 0.74), SPAD chlorophyll (r = 0.65), and total leaf N contents (r = 0.86). For well-watered cotton, the CCCI shows promise as a useful indicator of cotton N status after the canopy reaches about 30% cover. However, further study is needed to develop the CCCI as a robust N detection tool independent of water stress.
- Published
- 2008
40. Measurements of trace gases in the tropical tropopause layer
- Author
-
Elliot M. Weinstock, P. J. Popp, T. P. Marcy, William H. Swartz, Ru-Shan Gao, Thomas L. Thompson, David W. Fahey, Elliot Atlas, Sunyoung Park, Max Loewenstein, Erik Richard, Michael J. Mahoney, Eric A. Ray, and Steven C. Wofsy
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Ozone ,Meteorology ,Atmospheric sciences ,Latitude ,Trace gas ,Troposphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Atmospheric chemistry ,TRACER ,Tropopause ,Stratosphere ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
A unique dataset of airborne in situ observations of HCl, O3, HNO3, H2O, CO, CO2 and CH3Cl has been made in and near the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). A total of 16 profiles across the tropopause were obtained at latitudes between 10degN and 3degs from the NASA WB-57F high-altitude aircraft flying from Costa Rica. Few in situ measurements of these gases, particularly HCl and HNO3, have been reported for the TTL. The general features of the trace gas vertical profiles are consistent with the concept of the TTL as distinct from the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere. A combination of the tracer profiles and correlations with O3 is used to show that a measurable amount of stratospheric air is mixed into this region. The HCl measurements offer an important constraint on stratospheric mixing into the TTL because once the contribution from halocarbon decomposition is quantified, the remaining HCl (>60% in this study) must have a stratospheric source. Stratospheric HCl in the TTL brings with it a proportional amount of stratospheric O3. Quantifying the sources of O3 in the TTL is important because O3 is particularly effective as a greenhouse gas in the tropopause region.
- Published
- 2007
41. Mesha and Questions of Historicity
- Author
-
Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Reign ,Literature ,History ,Literature and Literary Theory ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Religious studies ,Hyperbole ,History of ideas ,Piety ,Legitimation ,Historicity ,Rhetoric ,Narrative ,business ,media_common - Abstract
The inscription's celebration of the fullness of Mesha's reign identifies Mesha's accord with Chemosh' divine will and does not indicate that the inscription was written late in or at the end of Mesha's life. The stele, itself, and its dedication to a sanctuary built for Chemosh supports the historicity of such a shrine at Karchoh. The legitimation clause gives witness to Mesha as king of Moab. Although the narrative sets Chemosh' patronage of Moab in contrast to the former presence of Omri in Moab, the name Omri is used figuratively and possibly eponymously for Israel and can not be assumed to necessarily refer to Omri, who is king of Israel in biblical narrative. The holy-war rhetoric of the victories over Ataroth and Nebo is theologically oriented and should not be read literally. The theme of piety is too dominated by hyperbole and political propaganda to be useful in terms of the historicity of events, though it is very important for the history of ideas. Similarly, the historicity of the specific ca...
- Published
- 2007
42. Dynamics of labile and recalcitrant soil carbon pools in a sorghum free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) agroecosystem
- Author
-
Thomas L. Thompson, Paul J. Pinter, Li Cheng, Steven W. Leavitt, Michael J. Ottman, A. Matthias, David G. Williams, G. W. Wall, T. J. Brooks, and Bruce A. Kimball
- Subjects
Total organic carbon ,Bulk soil ,Soil Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Soil carbon ,Microbiology ,Carbon cycle ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,Botany ,Soil water ,Soil horizon ,Carbon - Abstract
Experimentation with dynamics of soil carbon pools as affected by elevated CO2 can better define the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester global carbon. In the present study, 6 N HCl hydrolysis and stable-carbon isotopic analysis (δ13C) were used to investigate labile and recalcitrant soil carbon pools and the translocation among these pools of sorghum residues isotopically labeled in the 1998–1999 Arizona Maricopa free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, in which elevated CO2 (FACE: 560 μmol mol−1) and ambient CO2 (Control: 360 μmol mol−1) interact with water-adequate (wet) and water-deficient (dry) treatments. We found that on average 53% of the final soil organic carbon (SOC) in the FACE plot was in the recalcitrant carbon pool and 47% in the labile pool, whereas in the Control plot 46% and 54% of carbon were in recalcitrant and labile pools, respectively, indicating that elevated CO2 transferred more SOC into the slow-decay carbon pool. Also, isotopic mixing models revealed that increased new sorghum residue input to the recalcitrant pool mainly accounts for this change, especially for the upper soil horizon (0–30 cm) where new carbon in recalcitrant soil pools of FACE wet and dry treatments was 1.7 and 2.8 times as large as that in respective Control recalcitrant pools. Similarly, old C in the recalcitrant pool under elevated CO2 was higher than that under ambient CO2, indicating that elevated CO2 reduces the decay of the old C in recalcitrant pool. Mean residence time (MRT) of bulk soil carbon at the depth of 0–30 cm was significantly longer in FACE plot than Control plot by the averages of 12 and 13 yr under the dry and wet conditions, respectively. The MRT was positively correlated to the ratio of carbon content in the recalcitrant pool to total SOC and negatively correlated to the ratio of carbon content in the labile pool to total SOC. Influence of water alone on the bulk SOC or the labile and recalcitrant pools was not significant. However, water stress interacting with CO2 enhanced the shift of the carbon from labile pool to recalcitrant pool. Our results imply that terrestrial agroecosystems may play a critical role in sequestrating atmospheric CO2 and mitigating harmful CO2 under future atmospheric conditions.
- Published
- 2007
43. A Novel Method for Estimating Light-Scattering Properties of Soot Aerosols Using a Modified Single-Particle Soot Photometer
- Author
-
Jay G. Slowik, David W. Fahey, Thomas L. Thompson, Timothy B. Onasch, Joshua P. Schwarz, D. R. Worsnop, Ru-Shan Gao, K. K. Kelly, J. R. Spackman, Eben S. Cross, L. A. Watts, Jeong-Ho Han, and Paul Davidovits
- Subjects
Range (particle radiation) ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Scattering ,Photometer ,medicine.disease_cause ,Laser ,Pollution ,Light scattering ,Soot ,law.invention ,Optics ,Thermal radiation ,law ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Particle ,General Materials Science ,business - Abstract
A Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) detects black refractory or elemental carbon (EC) in particles by passing them through an intense laser beam. The laser light heats EC in particles causing them to vaporize in the beam. Detection of wavelength-resolved thermal radiation emissions provides quantitative information on the EC mass of individual particles in the size range of 0.2–1 μm diameter. Non-absorbing particles are sized based on the amount of light they scatter from the laser beam. The time series of the scattering signal of a non-absorbing particle is a Gaussian, because the SP2 laser is in the TEM00 mode. Information on the scattering properties of externally and internally mixed EC particles as detected by the SP2 is lost in general, because each particle changes size, shape, and composition as it passes through the laser beam. Thus, scattered light from a sampled EC particle does not yield a full Gaussian waveform. A method for determining the scattering properties of EC particles using a tw...
- Published
- 2007
44. Sheep without a shepherd
- Author
-
Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Philosophy ,Theology ,Economic Justice - Published
- 2015
45. Particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry (PALMS) studies of ice nuclei and other low number density particles
- Author
-
Daniel J. Cziczo, Thomas L. Thompson, David S. Thomson, Daniel M. Murphy, and Paul J. DeMott
- Subjects
Static secondary-ion mass spectrometry ,Number density ,Spectrometer ,Chemistry ,Thermal ionization mass spectrometry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Mass spectrometry ,Computational physics ,Ice nucleus ,Aerosol mass spectrometry ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Atomic physics ,Time-of-flight mass spectrometry ,Instrumentation ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
It has been shown that particles which effectively initiate freezing, known as ice nuclei (IN), are normally found at concentrations less than 10 l −1 in the background atmosphere. The low number density of these particles has presented significant analytical challenges, and determination of the size and composition, and thus the origin, of these particles has historically relied upon electron microscopy (EM). Single particle mass spectrometers can provide better time resolution and reduced sampling artifacts. The modifications to the particle analysis by laser mass spectrometry (PALMS) instrument, a laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometer, required to efficiently size and analyze particles with very low number density, are described here. A comparison to traditional EM studies is made and future applications of this method to solve other contemporary atmospheric problems are also discussed.
- Published
- 2006
46. Soil Hydraulic Properties Affecting Discharge Uniformity of Gravity-Fed Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems
- Author
-
Arthur W. Warrick, Naftali Lazarovitch, Uri Shani, and Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Hydrology ,Irrigation ,Permeability (earth sciences) ,Hydraulic head ,Lateral earth pressure ,Hydraulic engineering ,Soil water ,Environmental science ,Drip irrigation ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Surface irrigation ,Water Science and Technology ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
The use of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is increasing for many reasons, including its many agronomic advantages and the ability for safe application of wastewater to crops. In contrast to surface drip irrigation, soil hydraulic properties may affect SDI performance, particularly for new SDI systems designed to operate under low pressure (e.g., 2 m of head). This work introduces a new approach for solving problems of predicting discharge in SDI laterals. We accomplish this by coupling models of head loss in laterals and soil impacts on dripper discharge. The coupled model enables an evaluation of the performance of SDI laterals while changing inputs, such as the lateral diameter, length and slope, dripper nominal discharge and exponent, inlet pressure head, soil hydraulic properties, and soil spatial variability. This model is used to determine the coefficient of variation of discharge for two numerical comparisons.
- Published
- 2006
47. Archaeology and the Bible Revisited: A Review Article
- Author
-
Thomas L. Thompson
- Subjects
Warrant ,Literature ,Harmony (color) ,History ,Literature and Literary Theory ,business.industry ,Religious studies ,Deuteronomist ,Redaction ,Archaeology ,Finkelstein's test ,Comparative historical research ,Narrative ,Oral tradition ,business - Abstract
David and Solomon, a new book by Israel Finkelstein and Niels Asher Silberman, through their discussion of Palestinian archaeology's current understanding, proposes to provide evidence to prove the accuracy of Frank Cross's more than 30 year old revision of Martin Noth's theory of a “Deuteronomistic History.” The authors attempt to confirm the history of the redaction of the biblical narratives about Saul, David and Solomon, involving seven distinct oral and four written strata of tradition. Their argument moreover claims the warrant to assert the historicity of each of these legendary kings of Israel. The present article argues to the contrary that the “archaeological evidence” proposed does not support such a redaction history nor establish the historicity of either the biblical figures or their stories, but that the harmony of biblical and archaeological issues is circular and illegitimate by the standards of historical research. It argues, moreover, that the claim of an oral tradition, reflecting orig...
- Published
- 2006
48. Response of Microsprinkler-Irrigated Navel Oranges to Fertigated Nitrogen Rate and Frequency
- Author
-
Thomas L. Thompson, Scott A. White, Glenn C. Wright, James L. Walworth, and Ayako Kusakabe
- Subjects
Fertigation ,biology ,Soil Science ,engineering.material ,biology.organism_classification ,Citrange ,Horticulture ,Loam ,Botany ,engineering ,Fertilizer ,Rootstock ,Surface irrigation ,Calcareous ,Citrus × sinensis ,Mathematics - Abstract
Microsprinklers allow precise control of irrigation water applications and offer the potential for higher efficiency of water and fertilizer use compared with flood irrigation. A field experiment was conducted during 1999‐2002 in central Arizona (AZ) to evaluate effects of various N rates and fertigation frequencies on fruit yield and quality, leaf N concentration, and residual soil N of ‘Newhall’ navel oranges (Citrus sinensis) on ‘Carrizo’ citrange (Porcirus trifoliata x Citrus sinensis) rootstock (planted in 1997) grown in a Gilman (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvents) fine sandy loam. The experiment included nonfertilized control plots and factorial combinations of three fertigation frequencies (27, 9, and 3 applications annually) and three N rates (68, 136, and 204 g N tree 21 yr 21 ). Maximum yields occurred at N rates of 105 to 153 g N tree 21 yr 21 for the fourth to the sixth growing seasons. The yield-maximizing N rates were equivalent to 17 to 34% of currently recommended N rates for citrus grown in AZ. Fruit and juice quality did not show significant response to N rate or fertigation frequency. Leaf N concentrations at yield-maximizing N rates were above the critical leaf tissue N range of 25 to 27 mg g 21 , indicating that this range may be too low for these ‘Newhall’ navel orange trees. During all three seasons, higher residual soil NO 3 concentrations resulted from the highest N rate. Our results suggest that optimum N rates for microsprinklerirrigated ‘Newhall’ navel oranges in AZ are lower than currently recommended N rates.
- Published
- 2006
49. A Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer for Ground-Based Measurements of Nitric Acid
- Author
-
Yutaka Kondo, Y. Morino, Ru Shan Gao, Yuichi Komazaki, Kazuyuki Kita, Nobuyuki Takegawa, David W. Fahey, Thomas L. Thompson, Jun Hirokawa, Yuzo Miyazaki, and Shigeru Tanaka
- Subjects
Detection limit ,Atmospheric Science ,Chemical ionization ,Analytical chemistry ,Parts-per notation ,Humidity ,Scrubber ,Ocean Engineering ,Particulates ,Mass spectrometry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Nitric acid ,Environmental science - Abstract
A chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) instrument has been developed for high-precision measurements of gaseous nitric acid (HNO3) specifically under high- and variable-humidity conditions in the boundary layer. The instrument’s background signals (i.e., signals detected when HNO3-free air is measured), which depend on the humidity and HNO3 concentration of the sample air, are the most important factor affecting the limit of detection (LOD). A new system to provide HNO3-free air without changing both the humidity and the pressure of the sampled air was developed to measure the background level accurately. The detection limit was about 23 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) for 50-s averages. Field tests, including an intercomparison with the diffusion scrubber technique, were carried out at a surface site in Tokyo, Japan, in October 2003 and June 2004. A comparison between the measured concentrations of HNO3 and particulate nitrate indicated that the interference from particulate nitrate was not detectable (i.e., less than about 1%). The intercomparison indicated that the two independent measurements of HNO3 agreed to within the combined uncertainties of these measurements. This result demonstrates that the CIMS instrument developed in this study is capable of measuring HNO3 mixing ratios with the precision, accuracy, and time resolution required for atmospheric science.
- Published
- 2006
50. Soil C and N pools in patchy shrublands of the Negev and Chihuahuan Deserts
- Author
-
Thomas B. Wilson, Eli Zaady, Thomas L. Thompson, Pang Huancheng, and Dean A. Martens
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Perennial plant ,Chemistry ,Soil Science ,Vegetation ,Plant litter ,Microbiology ,Mediterranean Basin ,Shrubland ,Aminosugar ,Soil water ,Botany ,Grazing - Abstract
Patchy distribution of vegetation within semi-arid shrublands is normally mirrored in the soil beneath perennial shrubs (macrophytic patches), compared to inter-shrub areas (microphytic patches). To determine impacts of (1) litterfall inputs within vegetation patches and (2) rainfall distribution on soil C and N, we investigated soil C and N pools and associated soil properties in two semi-arid shrublands, in the Negev Desert of Israel (Lehavim), which receives >90% of annual rainfall during winter and in the Chihuahuan Desert, USA (FHMR) that experiences a bimodal (Summer–Winter) annual rainfall pattern. We also evaluated grazing effects on soil C and N pools at Lehavim. More distinct differences in soil properties existed between patch types at the Negev site, where the soils contained higher soil organic C and N, amino acids and sugars, asparaginase activity and plant-available N than those at FHMR. Soil organic C (0–5 cm) in macrophytic patches was 39 g/kg at Lehavim and 13 g/kg at FHMR, and asparaginase activity was as high as 70 μg N/g 2 h in macrophytic patches at Lehavim, two times higher than at FHMR. The soil (0–5 cm) δ 13 C was −15 to −18‰ at Lehavim and −18 to −19‰ at FHMR, with significantly lower δ 13 C in macrophytic patches at both sites. The δ 13 C suggested that considerable macrophytic patch soil C was derived from cyanobacteria at Lehavim and C4 grasses at FHMR. Plant litter δ 15 N was 0.9‰ at Lehavim and 0.6‰ at FHMR, suggesting that much plant N was derived from N fixation. Concentrations of inorganic soil N (NH 4 + +NO 3 − ) were up to 37 mg N/kg at Lehavim and
- Published
- 2006
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